Relative Pronouns (สรรพนามเชื่อมความ)

Pronoun Things(Animals)

1) Subject who , that

that , (which)

2) Object of the verb

that , (whom)

that , (which)

3) Object of the preposition

that , (whom)

that , (which)

4) Possessive whose of which , (whose)

      1) เมอใชื่�เป็�นป็ระธาน (Subject)

                  1.1 ใชื่�กั�บคน (Persons) น�ยมใชื่� who (=ผู้��ซึ่�ง)

มากักัว�า that                            We like the woman who teaches us German. มาจากประโยค 2 ประโยคค�อ                             We like the woman . และ The woman teaches us German.จะเห็�นได้�ว่�า who แทน the woman จ�งเป�น subject ของ verb

"teaches" ให็�สั�งเกตว่�า relative clause จะอย!�ชิ#ด้ก�บต�ว่ท%&ม�นขยายเสัมอ

                   1.2 ใชื่�กั�บส�ตว# ส�งของ (animals or things)

น�ยมใชื่� that (=อ�นซึ่�ง) มากักัว�า which                             The car that is going past now belongs to me. เม�&อแยกประโยคจะได้�

                              The car belongs to me. และ The car is going past now.  จะเห็�นได้�ว่�า that แทน the car และเป�น subject

ของ verb "is"                               We went to the shop that sells ready-made clothes.                               I've just had some soup that tasted like water.                               Books that are written for students are called textbooks.             2) เมอใชื่�เป็�นกัรรม (Object of the verb)

                    2.1 ใชื่�กั�บคน (Persons) ใชื่� whom (=ผู้��ซึ่�ง)                             The lady (that or whom) you met last week came here yesterday.                             เม�&อแยกเป�นสัองประโยคจะได้� 2 ประโยคค�อ                             The lady came here yesterday. และ You met the lady last week.

                              จะเห็�นว่�า the lady เป�น object ของ verb "met"                              The man (that or whom) you spoke to last night is my boyfriend.                               เม�&อแยกประโยคจะได้� จะได้� 2 ประโยคค�อ                              The man is my boyfriend. และ You spoke to the man last night.                               จะเห็�นได้�ว่�า the man เป�น object ของ verb "spoke to"

                   2.2 ใชื่�กั�บส�ตว#หรอส�งของ (animals or things)

น�ยมใชื่� that มากักัว�า which                             The composition (that) you wrote yesterday was good. เม�&อแยกประโยคจะได้�                              The composition was good. และ You wrote the composition yesterday.                              จะเห็�นได้�ว่�า the composition เป�น object

ของ verb "wrote"

                              สั)าห็ร�บ relative pronoun ท%&ใชิ�เป�น object

ของ verb เราน#ยมต�ด้ relative pronoun

                              ท#*งและต�ด้กรรมในประโยคเด้#มท#*งด้�ว่ย เชิ�น                                - The teacher I love is ill today. (subject + verb ละ relative pronoun ไว่�)                                - The friend he met at school went abroad.                                - The house we have just bought cost a million baht.                                - The dress you made yesterday was beautiful.                                - I like the photo you took at Hua-Hin.

           3) ใชื่�เป็�นกัรรมของบ&พบท (Object of preposition)

                         เราน#ยมละ relative pronoun ท%&ท)าห็น�าท%&เป�น object ของ preposition เชิ�นเด้%ยว่ก�บ                        ในข�อสัอง โด้ยใชิ�ร+ปประโยค subject + verb +

proposition ท�*งก�บคนและสั#&งของ เชิ�น                   3.1 ใชื่�กั�บคน (Persons)                             - The woman the book was written

by is in hospital now. เม�&อแยกเป�น 2 ประโยค จะได้�                             The woman is in hospital now. และ The book was written by the woman.                             the woman เป�น object ของ preposition "by"                  

 3.2 ใชื่�กั�บส�ตว# ส�งของ (animals or things)                              - The bridge they went over a few minutes ago was built in 1970. 

 เม�&อแยกเป�น 2 ประโยคจะได้�                                 The bridge was built in 1970. และ They went over the bridge a few                                  minutes ago.                           เราอาจจะใชิ�ว่�า                                      - The pen that you are using with is cheap.                                         The pen which you are using with is cheap.                                         The pen with which you are using is cheap.(เป�นภาษาโบราณ)                                         The pen you are using with is cheap. 

                          ข�อควรระว�ง จะใชิ� preposition + that ไม�ได้� ให็�ใชิ� preposition + which...

                                 ถ้�า at/ in + which = where (เม�&อใชิ�ก�บสัถานท%&)                                       for + which = why (เม�&อใชิ�ห็มาย

ถ�งเห็ต+ผล)

                                       on / at + which = when (เม�&อใชิ�ก�บเว่ลา)                           - I have not fixed the date on which I'll go abroad.                                 (= I have not fixed the date when I'll go abroad.)                           - Are those reasons for which you choose to go to Africa instead of America?                                 (=Are those reason why you choose to go to Africa instead of America?)                           - This is the town in which I used to live.                                 (=This is the town where I used to live.)                           - What was the date on which you visited me?                                  (= What was the date when you visited me?)                           - The time at which he heard the sound of the gun is not known.                                  (=The time when he heard the sound of the gun is not know.)                           - She could not know the reason for which her close friend had left her.                                  (=She could not know the reason why her close friend had left her.)                         

  - This is the time of year in which the flowers appear.                                  (=This is the time of the year when the flowers appear.)     

                            - This is the place at which I found your watch.                                  (=This is the place where I found your watch.)

              4. ใชื่�แสดงความเป็�นเจ้�าของ     (Possessive)

                      4.1 เมอใชื่�กั�บคน (Persons) เชื่�น                              -  The boy is my cousin. The boy's hat hangs here.                                   = The boy whose hat hangs here is my cousin.                              - This is the man. I am going to marry his daughter.                                   = This is the man whose daughter I am going to marry.                              ให็�สั�งเกตว่�า whose ใน relative clause

ข�างบนน%* บางคร�*งท)าห็น�าท%&เป�นประธาน                              ของประโยค บางคร�*งท)าห็น�าท%&เป�นกรรมของประโยค และไม�ว่�าจะเป�นประธานห็ร�อกรรม                               ให็�ว่างไว่�ชิ#ด้ noun ท%&ม�นขยายเสัมอ     = whose + noun +(subject) + verb                       4.2 เมอใชื่�กั�บส�ตว#และส�งของ ใชื่�ได� 2 แบบ คอ                                4.2.1 ใชื่� of which เชื่�น                                          - Pass me the book. Its cover is red.                                              = Pass me the book of which the cover is red.                                                           ใชิ�   ......of which + subject + verb ........                                 4.2.2 ใชื่� with + noun ซึ่�งน�ยทมากักั

ว�าใชื่� of which เชิ�น                                           - Pass me the book. Its cover is red.                                               = Pass me the book with the red cover.                                          - Please buy me a cat. Its tail is long.                                                 = Please buy me a cat with a long tail.                                                            ใชิ� .......with + (article) + adjective + noun ........                                                         ร!ปประโยคข�างบนน%* ใชิ�ก�บ คนได้� เชิ�น                                          - The girl with long hair is my sister.                                                         ในท)านองเด้%ยว่ก�น เราใชิ� whose ก�บ สั�ตว่2 สั#&งของ ได้� เชิ�น                                          - The box whose lid you painted cost 20 dollars.                                          - The dog whose tail is short is very fierce.

         

ข�อควรจ้-า

ห็ล�งค)าต�างๆ ต�อไปน%* ให็�ใชิ� relative pronoun "that" เสัมอ ไม�น#ยมใชิ� who ห็ร�อ which

1. ห็ล�งค)าค+ณศั�พท2ข� *นสั!งสั+ด้ (Superlative Adjective) เชิ�น He is the cleverest boy that has ever

studied in this college. This is the hardest problem that I have ever had to face. That is the biggest elephant that I have ever seen.

2. ห็ล�งค)าแสัด้งล)าด้�บท%& (ordinal Numbers) เชิ�น This is the second car that broke down. The first thing that you must do is to help him at once. 3. ห็ล�งค)าต�อไปน%* everybody , everyone , anyone , anybody , someone , nobody , no , one , all , none , any , some , littel , much , few , everything , anything , nothing , only , very , It's ............. เชิ�น

Everything (that) I do seem to be wrong.

Everyonr that knew her liked her.

This is the only example that I can give you.

It was a clever boy that found the stolen goods.

Q1 - The people ....... moved in next door seem very friendly

whowhomwhich

Q2 - The man ..... answered the phone was rather rudewhich

thatwhomQ3 - Where are the people ........ ordered the taxi?

thatwhich----Q4 - I've lost the paper ...... I had written her phone number on----whose

thatQ5 - The day ...... I started work there was a disasterwhich

thatwhereQ6 - The man ....... interviewed you is the boss

that----whichQ7 - The man ....... house was robbed has still not been paid by the insurance companywhichthat

whoseQ8 - He's got three dogs, all of ..... are aggressive

whichthat

----Q9 - Who's moved the papers ...... I left on my desk?whowhom

thatQ10 - You should complain to the people ....... supplied it----

whowhichQ11 - They arrested the man ...... was over the alcohol limit

thatwhichwhomQ12 - The men, ....... were in a hurry, didn't finish the job properlythat

whowhichQ13 - The pub, ........ lost its licence, has been turned into a shop

whichthat----Q14 - Two guys, ....... car had broken down, asked me for a lift

whosewhomwhichQ15 - I'd love to meet the idiot ...... made these rules

thatwhichwhoseQ16 - Did you get everything ....... you wanted?who

----whoseQ17 - The boy ....... bag was stolen is over therewhichthat

whoseQ18 - She failed the exam, ...... came as a great surprise to us all----

whichthatQ19 - The film, ...... lasted for three hours, was boringthat

which----Q20 - The flats, ....... will house over two hundred families, were completed last month----that

whichQ21 - The boxer ...... career was ruined by health problems was on TV last night

whosewhomwhoQ22 - The day ....... we met was the happiest of my life

----whichwhoseQ23 - You'll have to speak to the person ..... is in charge----which

thatQ24 - He's the guy ...... brother was sacked for stealingwho

whosewhomQ25 - Is there a shop nearby ...... sells stamps?----whose

whichQ26 - Is there a store around here ....... I can get some stamps?----which

whereQ27 - They blamed me for everything ....... went wrong----whose

thatQ28 - Nothing ...... she said surprised me----

thatwhatQ29 - I was to blame for everything ....... went wrong

whatthat

----Q30 - You'll have to try to get in touch with the person ..... is responsible for staff training----

whowhichQ31 - The man ........ wanted to see you left a few minutes ago----

whowhichQ32 - There were three applicants, none of ..... seemed very competentwhich----

whomQ33 - A lot of people were offended by the jokes ...... he toldwhere

thatwhoQ34 - He works for a firm ...... produces software

that----whoQ35 - Companies ......shareholders control them have little possibility of making their own decisionsthat

whosewho