UNIDAD: 1.- El universo

¿CÓMO ES EL UNIVERSO?Los científicos desarrollaron dos teorías diferentes para explicar como era el Universo.

• Teoría geocéntrica: En el siglo Segundo AC, Ptolomeo propuso que la Tierra era el centro del universo. El Sol, la Luna y los planetas giran alrededor de la Tierra.

• Teoría heliocéntrica: En 1.542, Nicolás Copérnico propuso que el Sol era el centro del universo. La Tierra, la Luna y el resto de los planetas orbitaban el Sol.

En 1.610, Galileo Galilei inventó el telescopio y comprobó el modelo heliocéntrico.

¿QUÉ COMPONE EL UNIVERSO?El universo es toda la materia, energía y espacio que existe. El universo está compuesto por:

• Galaxias: Son grandes cantidades de estrellas, polvo y gases, que permanecen juntas por la atracción gravitacional. Aparecen en grupos llamados grupo de galaxias. Los científicos creen que el vasto espacio entre galaxias está vacío. Nuestra galaxia se llama Vía Láctea.

• Nebulosas: Son enormes nubes de gases y polvo en el espacio. • Estrellas: Son inmensas bolas de gases calientes. Hay tanto calor en su interior que emiten

calor y luz. Su energía viene de reacciones en el interior. Una galaxia puede tener quinientos mil millones de estrellas.

• Planetas: Son cuerpos celestes que orbitan una estrella. No emiten luz, ellos reciben luz de una estrella. Los planetas forman sistemas planetarios. Nuestro sistema planetario es el Sistema Solar. Está formado por ocho planetas, y una estrella, el Sol, así como satélites, cometas, y asteroides.

¿QUÉ SON LAS CONSTELACIONES?Si miras al cielo de noche, puedes ver muchas estrellas. Si tu imaginación une las estrellas

con líneas, puedes imaginar figuras en el cielo. Las Constelaciones son imaginarios dibujos de brillantes estrellas.

Los antiguos griegos inventaron las constelaciones que nosotros llamamos ‘los doce signos del zodíaco’.

El cielo de noche es diferente en los hemisferios norte y sur, por lo tanto las constelaciones son diferentes también.

Hay 88 constelaciones oficiales. Sin embargo, la mayoría de ellas no parecen realmente las míticas figuras que representan.

¿QUÉ UNIDADES DE MEDIDA USAN LOS ASTRÓNOMOS?• Unidades Astronómicas (UA): Es la distancia desde la Tierra al Sol. Aproximadamente 150

millones de kilómetros. • Año-luz: Es la distancia que recorre la luz en un año. La luz viaja a 300.000 km en un

segundo, por esto un año-luz es aproximadamente 9,500,000,000,000 km.

EL SISTEMA SOLAR (I)El Sistema Solar se formó hace aproximadamente cinco mil millones de años del gas y del

polvo de una nebulosa.Nuestro Sistema Solar está formado por:

• El Sol: Compuesto principalmente de dos gases: hidrógeno y helio. La enorme presión y temperatura en su interior, transforma el hidrógeno en helio, en este cambio se genera una enorme cantidad de energía.

• Planetas: Son cuerpos esféricos que giran alrededor del Sol. Hay ocho planetas: Mercurio, Venus, Tierra, Marte, Júpiter, Saturno, Urano y Neptuno.

• Planetas enanos: Son cuerpos esféricos que orbitan al Sol. Son más pequeños que los planetas. Plutón, Ceres y Eris son planetas enanos.

• Pequeños cuerpos del Sistema Solar: Son otros cuerpos celestes pequeños que orbitan al Sol.

EL SISTEMA SOLAR (II)Además del Sol, los planetas, los planetas enanos, nuestro Sistema Solar está formado por los Pequeños Cuerpos del Sistema Solar. Estos son otros cuerpos celestes pequeños que orbitan al Sol. Incluyen:• Satélites: Son cuerpos celestes que orbitan algunos planetas. El satélite natural de la Tierra

es la Luna. Si el satélite lo coloca el hombre, es un satélite artificial, se usa para recibir y transmitir señales.

• Cometas: Son pequeños cuerpos que viajan alrededor del Sol en grandes orbitas elípticas. Tienen forma irregular. El núcleo está constituido por una masa de hielo, polvo, y gas. Cuando los cometas viajan cerca del Sol, parte del hielo se evapora, creando las largas y brillantes colas de los cometas.

• Asteroides: Son objetos rocosos que tienen forma irregular. Pueden tener varios kilómetros de diámetro, pero la mayoría tienen solo unos pocos de metros de ancho. Los asteroides orbitan alrededor del Sol. La mayoría de ellos están entre las órbitas de Marte y Júpiter. Esta zona se llama cinturón de asteroides.

¿CUÁLES SON LOS PLANETAS EXTERIORES?Los planetas exteriores son: Júpiter, Saturno, Urano y Neptuno. Se llaman gigantes

gaseosos porque están compuestos principalmente de gases. CARACTERÍSTICAS

Júpiter Saturno Urano NeptunoDiámetro (km) 142.984 120.536 51.118 49.492

Temperatura (ºC) - 150 ºC - 170 ºC - 200 º C - 210 ºCAtmósfera H2 y He H2 y He H2 y He H2 y HeSatélites 63 59 27 13

¿CUÁLES SON LOS PLANETAS INTERIORES?Los planetas interiores son los cuatro planetas más cercanos al Sol: Mercurio, Venus,

Tierra y Marte. En estos planetas la corteza y el manto están constituidos por rocas y el centro es metálico.

CARACTERISTICASMercurio Venus Tierra Marte

Diámetro (km) 4.000 12.000 12.740 6.794Temperatura (ºC) - 180 a 430 ºC 465 ºC - 89 a 58 º C - 82 a 0 ºC

Atmósfera Ninguna CO2 N2 y O2 CO2

Satélites 0 0 1 2

NAME: ___________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

UNIT: 1. – THE UNIVERSE

HOW IS THE UNIVERSE?Scientists developed two different theories to

explain what the Universe was like.• Geocentric theory: In the second century

BC, Ptolemy proposed that the Earth was the centre of the universe. The Sun, Moon and planets revolve around the Earth.

• Heliocentric theory: In 1,542, Nicolas Copernicus proposed that the Sun was the centre of the universe. The Earth, the Moon and the rest of the planets orbited the Sun.

In 1,610, Galileo Galilei invented the telescope, and proved the Heliocentric model.

1.- Copy this text in the box:

2.- Translate these words:Universe: Geocentric theory:The Earth: Heliocentric theory:The Moon: The Sun: Planet:

3.- Write the symbol of each celestial body:

4.- a) Who was Ptolemy?:

b) Who was Galileo Galilei?:

Venus

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Sun

Earth

Moon

Mercury

5.- Who was Nicolas Copernicus?6.- Write the symbol of each celestial body:

7.- a) Label this picture:

b) Which model does this picture represent?

8.- Which theory does this picture represent?:__________________________

Why?: Because ________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

9.- Look at both pictures carefully. What are the differences between both theories?

10.- Look at both pictures carefully. What things are common between both theories?

Venus

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Sun

Earth

Moon

Mercury

NAME: ___________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

WHAT MAKE UP THE UNIVERSE?The universe is all the matter, energy and space that exist. The universe is made up of:

• Galaxies: They are large quantities of stars, dust and gases, held together by the gravitational attraction. They appear in groups called galaxy cluster. Scientists think the vast spaces between the galaxies are empty. Our galaxy is called Milky Way.

• Nebulas: They are enormous clouds of gases and dust in the space.• Stars: They are immense balls of hot gasses. There are so hot inside that they emit heat and

light. Its energy comes from reactions in the interior. A galaxy can have up to five hundred thousand millions stars.

• Planets: They are celestial bodies that orbit a star. They do not emit light; they receive light from the star. The planets form planetary systems. Our planetary system is the Solar System. It is made up of eight planet, and star, the Sun, as well as satellites, comets, and asteroids.

1.- Copy this information:

2.- Translate these words:Galaxies: Galaxy cluster: Nebula:Star: Milky Way: Planet:Sun: Planetary System: Satellite:Comet: Energy and space: Asteroid:

3.- What are there between a galaxy and other galaxy?.

4.- What is a nebula?

5.- How many stars can a galaxy have?

6.- Match with arrows:

Spiral galaxy

Elliptical galaxy

Irregular galaxy

7.- a) What is a galaxy?:

b) What is the name of our galaxy?

8.- What is a star?

9.- a) What is a planet?

b) Which celestial bodies form the universe?:

10.- Match with arrows:

Galaxy

Star

Nebula

Planet

Comet

Asteroid

Satellite

NAME: ___________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

WHAT ARE CONSTELLATIONS?If you look at the sky at night, you can see lots of stars. If your imagination joins stars with

lines, you can imagine figures in the sky. Constellations are imaginary patterns of bright stars. The Ancient Greeks invented the constellations we call ‘the twelve signs of zodiac’.The night sky looks different in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, therefore the

constellations are different too.There are 88 official constellations. However, most of them do not really look like the

mythical figures they represent.

1.- Copy this information:

2.- Translate these words:Constellation: Signs of zodiac:Northern hemisphere: Southern hemisphere:

3.- What are constellations?:

4.- a) How many signs does ‘the zodiac have?

b) Who invented ‘the zodiac’?

5.- a) Write the names of the zodiac constellations:

6.- a) How many official constellations are there?

b) Do the constellations look like the figures they represent?

7.- a) What is one Light-year?

b) What is one Astronomical unit?

8.- Complete:a) 1 AU = ______________________________ km

b) 1 Light-year = ________________________ km

c) 5 AU = ______________________________ km

d) 10 Light-year = ________________________ km

9.- Complete:a) Two stars are separated by 38,000,000,000,000 km. How many Light-years separate these stars?38,000,000,000,000 km = _____________________ Light-years

b) Two stars are separated by 38,000,000,000,000 km. How many AU separate these stars?38,000,000,000,000 km = _____________________ UA

9.- Order from lower distance to higher distance:a) From A to B there is 5,000,000,000 kmb) From C to D there is 0,5 AUc) From E to F there is 0,5 Light-yeard) From G to H there is 500,000,000,000 m

WHAT UNITS OF MEASUREMENT DO ASTRONOMERS USE?• Astronomical unit (AU): This is the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Approximately 150

million kilometres. • Light-year: This is the distance light travels in one year. Light travels 300,000 km in one

second, for therefore one light-year is approximately 9,500,000,000,000 km.

NAME: ___________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

THE SOLAR SYSTEM (I)The Solar System was formed approximately five thousand million years ago from the gas

and dust of a nebula.Our Solar System is made up of:

• The Sun: It consists mainly of two gases: hydrogen and helium. The enormous pressure and temperature inside transform the hydrogen into helium, in this change it generate a enormous amount of energy.

• Planets: They are spherical bodies which revolve around the Sun. There are eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

• Dwarf planets: They are spherical bodies which orbit the Sun. They are smaller than planets. Pluto, Ceres and Eris are dwarf planets.• Small Solar System bodies: They are other little celestial bodies which orbit the Sun.

1.- Copy this information:

2.- Translate these words:Solar System: Hydrogen: Helium:Dwarf planet: Planet: Sun:Small Solar System body: Nebula:

3.- Write the planets’ names:

4.- Label this picture:

5.- How does the Sun generate its energy?

6.- What is the difference between planet and dwarf planet?

7.-Match with arrows:

Mercury

Neptune

Venus

Jupiter

8.-Match with arrows:

Earth

Mars

Saturn

Uranus

9.- Order the planets from larger to smaller:

10.- Label each picture:

NAME: ___________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

THE SOLAR SYSTEM (II)Beside of the Sun, planets, and dwarf planets, our Solar System is made up of Small Solar System bodies. These are other little celestial bodies which orbit the Sun. They include:

• Satellites: They are celestial bodies that orbit some planets. The Earth’s natural satellite is the Moon. If the satellite is placed by man, it is an artificial satellite, it is used for receiving and transmitting signals.• Comets: They are small bodies that travel around the Sun in highly elliptical orbits. They are irregular in shape. The nucleus is made up of a mass of ice, dust and gas. When the comets travel close to the Sun, some of the ice evaporates, creating the long, bright tail of the comets.• Asteroids: They are rocky objects which are irregular in shape. They can be several hundred kilometres in diameter, but most are only a few metres wide. Asteroids orbit around the Sun. Most of them are between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This area is called the asteroid belt.

1.- Copy this information_

2.- Translate these words:Asteroid belt: Comet:Natural satellite: Artificial satellite:Dwarf planet: nucleus:

3.- What is the difference between ‘natural satellite’ and ‘artificial satellite’?

4.- What is the ‘asteroid belt’

5.- Fill-in the blanks:

This celestial body is a: ____________. Its parts are:

The ____________ that is made up of:

_________________________________

and the ___________ that is made up of: ______________________________

6.- What is the Moon?

7.- What is an asteroid?

8.- Match with arrows:

Natural satellite of the Earth

Artificial satellite of the Earth

Satellites of Mars

Satellites of Jupiter

Satellites of Saturn

Satellites of Uranus

Satellites of Neptune

9.- Match with arrows:

Asteroid

Comet

Asteroid belt

10.- Label this picture

NAME: ___________________________________________ DATE: ________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

WHICH ARE THE INNER PLANETSThe inner planets are the four planets closest to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

In these planets the crust and mantle are made of rock and the core is metallic.CHARACTERISTICS

Mercury Venus Earth MarsDiameter (km) 4,000 12,000 12,740 6,794

Temperature (ºC) - 180 to 430 ºC 465 ºC - 89 to 58 º C - 82 to 0 ºCAtmosphere None CO2 N2 and O2 CO2

Satellites 0 0 1 2

1.- Complete the chart:CHARACTERISTICS

Satellites Atmosphere Temperature (ºC) Diameter (km)Mercury

VenusEarthMars

2.- Translate:Mercury: Venus: Mars:Core metallic: Diameter: Temperature:Atmosphere: Satellite: Crust of rock:

3.- Order these planets from larger to smaller:

4.- a) Order the planets from higher temperature to lower temperature:

b) Order the planets from more number of satellites to less number of satellites:

5.- a) What planets have C02 in its atmosphere?

b) What planets have 02 in its atmosphere?

c) What planets have N2 in its atmosphere?

d) What planets do not have any atmosphere?

WHICH ARE THE OUTER PLANETSThe outer planets are: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. They are called gas giants

because they consist mainly of gases.CHARACTERISTICS

Jupiter Saturn Uranus NeptuneDiameter (km) 142,984 120,536 51,118 49,492

Temperature (ºC) - 150 ºC - 170 ºC - 200 º C - 210 ºCAtmosphere H2 and He H2 and He H2 and He H2 and He

Satellites 63 59 27 13

6.- Complete this chart:CHARACTERISTICS

Satellites Atmosphere Temperature (ºC) Diameter (km)JupiterSaturnUranusNeptune

7.- Translate:Jupiter: Saturn: Uranus: Neptune:

8.- Order these planets from larger to smaller:

9.- a) Order the planets from higher temperature to lower temperature:

b) Order the planets from more number of satellites to less number of satellites:

10.- Match with arrows

The centre of the Solar System • It rotates around the Sun • • Sun It rotates around the Earth • • Moon A star • • planet

Mercury, Venus… • There are a lot of these objects between Mars and Jupiter • • Comet An artificial object in space • • Satellite It has a core and a tail • • Asteroid