2.
Bukitap,I.EurasiaInternationalTourismCongress:Current,Issues,Trends,andIndicators,
2015 organizasyonu kapsamnda yaymlanmtr. Bu kitapta yaymlanan tum
bildirilerin ieriklerindenyazarlarsorumludur. This book has been
published under the international organization themed as I. Eurasia
International Tourism Congress: Current, Issues, Trends, and
Indicators, 2015. Authors are
responsibleforintentsoftheirproceedingspublishedinthisbook
I.EurasiaInternationalTourismCongress:
CurrentIssues,Trends,andIndicators (EITOC-2015) KONYA-MAYIS-2015
Editrler M. Akif UKURAYIR Alaattin BAODA afak U NU VAR Mehmet SAGIR
Mnevver IEKDAGI Semih BU YU KIPEKI Vol. I
3. 978-605-9119-15-3(Tk) ISBN:978-605-9119-17-7(1.c)
AybilYayneviSertifikaNo:17394 AybilBasmeviSertifikaNo:20781
KONYA-MAYIS-2015 Y A Y I N L A R I www.aybilonline.com
Bask&Cilt: AybilDijitalBaskSistemleriveMatbaaHizmetleri
FerhuniyeMh.SultanahCd.No:30/AKONYA
Tel:0.3323502171Fax:0.3323507121
I.EurasiaInternationalTourismCongress:
CurrentIssues,Trends,andIndicators (EITOC-2015)
Herhakksakldr.Bukitabntamamyadabirksm,yazarnnizniolmakszn,
elektronik,mekanik,fotokopiyadaherhangibirkaytsistemiileoaltlamaz,
yaynlanamaz,depolanamaz.
Bukitaptakibilgilerinhertrlsorumluluuyazarlarnaaittir. Editrler M.
Akif UKURAYIR Alaattin BAODA afak U NU VAR Mehmet SAGIR Mnevver
IEKDAGI Semih BU YU KIPEKI
5. SUNU 40. yl kutlamalarn gerekletirdiimiz bu yl birok nemli
etkinlik dzenlemenin kvancn yayoruz. Seluk niversitesi, kurulduu
1975 ylndan bu yana her alanda geliim trendini yakalam, bilimsel,
sosyal, ekonomik, kltrel ve sportif anlamda etkin ve dinamik bir
niversite kimliine kavumutur. Yaklak 80.000 rencisi ile Trkiye'nin
en byk yksekretim kurumlar arasnda yer alan Seluk niversitesi yapt
bilimsel aratrmalar kadar, gerekletirdii bilimsel toplantlarla da
bilim dnyasnda adndan sz ettirmektedir. Bu hedef dorultusunda I.
Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends and
Indicators (EITOC)- (I. Avrasya Uluslararas Turizm Kongresi: Gncel
Konular, Eilimler ve Gstergeler) Kongresi'nin Turizm Fakltemiz
tarafndan dzenlenmesinden byk memnuniyet duymaktaym. niversitemizde
zel bir yere sahip olan Turizm Fakltesi, 2010 ylnda Turizm
letmecilii ve Otelcilik Yksekokulu ad altnda eitim-retime balam ve
16 Mays 2013 tarihinde Resmi Gazetede yaynlanan Bakanlar Kurulu
kararyla faklte statsn elde etmitir. Turizm Fakltesi, kurulduu
gnden bugne ok sayda kongre, panel, sempozyum gerekletirmitir. Yine
niversitemiz bnyesinde yer alan Turizm Fakltesi Uygulama Oteli,
Turizm Fakltemiz idaresinde faaliyetlerini rnek bir ekilde
srdrmektedir. Ayrca, Turizm Fakltemizin donanml akademik personeli
uluslararas bilimsel dergilerde yaynlar yapmakta, kresel gelimeleri
yakndan izlemektedirler. I. Avrasya Uluslararas Turizm Kongresi,
yurt dndan ve yurt iinden ok sayda akademisyenin ve sektr
temsilcisinin katlmyla Turizm Fakltemiz tarafndan dzenlenmektedir.
Sahasnda yetkin akademisyenlerin 228 bildirisi bu kongre erevesinde
sunulacak, turizm sektrnn sorunlar geni ekilde tartlma imkn
bulacaktr. ok sayda sekin bilim insann ve sektr temsilcisini Seluk
niversitesi bnyesinde ve Konyada arlamaktan mutluluk duyduumu
belirtmek isterim. Emei geen tm alma arkadalarma, kurumlara ve
sektr mensuplarna niversitem ve ahsm adna teekkr ediyorum. Prof.
Dr. Hakk GKBEL Seluk niversitesi Rektr
6. PRESENTATION We are proud of this year in which we
celebrated our 40 th year and organised many important events.
Since the establishment in 1975, Selcuk University has developed a
corporate identity by catching the developmental trends in each
area and by being a dynamic and effective University in scientific,
social, economic, sportive and cultural events. With its about
800.000 students, Selcuk university which is among the biggest
Higher Education Institutions in Turkey makes and indelible
impression in scientific world not only with its scientific
researches but also with its scientific organisations. In line with
this purpose, Im glad that I. Eurasia International Tourism
Congress: Current Issues, Trends and Indicators (EITOC) is
organized by out Tourism Faculty. Tourism Faculty which is precious
for our University started its education and training year in 2010
under the name of The School of Tourism and Hotel Management and
with the decree of council of ministers which is published in
official newspaper it has gained the status of being a faculty.
Tourism Faculty has organised so many congresses, panels,
symposiums since it established. Again Tourism Faculty Practice
Hotel, which is within our University, carries on the activities
under the control of Tourism Faculty. Moreover; Tourism Facultys
successful academic staff makes publishing in international
scientific journals and follows global developments. I. Eurasia
International Tourism Congress is organised by our Tourism Faculty
with the participation of many foreign and local academicians and
representatives of the sector. 227 papers of the expert
academicians will be presented in this congress and the issues of
the tourism sector will be discussed broadly. I am glad to host
many outstanding academicians and sector representatives within our
University and in Konya I would like to thank to my colleagues, to
the institutions and to sector representatives on behalf of my
University and myself Prof. Dr. Hakk GKBEL Rector of Selcuk
University
7. NSZ Bir menzile/hedefe ulamak iin ilk adm atmak, yolun
tamamlanmas iin ilk ve en nemli kouldur. I. Avrasya Uluslararas
Turizm Kongresi, mtevaz admlarla balad ve 228 bildiri, 450 katlmc
ile turizme gnl verenlerin nemli katklar sunduu bir organizasyona
dnt. Turizm yalnzca seyahat, konaklama ve gastronomiden ibaret
faaliyetler btn deildir. Turizm, ayn zamanda farkl kltrlerin
etkileimidir; bir anlamda diplomasidir, bara ve birliktelie alan
kapdr. nyarglar kaldran, farkl milletleri ve kltrleri birbirine
yaklatran turizm etkinlikleri, lkeler iin yaamsal neme sahiptir.
Turizm ayn zamanda bacasz endstri olarak tanmlanmakta ve lke
ekonomileri iinde izlenen politikalara gre etkin bir yere sahip
olmaktadr. Trkiyenin hlihazrdaki turizm gelirleri 34 milyar dolar
civarndadr. Trkiyenin hedefi turizm gelirlerini 2023 ylnda 50
milyar dolara karmaktr. Trkiyenin turizm alannda baarl olmas ve
hedeflerine ulaabilmesi iin turizm sektrnde nitelikli igcne ihtiyac
vardr. Turizm faklteleri bu alanda ok nemli bir ilevi yerine
getirmektedirler. Eitim retimin yannda akademik etkinlikler de
kentlerin ve lkelerin turizm deerlerinin konuulmas, dnyaya
duyurulmas ve sektre ynelik politikalar gelitirilmesinde olduka
arlkl bir yere sahiptir. I. Avrasya Uluslararas Turizm Kongresinde
gn boyunca turizm sektrnn paydalar olan uzmanlar, akademisyenler ve
STK temsilcileri Seluk niversitesi ev sahipliinde Mevlana kenti
Konya'da turizmi ve farkl boyutlarn konuacaklardr. Kongremizde 450
katlmc, 228 bildiri sahibi yer almaktadr. 17 lke, 88 niversite ve
62 ilden gelen turizm paydalar Konyada buluuyor. Kongremiz ilk kez
dzenlenmesine ramen byk bir ilgiye mazhar olmutur. Yedi bin yllk
tarihiyle Konyada, Mevlana ikliminde, Seluklu Bakentinde konuklarmz
arlama frsat bulmak bizim iin ek deerli bir mutluluk vesilesi
olmutur. Kongremizin geleneksellemesi en byk dileimizdir. Konyann
kongre turizmine kap aralamas adna da, kongremizin byk bir ilev
greceine inanyorum. Kongrenin gerekletirilmesi srecinde birok zorlu
aamadan geilmitir. Kongreye beklentilerimizin zerinde ilgi gsteren
deerli bildiri sahiplerine, bildirileri deerlendiren bilim kurulu
yelerimize itenlikle teekkrlerimi sunuyorum. Kongre iin bizleri
cesaretlendiren ve desteklerini esirgemeyen Seluk niversitesi Rektr
Sayn Prof. Dr. Hakk GKBEL'e kran borluyum. Kongrenin dzenlenmesinde
sponsorluk desteklerini esirgemeyen, Konyann ve deerlerinin tantm
iin zveriden kanmayan tm kurululara ve yneticilerine ne kadar
teekkr etsem azdr. Avrasya Turizm Kongresinin gereklemesine emei
geen ok deerli
8. meslektalarma teekkr ediyorum. Hocalarmza sayglarm ifade
ediyor, aramzdan ayrlm olanlar rahmetle anmak istiyorum. Kongre
srecinde her trl zveriyi gsteren Aratrma Grevlisi Alaattin BAODA
kongrenin ok nemli ilerini tek bana yrtt, kendisine zel olarak
teekkr etmek istiyorum. Dekan Yardmclar Do. Dr. afak NVAR ve Yrd.
Do. Dr. Mehmet SAIR, Yrd. Do. Dr. Semih BYKPEK ve retim grevlisi
Mnevver EKDAI kongre yolculuu srasnda nemli katklar sundular,
kendilerine teekkr bor bilirim. Srecin bandan sonuna kadar destek
veren, cesaretlendiren ve yanmzda olan btn meslektalarma, yerel
yneticilere ve niversitemiz Ynetimine Fakltemiz adna bir kez daha
teekkr ederken, kongrenin akademik dnyaya, Konyaya ve Trkiyeye
nemli katklar salayacana olan inancm bir kez daha tekrar etmek
istiyorum. Prof. Dr. M. Akif UKURAYIR Seluk niversitesi Turizm
Fakltesi Dekan
9. PREFACE Taking the first step to reach a target is the first
and the most important condition to complete it I. Eurasia
International Tourism Congress started with modest steps and turned
into an organization in which precious contributions are made with
228 papers and 450 participators. Tourism isnt a complement of
activities with only travel, accommodation and gastronomy. Tourism
is also the interaction of different cultures; diplomacy, an open
door to peace and collaboration in one sense. Tourism activities
which eliminate prejudices and empathize different nations and
cultures are vital for countries. Tourism is also defined as
flueless industry and has an effective role according to tracked
policies in national economies. Turkeys tourism income is about 34
billion dollars at present. Turkeys target is to increase tourism
income up to 50 billion dollars by 2023. To be successful in
Tourism and to reach its goal Turkey needs qualified labour force
in tourism sector. In this sense, tourism faculties functions are
very important. Besides education and trainings academic activities
have effective roles in advertising tourism values of countries and
cities to the World and in developing policies related to the
sector. In I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress, for three
days, experts, academicians and nongovernmental organizations
representatives who are stakeholders of tourism will discuss
Konyas, city of Mevlanas tourism and different aspects of tourism,
hosted by Selcuk University. There are 450 participators and 228
papers in our congress. Tourism stakeholders who come from form 17
countries, 88 University and 62 cities will meet in Konya. Although
it is the first organization of our congress, it attracted a
considerable attention. To have the opportunity to welcome/ host
our guests in Mevlana climate, in the capital of Seljuk Empire, in
Konya with its seven thousand years history is a pleasing occasion
for us. Our first wish is to make our Congress a traditional one. I
believe that our Congress will function effectively to open a gate
for Congress Tourism in Konya. While the process of the
organization, our faculty went through many difficulties. I
sincerely present my thanks to the owners of the papers who
interested in our congress more than we expected and to the members
of scientific board who evaluated the papers. I owe a debt of
gratitude to the rector of Selcuk University dear Prof. Dr. Hakk
GOKBEL who encouraged us and supported us during this process. I
have to thank all the institutions and managers who supported the
organization of the congress financially to advertise Konya and its
values. Many thanks to my precious colleagues who contributed to
the process of I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress
organization. I respect our professors and remember the ones
10. who passed away. I would like to thank Research Assistant
Alaattin BASODA specially who worked his magic and who contributed
to many important points, alone, during congress process. Many
thanks to the vice-deans, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Safak UNUVAR and Assist.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet SAGIR, to Assist. Prof. Dr. Semih BUYUKIPEKCI and
to lecturer Munevver CICEKDAGI for their considerable contributions
to the congress organization process. While I would like to thank
once more to all my colleagues, to local managers and to our
University Administrators who were with us and encouraged us
throughout the process, I would also repeat once more my faith that
I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress will contribute to the
academic World, to Konya and to Turkey. Prof. Dr. M. Akif UKURAYIR
Dean of Tourism Faculty, Selcuk University
11. HONORARY CHAIRS Prof. Dr. Hakk GKBEL Rector of Selcuk
University Muammer EROL Governor of Konya Congress Scientific
Committee Prof. Dr. Alan FYALL, University of Central Florida,
Orlando, USA Dr. Chandrakant B. SALUNKHE, Post Graduate Center of
Botany, INDIA Harald PLAMPER, Zappelin University, GERMANY Prof.
Dr. Noel SCOTT, Griffith University, AUSTRAILA Assos. Prof. Dr.
Qadir BAYRAMLI, Azerbaijan State Economics University, Azerbaijan
Prof. Dr. Tom BAUM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Prof.
Dr. Robertico Croes, University of Central Florida, Orlando, ABD
Prof. Dr. A. Celil AKICI, Mersin University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Adnan
TRKSOY, Ege University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet Akn AKSU, Akdeniz
University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKTA, Okan University, TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Ahmet GRBZ, Karabk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali
ALAGZ, Seluk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali BORAN, Seluk
University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali ERBA, Eskiehir Osman Gazi
University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Alp TMUR Dokuz Eyll University, TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Atila YKSEL, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Prof. Dr.
Azize TUN HASSAN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cengiz DEMR,
zmir Ktip elebi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cevat TOSUN, Gazi
University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cevdet AVCIKURT, Balkesir University,
TURKEY Prof. Dr. aatay NSAN, Karatay University, TURKEY Prof. Dr.
Derman KKALTAN, stanbul Arel University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Doan
GRSOY, Washington State University, USA Prof. Dr. Doan TUNCER
Bakent University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Doan Yaar AYHAN, Bakent
University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Fevzi OKUMU, University of Central
Florida, USA Prof. Dr. Fsun stanbullu DNER, stanbul University,
TURKEY
12. Prof. Dr. ge PIRNAR, Yaar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr.
smail KIZILIRMAK, stanbul University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kemal BRDR,
Mersin University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kurban NLNEN, Gazi University,
TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kurtulu KARAMUSTAFA, Erciyes University, TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Levent ALTINAY, Oxford Brookes Universty, UK Prof. Dr.
Mehmet SARIIIK, Sakarya University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mehmet YELTA,
Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mithat Zeki DNER, stanbul
University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Muharrem TUNA, Gazi University, TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Mustafa KOYUNCU, anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Mustafa TEPEC, Celal Bayar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr.
Muzaffer UYSAL, Virginia Tech University, USA Prof. Dr. Nzhet
KAHRAMAN, stanbul Ticaret University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Necdet
HACIOLU, Balkesir University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Orhan Z, Yaar
University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Orhan BATMAN, Sakarya University,
TURKEY Prof. Dr. zkan TTNC, Dokuz Eyll University, TURKEY Prof. Dr.
cal USTA, Dokuz Eyll University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Saime ORAL, Dokuz
Eyll University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Raif PARLAKKAYA, Necmettin
Erbakan University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Sleyman KARAOR, Seluk
University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Salih KULUVAN, stanbul Medeniyet
University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Turgut VAR, zmir Ekonomi University,
TURKEY Prof. Dr. eyhmus BALOLU, University of Nevada, USA Prof. Dr.
Yksel ZTRK, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Yksel EKNC, Oxford
Brookes University, UK Prof. Dr. Zeynep ASLAN, Nevehir Hac Bekta
Veli University, TURKEY Dr. Bilgehan GLCAN, Gazi University, TURKEY
Dr. Beykan ZEL, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Dr. Cafer TOPALOLU Mula
Stk Koman University, TURKEY Dr. Burhan KILI, Mula Stk Koman
University, TURKEY Dr. Bahattin ZDEMR, Akdeniz University, TURKEY
Dr. Dilek DNMEZ POLAT, anakkale Onsekiz Mart University,
TURKEY
13. Dr. Driye BOZOK, Balkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Dndar
DENZER, Anadolu University, TURKEY Dr. Fisun YKSEL, Adnan Menderes
University, TURKEY Dr. Fatma Nur PLK, Adana Bilim ve Teknoloji
University, TURKEY Dr. Gknil Nur KOAK, Mersin University, TURKEY
Dr. Gke ZDEMR, Yaar University, TURKEY Dr. brahim YILMAZ, Nevehir
Hac Bekta Veli University, TURKEY Dr. lhan BLKOLU, zmir Katip elebi
University, TURKEY Dr. rfan YAZICIOLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr.
M. Ouzhan LBAN, Balkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Kamil UNUR, Mersin
University, TURKEY Dr. Mehmet KALI, Eskiehir Osmangazi University,
TURKEY Dr. Mahmut DEMR, Sleyman Demirel University, TURKEY Dr.
Murat DODUBAY, Balkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Mete SEZGN, Seluk
University, TURKEY Dr. Oktay EMR, Anadolu University, TURKEY Dr.
Ouz TRKAY, Sakarya University, TURKEY Dr. Ramazan Pars AHBAZ, Gazi
University, TURKEY Dr. Osman Eralp OLAKOLU, Adnan Menderes
University, TURKEY Dr. afak NVAR, Seluk University, TURKEY Dr.
Serdar TARAKIOLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. irvan en DEMR,
Sleyman Demirel University, TURKEY Dr. enol AVU, Adnan Menderes
University, TURKEY Dr. Yasin BOYLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr.
Umut AVCI, Mula Stk Koman University, TURKEY Dr. Zafer TER, zmir
Ktip elebi University, TURKEY Dr. Yaar SARI, Eskiehir Osmangazi
University, TURKEY Dr. Tugay ARAT, Selcuk University Dr. Ceyhun
alar KILIN, Selcuk University Congress Organizing Board Congress
Secreteriat Prof. Dr. M. Akif UKURAYIR Dr. afak NVAR Dr.
Chandrakant SALUNKHE, India Dr. Semih BYKPEK Harald PLAMPER,
Germany Dr. Mehmet SAIR
14. Dr. Qadir BAYRAMLI, Azerbaijan Dr. Melis ATTAR Dr. afak
NVAR Lecturer Mnevver EKDAI Dr. Mete SEZGN Res. Assist. Alaattin
BAODA Dr. Abdullah KARAMAN Res. Assist. eyda SARI Dr. Vural ALIYAN
Res. Assist. ar SALI Dr. Tugay ARAT Res. Assist. Fatmanur Kbra
CELLOLU Dr. Ceyhun alar KILIN Res. Assist. Seda ZDEMR Dr. Mehmet
SAIR Res. Assist. Betl KORKMAZ Dr. Gamze TEMZEL Dr. Semih BYKPEK
Dr. Erkan Akgz Dr. H. Alpay Karasoy Dr. Alper ATE Dr. Betl GARDA
Dr. Melis ATTAR Lecturer Mnevver EKDAI Lecturer hsan Devlet ATABEY
Lecturer Neriman ELK Res. Assist. Alaattin BAODA Res. Assist. eyda
SARI Res. Assist. ar SALI Res. Assist. Fatmanur Kbra CELLOLU Res.
Assist. Seda ZDEMR Res. Assist. Betl KORKMAZ
15. Gel, gel, ne olursan ol yine gel, ister kafir, ister
mecusi, ister puta tapan ol yine gel, bizim dergahmz, mitsizlik
dergah deildir, yz kere tvbeni bozmu olsan da yine gel Come, come,
whoever you are, Wanderer, worshipper, lover of leaving, Ours is
not a caravan of despair. Even if you have broken your vows a
thousand times It doesnt matter Come, come yet again, come
16. i NDEKLER TOURISM ORIENTED POLICING AND PROTECTION SERVICES
(TOPPS) Mehmet Murat
PAYAM.........................................................................................................1
A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL INBOUND
TOURISTS IN TURKEY Mahsa SERPOUSH, Cemalettin cal FDANBOY
..............................................................8
EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF ATTENDING IN PRESSING LOCAL
HANDICRAFT MARKETS Reza Pourali, Mortaza Karami , Reza Khalili,
Vahid Azizi..................................................12
EVALUATING STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Locadia Leona MASARA,
Masters Student, Hilal Erku
ZTRK......................................20 THE ACCESSIBILITY
EVALUATION OF OFFICIAL TOURISM WEBSITE OF TURKEY Gknil NUR SEVER,
Salar KUHZADY
................................................................................30
INNOVATION PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES IN THE TURKISH HOTEL INDUSTRY
Raif PARLAKKAYA, Kevser
INAR.....................................................................................37
SITE COLLECTION FOR INVESTMENT PROGRAM IN HOTEL ESTABLIS HMENTS AND
AN APPLICATION Mnevver
EKDAI........................................................................................................48
TIME TRAVEL METHOT IN TOURISM: THE CASE OF KONYA/ ATALHYK Fatih
YILMAZ, Fatma ARSLAN, Nilgn
AVCI.....................................................................54
STUDENTS LECTURER EXPERT OPINIONS BASED NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF ENGLISH
FOR OCCUPATIONAL PURPOSES (EOP) IN TOURISM ASSOCIATE DEGREE
PROGRAMS Akif GKE, Orhan BATMAN
............................................................................................65
TURKEY IN UNESCO REPRESENTATIVE LIST OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL
HERITAGE OF HUMANITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR TURKISH TOURISM Cagri
SACLI, Cevdet AVCIKURT
........................................................................................81
HOTEL MANAGERS PERSPECTIVES TO DISABLED TOURISM: CASE OF HOTELS IN
KONYA Mete SEZGIN, Cagri SACLI, Seda
OZDEMIR.....................................................................90
THE CONTRIBUTION OF GAZIPAA ALANYA AIRPORT TO ALANYAS TOURISM
ACTIVITIES Yldrm SALDIRANER, Jan Sanem JULAR, ebnem
KSEOLU.....................................99 THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN EXPECTATIONS AND SATISFACTION OF SOUTH KOREAN TOURISTS
VISITING URKEY Tolga GK, Krad SAYIN
..................................................................................................110
SUSTAINABLE VALORIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VIA TOUR GUIDES:
TURKISH CASE OF EPHESUS ANCIENT CITY Mehmet Yavuz ETNKAYA, Zafer
TER
...........................................................................118
17. ii CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Neriman
ELK, Suudan Gke
GK..................................................................................130
AN ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING IN TRAVEL AGENCIES IN THE
CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY Rahman TEMZKAN, Orhan YABANCI
...............................................................................136
POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM TO TURKISH ECONOMY AND
INNOVATIVE MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT ge PIRNAR, Ufuk TUTAN
...................................................................................................142
A RESEARCH ON VINEYARDS AND GARDENS IN NDE AND ITS DISTRICTS AS A
TOURISTIC PRODUCT FOR TURKISH TOURISM Ruhan R, Burcu Glsevil
BELBER.
...................................................................................148
DISSEMINATION OF HOTELS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LEVELS ON INTERNET
VIA GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE IN TURKEY Burhan AYDEMR, Cagri SACLI,
Muhammet E. SOYDAS
.................................................161 THE INFLUENCE
OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CUSTOMER
ENGAGEMENT IN EGYPTIAN TRAVEL AGENTS Ghada Abdallah, Yasmeen Abd
El-Moaty
Attia....................................................................167
THE ADOPTION OF WEB1.0 AND WEB2.0 TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS OF THE TOP TEN DESTINATIONS IN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
Marwa M.
Ghanem...............................................................................................................181
TYPOLOGICAL BRIEF OF SEX TOURIST PRODUCT CUSTOMERS IN THE OPINION
OF THE YOUNG POLES (RANDOM SAMPLE TESTING) Grzegorz Godlewski,
Beata Rafalska
...................................................................................199
TEMALI OTELLERN TKETC SATIN ALMA DAVRANILARINA ETKS ZERNE BR
ARATIRMA Ramazan Pars AHBAZ, Murat
TEKBALKAN.....................................................................209
IDIR DESTNASYONUNUN SINIR TURZM POTANSYELNE YNELK BR ALAN
ARATIRMASI Burcu ILGAZ YILDIRIM, Serap ALKAYA, evket YRK, Gamze
MEE.............................222 TRKYE TURZM STRATEJS (2023)
VZYONUNDA TRKYE SALIK TURZMNN ANALZ Meltem
UYGUN....................................................................................................................236
ADANA L VE LELERNN SPOR TURZM AISINDAN DEERLENDRLMES Alper
BOZKURT...................................................................................................................243
SEYAHAT ACENTELER LE KONAKLAMA LETMELER ARASINDAK HUKUK ANLAMAZLIK
Dilah Mine
SABL...........................................................................................................250
KIRSAL YRELERDE TELEVZYON DZLERNN TURZM HAREKETLER ZERNDEK ETKS:
SEVDALUK DZS RNE zge GD DEMRBULAT, Musa OFLAZ, Cemali
BUZLUKU.....................................256
18. iii OTEL LETMELERNDE ALIANLARIN SNZM DZEYLERNN BELRLENMES:
BALIKESRDE BR UYGULAMA Nuran AKT
AIK...............................................................................................................267
KIRSAL KALKINMA BALAMINDA ANLIURFA LNN KIRSAL TURZM POTANSYELNN
DEERLENDRLMES Mustafa T, Kasm KAYA, Mehmet Reit SEVN, Gnl SEVN,
Veysel ASOLU.......280 TRK MUTFAK KLTRNDE SLAMIN ETKS pek NAL,
Ramazan AKA
................................................................................................288
MEN PLANLAMADA TOYOTA WAY PRENSPLERNN KULLANILABLRL Murat DODUBAY,
Selin LSAY, Glhan CEVZKAYA
.....................................................294 MORTGAGE
KRZNN TURZM SEKTRNDEK STHDAMA ETKS: MULA RNE Ece KIRLI ZEN, Ozan
BAHAR
..........................................................................................304
TURZM BLGELERNDE EMNYET VE GVENLN SALANMASI Mehmet Murat
PAYAM.........................................................................................................316
KENTSEL DNM VE KENT TURZM: ANKARA-HAMAMN RNE zgr
SARI...........................................................................................................................327
MARKA KENT AMASYANIN ALTERNATF TURZM POTANSYELNN DEERLENDRLMES Atf
ULUBAY, Burak ERYILMAZ
.........................................................................................333
TURZM LETMELERNDE SATIN ALMA TERCHLERN ETKLEMEDE KURUMSAL TBARIN
MARKA SADAKATNE ETKS Kudret GL, Melike GL, Genay SAAT
........................................................................334
SRDRLEBLR TURZM PERSPEKTFNDE HBRDTE VE PAYDA YAKLAIMI: ALMANYA,
NGLTERE VE TRKYE KIYASLAMALARI Dorian ALU, Armando ALU, Bekir
PARLAK
....................................................................357
AYNI SOFRADA K LKE (M?) TRK VE YUNAN MUTFAKLARININ KARILATIRMALI
ANALZ Burak ML, Derman
KKALTAN...................................................................................372
YETENEK YNETM VE YENLK PERFORMANSI LKS: BODRUM RNE zer AHN, Osman
Nuri
ZDOAN.................................................................................383
MTERLERN OTEL SEMLERNDE SOSYAL MEDYANIN ROL Burak ERYILMAZ,
Burhanettin
ZENGN.............................................................................396
KLTREL PEYZAJ BLEENLER ve TURZM LKSNDE GRSEL PEYZAJ ANALZ:
NALLIHAN-BEYDL KY RNE Gizem CENGZ GKE, Sebahat
AIKSZ.......................................................................409
TANITIM BRORLER GZYLE ANADOLU YRESEL MUTFAKLARI Osman ULHA, Aytekin
KALKAN.......................................................................................420
19. iv DK MALYETL HAVAYOLU LETMELERN ETKLEYEN MAKRO VE MKRO
EVRE FAKTRLER ZERNE BR NCELEME mer OBAN, Serhat HARMAN
.........................................................................................436
YKSEKRETMDE TURZM LSANS ETM VEREN DEVLET NVERSTELERNN SON 5 YILLIK
DEERLENDRMES Hseyin ENEROL, Simge TOKAY
......................................................................................451
SRDRLEBLR TURZMN TALEP TAHMNLEMES Nur ELK, Ozan BAHAR
...................................................................................................464
TURZM SEKTRNDE STAJ YAPAN YKSEKRETM (N LSANS VE LSANS) RENCLERNN
MARUZ KALDIKLARI MOBBNG LE ALIMA PERFORMANSI ARASINDAK LKNN
NCELENMES: GRESUN NVERSTESNDE TURZM RENCLER ZERNE BR UYGULAMA Hakan
AKYURT, Eray TURPCU, Gamze KILI
.................................................................476
ZMR LNDEK 4 VE 5 YILDIZLI KONAKLAMA LETMELERNDE ALIANLARIN PSKOLOJK
DDET (MOBBNG) ALGILARI Fatma PALABIYIK, Mehmet Emre GLER
.........................................................................490
ELEKTRONK ORTAMDA YAPILAN EVRM YORUMLARA DAYANARAK TKETCLERN
YYECEKECEK LETMELERNDEN DUYDUKLARI MEMNUNYETLERN VE BEKLENTLERN
BELRLENMES zlem GELEN, Mehmet Emre GLER
................................................................................501
TRKYEDE LSANS DZEYNDE TURZM ETMNN SORUNLARI VE ZM NERLER brahim
YILMAZ...................................................................................................................517
KONAKLAMA LETMELER RNENDE STRESNN E BALILIK VE TEN AYRILMA NYETNE
ETKS: ANAKKALE LNDE BR ARATIRMA Bekir ETT, Damla DEMR
HARPUTLUOLU...............................................................527
KONAKLAMA VE YYECEK HZMETLER ALT SEKTRNN FNANSAL PERFORMANSININ
KARILATIRMALI TABLOLAR ANALZ TEKN LE NCELENMES: TRKYE CUMHURYET
MERKEZ BANKASI SEKTR BLANOLARINDA BR ARATIRMA Erdin KARADENZ, Selda
KAHLOULLARI, Mehmet BEYAZGL...............................537 YEREL
HALKIN NVERSTE VE NVERSTE RENCLERNE BAKI AISI: EME RNE Cevdet
AVCIKURT, Esin ZKAN, Samet Can CURKAN
...................................................547 KONAKLAMA
LETMELERNDE REKABET STRATEJS OLARAK NC YA GRUBUNA ODAKLANMA VE 50+
HOTELS STANDARTLARI Yksel GRSOY, Ramazan
GRAL.....................................................................................556
KONAKLAMA LETMELERNDE MOBBNG - RGTSEL GVEN LKS: ANAKKALE LNDE BR
ARATIRMA Bekir Eitti, Blent Akyz
.....................................................................................................566
20. v TELEVZYON KANALLARINDA YAYINLANAN GEZ PROGRAMLARININ
TURZMN GELMESNDEK ROL Sedat CEREC
......................................................................................................................580
NASIL GASTRONOM EHR OLUNUR? Bilal
YALIN........................................................................................................................588
STAJ DNEMNDE MARUZ KALINAN MOBBNGN SEKTRDE KARYER YAPMA STENE ETKS:
TURZM ALANINDA NLSANS ETM ALAN RENCLER ZERNDE BR UYGULAMA Aya
YKSEL, Ebru ULUCAN, Murat
ZMEN..................................................................595
ALIMA KOULLARI, TATMN VE SEKTREL BALILIK LKS. OTEL ALIANLARI ZERNDE
BR ARATIRMA Bayram AHN, Ahmet
KARATA........................................................................................607
MACERA TURSTNN AKI DENEYMNE YNELK BR MODEL NERS* Reyhan A.AYAZLAR
.............................................................................................................620
TEORKTEN PRATE, PRATKTEN DAVRANIA: GASTRONOM VE MUTFAK SANATLARI
RENCLER N BAINDA ETM mit SORMAZ, Eda GNE, Ylmaz SEM
......................................................................633
KONYANIN TOPRAK ALTINDAK SELUKLU HAZNELER Mehmet
HAYIRLIOLU.......................................................................................................645
DESTNASYON REKABETNDE GASTRONOM TURZMNN NEM: RZE RNE Zeynep KAZANCI
BAARAN, Mevlde Canan CAN
...........................................................660 RZE
TURZMNN SWOT ANALZ LE DEERLENDRLMES Mevlde Canan CAN, Zeynep
KAZANCI BAARAN
...........................................................672 ET
BALAMINDA BR ARATIRMA; GNEYDOU ANADOLU BLGES KONAKLAMA LETMELER RNE
Said KINGIR, Mesut SOYALIN, Muhammet Fatih SANCAR
...............................................683 SRDRLEBLR TURZM
AISINDAN YEL NOVASYON: MULA RNE Mehmet AVCI, Onur YILDIZ, Nur
ELK............................................................................694
TURSTK BR RN OLARAK MZE PAZARLAMASINDA ZYARET DENEYMLER ZERNE BR
ARATIRMA: SAMSUN L RNE Yaar GLTEKN, Yetkin BULUT
.......................................................................................704
OTEL LETMELERNDE ALIANLARIN TEMEL BENLK DEERLENDRMELER VE
STRESLERNN TATMNLERNE ETKS Dilek ACAR GREL, Ylmaz
AKGNDZ..........................................................................716
AZERBAYCAN CUMHURYYETNDE TURZM POTANSYEL VE ONUN MEVCUT DURUMUNA
DAR MESELELER. Ferhad Qamboy MIKAYILOV, Emil Filman QASIMOV Nicat
Mirmehemmed
SEYIDOV............................................................................................728
TURZM LETMELERNN TBAR YNETMNDE YEL YILDIZ UYGULAMASININ NEM Erkan
AKGZ, Aytu ARSLAN, Hacer Derya AKKRP
.....................................................736
21. vi TURSTK DESTNASYONUN KLM KONFORUNUN BELRLENMESNDE TURZM
KLM NDS (T) MODEL VE BEYEHR LES ANALZ Ramazan GRAL
.................................................................................................................748
TRKYE TURZMNE YEN BAKILAR: SRDRLEBLR TURZM EKSENNDE EVRE SORUNLARI
Sami KARACAN, Esin KARACAN, Yksel
GNGR..........................................................757
EKOTURZM AISINDAN RZE L VE EVRESNN DEERLENDRLMES Eren ERKILI, Fatma
Doanay
ERGEN.............................................................................771
KURUMSAL YNETM VE TURZM: ALARKO RKETLER TOPLULUU RNE Gnseli GLTRK
BARAN, Gamze
ZOUL..............................................................782
N TURZM PAZARINDA TRKYENN YER ZERNE BR DEERLENDRME: N DI TURZM
KALTE HZMET SERTFKASI PROGRAMI Aytu ARSLAN, Erkan
AKGZ............................................................................................796
KIRGIZSTAN LE TRKYE ARASINDA TURZMDE BRLNDE VE GELMEDE SVL TOPLUM
KURULULARININ NEM Cevit
YAVUZ.........................................................................................................................806
AZERBAYCAN TURZM GELMNN PLANLAMASI, KARILATIRMALAR - DEERLENDRMELER
NERLER Ali Blent KUTVAN, Sebuhi ASLANOV
..............................................................................815
SEL PAZARLAMA UYGULAMALARININ, RGTSEL ADALET ALGISINA VE RGTSEL
SNZME ETKS Berrin GZEL, Ceren , Tue
LTER...........................................................................821
22. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 1 TOURISM ORIENTED POLICING AND
PROTECTION SERVICES (TOPPS) Mehmet Murat PAYAM, Assist. Prof. Dr.
Adyaman University, Social Sciences Vocational College, Property
Protection and Security Division [email protected] Abstract It is
obvious that tourism is a critical revenue source for many
countries and visitors are affected by the perception of safety and
security at the destinations. According to the World Travel and
Tourism Council, tourism continues to be one of the worlds largest
sectors. In addition to this, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness
Report considers safety and security to be a pillar of tourism
competitiveness with reliability of police services a central
anchor. As any safety or security mishap can destroy a tourism
destinations reputation, the safety and security of tourists should
be a matter of national security. In this context, it is believed
that tourism police help create the destination image. For this
purpose, the Tourist Police Unit should be set up in order to
provide safety and security to tourists. Any investments in tourism
oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of
the destination and the country. If a country wants to increase its
competitiveness in the tourism industry, tourist police system must
be introduced as soon as possible. The objective then is to become
one of the top five most visited safe and secure destinations in
the world. There should be consensus on the necessity to introduce
a separate Tourism Police Unit at least in major cities such as
Antalya, stanbul and Konya. In short this paper provides an
overview of tourism security and concentrates on the world of
Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection services (TOPPs).
Key-Words: tourism, police, security, tourism police 1.
Introduction The tourism industry has been among the fastest
growing industries in recent years and it is now the third largest
industry in the world (United Nations World Tourism Organization
[UNWTO], 2011). According to the World Travel and Tourism Council,
tourism continues to be one of the worlds largest sectors, too. In
addition to this, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (2013)
considers safety and security to be a pillar of tourism
competitiveness with reliability of police services a central
anchor (World Economic Forum [WEF], 2013). It is obvious that
tourism is a critical revenue source for many countries and
visitors are affected by the perception of safety and security at
the destinations. In a study conducted in California, visitors
stated that safety and security is a top factor in choosing their
destinations (Tarlow, 2012a). As mentioned in World Tourism
Organizations Manual, safety and security are essential for
providing quality in tourism (World Tourism Organization [WTO],
1996, p.11). Many researchers, who conducted tourism related
studies, also argued that safety and security are most important to
tourists while traveling and the first aspect they consider is
safety and security (Pizam, Tarlow and Bloom, 1997; Rittichainuwat
and Chakraborty, 2012; Snmez and Graefe, 1998). Although the
tourism sector has been growing steadily in the past few decades,
the perception of insecurity at a destination can greatly hinder or
even erase this progress. Namely, sudden changes in security
situations in a country and the perception of insecurity at a
destination can drastically alter the demand for tourism in a
country. According to AlBattat and Mat Som (2013), safety and
security are the most important factors in the tourism industry
when compared with low price. As a results the destinations image,
safety and security affect the tourists destination choice. In a
research made by Weiping (2010), it is found out that improving
security is vital and all interviewees agreed that security image
is very important to international travellers. They stated that
security images were increasingly more important today, following
the increased threat of terrorism attacks (Weiping, 2010, p.214).
Thus, as any safety or security mishap can destroy a tourism
destinations reputation, the safety and security of the tourists
should be a matter of national security. While Turkey is generally
regarded as a safe and secure country and its security image is
positive among visitors (Bilim, 2004), there needs to be a greater
role in training police to safeguard
23. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 2 tourism industry. It is
believed that police are important in helping and protecting the
tourism industry and tourism police help create the destination
image (Bilim, 2004; Pizam and Mansfeld, 1996; Snmez, Apostolopoulos
and Tarlow, 1999; Tarlow, 2014b; Tarlow, 1998). Countries around
the world have developed a number of strategies to involve police
in tourism industry, with some countries even establishing separate
tourism police units for image formation. Thus, cooperation between
the tourism industry and police is critical. Most of the countries
and cities in the world have also started to create specific
tourism policing divisions (Snmez et al., 1999). As safety and
security in tourism are very important for tourists while
traveling, we have to cooperate with the police departments to
prevent tourism related crimes at the destinations and to enhance
the sense of safety and security there. Consequently, we should
form police units that are completely focused on overseeing the
safety and security of tourists. For this purpose, the Tourist
Police Unit1 should be established as soon as possible in order to
provide safety, security and assistance to the tourists. Because it
is believed that any investments in tourism oriented policing will
be an investment in the economic future of the destination and the
country. If a country wants to increase its competitiveness in the
tourism industry, tourist police system must be enacted as soon as
possible. The objective then is to become one of the top five most
visited (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, [MCT], 2007, p.4) safe
and secure destinations in the world. There should be consensus on
the necessity to introduce a Tourist Police Unit at least in major
cities such as Antalya, stanbul and Konya because destinations
security image is considered critical on travel decisions. In short
this paper provides an overview of tourism security and
concentrates on the world of Tourism Oriented Policing and
Protection services (TOPPs). 2. What is Tourism Oriented Policing
and Protection Service? Tourism security is often either divided
into the public mode or private mode or some combination of these
two (Tarlow, 2012a). Tourism policing often uses the acronym TOPPs,
meaning Tourism/Tourist Oriented Policing and Protection Services.
In Spanish the word is often translated as seguridad turstica or
politur a composite of the two Spanish words polica and turismo
(Tarlow, 2014a, p.19; Tarlow, 2014b). TOPPs was first proposed in
the early part of the 1990s by tourism security experts such as
Tarlow, Pizam and Mansfeld (Tarlow, 2005). In 1994, the Metro-Dade
Police Department formed the first Tourist Oriented Policing unit
which was a partnership between the police department, the Federal
Aviation Administration and the airlines serving the Miami
International Airport (Henninger, 2001). Tourist Police is a system
that protects and saves the lives and the properties of tourists
from many threats and hazards. These are special policemen who work
for tourists protection, safety and security (Nam, 2009). Tourism
Oriented Policing was first defined by the Miami Metro-Dade Police
Department as a philosophy of policing based on the concept that
specially trained police officers, working closely with business
leaders, airport authorities, businesses that cater to the
traveling public, and private citizens can help prevent or
tremendously reduce the tourism problems related to crime, fear of
crime, and the decay of the neighborhoods that tourist frequently
travel (Metro- Dade Police Department, 1994 cited in Henninger,
2001, p.3). Tourism policing is different from any other forms of
policing and it takes the relationship between the visitor and the
locales economy into account. So just changing uniforms or calling
someone a tourism police officer without proper training and
education may actually be counter-productive (Tarlow, 2012b). The
tourism policing model is built on the community policing model of
creating a partnership between the police and the community they
serve (cited in Wolf, 2008, p. 407). Tourist Oriented Policing
(TOP) is a process of applying Community Oriented Policing (COP)
techniques to 1 The terms Tourist Police Unit and Tourist Police
refer to Tourism Police (Turkish: Turizm Polisi) in this
paper.
24. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 3 another segment of our
citizen base in the tourism industry (Henninger, 2001). Many of the
ideas in community policing had a major influence on what would
become another form of policing, tourism oriented
policing/protection services which today is better known by its
acronym TOPPs. TOPPs drew its inspiration from Community Policing
(CP) but modified CP so as to meet the evergrowing security needs
of the tourism community (Tarlow, 2005). In summary, Tourism
Oriented Policing is based on the concept that the law enforcement
agencies public or private , tourism industry, government and
tourists work together in creative and strategic ways to help solve
safety and security problems at tourism destinations. Tourism
police are special police who work for tourists safety and
security. Tourism Oriented Policing Unit is generally divided into
many types of patrol teams, namely; Foot Patrol, Bike Patrol,
Equestrian (Mounted) Patrol, Motorcycle Patrol, Patrol Car Crew,
Marine Patrol and Aviation/Air Support. 3. Tourism Oriented
Policing and Protection Services in the World During the mid 1990s
the World Tourism Organisation carried out a major survey of member
states on the topic of police services for tourists. The survey
found that 48 countries (72%) said they provided special police or
security protection to tourist facilities and sites, with these
services mostly, 37/67, part of state or municipal police forces.
Only 14/67 or 21% had a special tourist police force. Very few
countries, 9/67 or 13%, had specific legislation establishing
tourist police services (Handszuh, 1997). There has been an
increase of countries and cities in the world that are introducing
Tourist Police Units to bring down tourism related crimes and
provide the best tourism services to the tourists at the
destinations recently. For instance, the Tourist Police Unit
established in 1988 is a specialised unit of the Royal Malaysian
Police. In so far, the tourist police unit has been established in
Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Selangor and Johor (wikipedia.org). Internet
searches indicate that specialist tourist police services are
currently operating in Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Greece,
Jordan, the Philippines, Egypt, London, Greece, Seoul- Korea,
Libya, Nepal, Srilanka, Argentina, Republic of Dominique, Costa
Rica, Peru and Vietnam. Kenya and Uganda have also set up dedicated
tourism police units for tourism safety and security (United
Nations Economic Commission for Africa [UNECA], 2013). The Tourism
Police Unit (Turkish: Turizm Polisi) was established in 1973 in
stanbul (Kumbasar, 1988, p.43). Turkish National Police employing
almost 250.000 sworn police officers is one of the largest public
sector organizations that prides itself on providing professional
police and security services to the general public and tourists.
Now in Turkey, tourist police services are currently operating in
the provinces of Ankara, Antalya, stanbul and zmir. 4. The
Importance of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Services
Academic practitioners began to fathom the safety and security
research in the tourism industry in the 1990s (AlBattat and Mat
Som, 2013, p.3) as the first rule of good hospitality is taking
care of our guests. As tourism safet and security is part of the
tourism system and a failure or a mishap in safety and security can
cause the tourism system collapse. Customer services and good
security are part of the same tourism system and without them
tourism often withers (Tarlow, 2014c, p.7). More than any other
economic activity, the success or failure of a tourist destination
depends on the ability to provide a safe and secure environment for
its visitors (UNECA, 2013, p.100). A research made on policing in
reducing feelings of insecurity initially showed that the actions
of the police really contribute to a reduction in the feelings of
insecurity of the public and tourists. In a research the findings
clearly showed that the most effective manner to increase the
public safety through police actions is to ensure that this takes
place from within the direct residential areas of the public, and
if the police provide localized made-to- measure services
(Lasthuizen, Van Eeuwijk and Huberts, 2005, p.375). So policing in
tourism destinations can reduce the tourists feelings of
insecurity. According to Tarlow (2012a), if tourism security is
used properly
25. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 4 it can be a powerful
marketing tool that can bring people to ones hotel, location,
attraction, or community. Effective policing is of paramount
importance when dealing with crime and tourism. In some countries
such as Egypt there is dedicated tourist police who are also
trained to interact with the tourists, assist with directions and
are knowledgeable about the tourism products in a specific location
to advice tourists (Perry and Potgieter, 2013, p.108). Thus, it is
very important that there is also a sperate tourist police unit in
Turkey and these dedicated police are trained to interact with
tourists in a positive manner in Turkey. 1990s began to see the
need for what was then called tourism safety and security. As the
importance of tourism spread throughout the world, the idea of
tourism policing also spread (Tarlow, 2014a). Snmez et al. (1999)
stated that cooperation between the tourism industry and police
agencies is critical when proactively dealing with tourism safety
and security. They also stated that the tourism policing is new in
the United States, and police officers are needed more knowledge to
implement the traditional community oriented policing with tourism
techniques. That is to say, tourism policing presents a whole new
concept of proactive policing as a form of economic development
relating to tourism (Tourism & More, 2014, p. 11-2). Thus,
police agencies throughout the world have begun developing and
implementing specialised units whose sole responsibility is the
protection of tourists and have trained selected personnel to deal
specifically with tourist matters (Pizam et al., 1997, p.23). There
has been a long standing discussion within tourism circles about
the value of having specialised tourism policing services at
destinations (Wilks, 2011). We can say that wherever there is
tourism, there is a major need for tourism security and tourism
oriented policing as tourist police help increase a countrys image
in the eyes of tourists. Given the sensitivity of the tourism
industry and tourists to safety and security related issues, member
states should be encouraged to establish dedicated tourist police
units or departments (UNECA, 2013, p.100). In fact, the Tourist
Police Units should be set up in order to provide security and
assistance to tourists by police personnel who are specially
trained and briefed on tourism and to keep a check on crimes
involving tourists (WTO, 1996, p.70). TOPPs units deal with 5 very
distinct forms of protection. TOPPs populations then include:
visitors (an unstable population), industrys employees (a more
stable population), tourism investors (a stable population),
tourism sites (inanimate but concrete entities), and reputations
and economies (abstract and highly changeable entities open to wide
fluctuations) (Tarlow, 2005). That is to say, Tourist Police
provide information and assistance to the tourists and visitors
about laws, customs, culture and attractions in the local
community. Tourist Police personnel also provide visitors with
assistance and information, particularly concerning native customs,
culture, laws, and local attractions. Police with foreign language
skills and a special brief to look after visitors are a valuable
addition to a quality tourism product. A visible police presence is
still very important in tourist areas (Wilks, 2011; WTO, 1996;
Tourism & More, 2014). Their visible presence not only
implements increased security, but also effectively attends to
tourists concerns, as it becomes more convenient for tourists to
submit any issues or complaints. The more uniformed police officers
are visible at the tourist destinations, the more secure tourists
feel about the destinations (Mthembu, 2009, p.48). But, it is also
very important that too much police presence does not constantly
remind tourists of crime (Perry and Potgieter, 2013). Namely,
uniformed tourist police should be careful not to make tourist feel
uncomfortable and fearful. The Tourist Police presence then aids in
solidifying Turkeys reputation as a secure and enjoyable travel
destination. A major premise of tourism policing is that policing
at tourism destinations will reduce tourism related crimes, enhance
the sense of safety and security at the destinations and help
create the security image of the destinations positively. These
units do more than protect visitors and the locale; they also make
a positive tourism image statement. For the TOPPs to be successful
it is not only how you prevent or deal with tourism
26. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 5 related crimes, but also how
you deal with each person or tourist as a customer. Thus, TOPPs
units clearly know that good customer service is a vital element of
good safety and security (Tarlow, 2014b). As a result, this reality
proves the necessity to introduce Tourism Police Units in order to
serve better services towards the foreign visitors and tourists and
in order to improve the security of Turkeys tourist environment.
Keeping tourists safe, secure and informed while visiting Turkey
must be a necessary commitment for Tourist Police. 5. Conclusion
and Recommendations In general, the most effective way to prevent
or reduce the number of safety and security incidents happening at
tourist destinations is by strong cooperation between the tourism
industry, law enforcement agencies, the local community,
governmental authorities, and the tourists themselves (Pizam and
Mansfeld, 2006, p.353). It is clear that partnerships between the
tourism industry and police are an essential element in quality
tourism services. If tourist police is used correctly and properly,
they can become an economic development tool for the tourism
industry (Tarlow, 2012b). So the police and tourism industry should
work together in creative ways to help solve tourism related
problems in order to have more safe and secure destinations. Tarlow
(2014a) indicates that tourism oriented policing and protection
services (TOPPs) around the world will be needed more than ever
(Tarlow, 2014a, p.261). An investment in tourism oriented policing
will be an investment in the economic future of Turkey. Thus,
Tourist Police Unit must be introduced as soon as possible to
increase Turkeys competitiveness in the tourism industry. In
addition, we should focus on improving Turkeys reputation as a
secure tourist destination and developing consensus on the
necessity to introduce separate Tourist Police Units in major
places such as Antalya, stanbul, zmir, Ankara and Konya. The
objective then is to become one of the top five most visited
coutries in the world. When introducing Tourist Police Units the
following recommendations should be taken into consideration: First
of all, separate Tourist Police Units should be established. They
should consist of sufficient male and female officers. These units
must be distinguished from other security/police officers by a
unique and distinct uniform. Namely, tourist police should be
easily recognizable with their uniforms. They should be stationed
in popular attractions such as monuments or tourist-heavy
commercial hubs. Tourist Police will be trained to assist visitors
and offer a more welcoming experience. They must have near fluency
in English or any other language. They also must have high moral
and ethical standards. Secondly, tourist police need to receive
training and education in how to interact with the tourism industry
and how important they are in helping and protecting the industry
(Pizam and Mansfeld, 1996; Snmez et al., 1999; Tarlow, 1998).
Tourism security related courses can be introduced in the police
academy and then used as part of inservice training. Each course
should also contain information pertinent to the local countys
situation (Tourism & More, 2014). Tourist police must be
well-trained. In the 21st century policing and security requires
well-trained professionals who are specialists in their field
(Tarlow, 2014b). Tourists should be thought of as no different than
residents. But the demands of policing tourists is different than
policing residents, and this basic training should be implemented
to educate strategies to better handle tourist situations. Tourist
Police should be trained on how to handle crimes against and crimes
committed by tourists (Perry and Potgieter, 2013). That is to say,
they should be equipped with knowledge of the unique crime
characteristics associated with tourism. We should enhance the
skills of tourist police in dealing with criminal activity in
tourism environments. Tourism security and safety are not
appropriate jobs for everyone. Tourist Police need to be
extraverted people with high degrees of tolerance. Tourism security
is specialty that not everyone is capable of doing. We should
choose the personnel carefully and then give them the chance to
progress in their careers within the ranks of tourism security
professionals. Finally, extra pay should be considered for tourism
policing and security specialists. Namely, tourist police should be
highly trained professionals who are paid the same wages of any
other well trained professionals (Tarlow, 2014b; Tarlow, 2012b).
Tourism security is more than just
27. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 6 having police officers
patrolling at the destinations or equipping them with a uniform
that reads tourism police. In short the aim of the Tourist Police
should be to create a hassle free, secure, safe and memorable
experience to all tourists and visitors within Turkey. References
AlBattat, A.R., & Mat Som, A. (2013). Emergency Preparedness
for Disasters and Crises in the Hotel Industry, SAGE Open,
July-September 2013, pp. 1-10. Bilim, Y. (2004). Poller Turistik
Destinasyonlarda (Turizm Merkezlerinde) Polis ve Hizmetlerinin
Avrupal Turistler Tarafndan Alglanmas, Yaynlanmam Yksek Lisans
Tezi, Mustafa Kemal niversitesi, Hatay. Handszuh, H. (1997).
Policing in tourism for visitor and resident protection, in Report
from a WTO survey, Madrid, World Tourism Organisation, 1997.
Henninger, D. (2001). What Impact Will Tourist Oriented Policing
Have On Small Sized Police Departments By The Year 2006?, A project
presented to California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and
Training, Sacramento, California.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Police_%28Malaysia%29. Kltr ve
Turizm Bakanl. (2007). Trkiye Turizm Stratejisi 2023, Eylem Plan
2007-2013, T.C. Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl Yayn, Yayn No: 3085, Ankara,
Retrieved from http://www.sp.gov.tr/documents/Turizm_Strateji
_2023.pdf. Lasthuizen, K., Van Eeuwijk, B. A. P., & Huberts, L.
W. J. C. (2005). How Policing Can Reduce Feelings of Insecurity:
Results from Survey Research in the Netherlands, Police Practice
and Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, September 2005, pp. 375-390. Mthembu.
N. (2009). Tourism Crime, Safety and Security in the Umhlathuze
District Municipality, Kwazulu-Natal, Unpublished Masters Thesis,
University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa. Nam, L. Y. (2009). The role
and functions of tourist police in Gangwon province, Police Science
Study, Apr. 2nd Edition. Perry, E. C., & Potgieter, C. (2013).
Crime and Tourism in South Africa, J Hum Ecol, 43(1), (2013), pp.
101-111. Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (Eds). (1996) Tourism, Crime
and International Security Issues, Wiley, New York. Pizam, A.,
& Mansfeld, Y. (Eds). (2006). Tourism Security and Safety: from
theory to practice, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK.
Pizam, A., Tarlow, P. E., & Bloom, J. (1997). Making tourists
feel safe: Whose responsibility is it?, Journal of Travel Research,
31, pp. 23-28. Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2012).
Perceptions of importance and what safety is enough, Journal of
Business Research, 65, (2012), pp. 42-50. Snmez, S. F., &
Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign
tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 112-144,
Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160- 7383(97)00072-8.
Snmez, S.F., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P.E. (1999). Tourism
in Crisis: Managing the Effects of Terrorism, Journal of Travel
Research, 38(1), pp. 13-18. Tarlow, P. E. (1998). Keeping tourists
safe, (Section 1), Review Journal, Las Vegas: International
Association of Community Police (IACP). Tarlow, P. E. (2005). The
Impact of Community Policing on Tourism and Tourism Oriented
Policing/Protection Services (TOPs), e-Review of Tourism Research
(eRTR), Vol.3, No. 1, 2005. Tarlow, P. E. (2012a). Tourism Security
as a Marketing Tool, Tourism Tidbits, Hotel Online News for the
Hospitality Executive, November, 2012. Tarlow, P. E. (2012b). How
Can Your Guests Be Sure They Are Safe?, Tourism Tidbits, Hotel
Online News for the Hospitality Executive, May, 2012. Tarlow, P. E.
(2014a). Tourism Security: Strategies for Effectively Managing
Travel Risk and Safety, Waltham-MA, USA: Elsevier,
Butterworth-Heinemann. Tarlow, P. E. (2014b). Tourism Police Help
Create the Destination Image, Retrieved from
http://www.tourism-review.com/travel-tourism-magazine-tourism-police-create-the-image-of-the-
destination-article2450. Tarlow, P. E. (2014c). Tourism Oriented
Policing and the Tourism Industry, International Journal of Event
Management Research, Special Edition: Risk Management, Volume 8,
Number 1, 2014.
28. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 7 United Nations Economic
Commission for Africa. (2013). Sustainable tourism master plan for
the Inter- Governmental Authority On Development (IGAD) Region 2013
2023, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, www.uneca.org
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2011). United Nations
World Tourism Organization, Tourism Highlights 2011, United
Nations, 2011. Weiping (2010). Exploring Images Of Indonesia As
Perceived By Indonesian Tourism Industry Members And UK Residents
Pre-The Bali Bombings And Post-The Bali Bombings, (Doctoral
dissertation), University of Bedfordshire, UK. Wilks, J. (2011).
Policing In Tourism, Travel Law Quarterly, 2011, pp. 30-34. Wolf,
R. (2008). Tourism oriented policing: an examination of a
Florida/Caribbean partnership for police training, International
Journal of Police Science & Management, Volume 10 Number 4,
2008, pp. 402-416. World Economic Forum. (2013). The travel and
tourism competitiveness report 2013, Geneva: World Economic Forum.
World Tourism Organization. (1996). Tourist Safety and Security:
Practical Measures for Destinations, Madrid: World Tourism
Organization.
29. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 8 A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR
THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL INBOUND TOURISTS IN TURKEY Mahsa
SERPOUSH, PhD. Student Yldrm Beyazt University, Graduate School of
Social Sciences, Management and Organization Department
[email protected] Cemalettin cal FDANBOY, PhD. Candidate Bakent
University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Management and
Organization Department [email protected] Abstract There are
lots of changes happening every day from climate changes to
international legal changes. These may have an impact on the
tourism industry and more specifically, the number of tourists. The
study of what influence the tourism sector should be an updated one
as the changes are happening continuously .In this paper, the
number of international inbound tourists in Turkey is taken as a
level variable with reference to system dynamics and subsequently,
the consonants and flows are defined for it. Finally, a system
dynamics model is suggested which demonstrate what affects and what
is affected from the number of international inbound tourists in
Turkey. This will help us understand what variables cause the
increase and decrease in the number of tourists followed by what
variables are going to change in response to this increase-decrease
and in which way; positive or negative reinforcement. Key-Words:
system dynamics, international inbound tourists 1. Introduction
Tourism has been of great importance throughout the history; when
people travelled thousands of kilometers for days to reach their
destination and now that the long distances are taken within hours
or even minutes. Along with the development of tourism industry,
there were some periods where a decrease or an increase was seen in
the number of tourists. Studies have tried to identify the factors
that can affect or be affected from the number of tourists coming
to a specific destination. The studies have not been restricted to
the identification of factors, however, they have gone one step
further and some scholars have attempted to forecast tourism. In
the recent years, specifically, the forecasting models have
attracted the attention of many scholars and the ones active in the
market such as travel agencies who are thriving for information
concerning the future of tourism and its probable changes. As there
are factors which affect tourism and the factors which are affected
from tourism, it can be said that there should be two groups; one
that have impact on tourism and one that get impact from tourism,
however, an organization or a person can be present in both of the
groups. Fulfilling the expectations of these groups which is the
accurate forecast of tourism is not going to be met until the
factors both affecting and affected, are carefully determined. In
this paper, a system dynamics model is suggested for the number of
international inbound tourism in Turkey after review of the
available literature. This can assist us to depict a picture of the
possible future of tourism and to use this picture while devising
plans for future. This can provide a full image to a wide range of
people directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector from
the top managers to an owner of a small market in a touristic
destination. If the model can be completed and run, there will be
chance for forecasting the number of international inbound tourism
in future. Although the estimations will not be certainly true as
the continuous changes are happening all the time, they can be of
help even at a minimum level because they can depict a general
picture of the future situation to us.
30. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 9 2. Literature Review Peng et
al. (2014) used meta-analysis for predicting the international
tourism demand and their results demonstrated that despite the
modeling method, number of variables and their measures, sample
size and also data frequency, the origins of tourists, time period
and destination may affect the accuracy of the forecasting model
(Peng, Song, & Crouch, 2014). Another related study was also
done comparing the accuracy of these models, univariate or
multivariate, for the international city tourism demand for Paris
(Gunter & Onder, 2015). Forecasting the tourism requires the
identification of the factors which influence the tourism.
Badulescu and Rusu (2009) explained some of these factors in their
article which are as follows: environmental issues, security
issues, globalization, demographic challenges, competition and
business environment, and economic crisis. Akta (2005) indicated a
regression equation for the variables affecting tourism revenues in
Turkey and he expressed the dependent variables as: the number of
coming tourists (inbound tourism) to Turkey during a specific time,
the capacity of Turkey for giving services to tourists based on the
number of beds available, the number of travel agencies,
governments assigned budget for introducing tourism and advertising
relatedly, US dollar exchange rate, Germanys Mark exchange rate and
the allowed amount of foreigners investment in Turkey. In another
article, key factors were recognized for the case of Cat Ba
Biosphere Reserve (CBBR) in Vietnam which have been categorized
under three groups: tourism economy, natural resources and
social-demography (Mai & O.J.H). Besides, a dynamics of the
system was delineated in that article. A similar attempt has also
been taken in order to present a system dynamics model for the
sustainable development of economic circle in tourist destinations
(Luo, Jin, Liao, Ren, & Gao, 2012).The case of Guilin was also
studied and the resort development was explained by the means of
system dynamics (Honggang & Jigang, 2000). In another research,
sustainable tourism industry in China was analyzed by employing a
system dynamics approach (Fu, Li, & Ning, 2011). As it was
mentioned, the system dynamics model was used in tourism in
different countries and cases nevertheless the results gained from
each case is not the same as the other one. Therefore, the case
study of Turkey may result in new findings and results regarding
the fact that tourism is one the most important and developed
industries in Turkey. 3. Method Level variable was taken the number
of international inbound tourists in Turkey. There can be two kinds
of flows to the level variable; in-flows and out-flows. In-flows
are the variables which cause increase in the level variable,
number of international inbound tourism in Turkey. Out- Flows
contain the variables which can reduce the number of international
inbound tourists. The flows and level variable can be seen in
figure1. The second step is to determine what affects the number of
tourists entries and also the number of tourists who leave Turkey.
In this step, we need to collect data to distinguish factors. The
first choice may be the review of the literature and history of
changes in tourism. We need to look back at the changes in the
number of international tourists entries or their leavings which
have happened throughout a period of time, for example for a period
of fifty years and then, seek for their probable causes. The study
of current situation will just help us to determine few numbers of
factors; however, researching a period of time may enable us to
find more factors. Moreover, a factor which could be seen in the
past, but it cannot be seen now and the effects may be present, can
be identified in this case as well.
31. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 10 Figure 1: Level and flows
The second method for data collection regarding the current
situation is asking the experts in the fields which were related to
the tourism field according to the literature about the possible
factors. Next, the methods which are available for the consensus
between experts can be used though it can be hard to reach
consensus as the tourism environment is so wide and varied and lots
of variables may be named by diverse experts. The simplest way may
be noticing the frequency of the answers. For example, security
issues will be mentioned by almost all of the respondents and as a
result, it is going to be fitted into the system dynamics model.
The third step is to seek for the statistics and numbers; the
number of international tourists to Turkey and the number of exits
or the total number of inbound tourism in Turkey. Testing the data
of each year, may result in an approximate equation between the
level variable, the number of international inbound tourism in
Turkey, and the flows, the number of international tourists entries
and exits. By putting the equation in the model, the prediction
will become possible. The fourth step, as it was mentioned, is
running the model and seeing the results which are estimations of
the future. 4. Conclusion and Recommendation This paper suggested
that there are factors involving with tourism, causing it to change
in a specific direction, positive or negative. There have been
studies in different countries and different cases focused on
presenting a system dynamics model for tourism, however, there
seems to be a need to conduct the same study in the Turkish context
for the reason that even in the literature, each case was studied
independently from any other cases and the findings from one case
was not tried to be generalized to the other ones because of the
various tourism environments in each case and their special
characteristics which make them different from each other. On the
other hand, although some studies have examined the interfering
factors with tourism, the changing nature of the environment, here
the environment of tourism makes us to think of researching the
factors which have influence on tourism and to come up with updated
results. The key point in this article is that employing the system
thinking approach, more specifically the system dynamics model,
will empower us to have rates in the model and therefore, the model
cannot be just in qualitative mode but also quantitative. For
instance, in a certain time, time A, if we find the number of
international tourists entries to Turkey, we can calculate the
number of exits or the total number of inbound tourism in Turkey.
More detailed, when the factors which affect entries or exits are
defined, the same calculations can be taken place but from the
earlier step. In other words, the capacity of services given to
tourists is showed by the number of beds and this number is known,
then the number of entries on the first round, following by the
total
32. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 11 number of international
inbound tourism, then again following by the international tourists
exits from Turkey can all be estimated as they are in relationships
with each other and the tourism system is a dynamic system. For
future research, the period of fifty years of international inbound
tourism can be taken into account and subsequently, the factors
having impact on the number of international inbound entries and
international inbound exists can be recognized and they can be
fitted into the system dynamics model. The second suggestion is to
arrange interviews with the experts in both tourism- related fields
and tourism in order to get an insight of the current factors and
then compare the historical factors and the current ones for any
similarity. There may be hidden trends behind the number of
international inbound tourism. References AKTA, C. (2005).
Obtaining the Optimum Regression Equation for Variables Which
Affect tourism Revenues in Turkey. Dou niversitesi Dergisi,
163-174. BDULESCU, A., & RUSU, S. (2009). The Dynamics of The
International Tourism Market. Recent Developments and Challenges.
GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 145-152. Fu, Y., Li, D., &
Ning, L. (2011). A System Dynamics Approach for Analyzing
Sustainable Tourism Industry in China. International Conference on
Management and Service Science (MASS) (pp. 1-4). Wuhan: IEEE.
Gunter, U., & Onder, I. (2015). Forecasting international city
tourism demand for Paris: Accuracy of uni- and multivariate models
employing monthly data. Tourism Management, 123-135. Honggang, Z.,
& Jigang, B. (2000). A System Dynamics Study of Resort
Development Project Management in Tourism Region: A Case Study of
Guilin. Retrieved from CEUR Workshop Proceedings:
http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-72/038%20Xu%20Resort.pdf Luo, Y., Jin, M.,
Liao, Z., Ren, P., & Gao, H. (2012). Sustainable Development of
Economic Circle in Tourist Destinations Based on System Dynamics.
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences, 1011-1018. Mai, T.
V., & O.J.H, B. (n.d.). System Thinking Approach as a Unique
Tool for Sustainable Tourism Development:A Case Study in the Cat Ba
Biosphere Reserve of Vietnam. Retrieved from Journals ISSS |
International Society for the Systems Sciences:
http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings54th/article/viewFile/1457/509
Peng, B., Song, H., & Crouch, G. I. (2014). A meta-analysis of
international tourism demand forecasting and implications for
practice. Tourism Management, 181-193.
33. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 12 EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR THE
PURPOSE OF ATTENDING IN PRESSING LOCAL HANDICRAFT MARKETS Reza
Pourali M.A in Geography and Tourism Planning, Tabriz Metropolis
Municipality [email protected] Mortaza Karami M.A in
Geography and Tourism Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality
[email protected] Reza Khalili PhD in Geography and
urban Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Vahid Azizi M.A
student in management, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Abstract
Paying attention to women was reached to new phase in the process
of human development and women are placed on the center of gravity
of the development descriptions by distributing the theory of
stable development in the year 1980. Nowadays different countries
as an example Iran has accomplished many programs in order to
improve rural and urban woman's place in the society. Therefore
paying too much attention for empowering rural women, who are about
the half of the village's population, is one of the important
policy. Empowering women is a process in which women are informed
their own inner needs and demands. They try to have spunk in order
to reach the goal and to have required ability to carry out their
needs. This research has accomplished by a reviewer studies to
understand the importance of empowering women, the important
factors in empowering women especially rural women, women
employment within the framework of local markets and the
impressions which can leave in local society. This research shows
that some factors like increasing education, accessing to financial
sources, improving the state of health, having legal rights arising
from tenancy. Removing market discrimination and decreasing wrong
traditional beliefs are the important factors in empowering women.
Keywords: empowering, women, local markets, handicraft. 1.
Introduction Nowadays empowering exploits as a manageable technique
in reaction to need of employment in organization throughout the
world (Berri, 1993; Johnson, 1993; Foy, 1994). Kanter (1977)
believes that empowering is donation of power to person, who
presents in inefficient part of organization. He imagines the power
in one (connectedly), that powerful people are at one end of it and
powerless people are at the other end of it. Empowering has
relation to confidence. Simulation decision and specially breaking
up the inner limit between ordinary people and management. There is
too much agreements between empowering and new organizational forms
like reticulate structure (Rahnavard, 1387:106). It is not
acceptable that empowering is always good and suitable for
organization. Empowering doesn't guarantee the prosperity in any
situation. Its impression is depend on accompany with needs, aims,
culture of organization, people's idea and structure. The recent
studies of social authorities have shown that accessing to stable
development is impossible without active participation of woman all
fields like social, economical and family. The performances
examinations on the field pf participation of women in affair's
society have shown that social and cultural factors and different
expectations of society from men and women are important obstacles
on the way of women participation. Therefore by the year 1980, the
term "Sexuality and Development" was applied instead of the term
"Women" in development. After
34. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 13 that some methods were
adopted to participate women in development and to remove
obstacles. One of theses methods is empowering women of course by
putting the emphasis on this point that the participation of women
is not only because of their enjoyment from benefits and outcomes
of development plans but also they should participate in
accomplishment of development plans activity. 2.Explanation of the
Problem Constructing handicraft markets is one of the aims of
cultural heritage, handicraft and tourism organization. Finally
suitable places for marketing, necessity materials accord with
ecological condition of region, participation of local community in
its constructing process and so on are its substructure aspect that
programmers pay too much attention to this subject. Empowering
local community (esp. women) has particular importance in order to
prepare them to present their local handicraft and it isn't placed
on priority of relevant plans to promotion of handicraft. In order
to empower the local community it is necessary to apply some
policies to improve literacy and proficiency, access to required
investment, easiness access to financial resources and repay the
received loans, prepare necessary fields to access to markets and
on the other side it is necessary to make them familiar with
demands and tact of tourisms, marketing methods, accounting
techniques and so on. Also by observing different educating
workshops it should try to reveal the importance and value of
introducing and selling the local products to people. According to
the place of handicraft as a second factor of growth and
development of national impure production and also its place beyond
the tourism industry as an important source of universal economic
growth and rural women place as an important kind of handicraft
producers, the role of women employment defines in both universal
and national level. 3. Literature Review 3.1. Definition of
Empowering The term empowering has nominated as "acquisition of
liberty and voluntary self-government or legal power", being able
and promoting of (Farhady and Bastar, 2006). UNICEF knows
empowering as a process during which people do same activities in
order to overcome the improvement obstacles that cause to guarantee
their own destiny. In another definition empowering is defined as
an access to information, education resources, decision power,
self- government and dominate to their own life (Annonymous, 2005).
On the other hand the fund of U.N.O (2006) has introduced 5 factors
of empowering women which consist of processing, right to vote,
accessing to resources and opportunities, right and power to
control their life inside and outside of the houses, ability to
influence on social changes to create national and international
economical and social order (Moridosadat and Cowerkers, 1386:9). So
empowering and partnership are deeply interdependent in some way
that the participation of women cause empowering and their
empowering will cause the increase of participation. As Honold
(1997) says: various presuppositions about empowering render its
definition. Menon 2 (1995) emphasizes on recognition aspect in
empowering and believes that empowering is perception and
controlling decision by subordinators. Bowen and Lawler define
empowering as a political strategy to share the ability of
empowering (Bowen and Lawler, 1992: 42). Barbee and Bott define
empowering as donating the responsibility to those people who
affairs with matters. These mentioned definitions are reflections
of various presuppositions about the nature of empowering. In the
first definition, recognition aspect of empowering was taken under
advisement. The second definition emphasizes on the lienation of
authority. While the third definition takes responsibility into
consideration (Barbee and Bott, 1991:28). Anyhow we should consider
that all of these definitions about empowering are night slightly.
Fisher (1993) believes that empowering is a function of 3 variants:
1- Authority 2- Resources 3- Information.
35. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 14 3.2.The Demand Nature of
Empowering Clodon and Doyle (1996) emphasize on morality aspect of
empowering and believe that the confidence of management to
subordinators is an important factor. The emphasis on protection
role of management can be seen in the writings of some authors like
Block (1994), Sullivan (1994), Sullivan and Howell (1996).
According to this viewpoint, a strong organization is an
organization that the managers appear in protection role and give
more decision power to the subordinators (Malon, 1997). In other
words managers behave like a teacher and let the subordinators to
involve themselves deeply in solving problems. Lashi (1999)
believes that the effective factors on empowering are as follow:
management conception (precautionary action of managements in
transferring authority), structure of obligation (a degree of
self-acting in doing entrusted duties). Organizational culture (the
degree that the culture of organization strengthens the feeling of
empowering) and kind of strengthening (fascination of employment
based on reward or ownership feeling among people). He believes
that various combinations of these factors will represent different
shapes of empowering in organizations. 3.3.Definition of Handicraft
From UNESCO points of view those manufactures can be called
handicrafts which are made completely or made by helping manual
device. Interfering mechanical devices is acceptable till it
doesn't disprove the direct presence of hard or mankind (UNESCO
Publication, 2006:4). The items should be prepared by natural
original materials and it can be produced unlimitedly. These
manufactures can be beautiful, innovative, artistic or consumption
and while describing cultural, artistic meanings, consisting of
decorative, religious, traditional and social aspects and other
meaningful symbols (Hajipour Shoshtari, 1387:11). 3.4.The place of
handicraft in social-cultural development Because of few millennium
antecedents of handicraft in Iran and its various courses. This is
considered as Iranian important professional and also devotes the
highest rote of employment. In recent years the examination of the
process of non-petriolic exports shows that more than half a
milliard dollars has gained to the country by carpet and handicraft
exporting. Whereas the regular statistics of WTO of handicraft had
been amounted to 4 milliards. From the viewpoint of employment rate
in handicraft. Iran has the 3rd place after India and China. Also
from various courses of handicraft, which 150 kinds of it has
recognized has the 1st rate and from the produce capacity point of
view has the 3rd rate in the world. But from viewpoint of export
rate, Iran is placed in the lower rate (Pop, 1380:39). Now from the
employment potentiality point of view about 10 million persons are
bustling either directly or indirectly (Rostami, 1383:45). From the
importance viewpoint of handicraft in national impure products, we
should say that the higher rates in another words 3 percent is
devoted to this part. Whereas automotive industry devotes 2.5
percent and the portion of petrochemical industry is only about 2
percent. This statistic shows that the role and place of handicraft
in economical development of Iran and word is in a higher level. In
recent years some factors like weakness of economical
establishments, cooperative and private sector inefficaciousness of
custodian of producing organization in policy and protection of
handicraft, incomplete infirmity of universal markets,
nonattendance of foreign tourisms, in acquaintance of producers,
cooperative and establishments and private sectors with exporting
process and lack of adequate information from the tact of consumers
cause exporting handicraft to decrease. In spite of the attentions
of many countries to national arts some factors like severalty of
public and governmental sectors on the field of handicraft, lack of
required assistance for policy and
36. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues,
Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 15 planning, lack of suitable
investment and bank facilities and lack of laws, which has
assembled more protections from industrial workers, has caused that
this industry face with many problems. The important point is that
there is a deeply relation between beneficial part of handicraft
with development of tourism industry and in many cases they
consider as a complementary in economical development. In addition
to economical place, cultural role of handicraft is important in
universal development. The main message of handicraft and tourism
industry is exchange of culture i.e, fulfillment of civil talks,
finding social and cultural similarities, familiarity with the kind
of structures and social relations, cultural and social ceremonies,
artistic, industrial and scientific abilities, anthropology and
traditional arts are the kind of this permanent talks. 3.4.Women
Employment According to this point that the high percent of women
are getting busy with activities that are related with handicraft
so it is necessary to point to women employment in the form of
statistic. Paying attention to the presented statistic in the last
3 decades shows that some factors cause that the portion of women
employment decrease more than men. Some of these factors are as
follow: social obstacles, illiteracy and lack of literacy,
sexuality discrimination, law obstacles like: family law,
employment law, economical factors like: economic standstill and
upswing, emigration from village to city, believe in uneconomical
rate of women, lack of variety in employing chance and promoting
women's payment and cultural and traditional limitation. According
to exact numeration of the whole country in the year 1335, 90.9
percent of active men are employed and 9.1 percent of them are
unemployed. This ratio has run to this statistic that in the year
1365 to 81.7 and 12.9, in the year 1375 to 91.5 and 8.5. But the
exact numeration of women shows that in the year 1355n, 83.6
percent of active women are employed and 16.4 percent of them are
unemployed. This ratio has run to this statistic that in the year
1365 to 74.4, 25.4 and in the year 1375 to 87.6 13.7 percent. If we
consider the ratio of employed women to all employed in the year
1354, 1355, 1365 and 1375 the portion of women have been in this
order: 12.2%, 13.8%, 9%, 13.1%. it is noted that the portion of
employed women in the ratio of 1375 to 1345 has decreased only 1%,
which is not considered too much changes in the portion of employed
women (Iran Statistic Center, 1381). Decreasing portion of women
employment in comparison with the rate of working men and women
participation, which is the sign and rate of real people at the age
of working in economical activities, is quite perce