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საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია - IV
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1086 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
Ta v i XV I I
qarTuli eklesia XIX _ XX
saukuneSi
`w m i d a a i gi , v i s a c eR ir s am a muli s aT v i s T a v i s d ad e b a .~
ilia marTaliilia marTaliilia marTaliilia marTaliilia marTali
1087s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
Sesavali
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis aTaswlovani istoriis ori, SeiZleba
iTqvas, yvelaze didmniSvnelovani momenti ganekuTvneba XIX-XX saukuneebs,
esaa Cveni eklesiis TavisTavadoba avtokefaliis gauqmeba ruseTis saimper-
atoro karis mier da misi aRdgena qarTveli erisa da samRvdeloebis
Zalisxmevis wyalobiT. XIX saukuneSi, qarTuli eklesiis savalalo mdgo-
mareobis Sesaxeb, avtokefaliis momxreTa mier gamoqveynebul iqna uamravi
masala. maTSi dasuraTebulia ruseTis wmida sinodis qmedebani saqarTveloSi,
sazogadod, ruseTis mTavrobis da eklesiis damokidebuleba qarTuli ek-
lesiis mimarT. arsebobs orgvari Sefaseba: erTi, uaRresad uaryofiTi, me-
ore, uaRresad dadebiTi (umetesad rusuli oficialuri istoriografiisa).
Cven SevecdebiT orives warmoCenas.
marTlmadidebloba, qarTvelTa erovnuli sarwmunoeba, cxadia, iyo ruseb-
is kavkasiaSi gamoCenamde. saqarTveloSi mociqulTa mier danergilma am
sarwmunoebam, romelsac saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia wmidad icavda,
uaRresi gaWirvebis Jams gansakuTrebiT, XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi, gadaarCina
qarTveli eri da qarTveloba. es ar gaxlavT litoni sityvebi. ra sarwmuno-
ebrivi mimarTulebisac ar unda iyos istorikosi, SeuZlebelia ar aRiaros,
rom marTlmadidebloba da qarTveloba aRniSnul saukuneebSi gaerTmniS-
vnelianebuli iyo da erTis uaryofa, ZiriTadad, meoris dakargvasac iwvev-
da. rogorc cnobilia, politikur Tu sulier mizezTa gamo, gagrigorianeb-
uli qarTvelebi gasomxdnen, gakaTolikebuli qarTvelebi osmaleTis impe-
riaSi jer `gafrangdnen~ da Semdeg gasomxdnen, iqve, gamahmadianebul
qarTvelebs Zlier SeeryaT erovnuli cnobiereba, aseve, mTianeTSi gawar-
marTebulTac. am savalalo mdgomareobas xedavda XVII-XVIII saukuneTa
qarTveloba da mtkiced miiswrafoda erTmorwmune, marTlmadidebluri ruse-
Tisaken. qarTvelma politikosebma TavianTi mware gamocdilebiT icodnen,
rom aboboqrebul mahmadianur okeaneSi myofi saqarTvelosadmi interess
mxolod marTlmadidebluri ruseTi iCenda. evropam, Tumca ki qristianulma,
zurgi Seaqcia mas, anda erovnuli sarwmunoebis (e.i. marTlmadideblobis)
Secvlas iTxovda daxmarebis sanacvlod. qarTvelobam ki, rogorc aRvniS-
neT, icoda, rom swori sarwmunoebis dakargva qarTvelTa erovnul gad-
agvarebasac gamoiwvevda, radgan qarTveloba da marTlmadidebloba sinon-
imebad iyo qceuli qarTul cnobierebaSi.
ivane javaxiSvili wers: `qarTvelebs SoriTgan gagonili hqonda rusTa
mxurvale sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba da eWvi ar ebadebodaT, rom ruseTi
qarTvelTa suliskveTebas advilad gaigebda da maTs Tavganwirul brZola-
Si sparselTa da osmalTa winaaRmdeg wrfelis guliT Zliers daxmarebas
gauwevda. ruseTis mTavrobas da politikosebs ar gamohparviaT qarTvelTa
1088 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
amgvari politikuri gulubryviloba. mTeli maTi politika saqarTvelos
mimarT, rodesac ki ruseTis samxedro TvalsazrisiT qarTvelTa Zalis
gamoyeneba osmaleTis an sparseTis winaaRmdeg saWirod miaCndaT, swored
qarTvelTa am sust grZnobasa da gulubryvilobaze iyo xolme damyarebu-
li. `qarTvelebs mxurvale sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba aqvT da amazea damok-
idebuli maTi gulmodgineba sruliad ruseTis karisadmi da keTilad mo-
surneoba rusi xalxisadmi~, _ ase ambobdnen ruseTis mTavrobis warmomad-
genlebi da qarTvelTa am mxurvale sarwmunoebrivi grZnobis saSualebiT
cdilobdnen da axerxebdnen kidec qarTvelebis imdenad mojadoebas, rom
ruseTis politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad gamoeyenebinaT. roca
ruseTisaTvis saWiro iyo, maSin mas agondeboda, rom qarTvelebi mxurvale
qristianebi iyvnen... ase iyo xolme, sanam saqarTvelos ar Seacdenda da
Tavis samxedro gegmis mixedviT osmaleTTan an sparseTTan omSi, romelsac
igi ganizraxavda, ar Carevda, magram ra wams ruseTs Tavisi piradi mizani
miuRwevlad miaCnda, an omis gagrZelebas TavisTvis xelsayrelad aRar
sTvlida, is saqarTvelos uyoymanod miatovebda xolme da maSin mas yve-
laferi aviwydeboda, qarTvelTa qristianobac da gaWirvebac. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi is imaze aRar fiqrobda, rom saqarTvelo swored misi wyalobiTa da
misi moqmedebiT winandelze ufro uaressa da umweo mdgomareobaSi vard-
eboda xolme~1.
marTalia, saqarTveloSi xedavdnen, rom ruseTTan kavSiris damyarebis
mcdeloba saukuneTa manZilze dadebiT politikur Sedegs ar iZleoda,
magram miuxedavad amisa, politikuri moRvaweebis ltolva erTmorwmune
marTlmadidebluri qveynisaken didi iyo.
ruseTis saxelmwifos wiaRSi arsebobisas, saqarTvelom SeZlo rogorc
erovnuli, ise politikuri gaerTianeba da imperiis rRvevis Semdgom TiTq-
mis erTiani saxiT wardgoma msoflios winaSe. es momenti gansakuTrebiT
xazgasmiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rameTu, rogorc wina TavebSic aRiniSna, XV-XVI
saukuneebSi daSlili saqarTvelo, mravalgzis mcdelobis miuxedavad, ver
gaerTianda da XIX s-is karibWesac daSlil-danawevrebuli miadga.
marTalia, imperiis mizans saqarTvelos gaerTianeba ar warmoadgenda,
magram Cveni qveyana ruseTis wiaRSi arsebulma im Tvisebriobam gaaerTiana,
rac utyuari alRoTi gaisigrZeganes Cvenma politikurma moRvaweebma, roca
isini saukuneTa manZilze imedgacruebaTa miuxedavad, Crdilour, anu mar-
Tlmadideblur orientacias erTgulebdnen.
ruseTis saxelmwifosTan mierTebam Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mcx-
ovrebi qarTvelebis moSlil-moryeuli erovnuli cnobiereba aRadgina, xolo
kuTxuri cnobiereba Seamcira. swored gamZafrebulma kuTxurma Semecnebam
dasca erovnuli cnobiereba, rac saqarTvelos daSlis umTavres mizezs
warmoadgenda. saqarTvelo ver erTiandeboda ara mxolod araxelsayreli
sagareo viTarebis, aramed Sinagani danawevrebis gamoc.
1089s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli, faqtobrivad suverenuli saxelmwifoe-
brivi erTeulebis arsebobam (qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebi, samegre-
los, guriis da sxva samTavroebi) daanawevra qarTveloba. xeli Seuwyo
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli qarTuli eTnografiuli jgufebis warmoqm-
nas barSi, xolo mTaSi TiTqmis tomobrioba aaRorZina. XVI-XVIII saukuneeb-
Si, saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis Semdgom, imerlobam, qarTlelobam,
kaxelobam, megrelobam, gurulobam da a. S., gamokveTilad Camoyalibebuli
saxe miiRo. saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi gaCnda kuTxuri wes-Cveulebebi, ganmt-
kicda dialeqtebi, Camoyalibda erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli eTnografiu-
li Tvisebebi. erovnuli cnobiereba iqamde daeca, rom rogorc wminda ilia
marTali werda: `qarTvels goris mazraSi mcxovrebs-Ra uwodeben~; kaxeli
kaxelobda, imereli imerlobda, megreli megrelobda da a. S.
rogorc aRiniSna, qarTveli eris eTnografiul jgufebad daSlas kuTxuri
saxelmwifoebis arseboba iwvevda (im Tvisebis gamo, romelic saxelmwifos
wiaRSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas xangrZlivi istoriuli Tanacxovrebis Semdgom
sakuTar eTnikur saxes uyalibebs), amitomac saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, anu
kuTxuri saxelmwifoebisa Tu saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis mospoba qarTve-
li eris mTlianobisaTvis sasicocxlo aucileblobas warmoadgenda.
marTlac, imperiam mospo qarTuli kuTxuri saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi,
riTac kuTxur-tomobriv Segnebas safuZveli gamoecala. ruseTis imperiis
wiaRSi, me-19 saukuneSi, ganmtkicda wina saukuneSi Seryeuli erovnuli cno-
biereba, rac SemdgomSi, imperiis dangrevisas, safuZveli Seiqna erTiani
qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnisa, Tumca ki `suli erTobisa~ saqarTvelos
kuTxeTa Soris sruliad arasodes Camkvdara. marTlmadidebluri qvey-
nisaken qarTvelTa ltolvas safuZvlad istoriuli gamocdileba edo _
XV-XVIII saukuneebSi marTlmadidebloba ` qarTvelobis~ sayrdens warmoad-
genda. am epoqaSi cxadi Seiqna, rom marTlmadideblobisagan ganSorebuli
qarTvelebi erovnebasac kargavdnen, grigoriani qarTvelebis armenofil-
uri cnobiereba, kaTolike qarTvelebis ` frangoba~ da mahmadiani qarTvelebis
`TaTroba~ Cvens mosaxleobasa da politikur wreebs arwmunebda, rom qarTvelo-
bis erTaderT sayrdens marTlmadidebloba warmoadgenda. amitomac, zogadi
masStabiT qarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvis samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi,
mahmadianuri TurqeTisa da sparseTisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTi, surda Tu
ar surda, Tavisi marTlmadideblobis gamo ` qarTvelobas~ safuZvels araTu
ver gamoaclida, aramed ganamtkicebda kidec. es miT umetes dasafasebelia,
Tu gavixsenebT, rom TurqeTma istoriuli saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan naw-
ilSi (mesxeTsa da lazeTSi) gamahmadianebiTa da erovnuli cnobierebis
warTmeviT swrafad STanTqa qarTveloba. aseve dakarges erovneba gamahma-
dianebis Semdgom sparseTis gavlenis sferoSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma
War-belaqansa, Saqsa Tu lore-taSirSi.
1090 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo ruseTis mier Zlieri
da mravalricxovani Crdilokavkasiuri mebrZoli tomebis damarcxeba. Crdil-
okavkasieli tomebi _ imJamad, XVI-XIX ss-Si `lekebad~ saxeldebuli daR-
estnelebi da `afxazebad~ saxeldebuli adiRe-Cerqezebi aswleulTa man-
Zilze anadgurebdnen saqarTvelos, ipyrobdnen mis kuTxeebsa da mkvidrde-
bodnen iq, ruseTis wyalobiT saqarTvelo CrdilokavkasielTaganac, iseve
rogorc samxreTeli mezoblebis Semosevisagan daculi aRmoCnda.
ruseTis wiaRSi farulad ganxorcielda `aRdgomis~ idea. amas xels
qarTveli eris saukeTeso Svilebic uwyobdnen, romelnic mxarSi edgnen
rusebs muslimanTagan saqarTvelos kuTxeTa (aWaris, mesxeTis, afxazeTis,
Savi zRvispireTis) gaTavisuflebis dros. saqarTvelos SeuerTda Tavisi
istoriuli teritoriebi, eri gaerTianda. marTalia, yovelive es me-19 saukuneSi
moxda, magram me-18 saukuneSi, aRmosavleTis qveynebis cbier saxelmwifoebT-
an mravalsaukunovani urTierTobis gamocdilebiT dabrZenebuli qarTveli
politikosebi marTlmadidebel ruseTTan urTierTobis Sedegs, miuxedavad
misi mmarTveli politikuri wreebis mxridan araerTgzis Ralatisa, winaswar
Wvretdnen da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebas am qveynis Semweo-
biT eswrafodnen. rom ara rusTa mier dedasamSoblosaTvis aWaris dab-
runeba, aWarlebic dakargavdnen erovnul cnobierebas da Seerwymebodnen
gaTurqebul qarTvelTa masas osmaleTSi. am dabrunebis wyalobiT Seinar-
Cunes aWarelma muslimanebma TavianTi qarTveloba, Tavis mxriv, aWarelTa
wyalobiT osmalos gamahmadianebulma qarTvelobam dedasamSoblosaken moixeda,
igive iTqmis mesxeTSi mcxovreb qarTvel kaTolikeebzec. rom ar SeeerTebina
ruseTs samcxe-javaxeTi dedasamSoblosTan, mesxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTveli
kaTolikeebi, iseve rogorc osmaleTSi mcxovrebi maTi qarTveli Tanamorwmu-
neni, gasomxdebodnen, radgan romma isini miakuTvna somxur-kaTolikuri ek-
lesiis samwysos. ase rom, mxolod ruseTTan SeerTebam SeunarCuna erovnuli
cnobiereba aWarel muslimanebs da mesxeTis kaTolikeebs. samwuxarod, imave
ruseTis wyalobiT uamravi qarTveli mTieli miawera `oseTis sasuliero
komisiam~ osur erovnebas, aseve, xeli Seuwyo qarTvelTa asimilacias afx-
azeTSi, rac ganxilulia Sesabamis adgilas, meore mxriv ki, xeli ar Seuwyo
saingiloSi gamahmadianebul qarTvelTa srul gaqristianebas.
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba
1811 wlidan, qarTuli eklesia, marTali sarwmunoebis damcveli mTel
kavkasiaSi, rusuli biurokratiuli sistemis danamatad gadaaqcies. kaToli-
kos-patriarqma kirionma ase Seafasa me-19 saukuneSi Cveni eklesiis yofa _
`asi wlis monobis gamo Seirya saqarTvelos eklesiis mwyobri sistema eris
gulTan SeTanxmebuli. dairRva kavSiri, gaqra suli cxoveli~.
1091s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
samarTlianadaa miCneuli,
rom qarTuli eklesiis avtoke-
falia gauqmda imperatorisa
da ruseTis wmida sinodis
gadawyvetilebiT, risi ufle-
bac maT ar hqondaT. maTi qm-
edebiT dairRva wmida msofl-
io krebaTa da mociqulTa kan-
onebi, magram isicaa aRsaniSn-
avi, rom qarTuli eklesiis av-
tokefaliis, iseve, rogorc
qarTuli saxelmwifos gauqmeba,
erTjeradi aqti ar yofila.
jer kidev miqael TamaraSvil-
ma aRniSna, rom qarTuli ekle-
siis TavisTavadobis Seryeva
daiwyo erekle II-is mefobi-
sas, kaTalikos anton I-is dr-
os. `anton kaTalikosi pirv-
eli Seecada rusul eklesia-
sTan daaxloebasa da misi zo-
gierTi wesis SemoRebas saqar-
TveloSi. anton kaTalikosi sinodis wevradac ki iyo arCeuli~. ar SeiZle-
ba romelime avtokefaluri eklesiis meTauri iyos sxva, ucxo eklesiis
sinodis wevri, amiT, sxva rom ara vTqvaT, avtokefaluri eklesiis Rirseba
knindeba. anton I ki, 1783 wlidan daniSnuli iyo ruseTis wmida sinodis
wevrad. amave wels, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris dadebuli traqtatis
ZaliTac, qarTuli eklesiis TavisTavadobas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra.
georgievskis traqtatis merve artikulSi, kerZod, Cawerili iyo: ` kaTaliko-
ssa, anu umTavressa arqiepiskopossa maTsa aqundes adgili ricxvTa Soris
ruseTisa mRvdelmTavarTasa mervesa Sina xarisxsa, ese igi ars Semdgomad
tobolskisa da yovlad umowyalesobiT miuboZebs mas niadag titlosa uw-
mindesisa sinodis Clenobisasa, xolo Tu viTar saTanado ars ruseTisa
sinodisadmi, amisaTvis ukue daiwerebis sxva artikuli~. Cven, naSromSi
`saqarTvelos adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebi~ gamokvleuli gvaqvs, rom
qarTuli eklesiis SigniT arsebulma qaosma da mtrulma urTierTdamok-
idebulebam samRvdeloTa Soris anton I aiZula kaTalikosobidan gaday-
enebis Semdeg samarTali eZia ruseTSi, sadac igi srulebiT gaamarTles,
viTarca WeSmariti marTlmadidebeli, daniSnes erT-erTi centraluri epar-
qiis mmarTvelad arqiepiskoposis tituliT. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Sem-
deg antoni kvlav avida sakaTalikoso taxtze da Seecada qarTuli ekle-
1092 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
sia moewesrigebina rusul eklesiaSi arsebuli wesebis Sesabamisad, yovelmxriv
daeaxloebina qarTuli eklesia rusulTan. qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaluro-
bisaTvis Seusabamo muxlic traqtatSi misi ganzraxviT unda Sesuliyo.
qarTuli eklesiis TavisTavadobas amcrobs, agreTve, 1799-1800 wlebSi Sedgen-
ili `traqtati~, daculi platon ioselianis TxzulebaSi `giorgi XIII-is
cxovreba~1. am traqtatis erT-erTi muxliT, saqarTvelos eklesiaSi unda
darCeniliyvnen kaTalikosi, episkoposebi da samRvdeloeba. sanacvlod, TiTqos-
da qarTvelebi iTxovdnen, qarTuli eklesiis zedamxedvelobis mizniT, ruseTis
wm. sinods gamoegzavna ` arximandriti, an iRumeni, kaci mdabali da myudro~.
qarTvelebi, agreTve, iTxovdnen: ` viTxoveT romel yovelive igi samRvdelo-
Ta wesni iyvnen Sewynarebul da pativiscemul Rirsebisamebr ruseTisa,
vinaiTgan qveSemdomil qmnili igi samefo TvisiTa nebiTa SeerTda saimper-
atorisa~. rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba impera-
toris manifestiT amcnes qarTvel xalxs sionis taZarSi. rusebis survili
iyo es mZime saqme xalxSi avtoritetuli qarTuli eklesiis meSveobiT
aResrulebina. dimitri yifiani Tavis `memuarebSi~2 wers: `manifesti dawer-
ili iyo iseTi sityvebiT, romelnic cxadad gamoxatavdnen kurTxeuli aleqsan-
dre imperatoris sruls didsulovanebasa da keTil ganzraxvebs da,
rasakvirvelia, damamSvidebel STabeWdilebas iqoniebda im drois qarTvelebze~,
magram `damSvidebis~ nacvlad, sionSi misuli qarTvelebi manifestis mos-
menisas sastikad aRelvebulan, Tumca ki, `sionisaken mimaval quCebSi gam-
wkrivebuli iyo or-wyeba jari~. manifesti qarTuladac ki ar uTargmniaT _
`ar SeiZleboda qarTvelebis win iseTi sityvebis warmoTqma, romelic imaT-
Tvis udides cinizms gamoxatavs~, _ wers d. yifiani. cnobilia, rom rusulma
xelisuflebam kargad gamoiyena is winaaRmdegobani da urTierTbrZola,
romelic gaCaRebuli iyo qarTvel batoniSvilTa Soris taxtis xelSi
Casagdebad. msgavsi mdgomareoba iyo eklesiaSic. d. furcelaZe wers: `man-
ifestis eklesiaSi wakiTxvis Semdeg anton II kaTalikosma paraklisi gada-
ixada da daafica ruseTis erTgulebaze yvela mcxovrebi mis xelqveiT
eparqiebisa, mcxeTisa, samTavroisa da alaverdisa da rodesac mefis saxlo-
baSi gaCnda usiamovnoba da zogierTma batoniSvilebma moindomes saqarTve-
los taxtis daWera, kaTalikosi miubrunda maT darigebis sityviT da ur-
Cevda, mSvidobianaT ecxovraT da madloba moexsenebinaT rusis xelmwifi-
saTvis, radganac ineba man im sikeTis Cadena, saqarTvelo miiRo Tavis
mfarvelobis qveS, Tumca areul-dareuloba iyo Cvens qveyanaSi, magram an-
ton kaTalikosi mainc ar iSlida zrunvas imaze, rom eklesia xelSeuxebe-
li yofiliyo, da agreTve imaze, rom eklesiisagan dawesebuli rigi aravis
moeSala~3. man, moTxovnis Sesabamisad, rusul mTavrobas warudgina aRwera
monastrebisa, eklesiebisa da samRvdeloebisa, gadmosca maTi `samwuxaro
mdgomareoba~, uaqtiuresi monawileoba miiRo wmida ninos cxovelmyofeli
1093s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
jvris gadmosvenebaSi, romelic ruseTma daubruna saqarTvelos, magram mainc
`rusis mTavroba eWviT uyurebda anton kaTalikosis moqmedebas~, cilad
swamebdnen antirusul TaTbirebSi monawileobas, TiTqosda `darejan ded-
oflis ganzraxvebs~ emxroboda, eklesiebSi TiTqosda imperatoris nacvlad,
ixseniebdnen mefed mis Zmas, iulons. antonma Tavi imarTla. xelisufleba
kaTalikoss uyuradRebod ekideboda. 1810 wels `mitropolitis varlamis
CagonebiT, anton kaTalikosis da Tfilel mitropolitis arsenis Soris
usiamovneba Camovarda, imiT gaTavda igi, rom 1811 wels antoni gamoeTxova
Tavis samwysos da gaemgzavra peterburgs~. imperatorma pativiscemiT mi-
iRo da daniSna wmida sinodis wevrad. igi gardaicvala niJni-novgorodSi,
1827 wels. anton II-is saqarTveloSi yofnisas, rogorc aRiniSna, eklesiis
umTavres ierarqTa Soris gaCaRebuli kinklaobis gamo qaosi sufevda, TiTqos-
da isev qarTuli eklesiis dasamSvideblad _ ` imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma
1811 wlis 10 ivniss werili miswera anton kaTalikoss, dahpirda misi
Rirsebis Seulaxaobas wm. sinodis avtoritetis meSveobiT da miipatiJa
ruseTSi, sadac misi sakadrisi pativiT icxovrebda, miiRebda pensias da
amasTanave daikavebda mexuTe adgils wm. sinodSi~4.
saqarTvelos eklesia am droisaTvis flobda didZal qonebas, saxnav-
saTes miwebs, tyeebs, sxvadasxva qarxanas, saTevzao adgilebs, wisqvilebs,
Senobebsa da sxva qonebas. igi iyo ekonomikurad damoukidebeli erTeuli,
amiT igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda rusuli eklesiisagan, romelic im droi-
saTvis ruseTis xelisuflebis mier saxelmwifos nawilad iyo gadaqceuli
da saero xelisuflebisadmi damorCilebuli. saqarTveloSi ki piriqiT _
saxelmwifo xelisufleba ar iyofoda saerod da sasulierod. qveynis
xelisuflebis saTavesTan idgnen eklesiis umaRlesi ierarqebi, magaliTad,
swored gansaxilveli droisaTvis, imereTis samefoSi marTalia, mefe uzen-
aesi xelisufali iyo, magram `imereTis samefos saqmeebs igi warmarTavda
`sabWos~ daxmarebiT, romlis wevrebic ara marto rCevebSi iRebdnen monaw-
ileobas, aramed didmniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebsac flobdnen... sabWoSi monaw-
ileobda oTxi episkoposi: 1. quTaTeli mitropoliti dosiTeosi, 2. gelaTe-
li mitropoliti eqvTime, 3. nikorwmindeli mitropoliti sofroniosi da 4.
mTavarepiskoposi antoni. CamoTvlili mRvdelmTavrebi sabWoSi didi ufle-
bebiT sargeblobdnen, maT Sexedulebebsa da mosazrebebs mefe yovelTvis
gulmodgined ismenda da did angariSs uwevda~5, mRvdelmTavarTa garda,
`sabWoSi~ kidev 30-mde Tavadi monawileobda. qveynis marTvis aRniSnuli
wesi mogvagonebs daviT aRmaSeneblisa da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa
mier dadgenil wess, roca qveynis mmarTvelobis saqmes meTaurobda `oTxi
berisa~ da vezirebisagan Seqmnili darbazis kari. `oTxi beris~ jgufSi
Sediodnen qarTlisa da afxazeTis kaTalikosebi, Wyondideli da moZRvarT-
moZRvari. ruseTSi ki qveynis sammarTvelo saqmeTagan araTu CamoSorebuli
1094 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
iyo eklesia, aramed TviT eklesiasac ki 1722 wlidan oberprokurori
xelmZRvanelobda, romelic wm. sinods edga saTaveSi. igi saero piri iyo da
didi uflebebi hqonda. ruseTSi saero xelisuflebisadmi eklesiis damor-
Cilebis saqme, romelic 1721 wels patriarqis Tanamdebobis gauqmebiT wam-
oiwyo petre didma, 1784 wels daasrula ekaterine meorem. aseTi mdgomar-
eobis gamo ruseTi, cxadia, ver moiTmenda saqarTveloSi eklesiis rogorc
ekonomikur damoukideblobas, ise mis udides gavlenas saero xelisufleba-
ze. ruseTma miznad daisaxa saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizacia. Tavda-
pirvelad, anton II-is gamoyenebac scades. saqarTveloSi saeklesio refor-
mis droulad gatarebas mTavroba saxelmwifo mniSvnelobas aniWebda. re-
forma iTvaliswinebda saeklesio dikasteriis Seqmnas, romlis meSveobiT
unda dawyebuliyo qarTl-kaxeTis eklesiis mowesrigeba. dikasterias unda
aRewera eklesia-monastrebis qoneba da daezustebina Semosavali, daedgina
sasuliero pirTa raodenoba, moewesrigebina samrevloebi, sabolood ki
unda mospobiliyo eklesiis ekonomikuri damoukidebloba da igi sruliad
damorCileboda ruseTis saxelmwifos. anton II-is mosaydred daniSnes varlam
erisTavi, mtrulad ganwyobili saqarTvelos samefo karis mimarT, ruseTSi
aRzrdili da rusuli saeklesio cxovrebis kargi mcodne. am periodSi (e.i.
1811 wlamde) qarTul eklesias qarTlsa da kaxeTSi ekuTvnoda 1850 komli
glexi, misi wliuri Semosavali Seadgenda daaxloebiT 40 000 maneTs. ekle-
sias am provinciebSi hqonda 13 eparqia6. marTalia, anton II, viTarca ruse-
Tis wmida sinodis wevri, jer kidev ekaterines droidan (1793 wlidan),
cdilobda rusebis miTiTebaTa Tanaxmad emarTa qarTuli eklesia, magram
miTiTeba dikasteriis Seqmnis Sesaxeb droulad ver aRasrula, amasTanave,
igi ganawyenebuli iyo im RonisZiebebiT, romlebic mTavrobam gaatara
saqarTveloSi. ruseTis xelisufleba rusuli eklesiis danamatad ganix-
ilavda qarTul eklesias jer kidev anton II-is saqarTveloSi yofnisas.
magaliTad, 1809 wels sinodis oberprokurors mieTiTa, Seeqmna saqarTveloSi
dikasteria antonis meTaurobiT da wmida sinodis wevris, varlamis monaw-
ileobiT. amasTan, samRvdeloebas dikasteriaSi Sesayvanad unda aerCia sami
wevri, mdivani, Tarjimani, gadamwerebi, mrCeveli da Tbilisis keTilSobil
Tavad-aznaurTa saswavleblis direqtori. anton II-s imave wels daevala am
saqmis aRsruleba, magram sakiTxis gadawyveta Zalze gaWianurda. 1810 wlis
3 marts kaTalikosi anton II TiTqmis ZaliT gaiwvies peterburgs. erTi
wlis Semdeg movida golicinis cnoba, romelSic kaTalikosis dagvianeba
axsnili iyo misi avadmyofobiT. anton II-is gawvevis Semdeg, dikasteriis
meTaurad daniSnul iqna varlam erisTavi da mas saqarTvelos egzarqosis
tituli eboZa. masve daavales, SeemuSavebina sasuliero dikasteriis mowyo-
bis proeqti. tormasovma miswera varlams: `sinodis oberprokurori mac-
nobebs, rom xelmwife imperatoris surviliT saqarTvelos eklesiis mar-
1095s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
Tva-gamgeoba ise unda moawyoT, rom igi damokidebuli iqnes wmida sinodze~.
saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis proeqti, varlam erisTavis mier
Sedgenili 1809-1811 wlebSi, waredgina mTavarmarTebel tormasovs. romel-
ic daamtkica wmida sinodma 1811 wlis 30 ivniss. am proeqtis Tanaxmad,
Seiqmna dikasteria da saqarTvelos eklesiam dakarga avtokefalia.
avtokefaliis gauqmebis droisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTSi iyo 13 eparqia (Tbilisis,
mcxeTis, samTavros, ruisis, urbnisis, wilknis, samTavisis, niqozis, alaverdis,
ninowmidis, rusTavis, nekresis, bodbis). mTavarmarTebel tormasovis cnobiT,
iyo 799 eklesia, 746 mRvdeli, 146 diakvani da sxva danarCeni 661 sasuli-
ero piri. arqiepiskopos varlam erisTavis proeqtiT, kaxeTis 5 saepisko-
poso unda gaerTianebuliyo erT alaverdis eparqiad, xolo qarTlis 8
saepiskoposo erT mcxeTis eparqiad. misi Semosavali daaxloebiT toli
iyo 16960 maneTisa, kaxeTis eparqiisa ki 9500 maneTis. arsebuli 9 saarqi-
mandritos nacvlad, varlamis proeqtiT unda darCeniliyo 5 (bodbis, qvaTaxev-
mRvimis, kaxeTis, daviT-garejis da ioane naTlismcemlis). `es proeqti wm.
sinodma daamtkica da daadgina: 1. gauqmdes 13 eparqia da darCes 2, xolo
9 arqimandritis nacvlad 5; 2. saqarTvelos eklesias saTaveSi Caudges
mcxeTa-qarTlis mitropoliti varlam erisTavi da mieniWos mas mudmivi
egzarqosis wodeba, amave dros igi iyos wmida sinodis wevri; 3. saqarTveloSi
gauqmdes eklesiis damoukidebloba da qarTul marTlmadideblur ekle-
sias saTaveSi Caudges wmida sinodis ganyofileba dikasteria, romelic
yvelaferSi daemorCileba wmida sinodis gadawyvetilebebs. es dadgenileba
wmida sinodma ganixila 1811 wlis 24 ivniss, xolo ZalaSi Sevida 30
ivniss. esaa dRe, rodesac qarTulma marTlmadideblurma eklesiam dahkar-
ga avtokefaloba da daiwyo umZimesi periodi mis Semdgom moRvaweobaSi~7.
eparqiebis Semcirebas rusuli xelisufleba adrec mimarTavda. cicianovma
(1802-1806) qarTlSi 6 eparqiidan datova 3. es xdeboda mTavrobisaTvis
arasasurveli pirebis kaTedridan CamosaSoreblad.
imereTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg, mTavrobam gadawyvita dasavleT saqarTve-
los eklesia emarTa saqarTvelos dikasteriis meSveobiT. 1815 wlis 30
agvistos dikasteria gadakeTda `saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalur kanto-
rad~. rusulma mTavrobam mas daumorCila jer kidev avtonomiuri samTavroe-
bis, guria-samegrelos eklesiebic. aman sulieri TvalsazrisiT erTiani
qarTuli eklesia administraciuladac gaaerTiana, magram ucxo eklesiis
frTaTa qveS. ase rom, arqiepiskoposi egzarqosi varlam erisTavi dasavleT
saqarTvelos eklesiasac marTavda. `energiulad iRvwoda eklesia-monas-
trebis aRsaricxavad, rasac mTavroba udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda, magram
mainc zemdgomebma ar inebes am Tanamdebobaze qarTveli kacis datoveba da
1817 wels igi peterburgSi gaiwvies. amave wlidan egzarqosad dainiSna
riazaneli arqiepiskoposi Teofilaqte rusanovi (1817-1821). mis Semdeg
1096 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
mxolod rusi erovnebis episkoposebi marTavdnen saqarTvelos saegzarqo-
sos. Teofilaqtes proeqtis Tanaxmad, romelic daamtkica ministrTa ko-
mitetma, unda garkveuliyo saegzarqosoSi eklesia-monastrebis, sasuliero
pirebisa da mrevlis raodenoba, SeemcirebinaT samRvdeloTa ricxvi da
aRar ekurTxebinaT aravin mRvdlad saTanado gankargulebamde. man 1819
wels Seamcira imereTis saepiskoposoebi maTi erT eparqiad gaerTianebis
gziT, TiTo-TiTo eparqia datova guriasa da samegreloSi. amrigad, dasav-
leT saqarTvelos 12 eparqiidan darCa 3 eparqia. amis garda, egzarqosi
amcirebda moqmedi eklesiebis raodenobas, mRvdlebi rCebodnen StatgareSe8.
saxalxo ajanyeba avtokefaliis dasacavad
ruseTis mTavrobis mier saqarTvelos eklesia ganixileboda, rogorc
saxelmwifo Semosavlis gazrdis erT-erTi wyaro. mTavroba fiqrobda, rom
sasuliero pirTa raodenobisa da sxvadasxva saeklesio xarjis mkveTri
SemcirebiT, xels Seuwyobda xazinaSi eklesiidan Sesuli Semosavlebis
gazrdas. `saeklesio reforma miznad isaxavda saxazino Semosavlis gazr-
das ara marto saeklesio qoneba-Semosavlis xazinaSi gadaricxviT, aramed
yma-glexebis saeklesio gadasaxadis gazrdiTac~9. 1819 wels egzarqosi
Teofilaqte gadavida dasavleT saqarTveloSi da Seudga mTavrobis davalebis
Sesrulebas, e.i. eklesiaTa daxurvas, saeklesio qonebis aRweras da momza-
debas misi xazinisaTvis gadasacemad, amasTanave, saeklesio glexebisagan
saeklesio gadasaxadis gazrdas. mTavroba imedovnebda, rom am gziT saxazi-
no Semosavals gazrdida 700 000 maneTamde, nacvlad iqamde Semavali 18-20
aTasi maneTisa.
am droisaTvis ruseTis mier dapyrobili imereTis mosaxleoba sanaxevrod
ganadgurebuli iyo da did gaWirvebaSi imyofeboda. imereTidan mefe so-
lomon II-is gaZevebis Semdeg, `1811-1812 wlebSi samefoSi mZvinvarebda Savi
Wiri da SimSili, ramac mosaxleobis naxevari gaanadgura~10. 1817 wlisaTvis,
e.i. daaxloebiT Teofilaqtes Camosvlis dros, imereTSi 12730 komli (85000)
suli iqneboda10, aqedan 2124 iyo saeklesio komli, 1994 komli saeklesio
glexi da 130 ojaxi saeklesio aznauri10, e.i. TiTqmis yoveli meeqvse komli
iyo saeklesio, anu mosaxleobis 20%-mde saeklesio kuTvnilebas Seadgenda
da eklesias uxdida gadasaxads. ` Semosavali maTgan fulze gadayvaniT Sead-
genda 11 482 maneT vercxlis fuls, maSin, roca 1817 wels xazinis Semosava-
li mTeli imereTidan Seadgenda mxolod 16 745 maneTs~11.
Teofilaqte imereTSi mourideblad iqceoda, riTac kidev ufro gaanawy-
ena mosaxleoba. xalxi aRSfoTda, rac Tavdapirvelad imiT gamoixata, rom
xelisufalT `ar daanebes saeklesio qonebis aRwera, radganac aRweras
qonebis CamorTmeva mohyveboda~. xalxs gansakuTrebiT aSfoTebda da aoceb-
1097s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
da rusebis mier aseulobiT eklesiis daxurva. xalxma daxmarebisaTvis
xelisuflebas mimarTa weriliT: `Cven didi xnis ganmavlobaSi bilwi agar-
ianelebis xelSi viyaviT, bevri tanjva-wameba gadavitaneT, magram isini Cvens
sasuliero saqmeebs ar Sexebian. Cven is xalxi varT, sarwmunoeba TiTqmis
qristes jvarcmis droidan rom SevinarCuneT... Cvens mwuxarebas sazRvari
ara aqvs, rodesac vxedavT, rogor xuraven Cvens wmida eklesiebs, rogor
gvaSoreben Cveni sulis gadarCenaze mzrunvel RvTismoSiS mRvdlebs, rogor
gvarTmeven saxalxo qonebiT Semkul jvrebs da xatebs da asxviseben saek-
lesio qonebas, romelic saukuneebis manZilze sisxliTaa SeZenili an Cveni
uwindeli mefeebis mieraa saCuqrad gadmocemuli~12. amgvarma mimarTvebma
xelisuflebaze ar imoqmeda. saeklesio aRwera gagrZelda, amas mohyva jer
`vake~ imereTis, Semdgom ki mTeli qveynis ajanyeba. 1818 wlis ivlisSi,
saeklesio aRweris dawyebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg, mTeli raWa, guria, samegre-
lo da imereTi fexze dadga. ajanyebulebs ebrZoda ruseTis regularuli
armia. mSobliuri eklesiis dasacavad aRmdgarma mojanyeebma wamoayenes
lozungi ` samSoblos gaTavisufleba~, mosaxleobis yvela fena monawileob-
da brZolaSi artileriiT SeiaraRebuli polkebisa da batalionebis winaaRm-
deg. imis gamo, rom imereTSi aRar imyofeboda taxtis memkvidre, bagration-
Ta legitimuri STamomavali, ajanyebulebma mefed gamoacxades solomon
II-is SviliSvili qalis mxridan ivane abaSiZe. general-leitenantma ve-
liaminovma gamoacxada, rom wyvetda saeklesio reformas. SeSinebuli eg-
zarqosi Teofilaqte 300 jariskacisa da artileriis dacviT quTaisidan
TbilisSi gagzavnes13. ruseTis xelisufleba, cxadia, ver Seurigdeboda im-
ereTSi Tavis damarcxebas, amitomac agrZelebda zomebis miRebas, ramac
1819 wels kidev ufro gaafarTova ajanyeba. mTavrobam mojanyeTa winaaRm-
deg moagrova didZali jari, Seudga moqmedebas. 1820 wels daapatimres
mitropolitebi dosiTeos quTaTeli da eqvTime gelaTeli, sxva gavleniani
pirebi, ramac kidev ufro gaaZliera ajanyeba, gansakuTrebiT, guriasa da
raWaSi. mas TanaugrZnobda guria-samegrelos mosaxleoba. dosiTeos qu-
TaTeli (wereTeli) dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos faqtobriv
gamgebels warmoadgenda 1792-1815 wlebSi. 1814 wlis 30 agvistos brZaneb-
ulebiT imereTis (afxazeTis, e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelos) sakaTalikoso
Sedioda saqarTvelos saegzarqosos gankargulebaSi, magram 1820 wlamde,
dapatimrebamde, igi eklesiis faqtobriv pirvel ierarqs warmoadgenda
(dosiTeosamde imereTis kaTalikosma 1783 wels datova saqarTvelo da
ucxoeTSi gardaicvala, axali kaTalikosi ar aurCeviaT). dosiTeosi didad
iRvwoda sakaTalikosos ekonomikuri aRorZinebisaTvis, mxars uWerda qvey-
nis xelisuflebas. rogorc cnobilia, dapatimrebuli moxuci mitropoliti
dosiTeosi tomaraSi CausvamT da ruseTisaken wauyvaniaT. igi tomaraSive
cemiT mouklavT gorTan axlos. meore mitropoliti eqvTime gelaTeli
1098 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
(ServaSiZe, 1776-1820) xelisuflebam daiWira, rogorc ajanyebis erT-erTi
moTave. eqvTime adre jumaTeli episkoposi iyo. man aRadgina mravali gapar-
taxebuli adgili, daasaxla glexebiT, aaSena sofeli, romelsac eklesiac
augo, iRvwoda qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis, mefis xelisuflebis gaZlierebi-
saTvis. xalxis azriT, mitropolitebi da, saerTod, episkoposebi xelSeuxe-
belni iyvnen da maT mahmadianebic ki pativs scemdnen. rusTa qmedebam
gurias, imereTTan da raWasTan erTad aajanya samegrelos mosaxleobac.
rusTa jarma samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolis Semdeg gaWirvebiT gaimarjva
udidesi danakargebiT, moarbies da gadawves raWa, artileriiT miwasTan
gaaswores Semoqmedis cixe guriaSi. soflebi gadawves, zogi mojanye Camo-
axrCves, mravali ruseTSi gadaasaxles, maTi qoneba xazinas gadasces. er-
molovi werda: ` soflebi gavanadgureT da gadavbugeT, baR-venaxebi Zirebam-
de avCexeT, veRarasodes aRidgenen moRalateni pirvandel mdgomareobas~14.
raWaSi sofeli futieTi ekuTvnoda gelaTis monasters. eqvTime gelaTe-
lis dapatimrebam, cxadia, aRaSfoTa sofeli. rusTa jars sofelma gaumarTa
usastikesi brZola 1820 wlis 21 maiss. sarwmunoebisa da Tavisuflebi-
saTvis mebrZolma ori aTasma qarTvelma dado Tavi. maT Soris iyvnen
mebrZoli mRvdlebi, berebi da sasuliero pirebi. sabolood, ajanyebis
damTavrebis Semdeg, saeklesio aRweris tempebi Senelda da aTwleulobiT
gagrZelda. qarTuli eklesiis TavisuflebisaTvis Tavganwirulma brZolam
dasavleT saqarTveloSi bevri Tanamoazre da mxardamWeri gaiCina.
eparqiaTa gauqmebiT gamowveuli mZimesarwmunoebrivi Sedegebi
qarTul eklesias istoriulad aTeulobiT saepiskoposo, anu eparqia hqonda
aRmosavleT, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi. mesxeTis 14 saepiskoposo
osmalo dampyroblebma mospes. samwuxarod, rogorc aRiniSna, muslimanTagan
gadarCenili aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposoebis ume-
tesi nawili rusulma xelisuflebam gaauqma. maT qarTuli eklesiis gavle-
nis Sesusteba surdaT qarTvel qristianTa Soris, amasTanave, ekonomikuri
interesebic amoZravebdaT, magram Sedegi ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis al-
baT moulodneli aRmoCnda. rogorc Semdgom avtokefalistebi aRniSnavdnen,
saepiskoposoTa mospobiT daeca qristianuli sarwmunoeba qarTvelTa Soris.
saepiskoposoTa gauqmebiT qristianoba rom zaraldeba, kargad icodnen
qarTvelma sulierma mamebma, rac kargad Cans erTi XVIII s-is sigelidan,
romelic mcxeTidan saaTabagoSi gaugzavniaT: `ra rom saaTabago sjulze
midrka da episkoposni moiSalnen, mas aqeT Tqvens qveyanaSi episkoposi
aRar Semosula da romel adgilSic episkoposi ar Seva da imisi madli da
kurTxeva ar miva, an misi mamamTavari da moZRvari ar aswavlis da ar
1099s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
hmwysis, is qveyana da iq maxlobelni qristianeni ar iqnebian da arc
marTlmadideblobaSi aRiricxvian~15. aqedan Cans, rom qarTl-kaxeT-imereT-
guria-samegreloSi saepiskoposoebis gauqmebiT qristianebi moakldnen episko-
posis mier gacemul saRmrTo madlsa da kurTxevas, garda amisa, `25 sam-
RvdelmTavro kaTedris daxurvam episkoposebs waarTva samRvdeloebaze
zedamxedvelobisa da xelmZRvanelobis saSualeba~, meore mxriv, im eparqie-
bSic ki, romlebic arsebobdnen, episkoposis xelmZRvaneloba egzarqoss
imdenad SeuzRudavs, rom episkoposs ar hqonda saSualeba samRvdeloebis
realuri xelmZRvanelobisa. mRvdlebi am waqezebis gamo episkoposs aRar
emorCilebodnen da amitomac mrevlze nakleb zrunavdnen, ruseTis saekle-
sio xelisuflebas surda Tbilisidan, eparqiebis monawileobis gareSe, emarTa
mTeli eklesia, ramac savalalo Sedegi gamoiRo.
qarTveloba sarwmunoebis gadarCenisaTvis gamudmebiT iTxovda gauqmebu-
li eparqiebis aRdgenas, kerZod, iTxovdnen urbnisis, alaverdis, bodbisa da
sxva gauqmebuli kaTedrebis aRdgenas. 1841 wels egzarqos evgenis mima-
rTes TxovniT: `guriaSi mRvdelmTavarTa kaTedris daxurvis Semdeg re-
ligiurobam daqveiTeba iwyo, gurulebi, mcxovrebni mahmadianuri TurqeTis
sazRvarze, saWiroebdnen mRvdelmTavris mier damoZRvras~. kaTedra aRadg-
ines, magram 1885 wels egzarqosma pavlem guriaSi daxura jumaTis, xolo
samegreloSi Wyondidis kaTedrebi. 1821 wels imereTis oTxi eparqiis
gaerTianebiT Seiqmna mxolod erTi, samegrelos sami (Wyondidis, cageris da
caiSis) gaerTianebiT Seiqmna erTi, samegrelos eparqia 1829 wlidan. 1833
wels guriis erTaderTi jumaTis eparqia SeuerTes imereTis eparqias, aRadg-
ines 1844 wels (centri jumaTSi), magram 1885 wels SeuerTes samegrelos
eparqias. 1851 wels aRadgines afxazeTis eparqia, 1869 wels SeuerTes
imereTisas, 1885 wels kvlav aRadgines (centri soxumSi). Crdilo oseTi
1811 wlamde Sedioda wilknis saepiskoposoSi, 1870 wlidan SeuerTes mozdokis
eparqias. 1875 wels Seiqmna vladikavkazis saepiskoposo, romelic Sedioda
saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi 1885 wlamde.
saegzarqosos politika, saboloo jamSi, iwvevda mrevlis sarwmunoebriv
indiferentizms, ukargavda qarTul eklesias erovnul saxes. xalxs gan-
sakuTrebiT aRaSfoTebda qarTuli enis nawilobrivi akrZalva eklesiebsa
da saswavleblebSi. sasuliero seminariebi CvenSi arsebobdnen XIX sauku-
nemdec. isini xelisuflebam gaauqma. Telavis seminariis ukanaskneli req-
tori daviTi werda: `mas Jamsa rusni movides da skola Seuracxyves da
sadac saxeli RvTisa iqadageboda, hyves qvab avazakTa, xolo me pirad-
piradni gansacdelni SemamTxvivnes da mravali boroti moawies Cem zeda~16.
XIX saukunis manZilze daarsebul iqna mravali, maT Soris, sasuliero
(1817 wlidan) saswavlebeli, magram isini ukve ara qarTulenovanni, aramed
rusulenovanni iyvnen. kaTalikos-patriarq leonides TqmiT, es momenti
1100 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
iwvevda momaval samRvdeloTa gaunaTleblobas (enis ucodinarobis gamo
sagnebs ver swavlobdnen): `gaunaTlebel, Tumca ki seminaria damTavrebul
qarTvel mRvdlebs ar SeeZloT gaenaTlebinaT TavianTi mrevli.~ Tanda-
TanobiT seminaria damTavrebuli qarTveli axalgazrdebis nawili gauucx-
ovda qarTuls, daewafnen rusul da evropul ideebs socializmisas, aTeizmisa
da anarqizmisa. XIX s-Si `daixura 15 monasteri da 800-ze meti eklesia.
ruseTis xazinam qarTuli eklesiis 150 milioni maneTis Rirebulebis qone-
ba miiTvisa, saidanac jamagiris saxiT eklesias yovelwliurad Svidasi
aTasi maneTi gamouyo, aqedan 150 aTasi maneTi rusul da berZnul eklesiebs
xmardeboda~.17 n. durnovos azriT, ruseTis xazinas qarTuli eklesiisaTvis
CamourTmevia 323 000 desetina miwa18. es gadaangariSebiT Seadgens 460 000
ha-mde miwas. eklesiebidan da monastrebidan daikarga saukuneTa manZilze
nagrovebi uZvirfasesi qoneba, oqro-vercxliTa da Zvirfasi qvebiT Semkuli
sasuliero nivTebi. aseTi viTarebis dros araa gasakviri qarTveli sa-
suliero pirebis aqtiuri monawileoba saqarTvelos gasaTavisufleblad
mowyobil ajanyebebSi 1804, 1812 da sxva wlebSi. 1832 wlis ajanyebis erT-
erTi ideuri warmmarTveli iyo arqimandriti filadelfos kiknaZe, ` kaxeTis
SeTqmulTa sazogadoebis organizatori da sulisCamdgmeli, romelmac reli-
giur koncefciamde aiyvana SeTqmulebis saqme~19. mis mier saidumlo anbanis
gamoyenebiT Sedgenili ` aqti goniuri~ ajanyebis wesdebas warmoadgenda, mas
rusuli gamoZieba sagangebo mniSvnelobis, metad mavne daniSnulebis doku-
ments uwodebda. am `aqti goniuris~ SedgenaSi, Tavis droze, monawileoba
miuRia sasuliero moRvawes ioane xelaSvils20.
yovelives miuxedavad, SeuZlebelia ar aRiniSnos egzarqosebis moRvaweo-
bis Sedegebi, magaliTad, Teofilaqte rusanovs (1817-1821) gauxsnia sasuli-
ero saswavlebeli TbilisSi, gorSi, Telavsa da siRnaRSi, moswavleebs mSob-
liur enasac aswavlidnen. saqarTvelos meore rus egzarqoss, ioane vasile-
vskis (1821-1832) gauxsnia vladikavkazsa da alagirSi saswavleblebi, egza-
rqosi mose bogdanov-platonovi (1832-1834) yofila ganaTlebuli pirovneba,
egzarqos evgeni baJanovs (1834-1844) SeuZenia axali Senoba Tbilisis sasu-
liero seminariisaTvis, SeukeTebia sveticxoveli garemxridan, razec 30
aTasi maneTi dauxarjavs. samwuxarod, am dros taZars aRdgenis nacvlad,
afeTqebis saSualebiT, moaciles naxevrad dangreuli stoebi, egzarqosi
isidore nikolski (1844-1858) Wkviani da dinji pirovneba yofila. mas
surda, wesrigSi moeyvana qarTuli eklesiebi. freskebi Camocvenili anda
gaxunebuli iyo. amitomac ubrZanebia kiriT SeeRebaT eklesiebi, ramac mospo
qarTuli ferwera. egzarqosi evsevi ilinski (1858-1877) xels uwyobda
sasuliero saswavleblebis keTilmowyobas, magram mis dros eklesiebidan
dakargula 2 milioni maneTis saeklesio ganZi21. egzarqos ioanike rudnevis
(1877-1882) dros daarsebula sanTlis qarxana, qalTa eparqiuli saswavleb-
eli, saswavleblebSi daarsda kaTedra qarTuli saeklesio enisa.
1101s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
egzarqos pavle lebedevis (1882-1887) dros 1886 wels seminariidan
garicxulma ioseb laRiaSvilma mokla seminariis reqtori dekanozi Cudec-
ki. mis dasaflavebaze warmoTqmul sityvaSi, rogorc miiCneoda, egzarqoss
dauwyevlia mkvlelis `warmomSobi xalxi~. aRSfoTebuli qarTvelebis azri
gamoxata dimitri yifianma, man mouwoda egzarqoss, Tu marTali iyo xalxSi
gavrcelebuli xma, maSin `SemCvenebeli ganidevnos SeCvenebuli qveynidan~.
dimitri yifiani amisaTvis dasajes gadasaxlebiT, sadac 1887 wels mokles.
egzarqosi paladi raevi (1887-1892) diplomati, loialuri adamiani yofila.
cdilobda qarTul ojaxebTan daaxloebas. egzarqosi vladimir bogoiav-
lenski (1892-1898) Secvala flaviane gorodeckim (1898-1901), mis Semdeg
yovel erT-or weliwadSi, vidre 1915 wlamde, Seicvalnen egzarqosebi
aleqsi opocki 1901-1905, nikoloz nalimovi, nikon sofiiski 1906-1908,
inokenti beliaevi 1909-1913, aleqsi molCanovi, pitirime oknovi. saqarTve-
los ukanaskneli egzarqosi iyo platon roJdestvenski (1915-1917).
avtokefaluri moZraobis dawyeba
qarTuli eklesiis dasacavad xma aRimaRles TviT rusi eris saukeTeso
Svilebma. maT azrs angariSs uwevdnen peterburgsa da moskovSi da didi
gavlenac iqonies saerTod qarTuli eklesiis aftokefaliis aRdgenis pro-
cesze. erT-erTi aseTi iyo cnobili swavluli, slavofili nikoloz durno-
vo, romlis aqtiur Rvawls qvemoT SevexebiT, manamde ki unda aRiniSnos
erovnebiT qarTveli miqael-gobron sabininis roli. marTalia, mas avtoke-
faluri moZraobis procesSi uSualo monawileoba ar miuRia, magram pirvelma
gamoaqveyna peterburgsa da TbilisSi qarTuli eklesiis avtoritetis ama-
RlebisaTvis didmniSvnelovani Txzulebebi, romelTac warmoaCines im droi-
saTvis ukve TiTqmis daviwyebas micemuli qarTuli eklesiis warsuli brwy-
invaleba da sidiade (70-ian80-ian wlebSi), ufro adre qarTuli kulturis
moamagem da mosiyvarulem gr. gagarinma aRadgina qarTuli freskebi sionSi,
moxata carieli kedlebi eklesiisa, Seadgina albomebi qarTuli yofa-cx-
ovrebisa da siZvelisa.
samwuxarod, XIX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi araTu gaZlierda marTlma-
didebloba, aramed piriqiT, ganelda qarTvelTa mxurvale sarwmunoeba. ker-
Zo pirebis mier mowodebuli cnobebidan da oficialuri angariSebidanac
ki Cans, rom qarTvelebi aRar dadiodnen eklesiebSi ise, rogorc Zvelad,
naklebad ambobdnen aRsarebas, ar eziarebodnen, qveyana daadga zneobrivi
gadagvarebis gzas, XIX s-is 80-iani wlebidan daiwyo eklesiebis Zarcva
yaCaRTa jgufebis mier. amis mizezad miiCnies is, rom ruseTis wmida sinod-
ma ver SeZlo qarTveli eris sarwmunoebrivi patronoba, warmoiSva idea,
rom mxolod erovnuli eklesiis aRdgeniT iqneboda SesaZlebeli mdgomar-
1102 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
eobis gamosworeba. eklesia daiyo or mebrZol frTad, erTni, avtokefaliis
momxreni _ miiCnevdnen, rom ruseTis imperia saqarTveloSi egzarqosebad
iseT pirebs niSnavda, romelTac gansakuTrebuli siZulvili hqondaT yove-
live qarTulis mimarT, rom maT moSales kaTedrebi da daxures eklesia-
monastrebi, qarTuli sasuliero da saero saswavleblebi, maT dros gaiZarc-
va asobiT eklesia, gaibna Zvirfasi arqeologiuri masala, rom isini Seuracx-
yofdnen da abuCad igdebdnen qarTul RvTismsaxurebas, galobas, xalxis zne-
Cveulebebs, devnidnen mowinaaRmdegeebs, isini da maTi samRvdeloeba ar flobdnen
xalxis enas (e. i. qarTuls), SemoiRes rusulenovani wirva-locva da sxv.
meore jgufi mxars uWerda arsebul mdgomareobas. maTi azriT, XIX s-Si
mowesrigda iqamde eklesiaSi arsebuli qaosuri mdgomareoba, damyarda wesri-
gi, samRvdeloebas mieca sarCo, xelfasi, pensiebi. gaTavisuflda mahmadianTa
batonobis qveS myofi mxareebi, sadac aRdga an ganmtkicda qristianoba, gaixsna
uamravi sasuliero da saero saswavlebeli, aRdgenil-gamSvenierebul iqna
eklesiebi da monastrebi. mTis regionebSi _ oseTsa da sxvagan, komisiebis
daxmarebiT aRorZinda da ganmtkicda Seryeuli marTlmadidebloba, moinaTla
gamahmadianeba-gawarmarTebis piras misuli mTieli tomebi da sxv.
unda aRiniSnos, rom TiTqmis erTi saukunis manZilze qarTuli eklesia
ruseTis imperiaSi arsebuli umZimesi viTarebis msxverpls warmoadgenda,
kerZod, Tu XIX s-is dasawyisSi igi zewolas ganicdida imperiis kavkasiis
mxrisaken gafarToebis gamo, XX saukuneSi eklesia ryevas ganicdida im-
periis daSlisaken midrekilebis gamo.
XX s-is dasawyisSive aSkarad gamoikveTa niSnebi imperiis rRvevisa.
kavkasia, romlis dapyrobasac ruseTma TiTqmis asi weli moandoma, gaTavisu-
flebisaken miiltvoda, aseT dros eklesias daakisres mZime movaleoba.
imperiis sasuliero uwyeba aRniSnavda: `kavkasia unda davipyroT xelmeo-
red da am SemTxvevaSi sruliad sxva iaraRiT. am sulieri gamarjvebis
gareSe ar iqneba myari fizikuri dapyroba. aseTi gamarjveba aris sarwmu-
noebrivi gamarjveba. dadga dro, rodesac Cven Rone unda vixmaroT, rom
SemovirigoT adgilobrivi tomebi, SevirwyaT isini, movikedloT, davipyroT
maTi suli da guli~22.
imperiis gansamtkiceblad saWiro iyo imperiaSi ecxovra erT enaze mola-
parake, erTi sarwmunoebis mqone, qveynisadmi erTgul mosaxleobas. dRis
wesrigSi dadga qarTvelebis, ise, rogorc sxva xalxebis, rusebSi asimilacia-
Serwymis sakiTxi. gaZlierda qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg brZola saegzarqosos
mxridan ` ruseTTan erT erovnebad Serwymis mizniT~, romelic jer kidev XIX
s-is bolodan daiwyo samegrelosa da svaneTSi qarTuli enis akrZalviT
saswavleblebsa da RvTismsaxurebaSi. zogierTi rusi reaqciulad ganwyo-
bili sasuliero piri, mag. vostorgovi, pirdapir acxadebda, rom imperiis
interesebisaTvis saWiro iyo qarTvelebis garuseba eklesiis daxmarebiT.
ufro adre msgavs pirebs ebrZoda wmida episkoposi gabriel qiqoZe.
1103s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
eklesiis erTma frTam, romelic qarTuli eklesiis Tavisuflebis aRd-
genaze ocnebobda, Sesabamisad upasuxa mTavrobasTan daaxloebulTa meore
frTis am qmedebas. es kargad Cans kaTalikos-patriarq kalistrates me-
muarebidan. egzarqos pavles dros reqtor Cudeckis mkvlelobam daZaba
urTierToba, ` qarTvelebi iyurebian borotad, yvela qarTveli unda daviTx-
ovoT, Tu ar gvinda seminariis sruli demoralizacia~, _ werda peterbur-
gidan Camosuli seminariis revizori23. kaTalikos-patriarqi kalistrate
wers, rom seminariaSi swavlisas studentebma ukve icodnen, rom egzarqose-
bis mizani iyo ` mrevlis garuseba~24. axal egzarqosebs eSinodaT saqarTveloSi
Camosvla, radganac fiqrobdnen, rom maT daxocavdnen25. marTlac, XX s-is
dasawyisSi 1908 wels mokles egzarqosi nikoni. rusul ierarqiaSi saqarTve-
los ukve uwodebdnen `velur da sastik mxares~, romlis qarTveli ierar-
qebis `idumali da faruli gulisnadebi~ iyo qarTuli eklesiis gamoxsna26.
wmida ilia marTlisa da qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebisbrZola avtokefaliis aRsadgenad
axal, XX saukunes saqarTvelos saegzarqoso, imperiuli TvalsazrisiT,
welgamarTuli Sexvda: `1901 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos saegzarqosos far-
glebSi moqmedebda 485 saeklesio samrevlo skola, sasuliero seminaria,
200 codnis skola, romlebSic 26 763 bavSvi swavlobda... Tu ra yuradRebas
uTmobda mefis mTavroba ganaTlebis saqmes da, kerZod, sasuliero ganaTlebis
saqmes, amaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom 1898 wels mTavrobam saqarTvelos
eklesiebis SesakeTeblad gaiRo 11 645 maneTi, xolo sasuliero saswavle-
blebis SekeTebaze daixarja 750 man. amave dros mosaxleobis religiur
aRzrdas saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi, romelic aerTianebda 1 167 751 mar-
Tlmadidebels (aq naCvenebi mosaxleobis umetesoba saqarTveloSi cxovrobda),
emsaxureboda 34 monasteri (aqedan, 5 qalTa), 24 sakrebulo taZari, 1 629
samrevloStatiani da 720 miwerili eklesia. garda aRniSnulisa, skolebTan
arsebobda 18 eklesia, xolo sasaflaoebze 58, sul saqarTvelos saegzar-
qosoSi iyo 2 486 eklesia da monasteri, romelSic saqmianobda 3 954 umaR-
lesi da dabali wodebis sasuliero piri~27.
rogorc vxedavT, cifrebi STambeWdavia, magram miuxedavad am garegnuli
wesrigisa, eklesiis qarTveli mamebi da ierarqebi uaRres ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvamdnen. marTalia, ruseTma SeZlo moewesrigebina saukunis dasawyis-
Si qaosur mdgomareobaSi myofi eklesia, magram daikarga mTavari, risTvisac
saerTod arsebobs igi, _ xalxSi ganelda sarwmunoeba, ufro metic, xalxma
TiTqmis zurgi Seaqcia eklesias. is, rac aqamde xalxis sulieri yofis
aucilebel nawils Seadgenda eklesiuroba, axla ufro formalur mxared
iqca. eklesia ara sulieri moTxovnilebis dasakmayofilebel, aramed say-
1104 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
ofacxovrebo daniSnulebis elementad iqca. marTalia, XIX s-is dasawyisSi,
avtokefaliis gauqmebis dros, saqarTveloSi SeiZleba ar icodnen eklesia-
monastrebis Tu samRvdelo pirebis zusti raodenoba, maTi Semosaval-gasavali,
magram sasuliero wodeba Sesabamis simaRleze idga, movaleobis aRsruleba
Rirsebisa da Tavdadebis sagans Seadgenda, qarTveli kaci mzad iyo sic-
ocxle daeTmo sarwmunoebisaTvis, misi dacva-SenaxvisaTvis. erTi saukunis
Semdeg ki sarwmunoebas mxolod formaluri, garegnuli daniSnuleba mieni-
Wa. formam Seiwira Sinaarsi.
kidev ufro uaresi da sarwmunoebisaTvis damRupveli iyo is, rom ruse-
Tis imperia cdilobda marTlmadidebloba gamoeyenebina iaraRad qarTvelebis
rus erSi asimilacia-gaTqvefisaTvis. es miutevebeli Secdoma iyo. Tu qarTveli
erisTvis aTaswleulTa manZilze marTlmadideblobasa da qarTvelobas
erTi mniSvneloba hqonda, erovnebis SenarCuneba-dacvas swored marTlma-
dideblobiT axerxebda, axla ukve ruseTis imperiaSi cxovrebisas mdgomar-
eoba mkveTrad Seicvala. qarTuli eklesiis mamebi da eris saukeTeso
Svilebi mixvdnen, rom sarwmunoebis gadasarCenad saWiro iyo eklesiis
ganSoreba rusuli imperiuli manqanisagan, saWiro iyo aRdgena Zveli saek-
lesio wyobisa _ avtokefaliisa.
cnobilia, saqarTvelos eklesia imis gamo, rom igi XIX s-Si ruseTis
eklesiis nawilad iqca, ukve aRar iwodeboda qarTulad. amis gamo, avtoke-
faliis moTxovnis oficialurad warmoCenamde qarTvelma mRvdelmTavrebma
daisaxes ori miznis Sesruleba: 1. rogorme wm. sinodis saimperatoro
karisa da piradad imperatorisaTvis miewodebinaT cnobebi qarTuli ek-
lesiis Zveli didebisa da avtoritetis Sesaxeb; 2. rogorme saqarTvelos
eklesiis istoriis codna gadaecaT momavali TaobebisaTvis. Cvenma ierar-
qiam isargebla 1901 wels mowyobili didi zeimiT, romelic aRiniSna saqarTve-
los ruseTTan `SeerTebis~ 100 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad da wm. sinods
gaugzavna swored aRniSnuli Sinaarsis Semcveli Txovna. am vrcel doku-
ments, romelSic gamowvlilviTaa gadmocemuli istoriuli simarTle qarTuli
eklesiis aTaswlovani istoriidan, misi udidesi gavlena qarTvelTa suli-
er da saero yofaze, erTvis Txovna wmida sinodisadmi, raTa man ` peterbur-
gis Teologiis akademiaSi daaarsos qarTuli saeklesio istoriis damoukide-
beli kaTedra, sadac Seiswavlian xelnawerebs, saeklesio arqiteqturul
Zeglebsa da yvelafers, rac ki qarTul eklesias exeba. es naSromebi axali
cnobebiT gaamdidreben Teologiur da saeklesio literaturas da naTels
mohfenen msoflio marTlmadidebluri eklesiis jer kidev naklebad Ses-
wavlil furclebs~28. ruseTis imperiaSi revoluciuri procesebis dawye-
bamac daaCqara ukve oficialur doneze avtokefaliis moTxovnis wamowyeba.
am moTxovnebiT mravaljer mimarTes imperatorsa da wmida sinods.
1105s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
1905 wlis 11 oqtombers qarTvelma dide-
bulebma mimarTes kavkasiis mefisnacvals da
gadasces werilobiTi dokumenti, raTa impe-
ratorisaTvis mierTmia. wmida ilia marTlis
arqivSi daculi xelnaweris teqsti (xel-
nawerTa inst. i. WavW. fondi, saqme #202)
warmoadgens ilias mier warmoTqmuli moxs-
enebis nawils saqarTvelos eklesiis avtoke-
faliis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans,
es sityva iliam waikiTxa voroncov-daSk-
ovTan audienciisas. gazeT ` cnobis furcels~
gamouqveynebia imperatorisaTvis gadasacemi
dokumentis nawili: `Tqveno brwyinvalebav,
16 saukunea iveriis xalxi Tayvansa scems
wmida jvars uflisas. bevri, bevri mZime gan-
sacdeli da ubedureba gamoiara am xalxma sarwmunoebis gulisaTvis, mTeli
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTveloba aRmosavleT qveynebis mpyrobelTa
ulmobeli uRlis qveS kvnesoda. iTmenda sisastikes, magram iveriis ekle-
sia mainc Seuryeveli da cxoveli iyo. Zlieri iyo suli da uZleveli Zala
misi, damyarebuli mwyemsTa da samwysoTa Soris mtkice erTobaze, didebulia
da qebuli wamebulTa sisxliT morwyuli is gza, romelzedac Seudreklad
mihyavda, amxnevebda, anugeSebda da uTiTebda qristianobis sazogadoebrivi
da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis miznisa da idealebisaken. magram gavida
ukanaskneli 100 weli, rodesac qarTuli eklesiis bed-iRbals ganagebdnen
rusi egzarqosebi da rasa vxedavT axla? sarwmunoeba moklulia qarTvel
xalxSi, indiferentizmma moicva yvela nawili mcxovrebTa, romelmac daibu-
da TviT morwmuneTa gulSiac. eklesiebi carielia did sauflo dResaswauleb-
Siac ki; eklesiebi TiTqmis yoveldRe iZarcvebian, rac warsul saukuneebSi
ar naxula da ar gagonila. mrevli uars ucxadebs mRvdels da aRar uxdis
arafers saeklesio saRmrTo wesis SesrulebisaTvis da zogierTs adgileb-
Si sruliadac uaryofs mas. saqarTvelos samRvdeloeba ukidures mdgomar-
eobaSia Cayenebuli, werilobiT Tu deputatebis piriT, saqarTvelos egzar-
qoss ucxadebs, rom SimSiliT sikvdili moelis da Tu mTavrobam ar uzrun-
velyo igi, iZulebuli iqneba uaryos mwyemsTmsaxureba da daubrundes eris
kacobas da saeriskaco saqmiT gamonaxon TviT arsebobisaTvis saWiro sazr-
do. erTi sityviT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia amJamad saSinel
sulTmobZravis mdgomareobaSia. esa xdeba maSin, rodesac eklesiis sxva
xalxs sarwmunoeba mtkiced aqvs daculi da samRvdeloebac uzrunvelyo-
fili. ra aris mizezi saqarTvelos eklesiis ase dacemisa? ra aris mizezi
sarwmunoebis ganqrobisa saqarTveloSi, im qarTvelebSi, romelzedac bizan-
tiis SesaniSnavi istorikosi prokofi kesariisa ambobs: `iverielni yvela
1106 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
xalxebze ukeT inaxaven wess qristianobriv sarwmunoebisas~. mizezi is
aris, rom iveriis eklesias waerTva yovelive is, riTac cocxlobda, Zlieri
iyo igi da riTac scocxlobdnen kavkasiis sxva erebis eklesiebi. Seswyda
sicocxlis ZarRvi. ganhqra eklesiasa da mis meTaurebs Soris kavSiri,
romelic mtkiced damyarebuli iyo STamomavlobisa, enisa, gadmocemaTa da
sulier mSobliur erTobaze, waerTva TviTmmarTveloba, gauqmda saerovno
wesi, romelic qvakuTxedi iyo organizaciisa, amJamad saqarTvelos eklesias
aRar hyavs meTauri, aRar aqvs kanonieri avtokefalia. exlandeli meTaurni
ucxoni arian iveriis eklesiisaTvis; ucxoni arian exlandeli mwyemsnic,
aRzrdilebi xalxis winaaRmdeg mimarTulebaSi. eseni moklebulni arian
niWs sityvierebisas mSobliur enaze da xalxis TvalSi warmoadgenen mx-
olod sasuliero uwyebebis moxeleT. amgvar pirobebSi eklesia unda
dacemuliyo da aki marTlac daeca. saqarTvelos marTlmadideblur ek-
lesiis saxsnelad saWiroa mieces Tavisufali sicocxle, daubrundes Zve-
li kanonieri marTva-gamgeoba, srulad daubrundes xalxis mier arCeuli
kaTalikosi srulis uflebebiTa da valdebulebebiT, iveriis eklesiis ga-
mosabruneblad sxva gza ar aris. eseTi reforma SesZlebs mxolod, Seas-
woros 100 wlis usamarTloba da amasTanave xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelosa
da ruseTis politikuri erTobis ganmtkicebas, radgan es erToba ise Zli-
erad arafriT ar sustdeba, rogorc imiT, rom qarTveli xalxi moklebulia
im did uflebas, romliTac savsebiT sargebloben mezobeli xalxebi.
Tqveno brwyinvalebav! ganzraxuli avtonomia kavkasiis eklesiisa mitro-
politis meTaurobiT ver daakmayofilebs qarTvel ers, romelic gulmok-
lulad miegeba am ambavs da scno, rom am cvlilebebiT moespoba saqarTve-
los eklesias mravalsaukunovani arsebobis ukanaskneli kvali; ara, saWiroa
aRdgenil iqnes saqarTveloSi sakaTalikoso uflebani da ai, amitom Cven,
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan Sekrebilni, wevrni saqarTvelos eklesi-
isani vTxovT Tqvens brwyinvalebas, aRmouCinoT Zlieri daxmareba am Sua-
mdgomlobas, romelic aRZra amer-imereTis samRvdeloebam mis imperatoro-
biT udidebulesobisa da uwmindesi sinodis winaSe, rom aRdgenil iqnas
iveriis eklesiis avtokefaluri uflebani, amorCeuli kaTalikosis meTau-
robiT. Cven Rrmad gvwams, rom Tqveni avtoritetuli da samarTliani gamo-
qomagebaDSewynarebuli iqneba xelmwife imperatoris mier da daubrundeba
saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefalia, ise, rogorc mxolod Tqveni Suamdgom-
lobiTve daubrunda somexTa avtokefalur eklesias mamulebi da naciona-
luri saeklesio samrevlo skolebi. ganaxleba saqarTvelos avtokefaluri
eklesiisa sxva reformebTan erTad, romelTac moulodnelad moelis xalxi,
Cven qveyanas waiyvans mSvidobianobisaken~29.
am dokumentis gadacemis win, Cans, ilias warmouTqvams sityva, romlis
teqstic ilias pirad saarqivo fondSia daculi: `Tqveno brwyinvalebav,
1107s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
ruseTis farglebSi yvela araruss (inorodecs) sarwmunoebrivi marTvis
saqmeSi damoukidebloba aqvs. somxebi, musulmanebi, ebraelebi da a.S. Tavian-
Ti aRmsareblobis mmarTvelobaSi TavisTavadni arian. maT aqvT sakuTari
sasuliero saswavleblebi, sadac swavla mSobliur enazea da yoveldRe
mSobliuris swavlebas daTmobili aqvs farTo adgili. maT damoukideblad
marTavs sakuTari samRvdeloeba. ucnauria, rom am sikeTes moklebulni
arian mxolod marTlmadidebelni qarTvelebi, TiTqosda sasjelad maTi
marTlmadideblobis gamo.
martooden marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebis uuflebobam SeiZleba warmoS-
vas azri, rom ararusebisaTvis erovnuli gagebiT marTlmadideblur ruseTSi
momgebiani araa marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis aRmsarebloba. saqmis aseTi
viTareba SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod raRac gaugebrobiT, romelsac amdeni
xania mxolod ziani moaqvs marTlmadideblobisaTvis.
amgvari aragonivruli viTarebis Semdgomi SenarCuneba, Cveni azriT, miC-
neuli unda iqnes udides saxelmwifoebriv da religiur Secdomad.
amitomac gansaxilvelad warmogidgenT Suamdgomlobas qarTuli eklesi-
isaTvis mis wiaRSi uZvelesi droidan arsebuli avtokefaliis dabrunebis
Sesaxeb: vimedovnebT, rom amiT vasrulebT Cvens moqalaqeobriv vals da
vsasoebT, rom am TxovniT Tqveni brwyinvalebis mxardaWera daimsaxuros~30.
1905 wels mefisnacvlisadmi mxolod moTxovnis wardgeniT ar dakmay-
ofilebula ilia. peterburgSi saqmis ganxilvamde Tavad sagangebod eaxla
wmida sinodis oberprokurors a. d. obolenskis, romelsac dawvrilebiT
ganumarta saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis arsi, rom am sak-
iTxis mougvarebloba momtani iyo mravali ubedurebisa31. rogorc Cans,
peterburgSi gamgzavrebamde ilia sagangebod emzadeboda sinodis ober-
prokurorTan Sesaxvedrad, iRrmavebda codnas qarTuli eklesiis avtoke-
faliis Sesaxeb. amas miuTiTebs ilias monawileoba 1905 wlis Tbilisis wm.
nikolozis eklesiis saswavleblis SenobaSi gamarTul yrilobaSi, romelic
mieZRvna qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxs. yrilobaze gamosuli
oratorebi moiTxovdnen saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg
dabruneboda CamorTmeuli miwebi32.
zemoaRniSnul Sexvedraze, mefisnacval voroncov-daSkovs ar gamouTq-
vams survili avtokefaliis aRdgenisa, mas ganucxadebia: damarwmuneT, rom
eg avtokefalia sasargeblo iqneba saqarTvelosaTvisac da ruseTisaTvisac
da maSin dagiWerT mxarso, Tanac yuradReba miupyria im sakiTxisaTvis, rom
kanonikuri TvalsazrisiT, erT saxelmwifoSi erTi eklesiis arsebobaa neba-
darTuli. maSasadame, erT ruseTis imperiaSi ori avtokefaluri (saqarTvelosa
da ruseTis) eklesiis arseboba uxerxulobas Seqmnida. ilias Semdgom
konsultaciebi miuRia am sakiTxze qarTvel sasuliero pirTagan. eqvTime
TayaiSvili aRwers im drois viTarebas: `bolos da bolos gadavwyviteT
didi demonstracia mogvewyo da avtokefalia mogveTxova, Tan unda wagveRo
1108 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
bairaRebi da plakatebi warwerebiT: `aRgvidgineT avtokefalia~ da sxva.
wamoiWra sakiTxi: vin unda gaZRoloda win am araCveulebriv demonstra-
cias? iliam gviTxra: `Tu saWiroa, me wagiZRvebiTo!~33.
avtokefaliis moTxovna, wamoyenebuli qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebis mier,
namdvil saxalxo moZraobad iqca. yvelas amxnevebda ilias Tanadgoma.
wmida ilia marTlis binaze ikribeboda sazogadoeba am sakiTxze msjelobi-
saTvis, Sekrebebs eswreboda akaki wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, iakob gogebaS-
vili da sxv. ilias ufro gamowvlilviT gaacnes misTvis saintereso sak-
iTxebi da igi, ukve momzadebuli, gaemgzavra peterburgSi. al. cagarelTan
erTad eaxla peterburgis mitropolit antonis. `orive qarTveli xangr-
Zlivad ebaasa sinodis Tavmjdomares qarTvelTa eklesiis Tavisuflebaze.
am vizitis Semdeg ilia ufro arkvevda saWiro masalebs, rasakvirvelia,
moxsenebisaTvis~34.
ruseTis mTavrobam marTlac ganixila qarTvelTa mier dayenebuli sak-
iTxi da igi gadasawyvetad miando ruseTis momaval saeklesio krebas. am
krebis mosamzadebel TaTbirebze, 1906-1907 wlebSi, iyo msjeloba am saki-
Txzec. masSi monawileobdnen episkoposebi kirion saZagliSvili, leonide
oqropiriZe da eqvTime eliaSvili. es ukanaskneli TiTqosda mxars ar
uWerda avtokefalias. kirioni da leonide ki araTu mxardamWerni, aramed
wamomwyebni iyvnen avtokefalurobis ideisa. TaTbirSi monawileobdnen pro-
fesorebi: aleqsandre cagareli, aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, niko mari. yvela
maTganma sxdomebze waikiTxa moxseneba. ep. kirionma oTxi moxseneba wai-
kiTxa. pirvelSi naCvenebi iyo, Tu romel saukuneSi miiRo qarTulma ekle-
siam avtokefalia da misi gauqmebiT romeli kanonebi dairRva (mociqulTa
30-e da 35-e, antioqiis krebis 22-e kanoni). meore moxseneba exeboda mZime
sarwmunoebriv yofas saqarTveloSi da mis gamosasworeblad avtokefaliis
aRdgenis saWiroebas. mesame moxsenebaSi naCvenebi iyo, rom sxvadasxva wyaros
cnobebi XI s-Si iberiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebis Sesaxeb, sinamdvileSi
gulisxmobda tao-klarjeTis iverias. mcxeTis eklesia maSin ukve avtoke-
faluri iyo. meoTxe Seexeboda eklesiaTa mowyobis erovnul princips.
didmniSvnelovani iyo prof. cagarelis, prof. al. xaxanaSvilis vrceli
moxsenebani. maTTan erTad qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalias icavda ori
rusi mecnieri: peterburgis sasuliero akademiis profesori ivane sokolovi,
moskovis akademiis profesori zaozerski, magram TaTbiris monawileTa
umetesobam sakiTxi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb aRiara
usafuZvlod. maT Soris aqtiurobdnen mtrebi qarTuli eklesiis TavisTava-
dobisa: prof. glubokovski, ostroumovi, episk. stefane, dekanozi vostor-
govi, butkeviCi da sxvebi35. 20 kacisagan Semdgarma sinodis komisiam ugule-
belyo sakiTxi qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisa. wm. sinodma
dausjelad ar datova arc erTi sasuliero piri, romelnic aRniSnul
sakiTxs ayenebdnen. saqarTvelodan gaaZeva episkoposi kirioni. kirions
1109s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
daabrales 1908 wlis 28 maiss saqarTvelos egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobaSi
monawileoba. am ciliswamebam ukiduresad aRaSfoTa morwmuneni.
ilias mokvlisa da imperiaSi reaqciis gamarjvebis Semdeg, qarTvelma
avtokefalistebma gadawyvites TavianTi ideis xalxis gulamde mitana wignebis
gamocemiT. am periodSi daibeWda mravali Sroma, miZRvnili qarTuli ek-
lesiis avtokefaliisadmi. pirveli msoflio omis bolo periodSi, ruseTis
imperiis politikuri ryevis dawyebisas moZraoba kvlav aRorZinda. sam-
Rvdeloebam mTeli simZafriT wamoayena avtokefaliis aRdgenis sakiTxi.
1916 wlidan saqarTvelos sxvadasxva eparqiaSi mowveuli krebebi iRebdnen
gadawyvetilebebs TviTmwysobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. eklesiis Tavisufleba
miaCndaT sawindrad saqarTvelos momavali gaTavisuflebisa, ris imedsac
omSi ruseTis imperiis damarcxeba aRZravda. wm. sinodi iZulebuli Seiqna,
mieRo iseTi RonisZiebani, rac CaaxSobda avtokefalistTa moZraobas, amasTan
dakavSirebiT wm. sinodma ganixila sami RonisZieba:
1. daearsebinaT kavkasiis samitropolito (mas unda CaexSo saqarTvelos
avtokefaliis moTxovna);
2. soxumis eparqiis proeqti (mas saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan unda
moewyvita afxazeTis regioni);
3. daxuruliyo saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodaluri kantora (saqarTvelos
avtokefaluri eklesia swored mis bazaze unda warmoqmniliyo, misi gauqme-
biT avtokefaliis moTxovnas safuZveli gamoecleboda).
1916 wels marTlac daarsebula `kavkasiis samitropolito~. misi Seqm-
nis sakiTxs sinodi aTi wliT adrec ixilavda. saqarTvelos saegzarqo-
sodan gamoiyo soxumis eparqia da saqarTvelos saegzarqosos ewoda kavkasiis
samitropolito olqi.
ruseTis imperiaSi 1917 wlis Tebervlis
revoluciis Semdeg qarTvelma samRvdeloe-
bam gadawyvita uswrafesad esargebla Seqmn-
ili momentiT da gamoecxadebina avtokefaliis
aRdgena. 1917 wlis 12 marts mcxeTaSi Seikri-
ba aTiaTasobiT morwmune. swires mRvdelmT-
avrebma leonidem, giorgim, antonma da pir-
osim. aq iyvnen saqarTvelos eparqiaTa warmo-
madgenlebi, sagubernio da samazro marSle-
bi. sveticxovelSi wirvisas ` ganicadeze~ sity-
viT gamovida episkoposi leonide da gamo-
acxada saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaluri
marTva-gamgeobis aRdgena. miuloca istoriu-
li dRe mTel qarTvel xalxs. wirvis damTavre-
bis Semdeg `mravalJamieri~ ugalobes sino-
1110 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
dis mier dasjil episkoposebs kirions da daviTs, arqimandrit ambrosi
xelaias, gadasaxlebulT.
ambionidan gamocxadda, rom 1. 1917 wlis 12 martidan grZeldeba saqarTve-
los eklesiis avtokefalia; 2. droebiT, kaTalikosis arCevamde, eklesiis
gamged iniSneba guria-odiSis episkoposi leonide; 3. xolo eklesiis mma-
rTveloba evaleba aRmasrulebel komitets, romelSic Sedian sasuliero
da saero pirebi. imave dRes iqve Sedga oqmi, imave, oRond ufro ganmartebi-
Ti Sinaarsisa, romelsac daemata erTi muxli, rom es dadgenileba unda
moxseneboda ruseTis axali mTavrobis Tavmjdomares, ministrTa sabWos,
sinodis oberprokurors b. lvovs da Tbilisis kavkasiis komisariats. mas
mRvdelmTavarTa da sasuliero pirebTan erTad xeli moaweres Tavad-
aznaurebma da xalxma36. gadawyda, qarTvel samRvdeloebas Seewyvita kavSi-
ri yofil egzarqossa da saegzarqososTan. Txovnebi da moxsenebebi unda
gaegzavnaT leonidesa da eklesiis droebiT mmarTvelobasTan, qarTul
enaze unda Sedgeniliyo dokumentebi; wirvisas sinodis nacvlad kaTaliko-
sis mosaydre unda moexsenebinaT.
meore dRes, 13 marts, episkoposma leonidem oficialurad ganucxada
egzarqos platons, rom igi mcxeTis krebis dadgenilebiT gadayenebulia
Tanamdebobidan da movalea eklesiis yoveli saqme da qoneba gadasces
kaTalikosis mosaydres37.
14 marts TbilisSi mowveulma krebam daadgina sionSi rusulis nacvlad
RvTismsaxurebis qarTul enaze Catareba. amasobaSi ruseTis droebiTma
mTavrobam ganixila 1917 wlis 12 martis aqti da daadgina: ` mieces saqarTve-
los eklesias avtokefalia ara teritoriuli, aramed erovnuli niSnis
mixedviT. marTlmadidebeli rusebisa da araqarTvelebis eklesiebi darC-
nen ruseTis sinodis gamgeobis qveS. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
aRiareba sabolood ekuTvnis ruseTis damfuZnebel krebas~38.
es dadgenileba miiRes 27 marts, 29 marts ki Sedga qarTvelTa saekle-
sio kreba, romelmac daadgina, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis erovnuli niSniT
avtokefalia ewinaaRmdegeba saeklesio kanonebs. amiT erTmaneTs daupir-
ispirdeba rus-qarTvel morwmuneTa interesebi. amitomac saqarTvelos unda
mieces teritoriuli avtokefalia.
1917 wlis aprilSi ruseTis mTavrobam saeklesio sakiTxis Sesaswavlad
gamoagzavna prof. beneSeviCi rusTa interesebis dasacavad.
1917 wlis 15 agvistos saqarTvelos eklesiis mmarTvelobam aRadgina
Tbilisis qarTuli samitropolito kaTedra. es momenti udides movlenad
miiCneoda, radganac rusi episkoposi Tbilisis mitropolitad acxadebda
Tavs da cdilobda rusi mrevlis damwysvas. kaTedra Tavis xelSi aiRo
episkoposma leonidem.
1111s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
23 agvistos qarTvelma samRvdeloebam daikava egzarqosis saxli.
amasobaSi droebiTma mTavrobam daamtkica debuleba `ruseTis saxelmwi-
foSi saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~. ruseTi
cnobda saqarTvelos eklesiis teritoriul avtokefalias, aniWebda mas
ruseTis eklesiis Tanabar iuridiul mdgomareobas, eZleoda xazinidan
Sesanaxi Tanxebi. ase rom, saqarTvelos saegzarqosos iuridiul memkvi-
dred gamocxadda saqarTvelos eklesia39.
yofilma egzarqosma iCivla moskovis saeklesio krebaze da ganacxada,
rom saqarTvelo CamoSorda marTlmadideblobas avtokefaliis aRdgeniT.
ase rom, mxolod droebiTi mTavrobis dadgenileba ar iyo sakmarisi
eklesiis mdgomareobis gansamtkiceblad. 1917 wlis 3-12 agvistos sxdome-
bze gadawyda, mowveuliyo saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba da mTeli saqarTvelo-
dan Sekrebiliyvnen delegatebi.
1917 wlis 8 seqtembers sionis taZarSi saeklesio krebaze Seikriba 600
delegati. aq iyvnen Tbilisis mitropoliti leonide oqropiriZe, episko-
posebi: piros oqropiriZe, anton giorgaZe, giorgi aladaSvili, arqiman-
dritebi, ber-monazvnebi, saeroni. episkoposi kirioni krebis pirvel sxd-
omebs ar daswrebia. krebas Tavmjdomareobda leonide. prezidiumis wevre-
bi iyvnen giorgi Juruli, trifon jafariZe da spiridon kedia. krebam
ganixila eklesiis sxvadasxva saSinao sakiTxi, maT Soris umTavresi iyo
eparqiebisa da sakaTalikoso sabWos Seqmnis sakiTxi. 17 seqtembers daini-
Sna kaTalikos-patriarqis arCevnebi. kenWi eyara or kandidats episkopos
kirionsa da mitropolit leonides. arCevnebSi monawileobda 440 kaci.
faruli kenWisyriT leonidem miiRo 230 xma, kirionma _ 241. 11 xmis
upiratesobiT kaTalikosad gamocxadda kirioni. mas ugalobes `aqsios~.
imave dRes, saRamos, amoirCies episkoposebi: quTaTel mitropolitad anton
giorgaZe, Wyondidel mitropolitad ambrosi xelaia, urbnel episkoposad
daviT kaWaxiZe, alaverdis episkoposad piros oqropiriZe40.
kaTalikos-patriarqma kirionma ` gujariT~ mimarTa ` didebulsa da RvTiv-
dacul iverias~, romelSic, kerZod, naTqvami iyo: ` ganmtkiceba axlad aRdge-
nil eklesiisa mis istoriul uflebebSi ai, pirveli sazrunavi. dRes
valad aZevs Cvens eklesias emsaxuros imave ideas da medgrad gaaxsenos
kacobriobas saxeli qarTveli erisa. man xeli unda Seuwyos Cvens ganmtki-
ceba-gaerTianebas, raTa kacobriobis ferxulSi Cvenc vpovoT Sesaferi da
damsaxurebuli adgili. ai, meore sazrunavi Cveni!~41.
kirionma epistoleebiT mimarTa ` aRmosavleTis patriarqebs~, romis paps, somexTa
kaTalikos-patriarqs, amcno maT qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena.
kaTalikos-patriarqis taxtze asvla kirions pirvelma miuloca Tbilelma
mitropolitma leonidem: ` me miorkecdeba Zal-Rone, rom marto ara var da
megulebiT Cveni eklesiis umaRles xelmZRvanelad. fics vdeb, mTeli Cemi
arsebiT dagexmaroT tvirTis zidvaSi, Cveni eklesiis saqmis gaZRolaSi~42.
1112 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
mitropoliti leonide iyo erT-erTi udidesi Semoqmedi qarTuli ekles-
iis avtokefaliisa kirionTan erTad, romlis Rvawli didad daafasa saek-
lesio krebam.
kirionis moRvaweobis suraTi kargadaa gadmocemuli missave sityvaSi,
romelic warmoTqva 1917 wlis 21 seqtembers Tedo Jordanias saflavze:
`eqvsi weli vswavlobdiT seminariaSi erTad da Semdeg akademiis damTavre-
bisa sxvadasxva asparezze mogvixda samsaxuri. Sen sayvarel samSobloSi,
me ki ucxoeTSi. aqedan iwyeba Cveni moRvaweoba samSoblo eklesiis aRsad-
genad. iseTi Zneli dro iyo maSin, rom avtokefaliaze mxolod CurCuliT
laparaki SegveZlo. gamoCnda ruseTSi RvTisnieri da patiosani adamiani n.
n. durnovo, romelic qadagebda uSiSrad Cveni eklesiis avtokefaliazed.
Cvenc amovudegiT mas mxarSi da SevudegiT saqmes. aravis egona, rom durn-
ovo rusi iyo. fiqrobdnen, rom Cemi gvari (saZagliSvili) rusulad gada-
vTargmne da me mawerdnen amis cxel-cxel statiebs. 32-33 weliwadi viR-
vaweT erTad da ai, veRirseniT imas, rasac mouTmenlad moelodnen Cveni
winaparni. CamogZaxeb saflavSi: gixarodes erTgulo muSako... Cveni didi
xnis natvra asrulda, aRsdga kvlav saqarTvelo, auwye Cvens winaparT, rom
vsunTqavT Tavisufal eklesiaSi...~ (episkopos kirionis fondi 11245). kiri-
oni TavdadebiT Seudga eklesiis aRorZinebis saqmes, 1918 wlis 26 ianvars,
wmida daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes, akurTxa Tbilisis axaldaarsebu-
li universiteti. 1918 wlis 27 maiss Tavisuflebis moedanze paraklisisas
sityviT mimarTa sazogadoebas, 1918 wlis 27 ivniss martyofis monasterSi,
rezidenciaSi, kaTalikos-patriarqi kirioni tyviiT gangmiruli ixiles. ma-
Sin igi yofila 68 wlisa, damblisagan xeli hqonda dakavebuli. kiron II
dakrZales 7 ivliss sionis taZarSi.
saqarTvelos respublikis mTavroba mimdevari iyo socialisturi mima-
rTulebisa da amitomac eklesiis mimarT gulgrilad iyo ganwyobili. ` menSe-
vikebad~ saxeldebulma aTeisturi mrwamsis mqone xelisuflebam, romelsac
msoflio demokratiis burjad warmoedgina Tavisi Tavi, ver SeZlo aReqva
qarTuli eklesiis istoriuli damsaxureba da misi momavali mniSvneloba
qarTveli erisaTvis da amitomac qarTuli eklesiis mimarT gulgrilad
iyo ganwyobili. saerTod, aRsaniSnavia, rom isini (menSevikebi) aTeuli wleb-
is manZilze politikuri cxovrebis pirvel planze ayenebdnen ara qarTve-
li eris Tavisuflebasa da saxelmwifoebriobas, aramed Cagruli social-
uri fenis muSaTa klasis interesebs. mxolod xelsayrelma istoriulma
viTarebam _ I msoflio omSi ruseTis damarcxebam, rusuli armiis gasvlam
amierkavkasiis frontebidan da ucxo saxelmwifoTa kategoriulma moTxov-
nebma, faqtobrivad, aiZula qarTveli socialistebi, gamoecxadebinaT saqarTve-
los damoukidebloba. cxadia, maTTvis eklesiis problemebi meorexarisxo-
vani iyo43. yovelive es iwvevda kaTalikos-patriarq leonides (1918-1921)
1113s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
aRSfoTebas. menSevikebma politikuri ususurobis gamo ver gaiTvaliswines
is safrTxe, romelic moeloda Tavisufal saqarTvelos `socialisturi~
ruseTisagan, yuri ar daugdes kaTalikos-patriarq kirionis winaswarmetyvele-
bas `mduRare ruseTidan~ mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb.
1920 wlis 27 ivniss TbilisSi Sedga meore saeklesio kreba, gaarCies
eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis, sasuliero saswavleblebis saminist-
rosadmi gadacemis, eklesiis biujetis, samRvdeloebis sayofacxovrebo da
mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiebis gaerTianebis sakiTxebi. krebam kaTalikos-patr-
iarqad daamtkica mitropoliti leonide (oqropiriZe).
bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg, saxelmwifom gaat-
ara sagangebo meToduri RonisZiebani, raTa saerTod moespo eklesia, magram
ver gaiTvaliswina erTi ram, rom sal kldeze qristes mier dafuZnebul
eklesias `bWeni jojoxeTisani ver moerevian~. bolSevikebma, cxadia, eklesia
sabolood gamoyves saxelmwifosagan, e.i. samRvdeloeba ulukmapurod datoves.
1921 wlis 1-5 seqtembers, leoni-
des gardacvalebis Semdeg, gelaT-
Si Semdgarma mesame saeklesio kre-
bam kaTalikos-patriarqad airCia
ambrosi xelaia. bolSevikebma maleve
daxures gelaTis eklesia. igi SemTx-
veviT gadaurCa maTgan dangrevas.
`komunistebad~ saxeldebuli bo-
lSevikebi eweodnen xalxis umagali-
To eqspluatacias. mosaxleoba sabo-
lood daumorCiles saxelmwifo Za-
lauflebas. adamianTa interesebze
maRla ayenebdnen saxelmwifos, rom-
lis gaZliereba kvlav adamianTa
dasamorCileblad esaWiroebodaT.
maT mier faqtobrivad aRdgenil ru-
seTis imperiaSi, e.w. ssrk-Si, bolSe-
vikebis saboloo miznis Tanaxmad,
unda Camoyalibebuliyo erTi rusuli enis mqone xalxi, erTi bolSevikur-
komunisturi fsiqikis matarebeli.
qarTveli eris aseTi mZime gasaWiris Jams, cxadia, eklesia, romelic wmida
ilia marTlis Tanaxmad, `yovelTvis TavdadebiT patronobda Cvens ers44~,
ganze ver dadgeboda, politikaSi Carevisagan Tavs ver Seikavebda. amitomac,
sakaTalikoso sabWos dasturiT patriarqma ambrosi xelaiam memorandumiT
mimarTa mTeli msoflios mTavrobebs, kerZod ki genuis konferencias.
1114 mitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropolitimitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
eklesia aTeistebis batonobis dros
qristianebma mravali devna ganicades saukuneTa manZilze. pirveli dev-
na, rogorc cnobilia, imperator neronis dros moewyo. dapatimreba, gada-
saxleba, tanjva-wameba, sajarod abuCad agdeba da gausamarTleblad daxoc-
va RvTismorwmune adamianebisa da gansakuTrebiT ki RvTismsaxurebisa. am
mxriv, albaT, veraferi Seedreba komunist-bolSevikebis mier mowyobil dev-
na-Seviwroebas. eklesiis ezoSi Seyril morwmuneebs, moxucebs, qalebs da
bavSvebs uginebdnen siwmindeebs, romelTac isini cxovrebis manZilze sa-
soobdnen, amsxvrevdnen wmida xatebsa da jvrebs, bilwavdnen wmidaTawmida
sakurTxevlebs. wverebiT aTrevdnen moxuc mRvdlebs, gumbaTebsa da samrek-
loebidan yridnen jvrebs da zarebs, Zarcvavdnen da aCanagebdnen saukuneTa
manZilze nagroveb sasuliero ganZs. dioda udanaSaulo adamianTa sisxli,
sagangebod da mizanmimarTulad fexqveS iTeleboda sarwmunoebrivi grZno-
ba RvTis mosiyvarule adamianebisa, magram imis gamo, rom qristianoba
saqarTveloSi warmoadgenda ara mxolod religiur mimarTulebas, aramed
erovnul sarwmunoebas, bolSevik-komunistebi masTan erTad qarTveli xalx-
is erovnul grZnobebsac bilwavdnen. magaliTad, WeSmaritad xalxis moZu-
le komunistebma ikadres da gaxsnes argveTis wmida mTavrebis, saqarTvelo-
saTvis Tavdadebuli wmida daviTisa da wmida konstantines uxrwneli neSt-
ebi, romelTa saswaulebriv Zalas xalxi Tayvans scemda arabTa Semdgom
VIII saukunidan vidre XX saukunemde. daSales wmida neStebi, calkeul
Zvlebs TokebiT aTrevdnen xalxis win, im xalxisa, romelic am dros tiro-
da da godebda. es aqti miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos arc erTi mteri,
arabebis Semdgom, ar iyo qarTveli xalxisaTvis ufro saSiSi da veragi,
vidre rusul-bolSevikuri xelisufleba. verc Turq-seljukebma, verc mon-
Rolebma, verc osmal-sparselebma ver SeZles qarTveli xalxisaTvis See-
ginebinaT wmida daviTis, wmida konstantines, wmida Sios, sxva wmidanebis
nawilebi. bolSevikebi angrevdnen eklesiebs, RvTismsaxurebs awamebdnen,
rogorc fizikurad, ise sulierad, xalxis win aiZulebdnen uareyoT wmida
sarwmunoeba. yvela ver uZlebda zewolas. moZRvarTa beds morwmuneebic
iziarebdnen imiT, rom komkavSirelebi zneobrivad abuCad igdebdnen maT
grZnobebs, e.w. ` komkavSiruli SobiT~, ` komkavSiruli aRdgomiT~, ` samoqalaqo
qorwinebiT da naTlobiT~.
saqarTvelos eklesiebSi im droisaTvis, XX s-is 20-iani wlebis dasawyis-
Si, didZali qoneba, saeklesio ganZi iyo daculi. XIX s-is bolos gabriel
episkoposis erTi ucxoeli stumari gaaoca imereTis eklesiebSi daculma
masiuri oqrosagan gakeTebulma saeklesio nivTebma, aseve iyo saqarTvelos
sxva raionebSic. es ganZi axla ukve komunist-bolSevikebis guls axarebda.
eklesia-monastrebi dangreva-daxurvis win, saguldagulod iZarcveboda. sa-
1115s a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i as a q a r T v el o s s a m o c i qulo e kl e s i i s i s t o r i a
ganZuris mciredi nawili muzeumebs gadaeca, xolo udidesi _ `araistori-
uli mniSvnelobis~ ganZi _ adgilobriv xelisuflebas, `kulturul-sagan-
manaTleblo saqmianobisaTvis~, sinamdvileSi ki, cxadia, eklesiis mier saukuneTa
manZilze nagrovebi oqro-vercxli da Zvirfasi qvebi daitaces.
XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi daxures aTasze meti eklesia, gaauqmes RvTismsax-
ureba. zogierTi cnobiT, am dromde saqarTveloSi yofila 1350 eklesia,
1700 mRvdeli, 1527 beri, 280 monazoni (1924 wlamde), maTi ricxvi ramden-
ime aTeulamde Semcirda.
swored am ngreva-ganadgurebis dros sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-
patriarqma wmida ambrosi xelaiam WeSmaritad Tavi da suli dado qarTve-
li erisaTvis, gaugzavna genuis konferen
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