1 UML Models for DAML Ontologies OMG Agent SIG 12/11/00 Dr. Paul Kogut and Bill Holmes Lockheed...

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UML Models for DAML OntologiesUML Models for DAML Ontologies

OMG Agent SIG 12/11/00OMG Agent SIG 12/11/00

Dr. Paul Kogut and Bill HolmesDr. Paul Kogut and Bill Holmes

Lockheed Martin Management & Data SystemsLockheed Martin Management & Data Systems

Lewis Hart - GRC InternationalLewis Hart - GRC International

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RoadmapRoadmap

• Agents and OntologiesAgents and Ontologies

• DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)

• The DAML ProgramThe DAML Program

• The Origins of DAMLThe Origins of DAML

• UML and DAMLUML and DAML

– projectsprojects

– process exampleprocess example

– mappingmapping

– mapping examplesmapping examples

• Conclusions Conclusions

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Agents and OntologiesAgents and Ontologies

• Domain models are used at run-timeDomain models are used at run-time

– agents share a context for efficient communication:agents share a context for efficient communication:

– messages declare an ontology messages declare an ontology

– ontology = vocabulary, relations, operations, rules, constraints...ontology = vocabulary, relations, operations, rules, constraints...

– example ontology: example ontology: fruit-marketfruit-market

– ontology agent - allows application agents to query, retrieve and translate ontology agent - allows application agents to query, retrieve and translate ontologies ontologies

– example agent conversation: example agent conversation:

– (cfp :to i :from j :ontology fruit-market :content (cfp :to i :from j :ontology fruit-market :content (sell plum 50))(sell plum 50))

– (propose :to j :from i :ontology fruit-market :content (propose :to j :from i :ontology fruit-market :content ((sell plum 50 ) (cost 200)))((sell plum 50 ) (cost 200)))

– (reject-proposal :to i :from j :ontology fruit-(reject-proposal :to i :from j :ontology fruit-market :content (price-too-high))market :content (price-too-high))

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Agents and OntologiesAgents and Ontologies

RDBMS

knowledgebase

reasoningnatural

languageprocessing

learning

ontology agent

userinterface

informationretrieval

personal assistantagent

business software

broker agent

otheragents

webpages

DAML annotatedDAML annotated

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DARPA Agent Markup LanguageDARPA Agent Markup Language

• DAML DAML willwill create the next major generation of create the next major generation of Web/Internet technology...Web/Internet technology... – The first generation, theThe first generation, the Internet Internet, created largely by DARPA, enabled , created largely by DARPA, enabled

disparate machines to exchange data. disparate machines to exchange data.

– The second generation, the The second generation, the World Wide WebWorld Wide Web, enabled a wide range of , enabled a wide range of new applications on top of the growing Internet. The Web made a huge new applications on top of the growing Internet. The Web made a huge amount of information available, in amount of information available, in humanhuman-readable form, allowing a -readable form, allowing a revolution in new applications, environments, and b2c e-commerce.revolution in new applications, environments, and b2c e-commerce.

– The next generation of the net is an “agent-enabled” resource (the The next generation of the net is an “agent-enabled” resource (the ““Semantic WebSemantic Web”) which makes a huge amount of information available in ”) which makes a huge amount of information available in machinemachine-readable form creating a revolution in new applications, -readable form creating a revolution in new applications, environments, and b2b e-commerce.environments, and b2b e-commerce.

……by enabling “agent” communication at a by enabling “agent” communication at a Web-wide scale.Web-wide scale.

from Hendler - DAML briefing - www.daml.org

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DAML ProgramDAML Program

• Main DAML website - www.daml.orgMain DAML website - www.daml.org

• Duration: August 2000 to Fall 2002Duration: August 2000 to Fall 2002

• Approach:Approach:

– MIT W3C semantic web concept MIT W3C semantic web concept

• www.w3.org/2000/Talks/0516-sweb-tbl/allwww.w3.org/2000/Talks/0516-sweb-tbl/all

– extend XML/RDF: extend XML/RDF:

• represent ontologiesrepresent ontologies

• annotate web pages and other information with links to ontologiesannotate web pages and other information with links to ontologies

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DAML ProgramDAML Program

• 15 research teams and 1 integration team15 research teams and 1 integration team

– industry, academia and World Wide Web Consortiumindustry, academia and World Wide Web Consortium

– expertise in AI knowledge representation, logic and web technologies expertise in AI knowledge representation, logic and web technologies

– cooperation with European Union IST Program - www.cordis.lu/ist/cooperation with European Union IST Program - www.cordis.lu/ist/

• DAML language definition DAML language definition

• DAML toolsDAML tools

– ontology development and verificationontology development and verification

– web page annotationweb page annotation

– agent servicesagent services

– ontology translationontology translation

• DAML trial applicationsDAML trial applications

– Government: imagery analysis, DoD logistics, DoD simulation Government: imagery analysis, DoD logistics, DoD simulation

– Commercial: information retrieval, transportation, financial Commercial: information retrieval, transportation, financial

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The Origins of DAML: Web TechnologiesThe Origins of DAML: Web Technologies

• XMLXML

– provides syntactic interoperabilityprovides syntactic interoperability

– depends on implicit semantic agreements depends on implicit semantic agreements

• Resource Description Framework (RDF)Resource Description Framework (RDF)

– designed for representing metadata for web resources with XML syntaxdesigned for representing metadata for web resources with XML syntax

– triples: triples:

• RDF SchemaRDF Schema

– adds OO concepts: class and subclassadds OO concepts: class and subclass

• For more information see www.w3.orgFor more information see www.w3.org

<shoeGen:GovermentOrganization rdf:ID="DARPA”/>

<shoeGen:OrganizationHomePage rdf:about="http://www.darpa.mil/"> <shoeProj:authorOrg rdf:resource="#DARPA" />

</shoeGen:OrganizationHomePage>

XMLXML

RDFRDF

RDFSRDFS

DAMLDAML

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The Origins of DAML: AI TechnologiesThe Origins of DAML: AI Technologies

• SHOE - Simple HTML Ontology Extensions SHOE - Simple HTML Ontology Extensions

– defines ontologies and inference rules in superset of HTMLdefines ontologies and inference rules in superset of HTML

– prototype for DAML ideasprototype for DAML ideas

– http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/index.htmlhttp://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/index.html

• OIL - Ontology Inference LayerOIL - Ontology Inference Layer

– defines ontologies on top of XML and RDFdefines ontologies on top of XML and RDF

– based on description logicsbased on description logics

• research on tradeoffs between expressiveness and computational complexityresearch on tradeoffs between expressiveness and computational complexity

– influenced the semantics of DAMLinfluenced the semantics of DAML

– http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/

• DAML design issues:DAML design issues:

– efficient reasoning is importantefficient reasoning is important

– are traditional knowledge representation assumptions violated on the are traditional knowledge representation assumptions violated on the web?web?

– should “web logic” be monotonic or nonmonotonic? should “web logic” be monotonic or nonmonotonic?

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The Origins of DAML: Evolution The Origins of DAML: Evolution

• DAML-ONT v1.2 DAML-ONT v1.2

– declarative knowledge representationdeclarative knowledge representation

– specification and examples released October 2000specification and examples released October 2000

• http://www.daml.org/resourceshttp://www.daml.org/resources

– extensive discussions found on: extensive discussions found on:

• http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-logic/http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-logic/

– formal semantics specification:formal semantics specification:

• http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/daml-ont-kif-axioms-001129.htmlhttp://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/daml-ont-kif-axioms-001129.html

• DAML-ONT v2.0DAML-ONT v2.0

– expected early 2001expected early 2001

• DAML-L (logic)DAML-L (logic)

– rule representation and reasoningrule representation and reasoning

– draft expected early 2001draft expected early 2001

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UML and DAML: ProjectsUML and DAML: Projects

• Projects investigating UML DAML issues:Projects investigating UML DAML issues:

– UML-based Ontology Toolset (UBOT)UML-based Ontology Toolset (UBOT)

• UML/XMI tools for DAML ontology development, webpage annotation UML/XMI tools for DAML ontology development, webpage annotation and formal consistency checkingand formal consistency checking

• http://ubot.lockheedmartin.com/http://ubot.lockheedmartin.com/

– Components for Ontology Driven Push (CODIP)Components for Ontology Driven Push (CODIP)

• DAML ontology development and fusion with Rose 2000DAML ontology development and fusion with Rose 2000

• dissemination of DAML messages via channels dissemination of DAML messages via channels

• http://grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/codip.htmlhttp://grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/codip.html

– Stanford Database GroupStanford Database Group

• OntoAgents - http://WWW-DB.Stanford.EDU/OntoAgents/OntoAgents - http://WWW-DB.Stanford.EDU/OntoAgents/

• Layered Approach to Information Modeling and InteroperabilityLayered Approach to Information Modeling and Interoperability

– http://www.interdataworking.com/converter/http://www.interdataworking.com/converter/

• Representing UML in RDFRepresenting UML in RDF

– http://www-db.stanford.edu/~melnik/rdf/uml/http://www-db.stanford.edu/~melnik/rdf/uml/

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UML and DAML: Process ExampleUML and DAML: Process Example

• Baseline ontology for businessBaseline ontology for business

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UML and DAML: Process ExampleUML and DAML: Process Example

• Extended ontology for e-commerceExtended ontology for e-commerce

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UML and DAML: Process ExampleUML and DAML: Process Example

• Translation to DAMLTranslation to DAML

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UML and DAML: Process ExampleUML and DAML: Process Example

• Graphical annotation:Graphical annotation:

– "Trey Clever is the CEO of the B2B company acronym.com"."Trey Clever is the CEO of the B2B company acronym.com".

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UML and DAML: Mapping UML and DAML: Mapping

• A UML profile:A UML profile:

– is a predefined set of stereotypes, taggedvalues, constraints and iconsis a predefined set of stereotypes, taggedvalues, constraints and icons

– tailors UML for a specific domain or processtailors UML for a specific domain or process

• Draft UML profile for DAML:Draft UML profile for DAML:

– primary goal - translate class diagrams into DAML ontologiesprimary goal - translate class diagrams into DAML ontologies

• assumption: purpose of model is to design a DAML ontology assumption: purpose of model is to design a DAML ontology

– secondary goal - translate DAML ontologies into class diagramssecondary goal - translate DAML ontologies into class diagrams

– future goal - translate legacy class diagrams into DAMLfuture goal - translate legacy class diagrams into DAML

– approach - use UML extensions sparingly approach - use UML extensions sparingly

– status - work in progress status - work in progress

• not all DAML concepts mapped to UMLnot all DAML concepts mapped to UML

– for more information see:for more information see:

• http://ubot.lockheedmartin.com/ubot/details/uml_to_daml.htmlhttp://ubot.lockheedmartin.com/ubot/details/uml_to_daml.html

• http://grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/DAML_UML/index.htmhttp://grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/DAML_UML/index.htm

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UML and DAML: OntologiesUML and DAML: Ontologies

• This model shows dependencies between ontologies.This model shows dependencies between ontologies.

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UML and DAML: Domain and RangeUML and DAML: Domain and Range

• Using explicit navigability and rolenamesUsing explicit navigability and rolenames

– DAML property: ageDAML property: age

• domain: Persondomain: Person

• range: Integerrange: Integer

– DAML property: mother-parentDAML property: mother-parent

• domain: Persondomain: Person

• range: Womanrange: Woman

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UML and DAML: Domain and RangeUML and DAML: Domain and Range

• Using name direction arrow and no rolenamesUsing name direction arrow and no rolenames

– DAML property: ageDAML property: age

• domain: Persondomain: Person

• range: Integerrange: Integer

– DAML property: motherDAML property: mother

• domain: Persondomain: Person

• range: Womanrange: Woman

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UML and DAML: subPropertyOfUML and DAML: subPropertyOf

• For simple hierarchy model subPropertyOf as:For simple hierarchy model subPropertyOf as:

– stereotyped dependency between 2 associationsstereotyped dependency between 2 associations

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UML and DAML: subPropertyOfUML and DAML: subPropertyOf

• For complex hierarchy model subPropertyOf as:For complex hierarchy model subPropertyOf as:

– generalization between stereotyped classes generalization between stereotyped classes

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UML and DAML: CardinalityUML and DAML: Cardinality

cardinality maxcardinality

mincardinality

UniqueProperty UnambiguousProperty

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ConclusionsConclusions

• Graphical modeling of DAML ontologies in UML appears to Graphical modeling of DAML ontologies in UML appears to be a promising approach.be a promising approach.

• Differences in the design goals and origins of UML and Differences in the design goals and origins of UML and DAML complicate the mapping.DAML complicate the mapping.

• We recommend that OMG initiate standards efforts related We recommend that OMG initiate standards efforts related to DAML when the DAML definition stabilizes (~mid 2001):to DAML when the DAML definition stabilizes (~mid 2001):

– standard UML profile for DAML standard UML profile for DAML

• consistent with UML profile for agentsconsistent with UML profile for agents

– each Domain Task Force should develop standard DAML each Domain Task Force should develop standard DAML ontologies ontologies