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Genuinenessoftheholyquran
:Writer
Ansariyan
:Publishedinprint
Ansariyan
:DigitalPublisher
Ghaemiyehcenterofcomputerizedresearches
7/29/2019 2550 en Isalat Quran
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Contents
Contents5
Genuinenessoftheholyquran8
ALuminary8
GenuinenessoftheHolyQuraninItsTextandItsArrangement10
explaination10
EverlastingChallenge10
Matchless
in
Authenticity
and
Genuineness12
AttachementtotheHolyQuranbyItsBelievers13
TheHolyProphetCommandedtoFollowtheDivineOrderinItsRecitationandArrangement13
ArrangedandWritteninCompleteBookFormintheHolyProphetsLife14
NoAdditions , NoOmissions , NoAlterations16
VarietiesOfRecitationDoNotMeanAdditionOrAlteration16
TheSameVersionReceivedtheOfficialAssentofthe 3rdCaliph17
part 117
part 219
StagesofRevelationoftheQuran21
QuranMadeEasy23
CausesofDoubts26
explaination26
part 126
part 230
part 333
part 437
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part 541
Evidences45
part 145
part 249
Traditions53
explaination53
CausesofDoubtsabouttheVersionRecognisedBythe 3rdCaliph55
part 155
part 258
part 362
part 466
part 569
part 673
Conclusion76
Shia , AntiShia&UltraShiaViews77
ShiaViews77
AntiShiasViews79
UltraShiaViews81
part 181
part 284
part 387
part 490
SayingsfromAhlulBaitandLeadingShiaScholars94
ShaikhKulaini96
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ShaikhSadooq97
ShaikhMufeed97
OtherShiaScholars98
TheVariousRecitationsoftheHolyQuran100
ConfusedArguments103
explaination103
Verse 2 : 142 andChangeofQibla104
Verse 2 : 234 andtheRequisitePeriodofIddah105
Verse 5 : 3 andtheCompletionoftheMessage106
Verse 33 : 33 andtheWivesoftheProphet107
Verses 42 : 23 andtheNearRealatives109
StupidInterpretationofVerse 42 : 23110
TheOnlyPossibleInterpretationofVerse 42 : 23111
TheFirmnessoftheChallenger112
LastSermonofCaliphOmar114
AStudyoftheBook: FaslulKhitab117
ENDNOTE119
About
Ghaemiyeh
center
of
computerized
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Genuinenessoftheholyquran
ALuminary
TheIntroductiontotheQuranistheoutcomeofdeepresearchbythegreatscholar
Late Haji Mirza Mehdi Pooya (no honorific can elevate a name now so eminent) . The
intellectualzealand intuitive insightofthismostprofoundandconstructivethinkerhave
elucidated logically Genuineness of the Quran , the meaning of Revelation ,
ExistenceofGod ,InevitabilityofFaith inDivineOccultation = thebirth , presence
disappearanceandreappearanceofthe 12thImam - the lastImam fromtheAhlulBait ,
ProgenyoftheHolyProphet - allthesearticlesoffaithbeing , basedontheQuran . He
completed this work in spite of continuous illhealth . The work had been reviewed
thoroughly by the eminent Judge , Late Justice Shahabuddin , former Chief Justice of
Supreme Court of Pakistan . Justice Shahabuddin was among the close friends ofAqa
Pooyawho imbibedthescholarlyexpositionoftheQuranbyAqa . Thisgreatscholar left
thisworld on 17th July 1973 = 16 JamaadAthThaani 1393H , (may theAlmighty further
elevatehisstation) . Hewasborn in 1317H . Inavery learned familyofYazd , Iran . His
father Hojjatol IslamAqai Mirza Mohammed Hassan and Grandfather HojjatolIslam
AqaMirzaMohammedJafarofYazdwerecelebratedscholarsoftheirtime , theformer
beingabrilliantstudentoftheShiaDivineSyedKazimTabatabaiYazdy , whointurnwas
thestudentofthelatter .AqaPooyareceivedhiseducationinYazd (Iran) andNajaf(Iraq)
. By the age of seven , he was learned inEuclid and other intricate mathematical
problemsofPythagoras . HewasthemostintelligentstudentofMujtahidAqaiNaini . The
sublimityofcalibreofthisyoungScholarwasrecognisedbyhisMujtahidwhowasdeeply
interested inhiscareer . However , AqaPooyadidnotstay inIraqandIran . Beingverysensitive , hewassoeffectedbytheunhappyconditionsprevailing inIraqandIranthat
hemigratedtoMadrasinundividedIndia . HisMujtahidAqaiNainiwasveryunhappyover
the migration of such a brilliant scholar and were it possible he would have ordained
religiousdecreetostophismigration . Hesethimselftothetaskof learningtheEnglish
languagethereandkeptsteadilytoittillheattainedasoundknowledgeofthelanguage .
ScholarsandpeopleinPakistanfoundcommonindebtednesstoAqaPooyaforhishaving
chosentosettledowninKarachiandenlighteningthosearoundhimbyhisConversations
and fortnightly religious discourses where one could discuss ones doubts and be
satisfied by Pooyas learned self . Association with him has given birth to learned
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scholars and famous orators . Many have been blessed by his piety , tolerance and
benevolence . He was one of those scholars who never raised an eyebrow at the
unbelieverpesteringhimwithhisproblemswhichwereattimeschildish , attimesserious
. Hewasallearsandalwayssuccessful inputtingthequestionerateaseandatshowing
himwheretheflawlayinhisreasoning . Problemsofeverydaylifetothemostscholasticones , were solved by him through recitation of relevant verses from the Quran with
explanations . In the eyes of the living Divines of Najaf and Iran , he is an accepted
authority on the interpretation and exposition of Quranic verses from esoteric and
exotericpointsofview .AqaPooyaneverneglectedhisdutiestowardsIslamicinstitutions
alloverPakistan , manyofwhichowe theirexistence tohim . Hisexplanatorynotes in
TranslationoftheQuranbyMirAhmedAliandhisbookFundamentalsofIslam
areamongthemonumentalworksofthisepoch . Hisoutstandingworkswillalwaysserve
asguidelinesnotonlytothescholarsbutallthoseinterestedinknowingandgraspingthe
meaningof Islam , universal truth , regardlessof theircreed , nationalityandsect . His
personality attracted Hindus , Christians , Parsees , and ChristianMissionaries from
abroad , who were left spellbound and overwhelmed with admiration at his sound
reasoningandclearexpositionofIslamthroughQuran , aspresentedbytheHolyProphet
andhisAhlulBait . Though thegreat luminaryhasphysicallydisappeared from the localscene , heretainsaposition inthehorizonandgenerations tocomewillbeenlightened
withtheraysofhis learning . Iamdutybound , according tothewishof theLateAqa
Pooya to offer thanks to Messrs . Habeeb Esmail Benevolent Trust , whose constant
servicesintheachievementofreligiousidealneednointroductionandMr . MushtaqAliK.
Laddhaniwhocarriedouthisworkdevotedly . Ifeelitismysupremefortunetohavehad
closeassociationwiththisbenefactor , thelateAqawhotaughtmeIslamanddispelledall
doubts relating to religionwhichwere theproductof theparticularwesternphilosophic
thoughtandenvioustendenciesofthetime . Notonlymyhumbleselfbutmy late loving
daughterNajiba (Mrs . SyedFidaiShabir) M . A . , LecturerofEnglishLiteratureS . M .
B . FatimaJinnahGirlsCollegewhopassedveryrecently fromthisworld inheryoung
age , hadalso learnedandgrasped the instructionsof the lateAqawhichunfolded the
outerandinneraspectsoftheQuranandteachingsoftheHolyProphetandhisAhlulBait .
She had been cooperating with her humble and assiduous labour during Aqas
academic productions . She endeavoured to disseminate Aqas views through his
writingsonvariousoccasions , (mayAllahblesshersoul) . At theend , I requestall the
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readerstoobservetheirreligiousobligationandprayforLateAqaPooyaselevationof
station in thepermanentabode , forhisgreatservices to thecauseof Islam . Karachi .
1974 Syed Mohammed Murtaza Note The present treatise , Genuineness of the
Quran is a part ofIntroduction to the Quran . This is being published as an
independent treatiseasasubstitute to thearticleOriginalityandgenuinenessof theQuran in its text and arrangement which is a part of introductionof the Quran
. translatedbyMr . MirAhmedAli . Itwasreviewedandrewrittenforvariousreasons
Genuineness oftheHolyQuraninItsTextandItsArrangement
explaination
Verily , thosewhodisbelieveintheReminderwhenitcomethuntothem ,Andverily 41 : 41it (Quran) isaBookUnassailable . 41 : 42 Shallcomenotnighitfalsehoodfrombeforeitnor
frombehindit : arevelationfromtheAllWise , theMostPraisedOne .Anoverwhelming
majorityofscholarsofallschoolsofthought inIslamagreethattheHolyQuran , as it is
now , in our hands , was rendered in writing under the command and the personal
supervisionof theHolyProphethimself , and thatnoaddition , omissionoralteration ,
whatsoever , evertookplaceinit . ButafewtraditionalistsofSunniaswellasShiaschools
who were invariably influenced more by the letter of all sorts of traditions (whether
authenticorinauthentic) thanbyreasonandhistoricalfacts , haveheldadifferentviewto
theeffectthatsomeomissionsandalterationshadtakenplaceaftertheHolyProphet ,
andbefore theofficialassentwasgiven to thepresentversionbyCaliphUthman . The
advocates of this view never succeeded in establishing this theory by any reliable
evidenceandargument . Ourattempthereisto : 1. pointoutthecausesofthistheory; 2.
evaluatethetraditionsputforwardinsupportofthetheory; 3. assesstheinternalandthe
external evidence of historical value on this subject; 4. establish what the Muslims are
requiredtobelieveabouttheHolyQuranfromthereligiouspointofview . Beforedealing
withthesubjectindetailundertheaboveheadings , thefollowingpointshavenecessarily
. tobekeptinview
EverlastingChallenge
By Quran , we mean the rhythmic and recitative verses , phrases , sentences and the
chaptersutteredbytheHolyProphetofIslam , notashisownwording , butasverbatim
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Book of God , revealed to him , and which he proclaimed as his Everlasting Miracle
bearing testimony of his Prophethood and with which he challenged not only theArab
individuals of his time , who doubted the Divine origin of the Quran , but also the
individuals , ArabornonArab , whomaydoubt infuture itsorigin . Heevenchallenged
InsandJinsasawholeeversince itsutteranceuptotheResurrectionDaytojoinhandsandbringalikeofit , ortenchaptersofit , evenasinglechapterifpossible . 2 : 23 Ifye
be indoubtaboutwhatWehavesentdownuntoOurServant (Mohammed) Produceye
thenasurah (Chapter) likeunto it , andcallyeyourwitnessesotherthanGod , ifyebe
truthful . 2 : 24 But ifyedo (it) not , andnevershallyedo (it) thenguardye (yourselves)
against the (Hell) fire whose fuel shall be the people and stones , Prepared for the
disbelievers . 10 : 37 AndthisQuranisnotsuchastobeforgedby (anyone) besidesGod ,
but it is a confirmation of (the scriptures) that went before it and (the clearest)
explanationoftheBook, thereisnodoubtinit , (itis) fromtheLordoftheworlds 10 : 38 Or
do theysay : He (ApostleMohammed) hath forged it? "Say thou! Bringye thena
chapter likeunto itandcallon (toyouraid) whomsoeveryecan , besidesGod , ifyebe
truthful . " 10 : 39 Nay , theybeliedthatwhichtheycomprehendednotwiththeknowledge
ofitandtheexplanationof itcamenotuntothemeventhusdidbeliethosebeforethem
seethenwhatwastheendoftheunjustones . 11 : 13 Ordotheysay . "He (Ourapostle)hath forged it . "Say thou! Bringye then tensuras likeunto it forged , andcallye (to
youraid) whomsoeveryecanbesidesGod , ifyebetruthful . " 11 : 14 Theniftheyanswer
yenot , thenknowyethatthis (Quran) isrevealed (only) byGodsknowledge , andthat
thereisnogodbutHe! Willyethensubmit (andbeMuslimsnow? ) 17 : 88 Saythou"Even)
ifmenandthejinngetunited (withtheobject) thattheybringthelikeofthisQuran , they
wouldbringnotthelikeofit , eventhoughsomeofthemtotheothersbehelpers . "And
Variousotherverses . Thischallengehethrewtothepeoplenotonlyofaparticularage
butofalltimes . TheotherutterancesandsayingoftheHolyProphetarealsorevelations
from God but they are not included in the above definition as they are not part of the
Quraninrespectofwhichhechallengedtheworld . TheseareknownasSacredtraditions
= AhaadeetheQudsiyya which are so numerous and
abundantthatifcollectedtogethertheywouldnotbelessthanthesizeoftheHolyQuran
ifnotmore (videDivisionofRevelation - The introduction to theQuran . Their
popularityandauthenticity , innorespectoraspect , aremorethanthatofothergenuine
but solitary reports containing the sayings of the Holy Prophet . This definition also
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excludesthewords , phrasesorsentencesrevealedtotheHolyProphetasexplanatory
notes , inbetweencertainverses , butnot for recitation . of the revealednotesof this
type , somearesopeculiar that if theybe takenaspartof the textof theQuran , the
rhythmicandrecitativetoneoftheversewouldbedisturbed . Thusgrantingthetruthof
certain reports pointing out some words or phrases not found in the Quran asrevealed , inbetweensomeverses , theydonotnecessarilymeanthatthewordsor
phrasesinquestionwerepartofthetextforrecitation . Inotherwords , itistruethatthe
Quranasawholeorpartisrevealed , butitisnottruethatwhateverwasrevealedisthe
Quranorpartof it . Forexample , therearecertainreportsnarratedbysomeSunniand
Shianarratorsthatin 4 : 24 whereintemporarymarriageisdealtwith , itwassaidthat (x)
was found there in the collections ofAbdullah bnMasood . 4 : 24 Then as to those
whomyouprofitby , givethemtheirdowriesasappointed 44 : 24 Thenastothosewhom
youprofitbyFORFIXEDPERIOD , givethemtheirdowriesasappointed 8Thesaidphrase
wasundoubtedlyrevealed , notasapartofrecitativeQuranbutasanexplanatorynote;
this isthereasonwhy itwasnotfound inanyothercollectionexcept inthatofAbdullah
bnMasood . All the Muslim commentators agree that the passage deals with the
legislation relating to temporary marriage . According toAbdullah bnMasood , the
reason for recordingandreciting thisexplanatoryphrasewas thatthe rulerof thetimehad issued an ordinance prohibiting the temporary marriage and as a protest , bn
Masood used to mention this phrase , so that nobody could deny the legislation
regarding temporary marriage . Any report that suggests addition or omission or
alterationofsomewordsorphraseswhichisinconsistentwiththerhythmicandrecitative
toneofthetextshouldbeeitherrejectedorinterpretedasmeaningsomethingoutofthe
text . For example , Bukhari reports that one of the companions of the Prophet ,
AboDarda , usedtoconsiderthephraseWaMaKhalaqaasanadditionnotfound in
92 : 3 but the rhythmicalconsistencyof thepresentversionwith thisphrase is thebest
proofagainst the reportofAboDarda , whichmaybeanoutcomeofhis imaginationor
thatofsomesubsequentreporters . 92 : 3Andthecreatingofthemaleandthefemale 492
: 3 And themaleand the female 8Moreover it is theconsensusofopinionof theMuslim
scholarsthatnothinghasbeenaddedtothetext . Thisdefinitiongivenabove , needsto
. bekeptinviewthroughoutthediscussionabouttheHolyQuran
MatchlessinAuthenticityandGenuineness
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Of the religious recordsofhistoricalvaluewhetherpreIslamic[1] orpostIslamic , in
our hands , no document can ever compete with the Holy Quran in authenticity and
genuineness . Noneof thehistorical recordsand reportswhich theMuslimsclaim tobe
themostauthenticandgenuine , beitofanyschoolofthoughtviz . theSehaaheSitta
of Sunnis or the Kutb Arbaa of Shiascanclaimcontinuouspopularity in thesenseofbein
withinthereachofeveryMuslimfromhisearliestagetohisdeath inanydegreeaswas
theHolyQuran;andnotraditionwasconsideredso importantastomakeeveryMuslim
child learn , recite and memorise it word by word with the utmost grammatical
. correctnessandphoneticperfectionasinthecaseoftheHolyQuran
AttachementtotheHolyQuranbyItsBelievers
Theabovementioned importanceandcareattachedtotheHolyQuranbyeveryMuslim
was not a matter of any subsequent period The Muslims were attracted to the Holy
Quran , as the wordof God from the time of its revelation to theholyProphet andhis
recitationtothepeople . TheHolyQuranitselffromthetimeofitsrevelationencouraged
thepeople invariousways to learn , read , reciteandmemorise itand toponderover
everywordandmindfullylistenwhenbeingrecited . Whenonerecitesit , oneshouldfirst
get ready to do it by withdrawing ones self from everything which would cause the
leastdiversionofthoughtordistractionofattention . 7 : 204AndwhentheQuranisrecited
then ye listen to it and be attentive , that mercy be done unto you . 16 : 98 And when
. recitestthoutheQuran , seekthourefugewithGodfromSatantheaccursed
TheHolyProphetCommandedtoFollowtheDivineOrderinItsRecitationandArrangement
The importance of the Quran attached by its DivineAuthor and believers : the Holy
ProphetwascommandedbyGodnottobe inhaste intherecitationorthearrangement
oftheHolyQuranbuttofollowtheDivineorder inbothrespects . This indicatesthatthe
arrangementneednotbeaccordingtothedateoftherevelationwithwhichwewilldeal
later . Inshort , thestudentsoftheHolyQurancanrealisetheamountofimportanceand
care which has been attached to the Holy Text by its DivineAuthor , and as a natural
consequenceof itbytheMuslims , whorightlybelievethatGod istheAuthorofthe
HolyQuran . 76 : 16 (0 OurApostleMohammed!) Movenotthytonguewithit (theQuran)
inhaste! 76 : 17 VerilyonUs isthecollectionof itandtherecitalof it! 76 : 18 SowhenWe
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haverecitedit , thenfollowthoutherecital! 76 : 19 AgainitisonUstheexplainingofit! 20 :
114 Highaboveall isGod , theKing , the (SelfExistent) Truth ;Andhastennot (OOur
ApostleMohammed!) withtheQuranere itscompleteduntothee itsrevelation , Andsay
thou;"OmyLord! increaseme inknowledge"Thustheypaytheutmostdevotiontothe
HolyBookandcarryout theordersas requiredof them . Theyhavebeen learningandmakingtheirchildrenlearnitandtheywerekeentoputitintowriting . TheMuslimsinthe
lifetime of the Holy Prophet were taught and educated to learn the Holy Quran as
Ibaadat = Devotion , toreciteitasIbaadat , towriteitdownasIbaadat , to
teachothersandmakethemreadandlearnitbyheartandunderstanditasIbadat .
TheybecamesofamiliarwithitthattheyusedtheversesoftheHolyQuranintheirdaily
conversationtotheextentthatsomeofthemashistoryrecords , neverusuallyusedany
. word , phraseorsentenceintheirlifeotherthanthatoftheHolyQuran
ArrangedandWritteninCompleteBookFormintheHolyProphetsLife
TheHolyQurandeclaresthattheteachingoftheBookandtheactofwritingareamong
themainobjectsoftheadventoftheHolyProphetanditconsidersthepenasthemeans
ofeducatingmanevenwhenGod istheteacher . 68 : 1 (N) bythePenandbywhatthey
write , 96 : 4 (He) whotaught (towrite) withthePen , 96 : 5 (He) taughtmanwhatheknew
not! The Holy Quran commands people to write down in their business and other
transactionstheiragreementsandkeepwitnessestoavoiddoubtsanddisputeslateron .
Withallthesefactsestablishedabove , isitpossiblethattheAuthoroftheQuran (Allah) ,
who attaches so much importance to others writing down even the affairs of their
business , didnotcare forhavingHisownworkwrittendown towhichHEattachedso
much importance and which HE revealed as the Book containing the fundamental
principlesof truthandjustice , the finaland theuniversalDivineMessage , not forany
sectionofhumanityorforany limitedtimebutforthehumanraceasawholeandforall
time inallpartsoftheearth?Inverse 6 : 91 , theQuranblamestheJewsforhavingput
the book revealed to Moses in fragmentary form exhibiting some parts of it and
suppressingtheothers . 6 : 91 TheyesteemnotGodwiththeestimationduetoHimwhen
theysay : "NothingdidGodsenddownuntoman!"Say (0 OurApostleMohammed!) "Who
(then) diditsenddowntheBookwhichMosesbrought?alightandaguidancetomankind
,Yemake (transcribe) itintopapers (whereonyepublish (apart) andconcealyemuch (of
it)! andyeweretaughtwhatyeknewnot , neitheryounoryourfathers;Saythou! "God!"
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thenleavethemsportingintheirvaindiscourses . ItisunthinkablethatGodleftHisBook,
in the fragmentary and unarranged form when He blames the Jews for doing so in
respectofthebookofMoses .Ali (A . S . ) tellsus :Nay , Duringthegradualrevelationof
theQurannochapter , verse , sentence , phrase , word , letterwas revealedwhich the
HolyProphetdidnotrecitetomeandmademereciteandthendictatetome . Iwroteitinitsproperplaceasordered . Hedictatedtomenotonlythe textbutalso thenecessary
explanatorynotesaboutthedate , circumstancesandtheimplicationsofeveryverseand
chapter . Besides this , he (theHolyProphet) taughtmethousandkeynotestothe inner
meaningoftheQuran;eachkeynote leadingtoanotherthousandkeynotesandfurther
inner meanings and so on . Is it possible that when the Quran with its revealed
commentarywasdictatedtoAli (A . S . ) bytheHolyProphetandwaswrittenbyAli (A . S . )
inhisownhandwriting , thetextoftheQuran in itsrecitativemiraculousformwhichhad
tobeplacedwithinthereachofeverybodywas leftunwrittenorwritten infragmentary
form?Anyimpartialreasonableperson , beheaMuslimornonMuslimwouldcertainly
giveashisverdict , beyondanydoubt , thattheQuran , asdefinedabove , wasput into
writingandcollectedandarrangedunder thesupervisionof theHolyProphet (S . A . ) .
Theclaimofanyschoolofthoughtthatthetext inquestionwascollectedandarranged
by anyone after the demise of the Prophet is absolutely unfounded . The termMushaf= collectionusedthendidnotmeanthetextonly . Itmeanttext
with commentary or explanatory notes . That collection also had been made by the
recognizedteachers , monthsbeforethedemiseoftheHolyProphet (S .A . ) .Andasitwill
beseen later the recognized teachers refused tohandover theircollection to the then
ruling parties , and so the ruling parties decided to dispense with the then existing
collectionsandprepare theirown . It is recorded inbooksof traditionsandhistory that
the young Zaid bnThaabit was selected for the task . No record of historical value
showsthatAli (A . S . ) orotherrecognizedteachersoftheQurantookpart inthisofficial
collection; on the contrary each of them engaged himself independently in producing
copiesof theircollectionsofexplanatorynatureaccording to their tasteandability . [2]
NeitherthesocalledcollectionofAli , preparedafterthedemiseoftheHolyProphet , not
his formercollectionmadeduring the lifeof theHolyProphetwas seenbyanyperson
otherthanthechosenmembersoftheFamilyoftheHolyProphet =AhlulBait . Theofficial
collectionpreparedbyZaidbnThaabitundertheorderofthefirstCaliphalsoremained
unpublished during the reigns of the first and second Caliphs and the first of the third
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Caliphs rule . But during this period the text of the Quran left by the Holy Prophet
amongthepeoplealongwithAhlulBaitgotthepublicityandpopularitytosuchanextent
thatnobodycoulddaretotamperwiththetextbyomission , additionoralterationofthe
arrangement . All thatcouldbedonewasonly to tamperwith the interpretationof the
. existingtext
NoAdditions ,NoOmissions ,NoAlterations
TheauthenticityandthegenuinenessoftheversionoftheHolyQurannowinourhands ,
in thesense that it is in theverywordswhichwereutteredby theHolyProphet , isso
evidentthatnoMuslimscholarofanystandardhaseverdoubted itsgenuinenessorthe
factthateachandevery letter , wordorsentence , verseorchapterwasutteredbythe
HolyProphet , asthepartoftheQuran . Inotherwordstheversionwehaveinourhands ,
isundoubtedlytheQuranasrecitedbytheHolyProphet . TothequestionofTalha ,Is
allthisinourhandsQuran (revealedfromGod) ?Alisanswerwas :Allthatisinour
hands (withinthereachofthepeople) isQuran (revealedfromGod) and inthis (which is
available to all) is the proofof our right over the peopleand their duty to obey us .
Howeverthedisputeremainsaboutomissionsandalterationsinthearrangementandin
. someletteringandnotaboutanyadditionsatall
VarietiesOfRecitationDoNotMeanAdditionOrAlteration
Thisdisputedissueshouldnotbeconfusedwiththequestionofdifferentrecitationsi . e .
varieties of recitation do not mean addition or alteration . The alterations or the
alternativesgivenbysomecommentators regardingsome lettering , pronunciationand
some words of the Holy Book whichdo not effect any substantial change either in the
meaningorinthesignificanceofthephrasesorthesentenceswillbedealtwithunderthe
variety of the recitations of the same words; such as , Malike and Maalike
Inshort , inspiteofsomesolitarytraditions , theMuslimworldthroughoutthe
ageshasbeenunanimousthatnothinghasbeenaddedtotheHolyQuranwhichisnowin
ourhands . AllreligiousrecordsotherthantheHolyQuran , IslamicornonIslamicare
suspected of containing passages , paragraphs and even chapters which have been
added to the original work . Having in view this irrefutable authenticity and the
genuinenessoftheHolyQuran , theHolyProphetofIslamandhiscompanionsand the
scholarsofthesubsequentgenerationsareunanimousthattheHolyQuranistobetaken
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asthestandardandthecriterionfortheverificationofalltheotherreligiousrecords , be
these Islamic or nonIslamic . Any narration , attributing an utterance , action or
endorsementtotheHolyProphetortheHolyImamsofhisHouse , ifinconsistentwiththe
HolyQuranistobeconsideredasspuriousandunacceptable . Thiscriterionforaccepting
or rejectinganarrationor traditionhasbeendeclaredby theHolyProphet , Ali , HasanandHusainandthesucceedingnineImamsoftheHolyHouse[3] . ItmeansthattheQuran
as the standard and the criterion for the verification of falsehood or truth of other
religious statements , reports and narrations , existed within the reach of the public
. throughouttheperiod
TheSameVersionReceivedtheOfficialAssentofthe 3rdCaliph
part 1
There is no dispute or doubt that the Quran in our hands is the same version which
receivedtheofficialassentoftheThirdCaliph .Allthathasbeenormaybesaidaboutthe
omission , additionorsubstantialalterationallegedtohavetakenplace intheQuran , (in
the arrangement of the words and phrases in the verses and chapters or the
arrangementofthechapterstogether) relatestotheperiodbetweenthedemiseofthe
HolyProphetandtheofficialassentgiventothepresentversionbytheThirdCaliph . As
alreadypointedout , theHolyQuranwascurrentand inuseduringthe lifetimeofthe
HolyProphetamongtheMuslimsthroughoutthethenMuslimworld . Thebelievers , men
and women , and even the children were ardently desirous of learning and being in
possession of the Word and the Book of God by all means possible , by writing and
preparingacollectionof itor learning itbyheart . Besides the fact that theQuranwas
popular among the people in general , there were Ali bnAbiTaalib , Jafar
bnAbiTaalibandtheiradherents , afewchosenscholars , amongtheearlyMuslims
towhomtheHolyProphethadentrustedthedutyofrecordingthenandtheretheQuran
asitwasrevealed , andrecitedbyhim . TheywereAbdullahbnMasoodandMasab
bnOmairof theearliestMuslims inMeccaandObaibnKabamongst theAnsars =
earliestadherents inMadina , MaazbnJabal , SalimMawlaHuzaifaandothers like
KhabbabbnArth , whowasteachingUmarssisterandherhusbandontheoccasion
whenUmarcame tokill thembutgotoverpoweredby the fascinationof recitedverses
and was thus converted to Islam . Jafar bnAbiTaalib was the head of the early
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Muslimswhohad migrated toAbyssinia , and he wasa student of the Quran revealed
uptodate;andMasabbnOmairwassenttoMadinatoteachtheQurantothepeople
beforethemigrationoftheHolyProphettothatcity . TheyusedtorecordtheQuran in
writingunder thedirectcommandand thepersonalsupervisionof theHolyProphet , in
his very presence , immediately it was revealed , putting each part of it in its relevantplace as directed by the Holy Prophet . They recited their manuscripts to him (Holy
Prophet) onthespotandalsomanytimesafterwardsandobtainedhisapproval . These
scribes were considered to be in charge of teaching the Quran to others . They were
consideredasthescribesoftheHolyBookfromwhomtheMuslimsdirectlyor indirectly
learnedtheQuranduringthe lifetimeoftheHolyProphetandthereafter . Thesepeople
andthousandsofprominentcompanionswereinterestedinlearningtheHolyQuranand
itscommentary .AmongtheprominentscholarsoftheQuran ,AbdullahbnAbbaaswas
oneoftheeminentthoughhewasayoungcompanionoftheProphet . Hewasalsooneof
thedisciplesofAli . Eventheparty inpowerandtheirdignitarieshadto learntheQuran
fromAbdullah bnAbbaas (vide Bukhari : Chapter Stoning The PregnantAdulteress =
Rajme Hubla) The dignitaries of Quraish , during the later period of the second Caliph
werelearningtheQuranfromAbdullahbnAbbaas . OneofthemwasAbdurRahmaan
bnAuf whose political importance was evident from the fact that the second Caliphgavehim thecastingvote in thedeliberationsof thecommitteeappointed tonominate
the Third caliph . Most of these recognised scholars of the Quran lived throughout the
period interveningbetweenthedemiseoftheHolyProphetandtheofficialassentgiven
byCaliphOthmaan to thepresentversion . Thesepeople taught theQuran throughout
the lengthandbreadthofthefastexpandingMuslimEmpire . Peopleofvariousraces ,
creedsanddifferentshadesofopinionwhohadembracedIslamlearnedtheQuranfrom
those early Muslims by heart and had put it down in writing for their own use . The
popularityoftheQuranamongtheMuslimsisevidentfromthereportthatinthebattleof
Yamama , which took place only about six months after the demise of the Holy
Prophet , sevenhundredHuffaaz - thosewho learnedQuranbyheart - werekilled ina
single days fight . So in view of the widespread popularity of the Quran among the
Muslimseversinceitsrevelationandtheallouteffortsofthefaithfulmen , womenand
childrentoacquaintthemselveswith itsprecisewordings , noreportaboutanywording
of the Quran being different in quantity (i . e . , being more or less) or in quality (i . e .
pronunciation and arrangement) from the wording of the Quran in hand could have
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escapedthenoticeofallitsadmirersexceptasolitarypersonorafewmoreothersoutof
thousands . Iftherewereany letter , word , phrase , sentence , verseorchapterand its
ordinalpositiondifferentfromthoseoftheversioninhandtheywouldhavebeenknown
toavery largenumberofpeople ineverygeneration . Anyreportabout thewordingof
theQuran lackingthestrengthoftheevidenceofthereporters in largenumberscannotbetruejustas theeclipseofthesunatmidday in theclearskyofaparticular region
cannottakeplaceandbeknownonlytoaveryfewoutofthousandsofinhabitants . This
argument aiming at the negation of certain event on the basis of the absence of its
necessarypropertyorthenecessaryassociateoftheeventwillfrequentlybereferredto
inthecourseofourdiscussionabouttheQuran inhandasthestrongestevidenceof its
genuineness . TherearesolitaryreportsaboutcertainwordsofFaatehatualKitaabbeing
different from thewords in theversion inhande . g . insteadofWalazZaaleensome
reports say it was Ghair azZaaleen . Reports stating that this small chapter , the
recitation of which twice in each of the daily five times prayer is compulsory , was
differentinwordingfromthepresentversioncannotberelieduponatall . 1 : 7 Thepathof
thoseuponwhomThouhastbestowed favors . Not (thepath) ofthoseuponwhomThy
wrath isbroughtdown , norofthosewhogoastray 41 : 7 Siratamananamtaalaihim ,
ghairl Maghzoobe alaihim wa gahiriz Zaaleen 8Undoubtedly the Quran was existingduringthelifetimeoftheHolyProphetintheformofanarrangedBookasapprovedby
the Holy Prophet himself . From the saying of the Holy Prophet : Jibreel had placed
beforemetheQuranforreviewonceayearand inthe lastyearofministryhe (Jibreel)
. didsotwicewhichindicatedthatthetimeofmydeparturewascloseathand
part 2
It is quite evident that (a) both the DivineAuthor and the Holy Prophet were so very
carefulabouttheQuranthatnoalterationofanykindwhatsoevercouldhavebeenmade
in itbyanyoneand (b) thattheQuranreceived itscompletearrangementandordernot
laterthanabouttwomonthsbeforethedemiseoftheHolyProphet . It iswithreference
tothisrevealedBookwhichexisted inthecompleteformwithinthereachofthepeople
thattheHolyProphetaddressinghisfollowersdeclared :OPeople! Iamleavingamong
youTwopreciousthingstowhichifyeadhere , nevershallyegoastrayi . e . , theBookof
God and my AhlulBait
:
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ItwaswithreferencetothecompleteBookofGodinthe
handsofMuslimsCaliphUmardaredtosayHasbonaKitaaballah = Sufficientisforusthe
BookofGodatthedemiseoftheHolyProphetwhenhe
askedforpenandinktowritehiswillinwhichhewantedtoreiterateAlibeingHojjat - the
SupremeAuthorityafterhim - butwasrefused (videHadeethQirtaas) . Thisprovesbeyond all doubts that while the Holy Prophet was alive , a version of the Quran in its
complete and duly arranged form was in existence among the people and within the
reachofthecommonman , andsoalsoweretheAhlulBaitwhowerereferredtobythe
HolyProphetasoneofthetwogreatthingshewas leaving , theothergreatthingbeing
the Quran . Otherwise references to the Book of God in these declarations become
meaningless . DoubtingtheexistenceoftheQuraninacompleteandwellarrangedbook
form , within the reachof these , addressingwhom theHolyProphethadsaid , Iam
leavingamongyou . . . , islikedoubtingtheexistenceoftheDivinedeclarationinaclear
and unequivocal form about the person who should succeed the Holy Prophet as the
supreme authority in Islam , whose words should be final in any dispute and doubt
concerning theouteror inneraspectof Islam . Doubts relating to thegenuinenessand
supremeauthoritativestatusoftheQuranandthedeclaredsupremeauthoritativestatus
ofAhlulBaitunderminetheveryfoundationofthefaith . Suchdoubts implythattheHolyProphetwhoclaimedtobethe last intheorderofthemessengersofGodhas leftthese
two vital issues to be finalised and decided by the wishes of the new converts whose
susceptibilitytoreversiontotheoldpagancultandpracticeshasbeenreferredtobythe
QuranasawarningtotheProphet . 25 : 30 Andshallsay (out) theApostle (thatday) "My
Lord , verilymypeoplehaveheldthisQuranasavainforsakenthing! Inotherwords , to
doubtthegenuinenessoftheQuran isto insinuatethattheHolyProphetwhohadcome
tocompleteandfinalisetheDivinemissionthathadstartedwiththeadventofAdamso
thatafterhimtherewouldbenopleaandargumentforexcuseformenagainstGod , in
theircontroversies - 4 : 165 (Wesent) apostlesasgiversofgladtidingsandwarnersthat
theremaynotremainanyargumentforpeopleagainstGod , after (thecomingof) these
apostles , - neglectedthecompleteandfinalsettlementofthemostimportantissuesand
thuslaidthefoundationofallthelatercontroversiesinIslam . Suchneglectonthepartof
the Holy Prophet was not only improbable but also unthinkable , as his message is
universalandallcomprehensive . Asamatterof factsuchneglect isnot likelyeven in
thecaseofanaveragemanofwisdomwhostarts , anordinarymovementofpoliticalor
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socialvalue . Forthemeresakeofargument , somemaysay , thattheHolyProphetinhis
saying : I am leaving among you the two precious things , the Book of God and my
AhlulBaitreferredtowhatpeoplehadlearntbyheartandthefragmentsoftheleaves ,
woods , bones and papers , on which the Quran used to be written at the time of its
revelation . Such an interpretation of the words of the Holy Prophet which he utteredwhen declaring the final and supreme authority after him , is as stupid as the
interpretationthatthewordMawlausedbytheHolyProphet , atthedeclarationof
GhadeereKhum , meantfriend . Therewasnoneedofsuchadeclaration ifthe
intentionoftheHolyProphetwastorepeatAliasamerefriendatGhadeer . Similarlyitis
notpossiblethathereferredtoapileofunarrangedorscatteredfragmentsastheBook
of God without saying anything definite about the quality , quantity and the would be
arrangementofthebookandthemethodofgivingafinalshapetothosefragmentsasa
completebookandthosewhoweretoundertakethetask. Ifhe (theHolyProphet) bythe
word Book of God , meant the fragments in question , and not a proper book then he
wouldhavesaidaccordingtotheShiapointofview , thathehad lefttheBookofGod in
fragmentaryconditionwithAli , leaving it tohim togive itthe finalshapeasorderedby
God , and that people should receive the Quran fromAli only; or he would have said ,
accordingtoSunnipointofview , thathehadlefttheQuraninafragmentaryconditioninthe memory of the people and on the fragments of leaves , bones , hides , wood and
paperhereandtherewiththepeople , andthatitwasthedutyofthemaninpowerafter
himtoundertakeorentrusttoareliablepersonthetaskofdoingtheneedfulbygetting
allthescatteredfragmentsandputtingthemtogether inaparticularformofaBook . In
short , todoubttheexistenceoftheQuraninadefinitebookformwithinthereachofthe
peopleandtheexistenceofclearandunobscuredeclarationaboutalivingauthorityside
by side of the Quran as its interpreter and infallible exponent to be followed by all , is
nothingshortofdoubting , notonlytheProphethoodofthefounderofIslambutevenhis
. wisdom , whichtheworstofhisenemiescouldnotdeny
StagesofRevelationoftheQuran
TheQuranclaimsseveralstagesof itsexistence : 1. AprerevealedexistencewithGod
intheLawhMahfooz - ProtectedTablet - andinKitaabeMaknoon - HiddenBook. 56 :
77 Verily it isQuranhonourable , 56 : 78 Inabookthat isprotected 56 : 79 Toucheth itnot
save the purified ones . 2. A revealed form taught to the Holy Prophet when he was
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createdbygiftinghimthepowerofexpression . 55 : 1 (God) , TheBeneficent , 55 : 2 Taught
HetheQuran . 55 : 3 Hecreatedman , 55 : 4 HetaughthimExpression . 3. Awellarranged
(Chapterwise) formrevealedtotheheartofHolyProphet (Mohammed) initstotalityat
onetimeontheEsteemedNight inthemonthofRamazaan . 97 : 1 InthenameofAllah ,
theBeneficent , theMercifulVerily . Wesentit (theQuran) downintheNightofQadr! 97 : 2WhatcanmaketheeknowwhattheNightofQadris? 97 : 3 TheNightofQadris
better than a thousand month 97 : 4 TheAngels and the Spirit descend therein by the
permissionoftheirLord , with (decrees) ofallaffairs . 97 : 5 Peace is (thewholeNight) till
thebreakingofthedown! 44 : 2 BytheManifestingBook(Quran) . 44 : 3 VerilyWesent it
downonaBlessedNight 44 : - verilyWehaveeverbeenwarning - 44 : 4 Thereinaremade
distinctallwiseaffairs , 44 : 5 (Becoming) acommandfromuntoUs; 44 : Verily , Wearethe
senders (of mercy and peace) 44 : 6 A mercy from thy Lord; 44 : Verily , He is the
AllHearing , theAllKnowingThese threestagesshouldbe takenas referring to the
stages of God teaching the Holy Prophet and acquainting him with the Quran . 4. The
stage of gradual revelation of the Quran with which the Holy Prophet was already
wellacquainted; in thisstage the revelationof theQuranpartbypartwasmeant for
recitationtothepeople 17 : 106 AnditisQuranwhichWehaveapportioneditsothatthou
mayestreciteituntothepeoplewithdeliberation (bydegrees) , andWehavesentitdown, gradually in portions . It was in this stage of recitation that the first five verses of
Chapter . 46 knownasAlaqorIqrawererevealed . ThefirstchapteroftheQuran
named Faatehatual Kitaab (the opening Chapter of the Holy Book , the Quran) was
revealed for recitation later . In this stage of revelation the circumstances would
necessitatequotationand recitationof somechaptersorverses (fromchapters) not in
accordancewiththeorderofthepreviousarrangement . Aportionofonechapterwould
be recited earlier and the other portion would remain to be recited later on . In this
intervalfewotherchaptersorportionsofthesewererevealedforrecitation . 5. Thestage
ofpostgradualrevelationwhereintheQuranwastaughttobeplacedwithinthereach
of Jinns and Ins as an everlasting guidance and challenging miracle . Postgradual
revelationbeginsinthelastyearofHolyProphetsministry . TheHolyProphetsaidthat
Jibreel used to place the Quran before him every year but this year he placed twice
before him as it was Holy Prophets last year in this material world . It was
approximately threemonthsbefore theHolyProphets repeateddeclaration : Iam
leavingamongyou twoprecious things : thebookofGodandmyAhlulBait . Having
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thesestages inview , it isobviousthatthearrangementofthepostgradualrevelation
shouldbeinaccordancewiththeorderoftheQuranofpregradualrevelationandnotin
accordancewiththeorderofthedateof itsgradualrevelation , becausecircumstances
maynecessitateanearlierrecitationofaportionoraverseorachapterwhichmightbe
thenext intheorderoftheprerevealedarrangement . ThefactthatthearrangementoftheQuranofpostgradualrevelationshouldbe inaccordancewiththepergradual
revelation , discardingthedateofgradualrevelation , issupportedbytheQuran : 76 : 17
VerilyonUs isthecollectionof itandthe recitalof it! andbythenarrationsand reports
which indicate that the Holy Prophet used to order the Scribes to place the revealed
verses of different rhythmical pitch in the relevant particular chapters , and that the
Quran was revised by Jibreel twice in the last year of his (the Prophets) ministry .
Therefore , the place and the date of revelation have not the slightest bearing on the
order of arrangement of the Quran in postgradual revelation . What we find in the
beginningofeverychapterwrittenaboutthedateandplaceofrevelationsuchasMakki ,
MadaniandnumberofversesineachchapterarenotpartoftheQuran . Thesearewhat
people had marked out for their own reference . Thus it is not correct to consider the
presentplacingoftheMadaniChaptersbeforeMakkiandviceversaasasignofdisorder
. andlackofproperarrangement
QuranMadeEasy
Althoughthereisnoproblemofanytheologicalvalue , theoreticalorpractical , whichthe
Quranhasnotdealtwith , and itsurpassesallscripturalrecordsofpreorpostIslamic
ages in theabundantvarietyof itscontents , yet itsmethodofapproach , presentation
andsolution isexclusivelyunique in itself . Itneverdealswithany topic in thecommon
systematicwayusedbyanyauthoroftheologyorevenbyanyapostolicwriter . Onthe
contrary , itexpresslysaysthatithasadoptedaspecialmanifoldmethodofitsownwhich
may be termed asTasreefi i . e . display of varieties or changing the topics and
shifting from one subject to another or reverting to the previous one and repeating
deliberatelyandpurposefullyoneandthesamesubject inuniqueandpeculiarrhythmic
andrecitativeformstofacilitatetheunderstanding , learningandrememberingofit : 17 :
89 Andcertainlywehaveusedvariousarguments formen in theQuran , everykindof
description , butmostmenconsentnottoaughtbutdenying . 6 : 46Seethou , howwe
display (explaining) thesignsyettheyturnaside . 6 : 65Behold! howrepeatedlydoWe
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displaythesigns , thattheymayunderstand . 6 : 105 AndthusdoWedisplaythesignsand
thattheymaysay"ThouhastbeentaughtandthatWemaymakeitcleartopeoplewho
know . "Thedisplayofvarietieslinkedtogetherwitharhythmofpeculiarpitchistoshow
forth the signs of the Unity of God . From its above verses , it is evident that the Holy
Quranwasalreadyalivetothefactthatthischangingattitudewillmakesomeopponentsof it and accuse itsAuthor of getting its subject matter from here and there , so , the
Qurangivesthereasonforthis , astostirupthedepthofhumanintellecttoreflectonthe
unityinvarietyandharmonyindiversity . However , itisafactthattheHolyQurandeals
ineachchapterofparticularrhythmwithvarioustopics invariouswaysandthisvariety
adds only to its unique beauty and matchless eloquence . An attentive reciter or an
intelligentaudienceoftheHolyQuranwhilepassingthroughthesevarietiesofrhythmical
pitch , enjoystotheextentwhichtheHolyQuranitselfdeclares : 39 : 23 Godhaththebest
announcement , a book consistent in its various parts , at the recitation of which do
shuddertheskinsofthosewhofeartheirLord , thentheirskinsandtheirheartsbecome
plaint to the remembrance of God , this is Gods guidance . He guideth with it
whomsoeverHewilleth;and (as for) HimwhomGodalloweth toerr , thereshallbeno
guideforhim . " 39 : 27 AndcertainlywehavesetforthformeninthisQuransimilitudesof
every sort that they may mind . Even those who doubted the genuineness of thearrangementofthepresentversiondidnotcomplainthatthewholearrangementofthe
versesinallthechaptershadbeenaffected . Therearechapterswhichwereundoubtedly
revealed in complete form such as Chapters 54 , 55 , 56 and the chapters immediately
preceding and succeeding them and Chapter . 39 The sixth chapter which is a lengthy
chapter , according toAhlulBait , wasalso revealedatone time in itscompletepresent
form . One finds thesamevariationofsubjectmanifested in thosechaptersalso . This
varietyofexpressioninrhythmicalway , isfoundnotonlyinthechaptersbuteveninthe
versesoftheHolyBook . Thesefactsarecomprehensible byan intelligentandasincere
studentof theHolyQuranashegoeson reciting itoverandoveragain . Therefore to
consider (a) the mere absence of chronological arrangement of the verses in some
chaptersandthechapterstogether , or (b) themerevarianceoftopicsintheversesofa
chapter , or of topics of chapters , close to each other , as proving that the
disarrangementoftheQurantookplaceaftertheHolyProphetisnotright , unlessthere
besomeauthenticreportofhistoricalvalueoranyotherinternalorexternalevidenceto
bear testimony to thateffect regarding somespecificword , verseorchapter . On the
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otherhand , wehave internalevidenceofutmostcertitudethatcertainversesofsome
Chapters , forexample , ChapterAlaq (Iqra) containselevenversesofwhichthefirstfive
verses are first in chronological order but the last six verses were revealed long
afterwardswhenmanyotherpartsofotherchapterswere revealed forrecitation . The
lastsixwererevealedwhentheHolyProphetstartedsayingand leadingprayeropenly ,andmetwithopposition fromthe infidels in the thirdyearofhismission . Similarly , the
lastlengthyverse 73 : 20 , accordingtoitscontents , supportedbyauthenticreportsmust
have been revealed then , eleven years after the first nineteen short verses . The
revelation of the last portion belonged to the early revelations next to Iqra and
AlMuddathir . Werenot theordinalpositionof theverses inquestionDivineand in
completeaccordwiththeHolyProphetsdeclarationsandwerethepresentpositionof
these verses the result of any disarrangement , it would have been pointed out and
reportedbytheAhlulBaitandtheirfollowers , suchasAmmar ,AboZar , Meqdaadorsuch
otherboldandoutspokenmen , andalsobysomeothercompanionsoftheHolyProphet
whowereheldasauthoritiesontheQuran . TheImamsoftheoftheHolyHousepointed
out thatchapters 93 and 94 - AzZuhaandAlInshirah - thoughseparated fromeach
other by Bismillah , yet due to the close relevancy of the context should be
consideredasoneandrecitedtogetheriftheyarerecitedinthefirsttwoRakaatsof thedailycompulsoryprayers . And the same is thecasewithchapters 105 and 106 -
AlFeelandQuraish - theyshouldberecitedtogetherintheprayer . Thisdirectiveofthe
AhlulBaitaboutthesechaptersshowshowAhlulBaitwerekeentoseethattheQuranwas
recited in prayers in the proper order . If there was any disarrangement and
misplacement inanypartofanychaptertheywouldhavepointeditouttothepeopleso
thattheymightbecarefulintherecitationoftheQuraninprayer . IflastsixversesofIqra
andlastfortysixversesofAlMuddathirandthelast 20 versesofAlMuzzamilwerenot
intheirproperplaces , theHolyAhlulBaitwouldhavepointeditoutanddirectedpeopleto
place them properly . Absence of any direction fromAhlulBait regarding the verses in
questionisasufficientproofthattheirpresentarrangementisinorder , thoughthetime
oftheirrevelationswaslongaftertherevelationoftheotherportionsoftheirrespective
chapters . This is the best internal evidence which discards the chronological
arrangementofversesandchaptersasDivine . Besidesthese , alltheauthentictraditions
and reports to the effect that the Holy Prophet used to direct the scribes to insert the
versesrevealedintodifferentchapters , alreadyrevealedinparts , whetheratMakkaor
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MadinaprovebeyonddoubtthattheDivineortheoriginalarrangementoftheverses in
the chapters and the chapters together need not be in accordance with the date of
revelation . Hence any report pointing out that some companions have collected the
Quraninchronologicalordershouldbediscardedasspurious , orasindicatingthatsucha
collection was made as a commentary for their personal use and not for general. recitationbythepublic
CausesofDoubts
explaination
part 1
There isnodoubtthatthe irresistiblefascinatingforceandthechallengingpowerofthe
HolyQuranwerethemain , ifnotthesolemeansofconversioneversincethebeginning
oftheHolyProphetsmission . IrrefutablytheeffectoftherecitationoftheQuranmade
theopponentssparenoeffortstopreventtheHolyProphetandhisdisciplesfromreciting
the Holy Book before the public , particularly the youth , There is abundant historical
evidencevouchingthisfact . Besides , thispreventivemeasure , theopponentstriedalso
toovercometheirresistibleforceandthewonderfuleffectoftheHolyQuranbytryingto
disturb its recitation by introducing interjections . 41 : 26 And those whodisbelieve say;
"HearkenyenotthisQuran , makenoiseinit , happilyyemayovercome . "Hereisoneof
theinstancesofthiseffort : WhentheHolyProphet , whilerecitingChapter . 53AnNajm
, reached the 20thverse , oneof the infidelsamong theaudienceuttered thesewords :
Tilkal Gharaniqul Oola wa inna shafaatahonna laturja
which were his own to make them
appeartobethecontinuationoftheverserecitedbytheHolyProphetandtothusdisturb
thesequenceofthesucceedingverses . Theresultwasthatthe infidels immediatelyfell
intoprostration intokenoftheirapprovalandsatisfaction . Thisshowsthattherewasa
prearrangedplanamongthe infidelstodisturbtherecitationoftheQuranbytheHoly
Prophet , which incident was condemned by the Quran as an unsuccessful satanic
attempt that used to be made against all the preceding prophets when they delivered
Gods message to the people : 22 : 52 And We sent not before thee (O OurApostle
Mohammed) anyapostleorprophet , butwhenhe recited (themessage) theSatandid
casthisrecitation (tocreateerror);ButannullethGodthatwhichtheSatancasteth . then
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GoddothestablishHissigns;AndverilyGodisAllKnowing . AllWise . 22 : 53 Sothathe
maymakethatwhichcasteththeSatanatrialuntothoseinwhoseheartsisdiseaseand
thosewhoseheartsarehard;Andverily , theunjustare inaschism far (away fromthe
truth) , 22 : 54 And that may know those who have been given the knowledge that it
(Quran) isthetruthfromtheLord , sotheymaybelieveinitandmayhumbleuntoittheirhearts;Andverily , Godguideth thosewhobelieve , unto the rightpath; It is surprising
that somecritics (e . g . TheEncyc . of Islam) and some ignorantcommentatorsof the
HolyQuran , acceptingtherumoursspreadbytheinfidelsandthehypocritesofthelater
period , attribute thesatanicutteranceof the infidels to theHolyProphethimselfwhile
the internal evidence of Chapter . 53 The Star itself i . e . the verses preceding and
followingthe 20thverseprovebeyonddoubtthatsuchanutterancebytheholyProphet
was impossible . However , this hostile attitude towards the Holy Quran , though
unsuccessfulwascontinuedby theexternaland the internalenemiesand thecriticsof
Islam . Thehypocritesduring the lifetimeof theHolyProphetaswellasafterwardsdid
nothesitatetodiverttheattentionoftheMuslimsfromtheQuranorweakenitsinfluence
on the minds of the people by all possible means . The mischiefmongers received
supporttosomeextentfromthepoliticalambitionoftheQuraishtoregain , aftertheHoly
Prophet , supremacyovertheArabswhichtheyhadenjoyedbeforeIslam . AstheQurandidnot favour theirambition , theydidnotmind if it lost itsconstitutionalauthority . In
ordertohaveaclearerpictureofthecausesofthedoubtabouttheQuran inhand , we
have tooutlinebriefly : theapostolicstand takenby theHolyProphetconfirmedby the
Quranandhissayingsand the reactionof thepeople to itasconfirmedby theQuran ,
traditionandthefactsofhistory . Therevealedformofreligionstartedwiththeadventof
Adam and passed its course of development through continuous chain of Divine
vicegerency and the intermittent appearance of the subsequent prophets with new
revelations , reached itszenithofperfectionandassumed itshighestdevelopedformof
IslaminthemannerrevealedtothelastprophetofAllah , Mohammed , (peacebeonhim
and his family) as the Universal Religion approved by God for mankind throughout the
worldandages . TherevelationalperiodforthepreachingofIslaminitshighestandfinal
formtomankindcomprisedofthe 23 yearsoftheHolyProphetsministry . Duringthis
period , therevelationalaspectoftheReligionofAllah (Islam) wascompletedintheforms
of : therecitativemiraculousWordandBookofGod (theQuran) andthesayings , deeds
andendorsementoftheHolyProphet . BoththeQuranandthe lifeoftheHolyProphet ,
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astheQuran , asserts , oughttobetakenasthe inseparableandequallyrevealedparts
oftheconstitutionofIslam . Butforexplainingandexpoundingthe implicationsofthese
twoconstitutionalsourcesandtheirapplicationtothevariousaspectsofhuman lifeand
toseethatthenewconverts , withalltheirdivergenttendenciesandinterests , properly
understood anddigestedwhat Islam and itsconstitution really meant , the saidperiodwasnotsufficiently long . Inotherwords , forconsolidationoftheIslamicconstitution in
its detail and systematic form , as the basis for the development of Islamic thought ,
embracingallaspectsofhuman life , a longerperiodwasrequiredwhichmaybecalled
theconsolidatoryperiodofIslam . Asamatteroffact , historyshowsthat ittookalmost
threecenturiesforIslamicthoughttodevelopinallitsbranches , resultinginthecreation
ofvarious schoolsof theology , jurisprudence , andother literatureof social , political ,
ethical , historicalandphilosophicalaspects . Itisforthisconsolidatoryperiodwhichcame
immediatelyaftertherevelationalperiodthataDivinelyestablishedsupremeauthority ,
side by side with the Quran , as its infallible exponent , was necessary to guard Islam
againstitsbeingcorruptedbynonIslamicandprofaneelementscreepingintoit . Along
with so many intellectual developments and schools of thought in Islam , during this
period , it was necessary that a purely Islamic school of thought based only on the
revealed constitution and nothing else , should be developed under the guidance andleadership (Imaamat) ofthechosenpersonsofAhlulBaiti . e .AleIbrahimaftertheHoly
Prophet . This Divinely chosen form of Imaamat (leadership) should not be taken as
havingbeendesignedafteranymonarchicalpattern . Itwaspurelyapostolic innature
andfeatures . ThatwasthereasonwhytheirnumberwasDivinelyfixedandforetoldby
theHolyProphetandmanyotherprophetswhoprecededhimasTwelve , nomoreno
less . This Divine lead which began withAli , continued for almost 250 years till the
requisiteconstitutionalconsolidationwascompletedandtheTwelfthImam , though
alive , disappeared from the sight of man . This was to begin a new era of Ijtehad
(RationalisationofRevelation) togivecompleteopportunity to thebelievers toacquaint
themselveswith the revealedandDivinelydetailedconstitution;and then , withutmost
degreeofpietyand righteousness touse their reason tobring forth the implicationsof
theconstitutionandapplytheirfindingstotheeverchanging , increasingandexpanding
aspectsofhumanlife . Thiswastogivefullfreedomandeverychancetoeverybeliever ,
irrespective of colour , social and geographical distinction to develop his aptitude and
intellectualfacultiesonthebasisoftheIslamicconstitutiontowardstheachievementof
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theIslamicidealsandvalues . Duringthisperiod , everybeliever , (asdeclaredbytheHoly
Imams) , whoqualifieshimselfintheprescribedknowledgeandpiety , isentitledtoactas
thesupremeauthorityofhistime , undercertainconditionsmentionedindetailunderthe
topic Ijtehad and Taqleed (Vide Occultation) . This Era of Ijtehad
(RationalisationofRevelation) willcontinuewithall itsupsanddowns till the timewhenthe individualism , nationalism and all other partial and limitedism , tendencies and
interestsgivewaytothedevelopmentofthesenseofanddesireforviewingnotonlythe
humanraceasawholebutthewholeglobeorsaythewholesolarsystemasoneofthe
smallestpartsofthegreaterwholeoroneofthesmallestfamiliesofagreatersociety .
ThentimewillberipeforreappearanceofthelastlinkinthechainoftheDivinelychosen
guides , theTwelfth Imam , notasanexponentof theconstitutionand teacherof
Islam , butasfinalexecutorofallthatIslamstandsforestablishingUniversalJusticeon
earth .AswehavetermedIjtehadasRationalisationoftheRevelation , wehavetodefine
ittoavoidanypossiblemisunderstanding . ThetermIjtehadmeansarationalandlogical
approach and understanding of the denotations , connotations and implications of the
revealedtext , asdetailedanddirectedbytheAhlulBait . Thetermrationalisationshould
notbetakentomeanlicenceformodification , amendmentoranysortofalterationofthe
revealed text , or the details and directives given by the Imams . No reason andconsiderationofanykind inanyof thestagesandperiodsof thedevelopmentofIslam
caneverjustifyanyonetogoagainsttherevealedorconsolidatedconstitutionofIslam
unlesstherebeaprovisionapplicabletotheoccasion , intheconstitutionitself. Thisisthe
Ijtehad , asdefinedandrecommendedbyAhlulBait . Butaswillbepointedout lateron ,
therewere in thepast , asareatpresentandwillcontinuetobe in futureaspirants for
powerandindependentdecisionwhosedeedsandtalksbetraythattheirviewofIjtehad
isthatitislicenceforgoingagainsteventheexplicitinjunctionsoftheQuranontheplea
of some temporal or timely expediencies , advantages and analogical considerations .
NarrationofBukharimaybereferredtoonthequestionofTayamumintheplaceof
Ghusl (ritualbathing) whenwater isnotavailable . Accordingto it , CaliphUmarand
someothercompanionsadoptedaviewinthismatterinuttercontracttotheinjunctionof
the Quran and teachingsof the Holy Prophet . They disallowed Tayamum and allowed
one not to say his prayer , even for a month , till he got water , on the plea that if
Tayamumwasallowed , thenpeoplewouldmisuse this facilityevenwhenwater is
available and the weather is cold . If Quranic injunctions are to be ignored on such
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excuses , therewouldbenoconstitutionalvalueoftheQuran left . Toremindthereader
ofthe importanceofthe issueconcerned , wehavetogiveabriefoutlineofthevarious
periodsandstagesofIslamwhichisthesolereligionapprovedbyGod . Nowwegoback
totheparticularperiodweweredealingwith , theconsolidatoryperiodwhichhadtostart
. immediatelyafterthedemiseoftheHolyProphet
part 2
It was for this period of constitutional development that , the Quran as the most
comprehensive and compact constitution for all that Islam stands for political , social ,
economical , domestic , ethical , ritual . spiritualandphilosophicalaspectsofhumanlife -
and AhlulBait as the Divinely purified and the infallible inspired interpreters and
exponentsoftheDivineconstitutionformedthetwointegralandinseparablepartsofthe
supremeauthority , representingGodandtheHolyProphetrespectively . Thusthesetwo
issues become so well connected in fact and declaration that doubt in one would
necessarily lead todoubt in theother;anddenialofonewouldmean thedenialof the
other . Anymotiveforcreatingdoubtinoneandweakeningitsauthoritativestandwould
bethesame inrespectoftheother . Thatwas , astheauthorofSawaeqconfirms , the
reason why the Holy Prophet dealt with these two issues jointly in his sermon anddeclarationatGhadeereKhumandonseveralsubsequentoccasionsatMadinaalso .
ActuallyCaliphUmarscelebratedpronouncement : Sufficient isforustheBookofGod
was an open retort to the Holy Prophets repeated
declarationofthejointauthorityoftheQuranandAhlulBait . Thisisthebriefoutlineofthe
apostolicstand , asconfirmedby theexplicitwordingsof theQuranandsayingsof the
Holy Prophet . But as the Quran , sayings of the Holy Prophet and the facts of history
show , the reaction of the majority of the new converts surrounding the Holy Prophet
particularlyofthenonHashmitebranchesoftheQuraishitetribe , wasquitedifferent .
Thepaganic tendency forbureaucratic rule , (ruleof theeldersand thechieftains) was
stillactiveintheheartsoftheQuraishwhoseclaimofsupremacyandauthorityoverthe
Arabshadjustrecentlybeencrushedbyslamandbydeclarationsas : 49 : 13 Surely the
mosthonorableofyouwithAllah is theoneamongyoumostcareful (ofhisduty) They
were far from yielding to the absolute authority of the Quran andAhlulBait , which to
themmeantnothingbutanepoticurgeonthepartoftheHolyProphettocontributeto
the supremacy of the House of Haashim . TheAnnals of Tabarsi has recorded a
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reportofaconversationbetweenCaliphUmarandbnAbbaasduring the reignof the
former wherein the apathetic or rather unfavourable attitude of the Quraish towards
AhlulBaits stand as Divinely chosen people is fully displayed and exposed . The
summaryoftheconversationisasfollows : CaliphUmarsaid :TheQuraish , dislikedthe
Prophethoodand thevicegerency tobecombined in theHouseofHaashimas thiswouldincreasetheir (Haashimites) vanity . Sothey (theQuraish) choseforthemselves ,
andtheirchoicewasthebest .TothisbnAbbaasrepliedregardingthedislikeofthe
Quraish ,They (theQuraish) dislikedallthatwasrevealedfromGod , soGodputthem
inloss , butregardingtheremarkagainsttheHouseofHaashimandoftheirvanity
beingincreased , itmeantaccusingthepeoplewhomGodhaspurified (verse 33 : 33);
andregardingtheQuraishschoice - iftheywouldhavechosentheonewhomGodhad
chosen , itwouldhavebeenmuchbetterforthem . Thisanecdotethrowsample lighton
the reaction of the Quraish towards the Divine choice and the inner motive which was
working behind the confusing and conflicting events developed round the issue of the
supremeauthorityinIslamaftertheHolyProphetandonthecausesoftheCivilwarsand
other internaleventsofpoliticalvalue , fromGhadeer , KarbalaandfromKarbalatothe
disappearance of theTwelfth Imam of the House and the subsequent sectarian
disputes , quarrels and bloodshed until now . Instead of absolute submission to thedictatesof theDivinelyestablishedauthorityanda theocratic formof rule representing
GodandtheHolyProphet , thenewconvertsaspiredforhavingashareintheaffairsfor
authorityandcommand . 3 : 154 Thenafter sorrowHesentdown securityuponyou , a
calmcominguponapartyofyouAnd (therewas) anotherpartywhom theirownsouls
hadrenderedanxious;theyentertainedaboutAllahthoughtsof ignorancequiteunjustly
Saying : Wehavenohand intheaffair . Say : Surelytheaffair iswholly (inthehands) of
Allah , Theyconcealwithintheirsoulswhattheywouldnotrevealtoyou , Theysay : Had
weanyhandintheaffair , wewouldnothavebeenslainhereSay : Hadyouremainedin
yourhouses , thoseforwhomslaughterwasordainedwouldcertainlyhavegoneforthto
the places where they would be slain , And thatAllah might purge what was in your
breastsandthatHemightpurgewhatwasinyourhearts ,AndAllahknowswhatisinthe
breasts . Theywerewaiting foranopportunity to regain theauthoritativestatuswhich
theyasanaristocraticclassusedtoenjoybeforeIslam . Theywantedtohavetheirown
sayintheaffairsofgovernmentwhichaccordingtothemwasonlytobelabelledasIslam
andDivine . Insteadofentiresubmissionanddevotion tothecauseofIslamwhichwas
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demandedfromthem , heywantedIslamtoservetheircauseandends . Theyviewedthe
Divine established authority of the Quran andAhlulBait as an obstacle in their way of
having a rule of their own choice but labelled as Islamic . Hence they attempted to
removethatobstacleasmuchaspossiblebysuchmeansas : 1. ignoring , minimisingand
counteracting that authoritative importance attached to theQuran andAhlulBait , [4] 2.creating confusion and doubt regarding the genuineness of the Quran in hand and its
authenticity , 3. creating doubts and confusion about the authenticity of the Holy
ProphetssayingsanddeclarationsaboutAliandtherestoftheAhlulBait , 4. interpreting
the Quran and such sayings of the Prophet , the authenticity of which could not be
doubted , in a way which loses their force and significance and 5. counteracting such
sayingsoftheHolyProphetasmentionedabovebyfabricatingreportswhichdirectlyor
indirectlynegatetheDivineappointmentofAliasthesupremeauthorityinseparablefrom
the Quran . Notwithstanding the innumerable authentic reports of the Prophets
pronouncement aboutAlis infallible status . [5] Bukhari repeatedly narrates a report
thatonceAbbaas (theuncleofAli) toldAli :LetusasktheProphetwhetherwehaveany
shareorrightinthematterofauthorityornot?towhichAlisaid ,no , becauseifthey
wouldaskhimandhewouldsayno , thennobodywouldgivethemthechanceofcoming
topowerafterwards . Thewhole ideabehindthischildishconcoction istocounteractthereportsofAlisnominationforKhilaafatbytheHolyProphet . Similarlytominimise
theimportanceofAlisSaheefa - abookdictatedbytheHolyProphetandwrittenbyAli ,
BukharireportsthatonceAliwasaskedwhetheritwassomethingotherthantheQuran ,
towhichAlirepliedthatitwasaboutthefineforbruises . Theactualreplywasthat :It
containedeverythingeventhefineforthebruises . Anotherinstanceofsuchconfusing
reportsisthatwhichsaythataftertheHolyProphet ,Alididnotwearamantleanddidnot
come out of his house till he had collected the Quran as he was ordered by the Holy
Prophetand thenhepresentedhiscollections to theauthoritieswhodidnotaccept it .
Thisnarration isamisrepresentationofsomethingwhichwastrue inpart . It istruethat
therewerefragmentsofwoods . bones , leavespaper , hides , etc . onwhicharoughcopy
oftheQuranwaswrittenandtheywere inthecustodyoftheHolyProphet , whoonthe
eveofhisdemiseaskedAlitotakecareofthemsothattheymightnotfallintothehands
of thepeoplewhowouldmisuse it . Itmayalsobe true thatAlibrought to themosque
onceduringthereignofCaliphAboBakarorCaliphaUmaracompletecopyoftheQuran
with fullcommentaryasdictatedby theProphetandwrittenbyhim , telling thepeople
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that it was what he had been ordered by the Holy Prophet to prepare and present to
them , buttherulingauthoritydeclined forobviousreasonstotake itaswaspresented
byhim . TheversionthataftertheHolyProphet ,Alibusiedhimselfwiththecollectionof
the Quran from those said fragments and for that reason , he did not come out of his
houseandtakepart inthepoliticsof thetime isaclearmisrepresentationofthe facts .ThereissufficientproofthatAliscollectionwithcommentarywaspreparedbyhimand
reviewed by the Holy Prophet long before his demise . The idea behind this
misrepresentationistwofold : oneistoprovideanexcuseforAlisnonparticipationin
the Quraishite choice of a ruler by stating that he was busy with the collection of the
Quran and , therefore , he had no time for other activities; the other , is tojustify the
attemptmadebyotherstocollecttheQuran ignoringthecollection leftamongthemby
theHolyProphet , whichissimilartotheir (rulingpartys) attempttohavearuleroftheir
own choice , ignoring the Quran and the Prophets saying which had asserted the
authoritativestatusofAliandtherestofAhlulBait . Thisisabriefaccountoftheapostolic
stand about this vital and main political issue on the one hand and the unfavourable
reactionofsomemagnatesamongthenewconvertsofthetribeofQuraishontheother ,
in their attempt to undo what was already established . Now to avoid any possible
misunderstanding , it is necessary to clear the following points before coming to theconclusion of the theme . (a) if the unfavourable attitude shown towards certain
established issues of the religion does not amount to its total rejection , it cannot be
alwaystermedasopenreversiontothe infidelity , particularly ifthe issue inquestionbe
of political importance and of wielding power . Very few outstanding men have the
willpowertoresistsuchtemptationandmoreparticularlyinthecaseofthepeoplewho
have been living an absolutely licentious life with no check of any kind on them . They
were asked to submit entirely to the high idealsof Islam forwhich theyhadvery little
senseofappreciation . All that theycouldunderstandandappreciatewas that thenew
movementinthenameofAllahandIslamhadpromisedtosecureforthemconquestand
swayoverthenationshere , andthepleasuresofparadisehereafter , astherewardfor
. theirendeavortoconquertheworldinthenameofAllah
part 3
Thewellcherished report that theHolyProphet said : Godmighthave lookedat the
peoplewho tookpart in the battle of Badr and saiddowhatever ye like , certainly I
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haveforgivenyou iscontrarytothetenetsoftheQuranandwasmadeto impresson
thepeopletheredeemingpowerofconquestandvictoryasthemainobjectofreligion .
Therefore , tothem , themainandfundamental issue inIslamwasconquestandpower
and the other issues and tenets of Islam were of secondary importance and
nonessential , subject to change and modification by whoever came into power andbecame at the helm of affairs as Commander of the faithful = OlilAmr
no matter whatever may be the means of his coming into power . This
tendency more or less had continued to prevail among the majority of the Muslims ,
always fostered by the ambitious despots of the time . Therefore , in outlining the
Quraishites attitude , we never meant to accuse anybody of heresy or reversion to
infidelity . (b) Whateverwehavesaidormaysayabouttheattitudeoftherulingparty ,
afterthedemiseoftheHolyProphettowardstheQuranandAhlulBaitisbasedoncertain
reportsrecordedbypeoplewhobelongedtothatparty . Thesereportsmaynotbetrue .
Theymaybepartly , aswebelieve , orwhollyfabricationsofthelaterperiod . Therefore
ourremarksandcriticismconcerningcertaincompanionsshouldbereadwiththeproviso
:ifthereportsaretrueandnotconcoctionsofthelaterperiod , for , asshallbeseen
presently some of the reports are so contradictory and base that one cannot imagine
themtobetrue . (c) ThetemporalsuccessoftheQuraishiteplanstopushAliback fromthepositionDivinelyassignedtohimandtocounteracttheattemptofAnsarstooccupy
thewouldbevacatedplaceofHaashimiteinthefrontrowofpoliticsinIslam , resulted
in the gradual but quick change of loyalty of the people to the new centre of political
gravitation . The political importance of the House of the Holy Prophet was bound to
declinewiththelossofpower , neverthelesssuchdeclinewashastened , thestepstaken
bythenewauthorityagainstthehouse , whichweresevereandharshbutwerejustified
in thepoliticalcodeof the thengovernment . Toconsolidate theirgains , theschemers
andpromotersofthisformofGovernmentfeltjustifiedtouseanymeanstoanyextentto
allow the riseof thosewhowouldhavebeennowhere if theapostolicdeclarationshad
come into force . IfAli with all his certified excellence and Divine credentials in hand ,
which mean nothing short of his being next to the Holy Prophet in perfection , had
assumedpower , hewouldnothavebeeninneedoftheadviceofanyoneinanyaspectof
thegovernmentandoftheconstitutionofIslam . Hewouldhavebeenthesoleauthority
to dictate and to be obeyed and followed , But in the prevailing regime , all that was
important to those whowere at the helm ofaffairs , wasonly powerwhich they were
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holdingfirmly . Theyhadlittletodealwiththeotheraspectsoftheconstitutionconcerning
thedevotional rites , personal laws , transactions , administrationandother theoretical
and practical articles of faith . Therefore , they were heedless and rather took care to
pleaseprominentpersonsotherthanAhlulBaitbygivingthemthechanceofadvisingthe
publicaswellas thegovernmenton thoseproblems . Theywere thepeoplewhowerefromtimeimmemorialaccustomednottosubmittotheauthorityofOneGod . Theywere
usedtothepolytheisticwayofhavinginnumerablegods . Theywerethepeoplewhohad
very recentlyexpressed theirsurpriseat theeffortsof theHolyProphet tomake them
worshiponlyOneGodinsteadtomany . What! makeththegodstobebutoneGod; 38 : 5
Verilythis isathing indeedstrange!" 38 : 5 Insteadofsubmitting totheauthorityofone
Divinely selected person , they were more familiar with the new regime which would
allow them to some extent to share the authority and have some say in framing the
detailsof theconstitution . Thus theparty inpowerbegan toevolveanew idea to the
effectthatanyonewhohasembracedIslamorhadseentheProphetorheardsomething
fromhimandnarrateditbecame : Sahaabi = CompanionoftheHolyProphet
even the Muslim children of sensible age below maturity , were considered as
Sahaabi . ThennotonlytheSahaabis'narrationsoftheProphet'ssayingwastaken
into account by the authorities but even to such Sahaabis' personal views , someconstitutionalvaluewasgiven . Thedoorwas thus thrownopen toeveryman , woman
andchildtoposeasSahaabiandtakepartasajuristcarryingreportsorviewsinframing
theconstitution . Thewholepositionwaschanged . Those intherearrankscametothe
forefrontandthosewhowereinthefirstrankwerepushedtothefarthestrear . Thiswas
theremarkmadebytheLadyofParadise , FatimathedaughteroftheHolyProphet , at
MasjideNabawi on the sudden political turn which affected her more than anyone
else . Inthelightofthissituation , oneshouldexaminemanyinternaldevelopmentsofthe
firsthalfcenturyaftertheHolyProphet . Oneoftheconsequencesofthechangeandits
development was that instead ofAli or the other members of the House and the few
companionswhodidnotchange their loyalty , peoplemostlyofdifferentcalibreandof
variousmoraland intellectualstandardsgotequal footing in forming themselvesasthe
first linkofreportersandnarratorsbetweentheHolyProphetandthenextgeneration .
Contrarytowhat isgenerallybelieved . thesepeople inallwerenotrighteous , honest ,
learned . capableandsinceretothecauseofIslam . AstheQurandepicts , themultitude
oftheconvertswhohadthehonourofthepresenceoftheProphet , includedallsortsof
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people even a large number of hypocrites , other thanAbdullah bnUbai who died
before theHolyProphet , andweremostlyunknown , butaspirants topowerafter the
HolyProphet (47 : 16 , 2023 , 2932) . 47 : 16 Andofthemarethosewhoseekto listento
theeuntilwhen theygo forth from theesay theyunto thosewhohavebeengiven the
knowledge;"Whatwas itthathesaidjustnow?"ThesearetheyonwhoseheartshathGod seta seal , and follow they theirvaindesires . 47 : 20 And say those whobelieve :
Whyhathnotbeensentachapter (forus , ) "Butwhenissentdownadecisivechapter ,
andmentioned therein iswar , seest thou those inwhosehearts isadisease lookunto
thee with a look of one on whom has fallen the shadow of death; woe unto them! far
betterwillcertainlybeforthem , 47 : 21 Obedienceandafairword;butwhentheaffairis
determined , theniftheybetruetoGod , itwouldcertainlybebetterofthem . 47 : 22 Then
belikeyeare , ifyeholdauthority , thatyemakemischief , intheearthandsevertheties
ofkinship! 47 : 23 ThosearetheywhomhathcursedGod , andsohathhemadethemdeaf
andblindedtheireyes . 47 : 29 Ordeemthoseinwhosehearts isadiseasethatneverwill
Godbringforththeirspite? 47 : 31Andcertainlywillwetryyouuntilwenaveknownthose
whostrive (fight) amongyouandthepatientones , andmakeyouraffairsknown . 47 : 32
Verily , thosewhodisbelieveandhinder (others) fromthepathofGod , andopposethe
Apostleafterthattheguidancebeenmademanifestuntothem , canneverharmGod inanyway;andHewillmakenulltheirdeeds . IntheQuran , someofthemwereseverely
censuredandwarnedfordisloyaltytoordisrespectfortheHolyProphet , (Chapters . 33 ,
49&66 : Ahzab , AlHujoratandatTahreem) . 66 : 5 Maybe , hisLord , ifhedivorceyou ,
willgivehiminyourplacewivesbetterthanyou , submissive , faithful , obedient , penitent
, adorers , fasters , widowsandvirginsAboutsomeofthem , theHolyProphethadsaid
that they would be dragged to hell for their misdeeds after him . Each one of these
companions had a large number of followers of various categories who formed the
second link of reporters and narrators for the generation next to them; and so on the
number and varieties multiplied till the celebrated and voluminous books of traditions
werecompiledinthethirdandfourthcenturies . Butthisdidnotstopthetraditionalistsof
thenextgeneration fromcollectingand recording the reportswhich theirpredecessors
missedordiscarded forsome reasonor theother . Asa resultof themultiplicityof the
various chains of various reporters and narrators , a huge number of contradictory ,
absurdandmisleadingstatementsand reportsaboutthe teachingsoftheHolyProphet
and the developments of events , during his time and the time after him , formed
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themselvesasdataforhistoryofthedevelopmentofIslamicthoughtand literature . (d)
ThispoliticalturnmadepeopletopracticallydenyAhlulBait , theirDivinelygiftedstatusviz
. being always with the Quran and the Quran always being with them , and that
whoeveradherestothemwillnevererrorgoastray .Thisstatuswhichwasconfirmed
bytheQuranandtheundeniablesayingsoftheHolyProphethasremaineduntilnowasanirrefutablefact . Attemptshavebeenmadetoreducethesignificanceofstatements ,
be it of the Quran or the sayings of the Holy Prophet , which means merely that one
should have regards and respect for the Holy Prophets kin and relatives only to an
extent . A few of the companions who belonged to proQuraishite regime , were not
willing togiveeventhatmuchofregards toAli , Fatima , Hasan , andHusainwhomthe
HolyProphetonseveraloccasionsspecifiedasAhlulBait , excludinghiswivesandother
relatives . Zaid bnArqam was one of those proQuraishite who lived to attend the
courtofbnZyaadatKoofa , where (thelatterinsultedtheheadofImamHusainwithan
airof triumph in thepresenceof the ladiesandchildrenof theHouseofHolyProphet ,
whohadbeenbroughtascaptivesafter the tragedyofKarbala . OnceAliwantedZaid
alongwithmanyothercompanionsoftheHolyProphettogiveevidenceasawitnessof
theeventatGhadeer , butZaiddeclinedsayingthathehadforgottenandAlisuspected
himoflying . However , inspiteofhispretendedforgetfulness , heoncerelatedthefactsof GhadeereKhum and the Holy Prophets sermon , omitting the portion of the
sermon dealing with the declaration that , Whomsoever I am MawlaAli shall be his
Mawla (Master) , andnarrated , thoughinadistortedmanner , theportiondealingwith
thedeclarationthat ,Iamleavingamongyoutwopreciousthings : theBookofGodand
. myAhlulBait
part 4
ButthenandthereheattemptedtotamperwiththeapplicationofthetermAhlulBaitso
thatitmayloseitssignificance . Inanswertoaquestionabouttheapplicationofthesaid
term , heexcludedthewivesoftheHolyProphetfromit , butextendeditsowidelyasto
includealltheHaashimitesdescents , Abbasids , Jafferiads , AlawaidsandAqueeliads
(VideMuslim , chapteronAhlulBait) . Anyway , thepolitical turnbroughtAhlulBait to the
commonlevelofthecompanionsortherespectablekinandrelativesoftheHolyProphet .
On the issues of jurisprudence and administrative consultation , the authorities
patronisedtoagreaterdegreeothercompanionsandrelativesoftheHolyProphet . They
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, asamatterofpoliticalstrategy , backedandsupportedthepeopleofnoorlittlereligious
background . If history records occasions where Alis advice was accepted by the
authoritieswithapplause , thoseweretheoccasionswheretheyhadnootheralternative
but to accept the same . OtherwiseAli was seldom referred to by the authorities and
henceveryfewpeoplewhodidnotcareforpowerwere invitedforconsultation . This isthe reason why inspite of the Holy Prophets saying that while he is the city of
Knowledge , Ali is the door to it , Ali and his successors were rarely referred to in the
booksof traditions likeBukhariandMuslim . Ifhereandthere , Aliandhisdescendants
arequotedasreportersofcertaintraditionsinthosebooks , thepurposeispartlytoavoid
beingaccusedoftotalneglectofAhlulBaitandmostlytofoistonthemsuchreportswhich
would indicate thenegationof , orcounteract thenumerousgenuine reportswhichare
testimoniesofthedistinctapostolicstatusofAliandAhlulBait (videBukhariandKaafi) On
the contrary , Bukharihascredited persons like Shaubi , [6] the tutor of the childrenof
Umayyedsroyalhousetodiscreditthegenuinenessofmostofthenumerousreportsor
statements ascribed toAli . ThusAli was discredited though he was the foremost of
AhlulBait , nextonly to theHolyProphetandwhom theHolyProphet described as one
identifiedwithhimselfonalloccasionsandwaswithhim (theHolyProphet) eversincehis
(Alis) birth , bothbefore theHolyProphetwascommissionedbyGod topreach , andafteruntilhisdemise , whenAliattended
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