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This description of one of the
of
t
is.lved,
ts
n
as so
tion
eir
t
i
L
ORY
ION
I
UNIVERSAINGRAVITATION
ALHEORY
ose 30-secon t eory
fundamental forces of nature is among the greatest
sachievements in science. Isaac Newton came ui .
lic enwith it in 1687 as part of his masterful rincipiaa
Mathematica, a three-volume d scription
mat ematics.. Universa ravitation t eor sa s t a
there is a mutual attraction between anything thatr e
has massanything made of normal matter, thato tThat attraction depends on the two masses inv
t e istance etween t em, an a constant nown
separa y deas the gravitational constant. One of.
the central insi hts of the t tacineory was that the
ravitativ enal force follows an inverse square law..
T is means t e attraction etween t e two o je
diminishes as the square of the distance betwed in
them. Newtons formulation of the law.
accurate that it immediately explained the moc
of the planets, creating an easy way to predict tho
movements relative to each other and the Sun. It
etas,has also enabled us to send rockets into space.t
elAfter Einstein came up with the theory of relativitye
.an use it to exp ain some sma anoma ies in t e
o.planetary orbits, it was realized that Newtons lawn s
was not quite the final word on gravity. However,r .
equeasit is almost universally accurate when appliedi
ato t e gravitationa attractions we encounter
ue la ley de Newton no era lain everyday life.l .
de nitiva en relacin a la gravedad, pero es casi
completamente universal, y su cientemente precisa
cuan o se ap ica a a atraccin gravitatoria que se
presenta en la vida cotidiana.
COMENTARIO
EN 3 SEGUNDOSLo que sube debe bajar,y as ser, tal como
Newton ijo quedeba suceder.
EN 3 MINUTOSAlgunas ideas de la Fsicamo erna sugieren quela ley de la gravitacinuniversa e Newton pue erequerir algunos ajustescuando se trata de objetos
separados por menos deun milmetro o por msdel dimetro del SistemaSolar. Por otra parte, nadietiene una exp icacinsatisfactoria de por quos o jetos se atraen unos
a otros, de la causa por laque la fuerza gravitatoriaes mucho ms dbil quelas otras fuerzas de lanaturaleza. Adems,
el valor de la constantee gravitacin no est ien
de nido; es la constantefsica que se ha medidocon el menor gradode exactitud.
DAS
ee al mbinsoVIMIENTOLAWS OF MOTIONL F
18page 18p
ADTHEORY OF RELATIVITY I0page 30p g
UANTUM FIELD THE Ea e 6
CINa epgina 50
--
ISAAC NEWTONI A N W N16 17271 1727
0-SECOND TEXT-
Sean grandes o
pequeos, todos los
cuerpos caen haciala Tierra a la misma
velocidad si lo hacendesde la misma altura.20 El macrocosmos
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Whenever we copy habits, skills,
i the
t in
19
d
n
rate
cience
some
is
memes
s
APHY
144 El conocimiento
COMENTARIO
EN 3 SEGUNDOSLa cultura evolucionagracias a la seleccin
e os memes, comola biologa lo hace por lase eccin e genes.
PENSAMIENTO
EN 3 MINUTOSA los memes se les hallamado analogas vacasy metforas sin sentido.La mayor parte de los
i ogos niegan que a
memtica sea necesariapara exp icar e origendel gran cerebro humano,o por qu nos deleitamoscon el arte y la msica, yarguyen que las teoras yaexistentes son mejores.Quiz la memtica asustea a gunos; os umanossomos mquinas dememes, y a ora quelos memes tecnolgicos
(o temes) estn creandotecnologas an mejores,nuestro papel resulta cadada menos relevante.
MEMETICSM ET
ose 30-secon t eory
stories, songs, or any kind of i ormati nn romtipoperson to person, we are dealing in memes. Ther i .
a.idea of memes, along with all scientific theories is
itself a meme. The meme meme emerged fromi r
itheory of Universal Darwinism; the idea that when
,any information is copied, varied and selected, theni i
acin se copia, modificaevolution must happen..o Our most familiar replicator is the gene, bo
6 Richard Dawkins argued that culture consists or
a second replicator, and he called this the meme.e
Humans copy memes including ideas, skills, aa d
behaviors through imitatior an eachin ; then
vary w at t ey copy y ma ing errors, y e i
alterations or by creative combining; and they selecti ;
which memes to reme ber and pass on. The s.
of memetics studies how memes s read, whe
t rive an ot ers ai , an t e consequences o ti
for the evolution of culture. Generally, som. r
os read because the are useful or advanta eousr
to us, like parts of science and medicine, financialu c
lainstitutions, arts, an music. Ot ers sprea i e,
mesviruses, even though they may be useless or even
, comoharmful to us, including Internet viruses, chain
esletters, religions and cults, and useless alternatives i
t erapies. We umans are meme mac ines,.
iles o inclusoand the memes use us for their survival.
perjudiciales, como los virus en Internet, las cadenas
de cartas, las religiones y los cultos, y las terapias
a ternativas inti es. Los umanos somos mquinas
de memes, y stos nos utilizan para sobrevivir.
DASRELATED THEORIESEee a m ino
ALNATURAL SELECTION8page 58pa
TAELFISH GENEI0page 60p
-SECOND BIOG-RICHARD DAWKINSRI HARD D KI19411 1
UNDOS30-SECOND TEXTNSue B ac moreB c more
Todas las ideas en
nuestra cabezacompiten entre s.Quieren que usted lediga a alguien algoms sobre s mismas.De esta manera puedenentrar en una nuevacabeza y continuardifundindose.
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