Adjective and Adverbs - · PDF fileadverb Tells in what manner, how intensely, when, where,...

Adjectives and Adverbs THEY MODIFY!

Adjectives: School House

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Adverbs: School House

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Basic Adjectives

Definition of an adjective:

Modifier of nouns

Tells shape, color, size, texture, condition, how many, “personality” (type)

Quirky Adjectives

Want to know if a word is an adjective? Plug it into the following test and see if it makes sense:

The __________ NOUN is very _______________.

Suffixes for Most Adjectives

There are common suffixes (word endings) that can help you identify adjectives:

-ous: ambidextrous, insidious, impervious

-y: funny, happy

-ic: altruistic, ironic

-ate fortunate, temperate

While most words with –ate ending are VERBS, on occasion words ending in –ate are adjectives. ALWAYS check to see how the word is used. (Ex: “Aggregate” can function as a noun, adjective, OR verb.)

-ent omniscient, reticent

-ible feasible, negligible, amicable, pliable

More Adjective Suffixes

There are common suffixes (word endings) that can help you identify adjectives:

-ish peckish, reddish

-ary complimentary, elementary

-ive conducive, punitive

-able variable, amenable

Where do you find adjectives?

Within noun phrases

Right before the noun it modifies

Sometimes in a list of more than one adjective

Happily Discussing Adverbs

Definition of an adverb:

Modifier of a verb, an adjective or another adverb

Tells in what manner, how intensely, when, where, for what reason

USUALLY (but not always) ends in –ly (ex: happily is an adverb)

Adverb Suffixes

There are common suffixes (word endings) that can help you identify adverbs:

-ly quickly, slowly, beautifully, lovingly

-wise lengthwise, otherwise, clockwise

-ward backward, forward, downward

Be careful! Sometimes these words can function as EITHER adverbs or adjectives. It is important to look at the word in context.

Ex: The boy’s backward cap prevented the sun from burning his neck to a lobster-red color. (backward functions as an adjective)

Ex: The crazy man drove the car backward. (backward functions as an adverb)

Adverb Suffixes: Some of the words below function mostly as ADJECTIVES. (Friendly can function either as an adjective and adverb.)

Some more examples of

adverbs:

Not

Very

Always

Sometimes

Never

Really

Well

Almost

Too

Often

Where do you find adverbs?

Within verb phrases

Right before the adjective or other adverb it modifies

Sometimes right before the verb it modifies

One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their MOVABILITY!

REVIEW ADJECTIVES answer

the questions:

How much/many?

What kind?

Which one?

ADVERBS answer the

questions:

When?

Where?

How?

Why?

To what extent?

Under what conditions?

Memorizing these will help you later on when learning about

adverbial and adjectival phrases and clauses.

THAT’S WHERE

IT’S AT!

Prepositional

Phrases

Prepositional Phrases:

Terms to Know

preposition

prepositional phrase

adjectival

adverbial

Definition of a Preposition

pre-position = placed before

In English sentences a preposition is a word that is placed before a noun phrase

shows the relationship

between noun phrases

TWO TYPES:

1. simple prepositions

2. phrasal prepositions

Simple Prepositions

aboard about above across after

against along amid among around

as at atop before behind

below beneath beside between beyond

but (except) by despite down during

except for from in into

near of off on onto

out outside over past since

through throughout till to toward

under underneath until upon with

within without

Phrasal Prepositions

according to ahead of along with

as for aside from because of

but for contrary to except for

instead of next to out of

prior to thanks to up to

in accordance with in case of in front of

in spite of on account of o n behalf of

School House Rock Video:

Prepositions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfExXGMX2J

M

When is it NOT a Preposition?

Some prepositions (like “to”) can also act as other parts of speech, so how to do you know if it’s really a

preposition?

1. When it is not followed by a noun phrase.

2. When it is part of a verb phrase.

Preposition or Verb? TEST

Ask: Can I replace the verb+preposition with another verb?

If yes, then the preposition is part of the verb phrase. Still,

ALWAYS check to make sure a noun phrase does not follow the preposition.

Example: “UP”

The price of sugar went up again.

(increased) verb

We hiked up the steep trail.

(answering where) preposition

Does a noun phrase follow up?

Yes! up the steep trail is a prep. phrase

Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional Phrase = preposition + noun phrase

Prep + NP

Prep + (D +M+ HW)

The noun in the noun phrase is called the object of

the preposition.

How does the prepositional phrase

function in a sentence?

Prepositional phrases either show up in sentences

as part of a noun phrase

or

as a modifier of a verb phrase.

part of a noun phrase adjectival

(because it modifies/describes a noun.

In other words, it functions like an adjective. )

modifier of a verb phrase adverbial

(because it modifies/describes a verb.

In other words, it functions like an adverb.)

ADJECTIVAL Prepositional Phrase

Adjectival phrases = add detail or makes clear the identity of the noun phrase (which it will always follow)

Below are examples of prepositional phrases that function as adjectival prepositional phrases. Prepositions are marked in red font; prepositional phrases are underlined.

Examples:

my friends from Austin (describing the noun “friends”)

the road to Iowa City (describing the noun “road”)

a unit within the sentence (describing the noun “unit”)

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ADVERBIAL Prepositional Phrase

Adverbial phrases = tell when, where, why, how, how often, to what extent the verb phrase takes place

Below are examples of prepositional phrases that function as adverbial prepositional phrases. Prepositions are marked in red font; prepositional phrases are underlined.

Examples:

show up throughout the sentence (where to “show up”)

swims daily in the afternoon (when to “swim”)

had exercised for his health (why “exercise”)

watched with horror (how to “watch”)

REVIEW ADJECTIVAL

Prepositional

Phrases answer the

questions:

How much/many?

What kind?

Which one?

ADVERBIAL Prepositional

Phrases answer the questions:

When?

Where?

How?

Why?

To what extent?

Under what conditions?

Food for your brain!

Directions: In the following sentences. Underline the prepositional phrases. Label each “ADJ” if it is adjectival, “ADV” if it is adverbial.

1. The Williams have lived in San Diego since 1985.

2. They like it there because of the climate.

3. I like Minnesota in spite of the cold winters.

4. Prior to 1985, the Williams lived in Baltimore.

Store it in your head!

5. According to some economists, the financial health of the Social Security System is in jeopardy.

6. I hear such predictions with skepticism.

7. Except for eggs, which rarely go up in price, the cost of

groceries is going out of sight.

Think about it!

8. Because of rice and beans, I manage to eat well on my meager income.

9. Between you and me, my grocery money may not hold out until

payday.

10. I am finding it hard to live within my budget.

In your writing… Never END a sentence with a

preposition because a preposition NEEDS an object of

the preposition.

Practice

Re-write the following sentences to avoid ending with a preposition.

Hint: Find what is supposed to be the object of the preposition, often a pronoun.

What do you want the money for?

I can’t decide where I want to go to.

Prepositions are the worst thing to end sentences with.