Alternative business models-- Author (or sponsor) pays Thomas J. Walker University of Florida

Alternative business models--Author (or sponsor) pays Thomas J. WalkerUniversity of Florida

Publishers Editing, reviewing, composing Everyone on the Internet

Authors ortheir

sponsors

$$

Summary

Providing your clients what they want, at a fair price,

may be a good way to stay in business.

Outline• Clients want “IFWA”• IFWA is affordable• Making the transition to IFWA

– Florida Entomological Society (100% IFWA)

– Entomological Society of America (55% IFWA)

Clients want“IFWA”

IFWA=Immediate Free

Web Access

Notroyalties

butIMPACT

Traditional dissemination

Electronic dissemination

User

User

User

LibraryFloridaEntomologist

Issues

Reprints

FTP

Files onpublisher’scomputer

Web server

Publishers

Individual subscriptions

Institutions’staff and affiliated personnel

Everyone else

Editing, reviewing, composing

SubscriptionsSite

Licenses

$ $$$

Creditcards

Internetaddresses

Usernamesand

passwords

Subscr.

Pay Per View

Site L.

$

Restricted Access

Publishers Editing, reviewing, composing Everyone on the Internet

Authors ortheir sponsors

$$

Free Access

Web server

Web server

IFWA isaffordable

Dissemination modes• Traditional [first 330 years]

• Parallel (traditional + electronic) [last few years]

• Electronic only: for fee [no way]

• Electronic only: for free [the future]

Publishers

Individual subscriptions

Institutions’staff and affiliated personnel

Everyone else

Editing, reviewing, composing

SubscriptionsSite

Licenses

$ $$$

Creditcards

Internetaddresses

Usernamesand

passwords

Subscr.

Pay Per View

Site L.

$

Fee Access

Publishers Editing, reviewing, composing Everyone on the Internet

Authors ortheir sponsors

$$

Free Access

Web server

Web server

Dissemination costs• Traditional: High• Parallel: Very high• E-only, for fee : Low• E-only, for free : Very low

IFWAis coming

Makingthe transition

FES: 450 members 1 journal (4 issues/year)

$55,000/yr publishing costs

ESA: 5700 members 4 journals (each 6 issues/year)

$700,000/yr publishing costs

Two entomological societies

ISI Journal Citation Reports 66 entomology journals

Florida Entomologist 30

J. Economic Entomology 11 Environmental Entomology 13 Annals Entomol. Soc. Am. 16 J. Medical Entomology 13

FloridaEntomological

Society 100% IFWA since 1994

Florida Entomological Society• 1993 Free access endorsed• 1994 Free access via PDF files

Florida Entomological Society• 1993 Free access endorsed• 1994 Free access via PDF files• 1995 Switch from Gopher to Web• 1996 Minimal HTML files added

Florida Entomological Society• 1993 Free access endorsed• 1994 Free access via PDF files• 1995 Switch from Gopher to Web• 1996 Minimal HTML files added• 1997 InfoLinks initiated • 1998 Full-text searching implemented• 1999 Back-issue project completed

Florida Entomological Society Back-issue project

• 1917-1993 issues (ca. 20,000 pages)• $11,255 for JSTOR-type scanning• PDF files posted, with free access, by

Florida Center for Library Automation• Total cost to FES was

less than 60 cents per page

Florida Entomological Society• 1993 Free access endorsed• 1994 Free access via PDF files• 1995 Switch from Gopher to Web• 1996 Minimal HTML files added• 1997 InfoLinks initiated • 1998 Full-text searching implemented• 1999 Back-issue project completed• 2000-2001 [in a minute!]• 2002 ISI to implement hotlinks to full text

Institutional subscriptions

-35%

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Dev

iatio

ns fr

om 1

994

valu

es (%

)

Florida Entomologist

Institutional subscriptions

-35%

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Dev

iatio

ns fr

om 1

994

valu

es (%

)

Florida Entomologist

4 ESA Journals

Institutional subscriptions

-35%

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Dev

iatio

ns fr

om 1

994

valu

es (%

)

Florida Entomologist

revenues

4 ESA Journals

Florida Entomological Society• 1993 Free access endorsed• 1994 Free access via PDF files• 1995 Switch from Gopher to Web• 1996 Minimal HTML files added• 1997 InfoLinks initiated • 1998 Full-text searching implemented• 1999 Back-issue project completed• 2000 Obligatory IFWA fee authorized

Florida EntomologistObligatory IFWA fees

Articles $100Scientific notes $ 50

To start with the March 2001 issue!

Florida Entomological Society• 1993 Free access endorsed• 1994 Free access via PDF files• 1995 Switch from Gopher to Web• 1996 Minimal HTML files added• 1997 InfoLinks initiated • 1998 Full-text searching implemented• 1999 Back-issue project completed• 2000 Obligatory IFWA fee authorized • 2001 Obligatory IFWA fee accepted!!

Institutional subscriptions

-35%

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Dev

iatio

ns fr

om 1

994

valu

es (%

)

Florida Entomologist

revenues

4 ESA Journals

subscriptions

subscriptions

Florida Entomologist 2001IFWA gross income 90 articles @$100 = $9,000 36 sci. notes @$50 = $1,800

Total = $10,800

E-version costs751 pages @$3.15 = $2,366

IFWA net income = $8,434

Florida Entomologist 2001Institutional subscriptions potential net income (185x$45) = $8,325 IFWA fees actual net income = $8,434

Florida Entomologist 2001IFWA fees actual net income = $8,434 needed to replace 20 subscriptions = 900

“windfall” income = $7,534

Florida Entomologist

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Page

s pu

blis

hed

No IFWA fees IFWAfees

Entomological Society

of Americacurrently ca. 55% IFWA

Institutional Subscriptions

-40%

-35%

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Dev

iatio

ns fr

om 1

994

valu

es (%

)

4 ESA Journals

revenues

subscriptions

prices increased

Entomological Society of America• 1995 GB approves IFWA sales• 1996 GB approves IFWA sales again• 1997 GB cancels approval• 1998 GB votes to start for-fee e-access

ESA:Economics for-fee e-versions

Cost: $56,000 per year(ca. $14 per page published)

Losses: to be held to no more than $80,000 for 2000-2004

Entomological Society of America• 1995 GB approves IFWA sales• 1996 GB approves IFWA sales again• 1997 GB cancels approval• 1998 GB votes to start for-fee e-access• 1999 GB approves IFWA sales yet again• 2000 IFWA sales begin

ESA’s IFWA revenues

Year Pene- Pages Grosstration revenues

2000 25% 1446 $18,391

2001 51% 2390 $31,259

Institutional Subscriptions + IFWA

-40%

-35%

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Dev

iatio

ns fr

om 1

994

valu

es (%

)

4 ESA Journals

revenues

subscriptions

IFWA added

ESA’s IFWA revenues

Year Pene- Pages Grosstration revenues

2000 25% 1446 $18,391

2001 51% 2390 $31,259

Mean gross per page = $12.94

Ways to boost IFWA income

• Improve the service

Ways to improve the service• Allow immediate posting anywhere

Ways to improve the service• Allow immediate posting anywhere• Seek hotlinks from Current Contents and

other literature indexes

• Post articles on OAI-compliant server

• Post articles on PubMed Central

• Facilitate Google indexing

Ways to boost IFWA income

• Improve the service• Change the name

From “PDF reprints”

to

“PDF reprints Plus”???

Ways to boost IFWA income

• Improve the service• Change the name• Charge more

Reprint (=offprint) prices (USD)100 copies, 7 or 8 pages, no covers, with shipping

Tri-society $ 95Florida Entomologist 102ESA journals 126Taylor and Francis 200Oxford journals 250Amer Physical Society 269Elsevier 310Springer 464Wiley 492

Average=$257

Entomological Society of America

prospects and

business plan

Summary

Providing your clients what they want, at a fair price,

may be a good way to stay in business.

THE END

Publishers Editing, reviewing, composing Everyone on the Internet

Authors ortheir

sponsors

$$

The future of journals:

(of this talk)

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1998 1999 2000 2001

Mem

bers

hip

& re

venu

es (r

elat

ive)

FES full members

FES full + student

ESA full members

ESA full + student

FES membership revenues

Effect of IFWA on membership??