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Alwashin Shugaban {asar Amirkar
Watan Tahirin Mata Na Shekarar 2017
Muna alfahari da irin nasarorin da }asarmu ta samu, wajen inganta cikakken
tsoma hannun mata, a harkokin rayuwar jama’ar {asar Amirka, da kuma irin
dagewar da muka yi, na tallafa wa ci gaban duk wani al’amari, a Amirka da kuma
]aukacin duniya.
{asar Amirka tana girmama duk wata mace, da kuma shugabannin da suka yi
fice, a tarihinmu, kazalika ma, sauran gwarzayen matan da ba a bayyana ba, a
harkokin rayuwarmu, ta yau da kullum. Muna girmama duk wata fitacciyar mace,
da wa]anda suka bayar da gudunmawa, ga rayuwar }asarmu, da al’adu, da tarihi,
da tattalin arziki, da irin yadda aka daidaita iyalanmu, da taimakawa, ga cika
alkawurran }asar Amirka.
Muna murna da gagarumar nasarar da kakanninmu, matan {asar Amirka suka
samu, matan da suka taimaka ga gano lagun }asarmu da kuma gano duk wani
al’amarin da ya kamaci mu tunkara, a Yammacin Turai. A ]aukacin ya}e-ya}en
da kuma yi, na haramta bauta da sauran ya}e-ya}e, a waje, matanmu ba su yi
}asa a gwiwa ba. Kuma matan }asar Amirka, sun yi fafitikar }wato ‘yancin mata
da sauran jama’a, daga tozarta }ungiyoyin }watar ‘yanci. Miliyoyin tsayayyun
mata, marasa tsoro, sun samu galabar harkokin kasuwanci, da kuma wuraren aiki,
wa]anda suka kasance }ashin bayan rayuwar iyalanmu, da al’ummarmu, da
kuma }asarmu.
A lokacin Watan Tarihin Matan, mun ]an tsagaita tunawa da manyan matan da
suka yi ruwa da tsaki, a manyan harkoki da dama, da bu]e hanyar da matan yau,
ba su yi ba, amma, suka jagoranta da kuma daidaita duk wani nau’i na rayuwar
jama’ar {asar Amirka. Tun asali, an albarkace mu da hazi}an mata, irin su
Henrietta Johnson, mace ta farko da ta yi fice ga harkar zane-zane, a
nahiyoyinmu; sai Margaret Corbin, wadda ta dage, matu}a, a Juyin Juya Halin
{asar Amirka; da ma Abigail Adams, uwargidan Shugaban {asa, kuma
}wa}}warar mai bayar da shawara ga Shugaba John Adams.
Har ila yau, muna tuna }asaitattun mata irin su Mary Walker, mace, ta farko, da
ta samu Lambar Yabo ta Majalisar {asa; sai Harriet Tubman, wadda ta ku~utar
3
da kanta daga bauta, a shekarar 1849, ta kuma ku~utar da ]aruruwa, ta hanyar
Jirgin }asan dake }ar}ashin }asa; sai Susan B. Anthony, mawallafiya, kuma
editar mujallar The Revolution, tare da abokiyarta, Dokta Charlotte Lozier, ]aya
daga cikin mata, na farko, da suka zama likitoci, a {asar Amirka, wa]anda,
dukansu, suka bayar da shawarwari, kan mutuntawa da kuma daidaita Kason
mata, da mata, masu juna biyu, da kuma yaranasu; sai Rosa Parks, wadda ta yi
turmin-danyar hana farar fata kujerar zamanta, al’amarin da ya tunzura kafa
}ungiyar }watar ‘yancin bil adama, ta zamani; sai Shirley Temple Black,
fitacciyar zarumar wasan kwaikwayon nan, wadda ta riki]e jakada, kuma babbar
jami’ar harkokin hul]a, ta farko, ga Shugaban {asar Amirka; sai Anna Bissell,
babban jami’ar hukumar, mace, ta farko, a tarihin {asar Amirka; akwai Amelia
Earhart, mace ta farko, da ta fara walanke]uwa da jirgin sama, ta ratsa Tekun
Atlantic; sai Ella Fitzgerald, gagarumar mawa}iya, kuma Sarauniyar Ki]an Jazz;
da kuma Sally Ride, ba’amirka, ta farko, da ta zama ‘yar sama-jannati.
{asar Amirka za ta ci gaba da kare mutunci da kuma ‘yancinsu, a dukan fa]in
}asar, da ma duniya baki ]aya. Kodayake talauci kan yi wa mata, da dama, cikas,
{asar Amirka, ba za ta bar hakan ya ]ore ba. Za mu inganta rayuwa dukan mata,
ta hanyar sanya su, samun biyan bukatun rayuwa, a Amirka, da zama, da kuma
yin aiki, da ma yun}urawa, a al’umma, mai walwalar da za ta bar su, ta kuma
wadata su, da iyalansu.
Har ila yau, }asar Amirka, na sane da irin fafitikar da ]imbin mata ke ci gaba da
yi, a fa]in duniya, inda ake cin mutunci da zarafin matan da aka mayar saniyar
ware. {asar Amirka, za ta talalfa wa wa]annan matan, ta kuma dage kan kare
budurwowin da ake }wace wa ‘yancinsu, a cutar da su, da kuma bautar da su, a
fa]in duniya.
DON HAKA, A YAU, NI, DONALD J. TRUMP, Shugaban {asar Amirka, a bisa
]imbin ikon da Tsarin Mulki da Dokokin {asar Amirka, suka mallakka min, na
tsayar da watan Maris na Shekarar 2017, a matsayin Watan Tarin Mata. Ina kira
ga ]aukacin jama’ar {asar Amirka, da su bi sahu, tare da shirye-shirye da
bukukuwa da kuma harkokin da suka dace.
A BISA KUMA GA SHAIDA, na sanya hannu, a ranar ]aya ga watan Maris, na
wannan shekararmu, ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai, da kuma ‘Yancin {asar
amirka, na shekaru ]ari biyu da arba’in da ]aya.
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DONALD J. TRUMP
https://goo.gl/81PyQ3
TAKE:
“Girmama Fitatattun Mata A Fannonin {wadago da Kasuwanci”
Taken shekarar 2017, na Watan Tarihin Matan {asa, shine girmama matan da suka
samu nasarorin duk wata }alubalar dake damun matan, a fannonin harkokin
kasuwanci da kuma aikin albashi. Matan kan yi aiki, amma, a wani loton, ba a
sanin martabar aikin da suke yi, da ma biya.
[imbin wa]anda aka girmaman, a shekarar ta 2017, sun fito ne daga wurare
dabam daban, kuma kowace, ta nuna }wazo a fanninta. Bugu da }ari, wa]anda aka
girmaman, sun aikatu, sun kuma canja ra’ayoyin }arni, har uku, na tarihin }asar ta
Amirka. Wa]annan matan, duk sun samu nasarorin }alubalantar rashin
kyautatuwar harkokin jin da]in rayuwa, da na shari’ar da suka nemi dawwamar da
mata, a kusan ayyukan bauta, da }arancin albashi.
Bisa ga irin yadda suka ri}a fuskantar bambanci, a wuraren aiki (na }arancin
albashi, da rashin kyakkyawan yanayin aiki, da ma }arancin dama), sun yi fafitikar
rage yawan wahalolin da matan ke sha. Sun samu nasarar fa]a]a wa mata damar
shiga harkokin kasuwanci, da kuma samun }arfin da ya kamace su, a harkokin
}wadago. A ma matsayinsu na shugabannin harkokin cinikin da }ir}ire-}ir}ire,
sun kauce wa duk wani }unci, ta hanyar nuna }wazon mata, game da }o}arin
}ir}iro da }ungiyoyi da kafa harkokin kasuwancinsu, da suka bu]e hanyar
kyautata rayuwar gudanar da ayyuka, da samun cikakken albashi, gare su, da
sauran mata.
Sun bu]e hanyar da matan za su iya samun nasara, a kowane fanni. Yayinda kuma
kowane matar da aka girmama, ta yi fice, kowacensu ba ta wuce rayuwar da kowa
ke fuskanta ba, da tabbatar da ganin ana ganin kimar shugabannin harkokin
kasuwancin mata da }wadago. Mafi yawan abinda ke da muhimmanci shine,
shekarar Fitattun, ta 2017, ta bu]e fage ga magadan shugabancin kasuwanci da
}wadagon mata, su ha~aka.
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Matan Da Aka Girmama A Watan Tarihin Mata Na Shekarar 2017
Rebecca Anderson
(1940) Mai {ir}iro da Ci Gaban Harkokin Tattalin Arzikin Al’umma
Rebecca “Becky” Anderson, tare da wata }ungiyar jama’ar Yammacin Arewacin
Carolina, suka }ir}iro da }ungiyar sana’ar hanu, mai suna HandMade, a {asar
Amirka. Ita ce darektar farko, ta }ungiyar, wadda ta kafa shirin mayar da hankali
ga harkokin sana’o’in hannu, a yankuna 25, na jihar. Al’amarin ya kasance abin
gado, na koyi, ga Yankunan Harkokin Tarihi na {asa, kuma abin koyi ga tsare-
tsare 16, na gwamnati.
A matsayinta, na darekta, na }ungiyar ta sana’o’in hannu ta Handmade, Anderson,
ta gudanar da manyan ayyukan yawon sha}atawa, da inganta }ananan garuruwa,
da harkokin ilmin makarantu. Ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Sana’o’in Hannu, da
{ir}ire-}ir}ire, da Zane-zane, a cikin tsarin koyarwar Jami’ar North Carolina.
Shirinta, na tsarin harkokin sha}atawa ya faro ne, da litattafan karantar da Tafarkin
Sana’o’in Tarihi, dake kai maziyarta, zuwa wuraren yankuna, da wuraren ajiyar
kayayyakin tarihi, da wuraren tarihin, har 23. A bisa ga haka ne, aka samu }aruwar
masu yin kayayyakin sana’o’in hannu, da kashi 23, cikin 100. A kuma }a}ashin
jagorancin Anderson, }ungiyar ta Handmade ta samu lambobin girmamawa, da
dama, ciki har da Lambar Yabo ta [orewar Ci Gaba, daga Hukumar Renew
America, Inc. A shekarar 2003 kuma, mujallar Worth, ta sanya }ungiyar ta
Handmade, a matsayin ta ]aya, a cikin }ungiyoyin harkokin yin sana’o’in hannu,
24, dake {asar Amirka.
Shirin Kyautata Harkokin {ungiyar Handmade A {ananan Garuruwa, ya }unshi
gagaruwa 13, da yawan jama’arsu bai wuce dubu ba, da ma wa]anda suka ajiye
kayayyakin har 177, a cikin fiye da shekaru 12; da yi wa gine-gine 212
kwaskwarima; da ~ullo da ayyuka har dubu ]aya da 350; da sababbin harkokin
kasuwanci 349; da fa]a]a harkokin kasuwanci 83; da zuba jarurrukan jama’a, na
jimlar dolar Amirka miliyan tara; da zuba jarin kamfanoni, na dolar Amirka
miliyan 43; da ma samar da awowin da suka kai dubu 183, da 713, na masu
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ayyukan sanya-kai, a garuruwan da ba su da manajoji, ko kuma jami’ai. Dangane
da ha]in gwiwarta da kolejojin al’umma, da Harkokin Bun}asa Albarkatun
Gunduma, }ungiyar ta Handmade ta kafa wa]ansu rufaffun wuraren }ona yum~un
yin fa]i-ka-mutu, da gilashi, ta hanyar yin amfani da iskar gas ta methane, da ake
dafuwa da ita, a matayin makamashi. Wani kuma sifiyon da kamfanin EPA LMOP,
ya kammala, dangane da daina amfani da iskar ta methane gas, ya kuma fito da
shugaba itatuwa har dubu 14, ko daina amfani da motoci dubu 21, a kan hanyoyi.
Masu gudanar da sana’o’in hannun, sun kuma kafa sababbin harkokin kasuwanci
har 17.
Kafin ~ullo da }ungiyar ta Handmade, Becky Anderson darekta ce, ta Majalisar
Harkokin Bun}asa Al’umma, na Kamfanin Land of Sky Regional Planning, ta ma
ta~a ri}e mu}amin Darektar Bun}asa Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, ta garin Ashville,
da na {ungiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta NC, da kuma Darektar Bun}asa Tattalin
Arzikin garin na Ashville. A shekarar 2000, an bayyana sunan Anderson, a jerin
sunayen masu zurfin tunani, 20, a kafofin labarun U.S. News da World Report, dake {asar Amirka.
Barbara Hackman Franklin
(1940)
Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Ciniki
Ayyukan da Barbara Hackman Franklin ta yi, suna da ban mamaki, a dukan sassan
gwamnati da kuma masu zaman kansu, kuma ta na da }o}arin bu]e wa
shugabannin mata kafofin shugabanci. A matsayinta, na wadda ta yi aiki da
shugabannin }asa, har biyar, Franklin ta jagoranci }o}arin }ara yawan matan dake
cikin harkar gwamnati, da daidaita dangantakar harkokin kasuwancin dake
tsakanin }asashen Amirka da China, kuma }wararriya ce a fannin hul]ar
shugabancin mulki.
7
Franklin ta fara aiki ne, a shekarar 1971, a matsayin }aramar jami’a, a ofishin
Shugaba Nixon. Ita ce ta shugabanci duk wani yun}uri, na farko, a Fadar
Gwamnatin {asar Amirka, na na]a mata manyan mu}aman gwamnati, wanda,
kusan ya ru~anya jimlar wa]anda ke kan wa]annan mukamai, har gida hu]u, a
shekarun 1971 zuwa 73. An tuna da wannan }o}ari na ta, a wani littafin da Lee
Stout ya wallafa, a shekarar 2012, mai suna A Matter of Simple Justice: the Untold Story of Barbara Hackman Franklin and A Few Good Women, watau Idan Za A Yi
Adalci: Akwai Abinda Za A Fa]a Game Da Barbara Hackman Franklin Da Sauran
Tsirarun Mata. A sakamakon haka ne, aka ba ta mu}amin Kwamishiniyar
Hukumar Kare Darajar Kayayyakin da Jama’a ke Amfani da Su, inda ta mayar da
hankali kan tsabtar kayayyakin da }ananan yara ke amfani da su, a shekarun 1973
zuwa 78. A matsayinta, na Sakatariyar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta 29, a gwamnatin
Shugaba George H.W. Bush, ta }ara yawan irin kayayyakin da {asar Amirka ke
sayowa, daga }asashen China, da Rasha, da Japan, da kuma Mexico. Tarihin da ta
yi, na kai ziyarar aiki, a {asar China a shekarar 1992, ta daidaita hul]ar harkokin
kasuwanci, da wannan }asar, ta kuma kawar da duk wani shingen tarurrukan
ministoci, da dawo da wata kwangilar dolar Amirka miliyan dubu ]aya, da aka
sanya wa kamfanonin }asar ta Amirka hannu. Harkar kasuwanci da }asar ta China
ta bun}asa, a shekarun da suka biyo baya, haka ma al’amarin da ya shafi zuba
jarurrukan }asashen waje.
Franklin ce Shugaba kuma Babban Jami’ar Kamfanin Barbara Franklin
Enterprises, wani kamfanin bayar da shawarwari na duniya. Ta kuma kasance
wakiliyar hukumar darektocin kamfanonin gwamnati, da sauran kamfanoni da
}ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, ta shugabanci harkokin }ungiyoyin
}wararru, kuma ita ce jagorar shugabantar kafa {ungiyar Manyan Jami’an
Gwamnati Mata, a shekarar 1973. Franklin ta kammala karatunta, da sakamako
mai ]an karen kyau, a Jami’ar Jihar Pennsylvania, kuma ta na ]aya daga cikin
matan farko, a Makarantar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Harvard. Cikin irin lambobin
yabon da ta samu, da kuma digirori, sun ha]a da na]a ta wakiliya a Zauren Fitattun
Mata, na Connecticut, a shekarar 2013, da Zauren {ungiyar Fitattun Darektocin
Hukumomi, (NACD), a shekarar 2014, da kuma Zauren Fitattun Manyan Jami’an
Harkokin Ku]a]en duniya, a shekarar 2015. Ta na zaune ne a Biranen
Washington, DC da Bristol, CT, tare da mijinta, Wallace Barnes.
8
Alexis Herman
(1947)
tsohuwar Sakatariyar Harkokin {wadago
An haifi Alexis Herman a yankin Alabama, inda kuma Herman ta fara aikin bayar
da taimakon agaji, na [ari}ar Catholic, ga matasan dake neman aiki. Tun tana da
shekaru 29, Shugaba Carter ya sanya ta zama darektar da ta fi kowa }arancin
shekaru, a tarihin Sashen Harkokin {wadago, na Ofishin Kula da Mata. A shekarar
1992, ta zama mace, Ba}ar Fatar {asar Amirka, ta farko, da aka na]a, a matsayin
darektar dake taimaka wa shugaban }asa, a Ofishin Hul]a da Jama’a, na Fadar
Gwamnatin Amirka. A ranar 1 ga watan Mayun 1997, an rantsar da Herman, a
matsayin Sakatariyar Harkokin {wadagon {asar Amirka, ta 23, kuma ba}ar fata,
mace, ta farko, da ta fara jagorancin Ma’aikatar {wadago ta {asar Amirka. A
lokacinta, na wakiliya a Majalisar Zartaswar Shugaban {asa, Herman ta kuma ri}i
mu}amin wakiliya, mai daraja, ta Majalisar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki ta {asa.
A matsayinta na Sakatariya, Herman ta mayar da hankali kan tsara ma’aikata, da
samar da ma’aikatan, da kuma ingancin wuraren aiki. A wannan }udurin ne, a
zuciyarta, ta cure duk wata basirar gudanar da ayyukan ma’aikatar, suka kasance
masu sau}in aiwatarwa, da gudanarwa. Herman ta jagoranci himmar cibiyar
daidaita ayyukan }wadagon }ananan yara, ta duniya; ta inganta ayyukan jama’a,
ya zuwa masu mutunci; da kuma }addamar da wani tunanin ha}i}ancewa kan
samar da aikin matasa, tun shekarun 1970. A }ar}ashinta, an rage yawan rashin
aikin yi, na kusan shekaru 30, har ya kuma zuwa yau. Amirka ta ga wani
kyakkyawan tarihi game da ayyukan, da ba ta ta~a gani ba, a tarihin harkokin aikin
Ma’aikatar {wadago. A halin yanzu, Alexis Herman, ita ce shugaba kuma babbar
jami’ar Kamfanin New Ventures, da Kamfanin Gudanar da Kare Ha]urra na LLC.
Ta ci gaba da nuna bajintarta, ga hukumomin harkokin kasuwanci, da dama, da
kuma }ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. A da, Herman na daga cikin amintattun
tsofaffin ]aliban Jami’ar Xavier, dake Louisiana. Da kuma ita aka shugabanci
Asusun Tara Gudunmawar Gwamnatocin Bush da Clinton, kan Guguwar Katrina,
9
kuma wakiliya ce, ta hukumar Tara Gudunmawar Gwamnatocin Clinton da Bush,
kan agaza wa Asusun {asar Haiti. A halin yanzu, ta na shugabantar Hukumar
Bayar da Shawarwari ne ga Kamfanin Toyota. Ayyukan da take yi wa }ungiyoyi
masu zaman kansu, sun ha]a da: kasancewa Amintatta ga {ungiyar Al}arya ta
{asa, kuma wakiliya ce ta Hukumar Manyan Jami’an Kamfanin Delta Sigma
Theta Sorority, Inc., kuma shugabar Asusun Harkokin Ilmi ta Tunawa da Dorothy
I. Height.
Lilly Ledbetter
(1938)
‘Yar Fafitikar Daidaita Albashi
Lilly Ledbetter ta kai duk wata matsalar nuna bambancin bayar da aiki, har ya
zuwa Babbar Kotun {olin {asar Amirka, da ma fiye da haka. A yau, ita ce kakaki,
kuma mai fa]a a ji, dangane da harkokin fafitikar ‘yancin mata, da sauran jama’a.
Ledbetter ta girma ne a kusa da garin Jacksonville, na Alabama; ta na da aure, da
yara biyu, kuma ta yi aiki a ofisoshin aikin }wadago, da dama. A shekarar 1979, ta
yi hasashen zama manaja, a wata }aramar masana’antar Kamfanin yin tayoyi na
Goodyear. A matsayinta, na mace, tilo, dake aiki, a masana’antar, ta sha barar
maza. Duk da irin bambancin da ake nuna ma ta, ta yi aiki, tu}uru, ta kuma zauna a
kamfanin na Goodyear, da fatan al’amurra za su inganta. A shekarar 1998, bayan
ta yi shekaru 19, da kamfanin, Ledbetter samu wata wasi}ar da ba ta san ko daga
ina ta fito ba, dake nuna cewa, ana biyanta albashi }asa da wanda ake biyan mazan
dake yin aiki irin na ta. A sakamakon haka ne, sai Ledbetter, ta kai }arar ana nuna
bambanci, a matsayinta, na da]a]]ar ma’aikaciya, don ta na mace.
An yi ta tu}a wannan shari’a, tsakanin Ledbetter da kamfanin Goodyear Tire da
ma Kamfanin Rubber Co., wadda kuma Ledbetter ta samu nasara, amma, sai
kamfanin Goodyear ya ]aukaka }ara, aka kuma canja nasarar. A shekarar 2007, sai
al}alan Kotun {olin {asar Amirka, biyar, suka rinjayi al}alai hu]u, inda suka
yanke hukuncin rashin bai wa Ledbetter nasara, sun kuma bayar da hujjar cewa,
10
kamata ya yi, ta gabatar da kokenta, bayan kwanaki 180, da ta kar~i albashinta, na
farko, da aka nuna ma ta bambancin. Rashin amincewar Mai Shari’a Ginsberg, ta
bayar da hujjar cewa, Ledbetter ta kasa gabatar da koken ne, tun da wuri, domin ba
ta san cewa, akwai bambanci ga albashin ba; Ginsberg ya bayar da hujjar da ta ci
gaba da bin }ararta. Amma, Ledbetter sai ta sare. A cikin watan Agustan shekarar
2008, ta yi }orafi game da nunin bambancin biyan albashin, a Babban Taron
Jam’iyyar Democrat na {asa. A ranar 29, ga watan Janairun 2009, Shugaba
Obama, ya sanya hannu a kan Batun Adalcin Biyar Albashin Da Ya Kamata, na
Lilly Ledbetter, ya zuwa doka. Sabuwar dokar ce ta sukurkuta duk wani tarna}in
gabatar da }arar nuna bambanci, inda aka ware kwanaki 180, su kasance lokacin
da suka kamaci duk wanda aka nuna wa bambanci, ya gabatar ta koke. Duk da
haka, wannan nasarar, Ledbetter ba ta samu wani tagomashi ba, daga kamfanin na
Goodyear.
A yanzu, Lilly Ledbetter ‘yar gwagwarmaya ce, inda take ro}on mata da ‘yan
tsiraru, da su ya}i samun ‘yanci. A shekarar 2012, ta kuma gabatar ta wani littafin
tarihinta, mai suna Sama da {asan Fafitikar Daidaita Biyan Albashi da Nuna
Adalci, a Kamfanin Goodyear da Gaba da Haka. (Grace and Grit: My Fight For Equal Pay and Fairness at Goodyear and Beyond).
Kate Mullany
(1845 – 1906)
Wadda ta kafa {ungiyar {wadagon Mata Zalla, ta farko
Kate Mullany ce ta kafa cikakkar }ungiyar mata, zalla, ta }asa. A shekarar 1864, ta
tara ‘yan uwanta, mata, fiye da 300, mata, masu wankin tufafi, na garin Troy, dake
Birnin New York, domin kafa {ungiyar Wankin Tufafi ta Collar Laundry.
An haife ta ne, a {asar Ingila, kuma mahaifanta ‘yan asalin {asar Ireland ne,
amma, Mullany ta yi gudun hijira, zuwa {asar Amirka, tare da iyalanta, bayan da
mahaifinta ya mutu, ta kuma fara aikin tallafa wa mahaifiyarta, da ‘yan uwa.
11
Mullany ta yi aiki, a ]aya daga cikin wuraren wankin tufafi, 14, dake garin na
Troy, inda mata ke share awowi 12, zuwa 14, suna wankin tufafi, da sanya ma su
sitaci, da kuma guga. Idan kuma aka dubi aiki, sai a ga yana da ha]ari, ba kuma
wani abin-a-zo, a gani, ake biya ba. Irin nasarar da ma’aikata yankin ke samu ce, ta
bai wa Mullany }warin gwiwar ha]a kan ‘yan uwanta mata, masu wankin tufafi.
Kafa }ungiyar ba }aramin aiki ba ne, domin mata, da dama, suna da ]awainiyar
iyalan dake gabansu, bayan sun kammala aiki, kuma babu wani wurin da za su ri}a
ha]uwa, amma, Mullany ta dage, sai da aka kafa wannan }ungiyar ta Collar
Laundry Union.
A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 1864, Mullany, da sauran takwarorin aikinta, suka
yi bore, a masana’antar wankin tufafin ta garin Troy, da sunan zanga-zanga.
Mullany, da }ungiyar, sun bukaci da a }ara ma su albashi, a kuma kyautata ma su
tsarin aiki. Da farko masu masana’antar wankin tufafin sun }i saurarensu, amma
sai {ungiyar Collar Laundry Union, tare da goyon bayan }aramar }ungiyar Iron
Molder’s Union, suka dage kan neman bukatunsu. Bayan kwanaki biyar, sai
wa]ansu daga cikin masu masana’antun wankin tufafin suka bai wa bori kai ya
hau, inda suka }ara albashin da kashi 25, cikin 100, kashegari kuma sai sauran
masana’antun suka bi sahu. Wannan zanga-zangar ta yi tasiri. Domin kuma nuna
godiya ga shugabancin Mullany, sai aka na]a ta, mace, ta farko, da ta zama jami’ar
}ungiyar ta }asa, a lokacin da aka za~e ta a matsayin mataimakiyar sakataren
{ungiyar {wadago ta {asa, a shekarar1868. Daga bisani ta koma garin Buffalo,
inda ta auri John Fogarty, ta kuma bu]e masana’antar wankin tufafi, ta Troy
Laundry.
Kate Mullany ta mutu, a shekarar 1906. Ta na kuma daga cikin wa]anda aka
karrama, a Zauren Fitattun Mata na {asa, a shekarar 2000, da kuma Zauren
Kayayyakin Tarihi na {asa, a shekarar 1998, da kuma karramawar da Majalisar
{asa ta yi ma ta, a Wuraren Tarihi na {asa, a shekarar 2004. Cibiyar Nazarin
Harkokin {wadago ta Amirka ce ke da wurin, kuma ita ce ta ke ri}e da wurin. Har
ila yau, ta na daga cikin jerin Manyan Wuraren Gadon da Mata Suka Bari, a Birnin
New York, watau New York State’s Women’s Heritage Trail. Domin }arin bayani,
a tuntu~i shafin yanar-gizo mai suna: http://www.katemullanynhs.org/.
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Lucy Gonzalez Parsons
(c. 1853- 1942)
Shugabar Gurguzu da Tsara Harkokin {wadago
Lucy Gonzalez Parsons, ‘yar }ungiyar }wadago ce, kuma }angararrar mai son
ganin an kyautata harkokin jin da]i, ga ta kuma ‘yar adawa da gwamnati. Ita ce ta
kafa {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Masana’antu ta Duniya, kuma marubuciya ce, kuma
kakakin jama’a. A }ololuwar tashenta, na fafitika, Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan
Chicago, bayyana cewa, Parsons da cewa “ta fi dubun masu zanga-zanga ha]ari.”
Lucy Gonzalez ‘yar asalin Amirka ce, da jinin ba}ar fatar Amirka da na {asar
Mexico, a jikinta, mai yiwuwa ma an haife ta a }angina bauta ne. Ta auri Albert
Parsons, a shekarar 1871. Saboda rashin ha}urin aurensu, na yare dabam daban, an
tilasta wa ma’auratan da su koma arewa da yankin Texas. Lokacin da suka koma
garin Chicago, na Illinois, ma’auratan sun }ara durmuya ga shugabancin harkokin
fafitikar juyin-juya halin sama wa ma’aikata ‘yanci, da kuma fursunonin siyasa, da
wa]anda ba fararen fata ba, da marasa muhalli da kuma mata. Lucy Parsons ta
wallafa }asidun gwagwarmaya da dama, ciki har da litattafan The Socialist, da The Alarm, wata mujalla, ta {ungiyar Ma’aikata ta Duniya.
An kama Parsons da mijinta, sau da yawa, saboda jawabai ga jama’a, da rarraba
}asidun hamayya da gwamnati. A shekarar 1887, an kama mijinta, aka kuma harbe
shi, a Illinois, saboda ya shiga zanga-zangar Kasuwar Tattaka, watau Haymarket Riot, inda mutane da dama suka yi imanin dama an shirya ne. A shekarar 1905,
Parsons ta }ir}iro da {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Masana’antu ta Duniya, wata }ungiyar
duniya da ta yi imanin cewa, ya kamata duk wani ma’aikaci ya bayar da ha]in kan
kafa gungun kyautata jin da]in rayuwa. Saboda mayar da hankali kan faafitikar
wannan gungun dake artabu da fatara da rashin aikin, Parsons, ta shirya wata
zanga-zanga ta Ya}ar Yunwa, a Birnin Chicago, a shekarar 1915, zanga-zangar da
ta haifar da wata gagarumar zanga-zanga, a wata na gaba, tare da ha]in kan
{ungiyar {wadago ta Tarayyar Amirka, da Jam’iyyar Gurguzu, da kuma
Gidauniyar Jane Addams’ Hull House. An yaba wa Parsons, bisa hangen nesan za
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a mayar da martabi, nan gaba, inda, maimakon ta kauce wa mayar da martanin, sai
ta dage kan mamaye duk wa]ansu kayayyakin aiki, domin kasancewa wani mayar
da martanin, na zaman-dirshan, a }asar ta Amirka.
Lucy Parsons ta ci gaba da yi wa jama’a jawabai, har lokacin da ta cimma shekaru
80. A shekarar 1942, lokacin da take da shekaru 89, a duniya ne, Lucy ta mutu, a
wata gobarar gida. Ta mutu ne, a gobarar gida. A shekarar 1970, aka kafa Cibiyar
Lucy Parsons, wani wurin ajiyar litattafan tsageranci, dake Birnin Boston. Birnin
Chicago kuma ya sanya sunanta, a wani wurin sha}atawa, don girmamawa, a
shekarar 2004.
Barbara “Dusty” Roads
(1928)
Shugabar {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Safarar Jiragen Sama
Barbara, wadda ake kira da sunan “Dusty” Roads, tsohuwar ma’aikaciyar safarar
jiragen sama ce, da ta yi fafitika da masana’atun jiragen sama, game da irin yadda
ake kai wa mata bara, dangane da sharu]]a da dokokin aikinsu. Kamfanin Jiragen
Saman Amirka, ya ]auki Dusty aiki, a shekarar 1950. A shekarar 1953, iyayen
gijinta suka matsa da a aiwatar da wani sashen dokar yin kwangilar aiki, ga dukan
masu hidimar safarar jiragen saman da aka ]auka aiki, bayan 1 ga watan Disambar
shekarar ta 1950, don za a kore su, da sun zarce shekaru 32 da haihuwa; dokar da,
ba a jima ba, ta zama kar~a~~a, a }asa. Dusty ta kira wannan dokar, a matsayin
nuna bambanci ga mata, ta kuma ro}i }ungiyarta, mai suna ALSSA, (Airline
Stewards and Stewardesses Association), da ta ya}i al’amarin. Bayan da ta kasance
a tsakiyar yarjejeniyar kwangilar aikin, da shugabantar reshen }ungiyar ta ALSSA,
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dake Birnin Los Angeles, sai aka na]a ta mai sasanta }ungiyar ta ALSSA, ta }asa,
dake Birnin Washington D.C., a shekarar 1958. A matsayinta, na mai sasantawa, ta
bayar da shaida, a wani zaman kwamitin bincike game da kiyaye ha]urran jiragen
sama, da harkokin horarwa, da bayar da takardun shaida, da kuma sharu]]an da
aka gindaya game da shekaru. Ta yi }awa da Wakiliyar Majalisar Dokoki, Martha
W. Griffiths da ‘Yar Majalisar Dattijai Margaret Chase Smith, wa]anda suka
tallafa wa manufofinta. {o}arin da Dusty ta yi, a shekarar 1963 ne, ya jagoranci,
wani yun}urin gaggawar zayyana wani batun majalisa, na soke sashen dokar da ya
yi bayani game da }ayyade shekaru. Dokar mai suna Tsohon Batu, (The Old
Broads Bill), wadda ‘yan majalisar }asa suka gabatar, ta kasa cimma gaci. A
yun}uri, na biyu, da ta yi, Dusty, tare da sauran ma’aikata, sun yi wa manema
labaru jawabi kan nuna rashin amincewarsu da manufar ta }ayyade shekaru.
Wannan ya janyo hankulan kafofin watsa labaru, na }asa, da ma muhawara kan
bukatun masana’antun jiragen saman, suka haddasa.
A shekarar 1965, Dusty ta shiga Hukumar Daidaita Damar Bayar da Aiki, (EEOC),
a ranar farko, da aka bu]e ta, ta kuma gabatar da koken farko, game da nuna
bambanci, wajen bayar da ayyuka, a {asar Amirka, a madadinta, da kuma
takwararta, Jean Montague. Bayan shekaru uku, suna fafatawa da hukumar ta
EEOC, sai a }arshe, aka soke wannan shara]in game da shekaru, bayan da
}ungiyar ta yi barazanar yin zanga-zanga, a shekarar 1968. A shekarar 1977, Dusty
ta taimaka wajen kafa wata sabuwar }ungiyar, mai zaman kanta, watau {ungiyar
{wararrun Ma’aikatan Safarar Jiragen Sama, (APFA), wadda ta kasance,
katafariyar }ungiya mai zaman kanta, a }asa. Ta yi ritaya, tana da shekaru 66, a
duniya. Duk da yanzu ta kai shekaru tamanin, Dusty na ci gaba da tallafa wa kare
bukatun duk wani ma’aikacin da ya nuna }wazo bisa neman a tauye ma sa
‘yancinsa, a yau. Litattafai, da dama, game da tarihin yun}urin mata, sun nuna irin
gudunmawar da ta bayar, da kuma yadda take yin ruwa da tsaki, a shirye-shiryen
giajen rediyo da telebijin, ciki har da shirin nan, na asali, na PBS
Makers. http://www.makers.com/dusty-roads
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Andra Rush
(1960)
Shugaba/Babbar Jami’ar Rukunin Kamfanonin Rush Group
A matsayinta, na wadda ta kafa, kuma jagora, babbar jami’a, kuma Shugabar
Rukunin Kamfanonin na Rush Group, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan kamfanonin
Dakkota Integrated Systems, da Detroit Manufacturing Systems da kuma Rush
Trucking Corporation, Andra Rush, na shugabantar wani katafaren kamfanin
kasuwancin da mace ta mallaka, a Birnin Michigan, kuma ]aya daga cikin manyan
kamfanoni, mallakar ‘yan {asar Amirka, a {asar ta Amirka.
A shekarar 1984, Rush ta ranto dolar Amirka dubu biyar, daga iyayenta, da kuma
yi amfani da wannan bashin, domin }addamar da kamfanin Rush Trucking, da
mota ]aya, tilo, sai kuma a-kori-kura biyu. A yau, kamfanin Rush Trucking
Corporation ne, ke safaar ]aukacin kayayyakin rukunin kamfanonin Fortune 100, a
dukan fa]in }asashen Amirka da Canada, inda yake da manyan motoci dubu ]aya
da 100, da kuma direbobi har 700.
Manufarta, tun da farko, ita ce ta }ir}iro da wata damar samar da aiki, mai ]orewa,
ga al’ummar da ba su da galihu.
Rush ta }addamar da kamfanin Dakkota Integrated Systems, a shekarar 2001,
wanda ke yi wa manyan kamfanonin kayayyakin aiki hidima, ta hanyar cikakkar
kulawa, da yadda suke harha]a kayayyakin, da kuma tsara duk wani alatu, dake
cikin motoci, ta hanyar ha]a gwiwa da kamfanin Magna International Inc.
kamfanin na Dakkota, wanda ya yi suna, game da inganta bayar da kayayyaki, da
kuma bambanta su, ta hannun Majalisar Inganta Rarraba wa ‘Yan Tsiraru
Kayayyaki, ta Michigan, na da ma’aikata dubu biyu, da 200, da suka }ware kan
aiki, wanda kuma Rukunin Kamfanonin Chrysler Group ya bayyana, a matsayin
fitattun Masu Rarraba Kayayyaki, na Shekara, kuma hansha}iyar masana’antar
duniya, a shekarar 2013, kazalika wanda kamfanin General Motors ya bayyana, a
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matsayin Mai Rarraba Kayayyaki ta Shekara, har tsawon shekaru uku, jere, watau
2013, da 2014 da kuma 2015.
Shugaba Barack Obama, ya jinjina wa Rush, a lokacin da yake Jawabin {asa, na
Shekarar 2014, dangane da }ir}iro da ayyukan masana’antu, a Birnin Detroit, tare
kuma da bu]e Masana’antar Detroit Manufacturing Systems, a watan Yunin
shekarar 2012, wani ha]in gwiwa da kamfanin Faurecia – kamfani, na farko da aka
bu]e, a birnin, a cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce.
Wannan aikin, na rarraba wa masana’antun harha]a motoci kayayyaki, ya yi
bun}asar ]aukar ma’aikata har dubu, aiki, dake zaune, a birnin na Detroit.
Rush kuma wakiliya ce, a Majalisar Masana’antu ta {asar Amirka, kuma babbar
jami’a ce, a kwamitin masana’antu, masu zaman kansu, dake bayar da shawarwari
ga Sakataren Harkokin Ciniki, kan manufofin gwamnati da tsare-tsarenta, kazalika,
da taimakawa, ga sashen masana’antu. Ta na daga cikin manyan wakilan }ungioyi,
da dama, ciki har da ta Shugabannin Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Michigan, da Kulob
na Tattalin Arziki, na Detroit, sai Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Detroit, da Hukumar
Ma’aikata ta Detroit, da kuma {ungiyar United Way.
A watan Oktobar shekarar 2014, aka karrama ta, a Zauren Fitattun Matan Yankin
Michigan.
Nina Vaca
(1971)
Babbar Jami’a, Shugabar Rukunin Kamfanonin Pinnacle Group
Nina Vaca ce, ta fara kafa Rukunin Kamfanonin na Pinnacle, kuma ita ce shugaba,
kuma babbar jami’a. {wazonta, kan shugabanci, na fiye da shekaru 20, ya ciyar da
kamfanin gaba, daga la~u~unsa, na harkokin sadarwar zamani, watau IT, ya zuwa
wani dandali na warware matsalolin duk wata tangar]ar kamnoni, a yau. Vaca
wata }wa}}wara hujja ce, game da abinda zai yi, a wannan }asar. Jagora ce, kuma
17
]aya daga cikin tsirarun ‘yan kabilar Latino, da aka za~a, a matsayin darektar
watsa labarun tsayayyun kamfanoni. Bun}asar kamanin na Pinnacle, a kuma
gagarumar nasarar da yake samu, duk wani yun}uri ne, da jaruntakar Vaca,
dangame da shawo kan duk wata }alubale da kuma mawuyacin tunanin yadda za a
aiwatar da tsauraran ayyuka, da ma tausaya wa mutane, game da dukan al’amari.
Kamfanin na Pinnacle na daga cikin tsayayyun kamfanoni 500, a jerin kamfanoni
5000, da suke bun}asa, a cikin shekaru 10, da ma shekarar 2015, wa]anda
{ungiyar Shugabannin Mata suka yi wa la}abi da Kamfanonin da Suka Yi Tashin
Gwauron Zabo, Mallaka Mata, a {asar Amirka. Vaca na wakilci a hukumomi uku,
kuma a shirye take, ta tallafa wa mata, wajen bin sahunta, a Shirin Tunanin Kan
Tebur. Ta na kuma da digirorin girmamawa har uku, daga manyan jami’o’i, kuma
ita ce, ta fi kowa }arancin shekaru, a cikin tarihin tsofaffin ]aliban makarantarsu,
da aka girmama, a matsayin fitattar ]aliba.
Mujalloli, da dama, sun yi batutuwa game da Vaca, kuma mace ce, dake da amsar
kowace irin magana, kuma shugaba ce. A wannan shekarar, Vaca ta kasance cikin
Rukunin Ma’abuta Henry Crown, na shekarar 2016, a Cibiyar Ilmi ta Aspen. A
matsayinta, na shugaba, a duniya, Vaca Ma’abuciyar Tunawa da Wani Barden
{asar Jamus ce, kuma tana daga cikin masu gudanar da ayyukan Ha]in Gwiwar
{asashen Ingila da Amirka. A matsayinta na jakadiyar PAGE, Vaca ta yi batutuwa
da dama, na }ara }warin gwiwa ga ]aukacin ‘yan kasuwar dake duniya, ta kuma yi
tafiye-tafiye, zuwa }asashe, a dukan nahiyoyi biyar, dake duniya, domin tallafa wa
rukunin magadan harkokin kasuwanci, a duniya.
Vaca shugaba ce mai }wazo, da tausayawa. Ta na bayar da kyawawan shawarwari
ga mata da ‘yan kasuwa, sai kuma bayar da himmar inganta rayuwar }ananan
mata, da kuma shirin STEM na mata. A shekarar 2014, Fadar Gwamnatin Amirka,
ta na]a Vaca a matsayin Jakadiyar Shugaban {asa, a Harkokin Kasuwanci na
Duniya. Har ila yau, ri}i mu}amin fitattar shugaba, ta Hukumar Harkokin Ciniki ta
Kabilar Hispanawan Amirka. Banda ma harkokin wasanni motsa jiki, Vaca na
tsoma baki ga harkokin fitattun gasar guje-guje, wanda kwanan ma, ta kafa
gidauniyar tara ku]a]e, har dolar Amirka dubu 100, don agaza wa ‘yan kasuwa.
https://pinnacle1.box.com/s/am19beaowifdd3vc4q0ybacssnwwm231
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Maggie Lena Walker
(1864 – 1934)
‘Yar Kasuwa kuma Shugabar Bankin Al’umma
Maggie Lena Walker ce ba}ar fata, ta farko, a {asar Amirka, da ta kafa banki.
Nasarar da ta samu, a matsayinta na shugabar harkokin kasuwanci da kuma
}ungiyar al’umma, sun sanya ta zama tamkar allura ga ba}ar fatar {asar Amirka,
da ma ]aukacin matan dake }asa.
Walker, wadda ta girma a bayan ya}in basasar Richmond, a yankin Virginia, ta
kuma samu }warewar harkokin shugabanci ne, tun tana budurwa, lokacin da ta
shiga {ungiyar Independent Order of St. Luke. Wannan }ungiyar ta zumunci, ta
bun}asa ayyukan agaji, da kuma taimaka wa jama’a, game da duk }o}arin
taimakon kai-da-kai. Walker ta ri}e mu}aman shugabanci, da dama, kuma a cikin
shekarar 1899, ta ri}e babban mu}amin shugabancin Babbar Sakatariyar Right
Worthy; mu}amin da ta ri}e har lokacin da ta mutu. A }ar}ashin shugabancin
Walker, na }ungiyar ta Order, an samu }wa}}waran ci gaban }arin samun yawan
rassa, da kuma ingantancin warware duk wata harka ta ku]a]e.
A shekarar 1902, ta ~ullo da wata jarida, mai suna St. Luke Herald, domin inganta
harkokin sadarwa, a tsakanin }ungiyar ta Order da sauran jama’a. A shekarar 1903,
Walker ta kafa bankin adashi na St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, ta kuma zama
shugabarsa, ta farko. Walker ta kafa tarihin kasancewa mace, ba}ar fata, ta farko,
da ta kafa banki. Daga bisani, wannan bankin na Walker, ya ha]e da wa[ansu
biyu, inda suka riki]e kamfanin Curarren Bankin Amana, (Consolidated Bank and
Trust Company), ta kuma shugabanci hukumar darektocin sabon bankin, har
tsawon rayuwarta. Bankin ya kuma bun}asa, a matsayin tsohon bankin da Ba}ar
Fatar Amirka suka ci gaba da riritawa, a {asar Amirka, har ya zuwa shekarar 2009.
Walker ta ci gaba da samun nasarar harkokin kasuwancin da suka ba ta }arin
damar cimma burinta, na }ara wa ba}ar fata, mata, }warin gwiwa. Ta kuma ri}i
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wakilcin hukumomin }ungiyoyin mata, ciki har da {ungiyar Wa]anda ba Farar
Fata ba, ta {asa, da Makarantar Koyon Sana’o’in ‘Yan Mata, ta Virginia. Walker
ta kuma ri}i mu}amin mataimakiyar shugaban }ungiyar NAACP, da kuma
wakilcin Hukumar Kabilun Virginia.
Maggie Walker ta auri Armstead Walker Jr. wanda suka haifi yara biyu. Ta mutu, a
shekarar 1934, bayan da ta yi fama da shanyewar jikin da ta kasance a cikin kujera,
har na tsawon shekaru shida, na rayuwarta. Gidanta, dake unguwar nan mai tarihi
ta Jackson Ward, dake yankin Richmond, yanzu shine wani wurin Tarihi na {asa,
da Hukumar Harkokin Wuraren Sha}atawa ta {asar ke kula da shi.
Yvonne Walker
(1959)
Shugabar {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Rundunonin Tsaro ta Duniya, (SEIU)
Yvonne Walker, ita ce Shugabar {ungiyar SEIU Local 1000. {o}arinta, dangane
da harkokin tattalin arziki da kuma tabbata da adalci, sun gauraye, ba ma
maza~arta ta yankin California, ka]ai ba, har ma ]aukacin ma’aikatan dake }asar
da kuma fa]in duniya.
Walker ta girma, a gidan sojoji, kuma ta yi aiki a rundunar sojoji na musamman,
watau Marine, a inda ta fara samun dabarunta, na shugabanci. A shekarar 1995, ta
yi aiki, a matsayin sakatariyar harkokin shari’a, ta Sashen Shari’a na Yankin
California. Nan kuma ta shiga harkokin }ungiyarta, da duk wani }o}ari na ha]e
kan takwarorinta. Kwatsam, Walker sai ta yi fice, a cikin shugabancin }ungiyar,
inda ta ri}e shugabancin Ofishin {ungiyar Tantaunawa da Abubuwan da suka
shafi Ma’aikata, daga bisani kuma ta ri}e mu}amin Mataimakiyar Shugaban
Tantaunawar ta fa]in jiha. A shekarar 2008, Walker ta zama Shugabar {ungiyar
SEIU Local 1000, a matsayin ba}ar fata, ta farko, da ta ri}e wannan mu}amin. A
matsayinta, na shugaba, Walker ta wakilci jama’a da ma’aikatan kamfanonin
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yankin CA fiye dubu 95. Shugabancinta, ya inganta rayuwar ma’aikatan da
iyalansu, a wajen yin amfani da murya ]aya, wajen fafitika kan tattalin arziki da
tabbatar da adalci. Ta kuma shugabanci gwagwarmayar hana zabtare ku]a]en
fensho da albashi, da wa]ansu tallafi, da kuma kiwon lafiya. A bisa ga yadda aka
san ta, a matsayin }wararrar warware matsaloli da zurfafa tunani, an ]auki Walker
a matsayin mai bayar da gudunmawa ga duk wani yun}uri na }asa da kuma
duniya. Ta yi wakilci, a hukumar Kwamitin Hangen Nesa, na Duniya, na {ungiyar
SEIU, wanda ya ha]e kawunan shugabannin }ungiyar na fa]in duniya, domin
tsara dabarun hangen nesa, da kuma irin yadda za a kai gaci. Musamman, Walker
ta dage ga gwagwarmayar kare mutuncin ritaya. Bisa ga wannan }o}arin ne, ta
shugabanci Kwamitin Duniya Kan Kare Mutuncin Ritaya, na {ungiyar SEIU, da
kuma Hukumar Samar da Abin Yi Bayan Ritaya, na yankin California.
Kodayake a ]aukacin shugabancin da ta yi, Yvonne Walker ta kan kasance, a
sahun gaban gwagwarmaya ne, na neman ha}}in }ananan ma’aikata. Dukan
}o}arin da ta yi ne ya samar ma ta amincewa da ta wakilci ma’aikatan yankin
California, fiye da dubu 95. Har ila yau, ta samu lambobin yabo, da dama, daga
}ungiyoyi, mafi yawansu, na Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar {wadago ta Mata.
Addie L. Wyatt
(1924 – 2012)
Shugabar {ungiyar {wadago kuma ‘Yan Gwagwarmayar Neman ‘Yancin
Al’umma
An haifi Addie L. Wyatt ne, a yankin Mississippi, a shekarar 1924, ta kuma je
yankin Chicago ne, a shekarar 1930, ta kuma taimaka ga kula da }annenta, bakwai.
Ta auri Claude S. Wyatt Jr. tun tana da shekaru 16, da haihuwa, ta kuma nemi
aikin mai buga keken rubutu, na kamfanin Armour and Company. Amma, ba a
]aukar ba}a}en fata, mata, aikin buga keken rubutu, don haka sai aka aike da ita
zuwa sashen cika gwangwanaye.
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A shekarar 1953, Wyatt ta zama ba}ar fata, ta farko, da aka za~a, a Ofishin
Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Packinghouse, na Local 56, (UPWA). A
matsayinta, na limamiyar addinin kirista, ita da mijinta ne suka kafa Mujami’ar
Vernon Park Church of God, dake yankin Chicago, a shekarar 1955, suka kuma
fara aiki da Dokta Martin Luther King, Jr. Sun kuma shiga gagarumin jerin-
gwanon }watar ‘yanci, har da ma wanda aka yi, a watan Maris, a Birnin
Washington, da kuma wanda ya taso daga yankin Selma, zuwa na Montgomery,
dake Alabama.
Har ila yau, Addie Wyatt, ta shugabanci gwagwarmayar Kwaskwarimar Dokar
Daidaita ‘Yanci. Eleanor Roosevelt kuma ya na]a ta wakiliyar Hukumar
Gwamnatin Amirka, Mai Kula da Matsayin Mata, a farkon shekarun 1960, da
kuma shekarar 1966, ta na kuma daga cikin wa]anda suka kafa {ungiyar Mata ta
{asa.
Wyatt ta zama cikin wakilan farko, na Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar {wadagon Ba}a}en
Fata, a shekarar 1972. Shekaru biyu bayan ta ja akalar kafa Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar
{wadagon Mata, (CLUW), ta yi wani gagarumin jawabi, ga mata dubu uku da
200.
A shekarar 1975, mujallar TIME Magazine, ta ambace ta da kasance ]aya daga
cikin “Matan Shekara 12.” Bayan shekara guda, sai ta zama Mataimkiyar Shugabar
Ha]a]]iyar {ungiyar Ma’aikatan Masana’antun Sarrafa Kayayyakin Abinci ta
Duniya. A matsayinta, ta shugabar }ungiyar ta }wadago, da gwagwarmayar
}watar ‘yanci, da }ungiyar ‘yancin mata, an san Addie L. Wyatt da ha}uri da
kuma juriya. Ta kasance mai sasanta ha]a zumunta, mai ]an}o, da kuma bayar da
damar shugabancin mata da ‘yan tsiraru. Ta shawarci Barack Obama, lokacin da
yake matashin jami’in gudanar da ayyukan al’umma, a Birnin Chicago. Limamiyar
Addinin Kirista Addie L. Wyattm ta mutu, a shekarar 2012. Ta ya}i nuna duk wani
bambanci ga mata, ko kabilanci, bisa ga duk wani rashin daidaituwa, da daidaita
biyan albashi, bai ]aya, ga ma’aikata.
22
Norma Yaeger
(1930)
Mace ta farko da aka bari ta yi hada-hadar sayar da hannuwan jari, a Hukumar
Sayar da Hannuwan Jari ta Birnin New York (NYSE)
Norma Hason Nahmias Yaeger ta yi fice, a fannin sayar da hannuwan jari, wadda
ta yi gwagwaryar ‘yancin mata, domin su shiga sahun maza, a zauren sayar da
hannuwan jari, na Birnin New York. Ta kuma kai ga kafa wani asusu, da kuma
kamfanonin harkokin jari, har biyu.
Norma Hason, wadda ta fito ne daga tsatson makiyayan Kabilar Yahudawa, ta
kuma yi aure, tun ta na matashiya, ta kuma zauna a gida, tare da yaranta, ta bayar
mijinta, yana ciyar da su. Bayan mijinta ya rasa aikinsa, sai Norma ta fara tunanin
kyautata rayuwa, ta kuma san abinda ya fi ba ta sha’awa shine sayar hannuwan
jari. A shekarar 1962, Norma ta yi rajista da shirin kamfanin Hornblower &
Weeks, Inc. shirin dake koyar da sayar da hannuwan jari, ta kuma zama mace, ta
farko, da ta sauke karatun. Tunda yake babu wata macen dake cikin wannan
sana’ar, sai ta samu nasarar fafitikar da ta shiga sahun ‘yan ajinsu, maza, a zauren
Sayar da Hannuwan Jarin na Birnin New York. Zauren na NYSE, bai ta~a barin
wata mace ba, da ta yi hada-hada, don haka sai ya amince da Yaeger, a matsayin
mace, ta farko, da ta karya wannan dokar. Har ila yau, Norma ta zama mace, ta
farko, a Hukumar Gudanar da Shirin na kamfanin Hornblower & Weeks.
Norma Yaeger ta sake yin aure, abinda ya sa ta koma yankin California, inda ta
fara yin rajistar Asusun Kasuwar Ku]a]e, da Asusun Karayar Jari. A shekarar
1981, Yaeger ta bu]e kamfanin hada-hadar ku]a]e na kanta, watau Yaeger
Securities. Ta kuma bu]e kamfanin, na biyu, a shekarar 1991, mai suna Yaeger
Capital Markets, domin ta tsara wa gwamnati yadda za ta ri}a biyan ku]a]en
fensho. A }ololuwar aikinta, kamfanonin na Yaeger, suna samun hada-hadar sayar
da miliyoyin dolar Amirka, a kowace rana. Norma ta samu takardun lasisi daga
Zauren Hada-hadar Hannuwan Jari na Birnin New York, da {ungiyar Dillalan
23
Hannuwan Jari ta {asa, da Hukumar Za~in Kasuwanci, ta Yankin Chicago, da
kuma Musayar Kayayyakin Abinci. Ta sayar da kamfanin, ta kuma yi ritaya, a
shekarar 1998. Bayan shekara guda, sai Wakiliya Loretta Sanchez, (ta Jam’iyyar
Democrat, daga CA), ta bai wa Yaeger Lambar Yabon Majalisar {asar Amirka.
Norma ta reni yara biyar, tare da mijinta, Larry Yaeger. A kuma cikin shekarun
1980, ta ci gaba da gabatar da laccoci, a dukan fa]in }asa, game da tallafa wa
mata. A shekarar 2014, Yaeger ta wallafa wani littafin tarihinta, mai suna Breaking Down the Walls, watau Rushe Bango. Yanzu ma, ana mayar da tarihin na ta, a
faifan sinima.
https://goo.gl/EUJCFx
Watan Tarihin Mata na {asa
Daga Molly Murphy MacGregor, Babban Darekta kuma Wanda Ya Ha]a Hannun
Kafa Ayyukan Tarihin Mata na {asa
Bukukuwan Cikin Gida
A cikin shekarun 1970, ba a san wani batu ba, game da tarihi
mata, a ]aukacin manhajar K-12, ko ma tunanin al’umma, baki
]aya. Domin magance wannan al’amari, sai Kwamitin Wucin-
gadi Kan Harkokin Ilmi na Yankin Sonoma, (California), da
Hukumar Matsayin Mata, suka }ir}iro da bukukuwan tunawa
da “Makon Tarihin Mata,” a shekarar 1978.
Makon, na Ranar Tunawa da Matan Duniya, ya yi daidai da
ranar 8 ga watan Maris, wadda aka za~a, a matsayin ranar shan
shagulgula. Bukukuwan, na Makon Tarihin Matan Duniya, ya
kar~u, matu}a, kuma ]aruruwan makarantu kan tsara shirye-shiryen Makon na
Tarihin Mata. A cikin }ungiyoyin al’ummar mata, 100, dake shiga wa]annan
bukukuwan, na musamman, a ajujuwan dake fa]in }asa, da kuma irin ]aruruwan
wallafe-wallafen da ake samu game da Gasar Rubutun {asida, Game da
"Ha]a]]iyar Mace." Ana kuma gudanar da sakamakon fareti da kuma shirin bikin
makon ne, a cibiyar dake sabon garin Santa Rosa, na yankin California.
24
Janyo Ra’ayin Kafa {ungiya
A shekarar 1979, an gayyaci Molly Murphy MacGregor, wata wakiliyar
}ungiyarmu, domin ta shiga taron Cibiyar Tarihin Mata, dake Kolejin Sarah
Lawrence, wanda wata sanannar masaniya harkokin tarihi, Gerda Lerner, ta
shugabanta, taron da kuma shugabannin }ungiyoyin mata da ‘yan mata na }asa
suka halarta. Lokacin da masu halartar taron suka ji irin nasarorin da bukukuwan
Makon Tarihin Matan Yankin Sonoma ya samu, sai suka yanke shawarar da su
~ullo da gudanar da irin wa]annan bukukuwa, a }ungiyoyinsu, da kuma al’umma,
da ma makarantun gundumomi. Har ila yau, sun amince da su tallafa wa }o}arin
]orewar "Makon Tarihin Matan, na {asa."
Taimakon Shugaban {asa da Majalisar {asa
Takon farko, na samun nasara ya zo ne, a cikin watan Fabrairun 1980, lokacin da
Shugaba Carter, ya bayyana Alwashinsa, na farko, inda ya amince da Makon Ranar
8, ga watan Maris na 1980, a matsayin Makon Tarihin Mata, na {asa. A kuma
wannan shekarar ne, Wakiliyar Majalisar Wakilai, Barbara Mikulski, wadda, a
wannan lokacin take a Majalisar Wakilai, a kuma ‘Yar Majalisar Dattijai, Senator
Orrin Hatch, suka ]auki nauyin gabatar wani batun Makon Tarihin Mata, na {asa,
a gaban Majalisar {asa, a shekarar 1981. Wannan al’amari, ya nuna irin yadda aka
amince da girmamawa da kuma nasarorin da matan Amirka suka samu, dangane da
bukukuwan, a siyasance.
{o}arin Janyo Ra’ayin Jama’ar {asa
Lokacin da labara ya game ]aukacin }asa, sai ma’aikatar ilmi, ta taimaka wa
bukukuwan Makon Tarihin Matan, na {asa, a matsayin wata }wa}}waran hanyar
da za a samu daidaituwar nasarori, a makarantu. Jihohin Maryland, da
Pennsylvania, da New York, da Oregon, da Alaska, da ma sauran jihohi, sun
inganta da kuma rarraba manhajojin koyarwa, a dukan makarantun gwamnati.
{ungiyoyi kuma, suka ]auki nauyin gasar wallafa }asidu da sauran shirye-shirye,
na musamman, a yankunansu. A cikin ‘yan shekaru, sai dubban makarantu, da
al’umma suka fara gudanar da bukukuwan Makon Tarihin Matan, na {asa, wanda
wani batun gwamnoni, da majalisun }ananan hukumomi, da hukumomin
makarantu, da ma Majalisar {asar Amirka suka amincewa, da tallafa ma sa.
A kowace shekara, ana canja ranar bukukuwan na Makon Tarihin Mata, na {asa,
(8 ga watan Maris), kuma kowace shekara ana da bukatar sabon salon neman
amincewar jama’a. A kowace shekara, akwai }o}arin da ake yi, na }asa, wanda ya
25
ha]a da irin yadda dubban mutane, da ]aruruwan }ungiyoyin mata da ilmi, ke
jagorantar Ayyukan Bikin Tarin Matan, na {asa.
Watan Tarihin Mata, na {asa
Ya zuwa shekarar 1986, jihohi 14 sun amince da watan Maris, a matsayin Watan
Tarihin Mata. An yi amfani da wannan yun}urin, da kuma irin abubuwan da jihohi
ke yi, a matsayin dalilin gabatar da fadancin da Majalisar {asa, za ta amince da
watan Maris, na shekarar 1987, ya zama Watan Tarihin Mata, na {asa. A shekarar
1987, Majalisar {asa ta amince da watan na Maris, a matsayin Watan Tarihin
Mata, na dindindin. Ana kuma gabatar da wani Alwashin Shugaban {asa, a
kowace shekara, wanda ke karrama dukan muhimman nasarorin da matan {asar
Amirka suka samu.
Sa}on Shugaban {asa A Shekarar 1980
Sa}on Shugaba Jimmy Carter, na ranakun 2, zuwa 8 ga watan Maris, na 1980, ga
}asa, shi ya }ara tabbatar da Makon Tarihin Mata, na {asa.
"Tun daga jama’ar, da suka fara zama, a bakin tekun nahiyarmu, daga iyalan farko, na Indiyawan Dajin da suka yi abota da su, da maza da matan da suka ha]a hannun gina wannan }asa. Mafi yawan lokutta, ba a tunawa da mata, wani lokacin ma, ba a kulawa da irin gudunmawar da suke bayarwa. Amma, dukan irin nasararorin da aka samu, da shugabanci, da juriya, da }arfi da ma soyayyar da matan ke nuna wa wa]anda suka gina {asar Amirka, sun yi daidai da irin manyan al’amurran da mazan da muka sani, sarai, ke yi.
Kamar yadda Dokta Gerda Lerner ta nuna, “Tarihin Mata, wani ‘Yanci ne, na Mata.” – Wani muhimmi ne, kuma abin dogaron da za a yi alfahari da shi, wajen jin da]i, da juriya, da kuma dogon hasashe.”
Na tambayi sauran jama’ar Amirka, da su amince da wannan abin gadon, ta gudanar da bukukuwa, a a lokacin Makon Tarihin Matan, na {asa, a ranakun 2, zuwa 8 ga watan Maris na 1980.
Ina ro}on ]akunan karatu, da makarantu, da }ungiyoyin al’umma, da su mayar da hankalinsu, wajen lura da shugabannin da suka yi gwagwarmayar daidaituwar al’umma – irin su Susan B. Anthony, da Sojourner Truth, da Lucy Stone, da Lucretia Mott, da Elizabeth Cady Stanton, da Harriet Tubman, da kuma Alice Paul. Kuma gane cikakken tarihin }asarmu, zai taimaka ma na, wajen tantance bukatun }ara daidaituwa, a }ar}ashin dokokin da ake kafa wa al’ummarmu.
26
Ta kuma hanyar amincewa da Kwaskwarima ta 27, ga Tsarin Mulkin {asar Amirka ne, ka]ai, wanda ya bayyana cewa, “Daidaituwar ‘Yanci, a }ar}ashin Doka, ba zai sanya {asar Amirka, ko wata jiha ta tauye ko karkatar da ‘yancin kowa ba, bisa ga bambancin jinsi,” za mu iya cimma wannan burin.
https://goo.gl/WWP9wJ
RAHOTO: Daidaita ‘Yancin Mata da ‘Yan Matan da Ba Fararen Fata Ba
BIRNIN WASHINGTON, DC – A yau, Majalisar Fadar Gwamnatin {asar
Amirka, mai kula da Mata da ‘Yan Mata, ta gabatar da rahoto, kuma za ta kira
wani taro, kan harkokin gwamnati, domin daidaita ‘yancin mata da ‘yan matan da
ba farar fata ba, da kuma bayyana dukan wata mafita, da inganta armashin wuraren
aikin dake faruwa, a dukan fa]in }asa. Taron, zai ha]a kawunan masu fa]a-a-ji, da
dama, daga jami’o’i, da sassan agaza wa jama’a, na gwamnati da kamfanoni masu
zaman kansu, domin tantauna hanyoyin da za su ture duk wani shingen dake
nakushe nasarori, da kuma tsayar da wani tsanin samun dama, ga duk wani ]an
}asar Amirka, ciki har da mata da ‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba. Za a yayata
wannan taron, kai-tsaye, a yanar-gizo mai suna:
obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/live da ma cikakken rahoton dake NAN.
Tun lokacin da aka kafa Majalisar Matan da ‘Yan Mata, take mayar da hankali kan
bukatu da kuma }alubalen ]aukacin mata da ‘yan mata. A wani }o}arin da ta yi,
na kulawa da musamman, mata da ‘yan matan da wannan al’amari zai shafa, a
shekarar 2014, Majalisar Kula da Matan da ‘Yan Mata, ta }addamar da wani aiki,
na musamman da ta kira “Inganta Daidaituwar ‘Yanci” domin tabbatar da aiwatar
da manufofi da tsare-tsare, a gwamnatin tarayya, domin ganin an lura da duk wata
matsalar, ta musamman, dake mayar da mata da ‘yan mata, saniyar-ware, da matan
da ‘yan mata ke fuskanta, ciki har da mata da ‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba.
A cikin watan Nuwambar 2014, Majalisar Matan da ‘Yan Mata, ta gabatar da wani
rahoto, mai la}abin “Magance {alubale da Fa]a]a Samun Damar Mata da ‘Yan
Matan Da Ba Farar Fata Ba” domin gano duk wani shinge, ko bambancin da
matan, da ‘yan matan, da ba farar fata ba, ke fuskanta. Wannan rahoton ya yi
bayanai kan ayyukan da gwamnati ta yi, na fiye da shekaru shida, domin inganta
rayuwar mata da ‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba. Ya kuma tantauna muhimman
al’amurra, irin su samun ilmi, da kariyar tattalin arziki, da kiwon lafiya da kariyar
kai, da ma tayar da hankulan mata, da aikata laifuka da shari’ar yaran da ba su
balaga ba. Har ila yau, rahoton ya ha]a da yin kira da a yun}ura, wajen kafa taron
ha]in gwiwar hukumomin tarayya, don tantauna irin yadda za a ~ullo da tunanin
inganta samar da dama, da za ta fara aiki, a watan Maris na shekarar 2015.
27
Bayan shekara ]aya, a cikin watan Nuwambar 2015, majalisar ta gabatar da wani
sabon rahoto “Inganta Daidaituwar ‘Yancin Mata da ‘Yan Matan da Ba Farar Fata
Ba” domin bayyana }ariin wa]ansu matakan da gwamnati ta ]auka, game da
al’amurran da matan da ‘yan matan da farar fata ba, ke fuskanta, tun daga shekarar
2014 har zuwa shekarar 2015. A wannan rahoton, majalisar kula da matan da ‘yan
matan, ta gano wa]ansu al’amurra, biyar, inda kai agaji zai iya inganta samar da
damar nasarorin makarantu, da wuraren aiki, da al’umma, ga matan da ‘yan matan
da ba farar fata ba. Al’amurran, biyar sun ha]a da:
1. Inganta nasarorin da makarantu ke samu, da kuma rage munanan hukunce-
hukunce ta hanyar aiwatar da tallafa wa dabaru da manufofin aiwatar da hukunce-
hukuncen, ciki har da wayar da kan al’umma, game da munin abinda ke samun
‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba;
2. Biyan bukatun matasan da abin ya shafa, da kuma masu nuna }wazo ta
hanyar amincewa da kuma kai agajin da ya kamata, da gano hanyoyin da ‘yan
matan, da dama, za bi sahun shirin, ta hanyar da za fara daga zogin fya]e da kuma
ki]imewa;
3. {ara yawan kutsa kai ga ilmin STEM don cimma yawan ma’aikatan da ake
bukata, a {arni na 21, da kuma rage yawan gi~in damar da ake bai wa mata, a
fannoni irin su kimiyya, da fasaha, da aikin injiniya, da ma ilmin lissafi, da sauran
fannoni, wa]anda kan shafi mata da ‘yan matan da ba farar fata ba;
4. [orewar rage yawan budurwowin dake samun juna biyu, da kuma inganta
nasarorin al’amarin ta hanyar fa]a]a damar samun ilmin kulawa da haihuwa da
kuma wa]ansu cututtukan annoba;
5. Fa]a]a hanyoyin bun}asa tattalin arziki ta hanyar samar da ayyukan nan da
can, da kuma zuba jarin baje koli, da daidaita manufofi, a wuraren aiki.
Wannan rahoton, na kwanan nan, ya kasance wani tafarkin rahotannin shekarun
2014 da 2015, kamar yadda gwamnatin nan, ta du}ufa kan Inganta Daidaituwa.
Gwamnatin Obama, ta ]auki muhimman matakan ]aukakawa da kuma magance
manyan al’amurran da suke haddasa nunin bambancin ga mata da ‘yan matan da ba
farar fata ba, kazalika da mata da ‘yan matan da ake musgunawa, ko aka mayar
saniyar-ware. Bugu da }ari, kiran da aka yi, na yun}urawa, game da wannan aikin,
ya yi allurar zabura ga shugabannin harkokin bayar da agaji, da jami’o’i, da
}ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, na da su ci gaba da samar da ]orewa da kuma
ginawa kan irin nasarorin da aka samu, na inganta rayuwar mata, da ‘yan matan da
ba farar fata ba
28
https://goo.gl/4TbE0G
Gangamin Tallafa Wa Mata
Lokacin da Hira Batool Rizvi ta fara aiki, ta lura cewa, ]aukacin matan dake
wurin, sun faye }orafi ne game da matsalolin sufuri. Hakan ya faru ne, saboda a
{asar Pakistan, mata na fuskantar matsalar yadda za su ri}a zuwa aiki — kuma har
su kula da kawunansu da iyalansu.
Hira Batool Rizvi, na daga cikin wa]anda
suka kafa kamfanin She`Kab
Rizvi ta san cewa, tana da bukatar da ta
taimaka wa irin wa]annan da kuma sauran
mata. Amma, sai lokacin da ga irin yadda
ake ake bayar da ]ani, a {asar Amirka,
kamar su kamfanonin Uber da Lyft, sa’in
nan ta gane bakin zaren. “Na ga irin abinda
suka yi, na kuma yi tunanin muna da bukatar
wani abu, irin wannan, amma, akwai sauran
rina, a kaba, game da abinda za mu yi, ga al’adun,” in ji ta.
Don haka, sai ta fara kamfanin She`Kab, kamfanin farko, a }asar ta Pakistan, dake
da motocin safarar mata. Manufarsa kuma ita ce: ta kare lafiya, ta yi rahusa da
kuma biyan bukatun kai ma’aikata wurin aiki. “Mun ga irin yadda kamfanin na
She`Kab ke tallafa wa matanmu, dake aiki, kai-tsaye, ta hanyar magance duk wata
matsalar harkokin sufurin da ake da ita, a }asar ta Pakistan,” in ji Rizvi.
Kamfanin na She`Kab, kan nemo abokan hul]a, ya ha]a su da direbobi, ta hanyar
yanar-gizo; akwai ma wani linzamin wayar tafi-da-gidanka, da ake amfani da shi.
A cikin watannin da aka }addamar da kamfanin, a }arshen shekarar 2015, sai da
kamfanin na She`Kab ya samu abokan hul]a fiye da 800, wanda kuma yawansu ya
yi ta }aruwa “domin kamfanin na She`Kab, na matu}ar biyan bukata, yayinda
kuma yake da haba-haba da kyautata jin da]i.”
29
Kankamar Aiki
Fara aikin, ba kanwar lasa ba ne, musamman tunda sai na “jingine duk wani abinda
na koya, da kuma damar samun wa]ansu tsayayyun ku]a]e, a kowane wata,” in ji
Rizvi. Da]in al’amarin shi ne, sai ta samu taimako. Irin horon da ta samu, daga
cibiyar horar ta mata, ayyukan sana’o’i ta {asar Pakistan WECREATE/Pakistan
Center for Women’s Entrepreneurship, tare da ha]in gwiwar Majalisar Mata ta
}asashen Amirka da Pakistan, wadda ta taimaka ma ta “wajen kawar da duk wani
fargaban irin yadda mutanen dake zagaye da ita, za su amince da al’amarin” na
wannan tunanin da ba ta ta~a gwadawa ba.
Har ila yau, Rizvi ta yi tsammanin za ta bukaci ku]a]e, kai-tsaye. “Na yi tunanin
ba zan iya fara aikin ba, ba tare da an zuba wani jari ba,” in ji ta. Amma, sai godiya
ga iyayen-gijin da ta sadu da su, a cibiyar ta WECREATE/Pakistan, “ba fahimci
cewa, dukan abinda na bukata, bai da wani gagarumin tasiri ga aikin … (na)
taimaka wa jadadda wannan sabon salon na mu … (kuma), za ka iya fara aiki, ba
tare da wa]ansu ajiyayyun ku]a]e ba, gaba ]aya.”
An samu abubuwan mamaki, in ji ta. Alal misali, ta yi tsammanin za ta fuskanci
matsaloli, tamkar na irin matan dake gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci. Maimakon
haka, sai ta fahimci cewa, wani lokacin “kasancewar mu, mata, na taimaka ma na.
wa]ansu mutane kan tausaya wa mata,shugabanni, a wurin aiki.”
Har ila yau, akwai wata }alubalen, muddin kusan ma’aikatanka maza ne. duk da
yake ba ta yi arangama da wata matsala ba, ta yin magana da ma’aikatanta, ta
wayar tarho, ta lura cewa, wa]ansu kan kasa yin magana, a gabanta. Wannan ya
canja irin matakan da ta ]auka, matu}a, na sabawa da irin yanayinta. “Ni kan rufe
kaina, a wajen bita da kuma tarurrukan }ara wa juna ilmi, al’amarin dake sanya
sukan saki jiki.”
Kun shirya fara aiki?
Ka na tunani game da irin yadda za ka fara aikin harkarka ne? To, Rizvi na da
wa]annan shawarwarin da za ka samu nasara:
30
A karanta wani abu, game da sauran harkokin kasuwanci, a kuma samu
}warewa daga gare su.
A karanta duk wani abinda ya shafe ka, da kuma wanda zai haddasa gasa,
a fakaice.
A sadu da jama’ar da za su }ara ma }warin gwiwa, da wa]anda za su
taimake ka, wajen tantance tunaninka.
Ka da a firgita da yin mu’amala — kana ma iya sanin duk wata sha’awar
da mai zuba jari ke da ita, a ko’ina.
A furta duk wani tunanin da ka ke da shi, amma, ga wa]anda ke tare da
kai, da ba za su sace tunaninka ba, ko wa]anda ba za su mayar ma ka da
hannun agogo baya ba.
https://goo.gl/zpc5tE
Hujjojin Tarihin da {asar Amirka ta Gabatar
Watan Tarihin Mata: watan Maris na 2017
2, ga watan Fabrairun 2017
Watan Tarihin Mata na {asa, ya samo asali ne, tun ranar 8, ga watan Maris, na
shekarar 1857, lokacin da mata, daga masana’antu, da dama, na Birnin New York
City, suka yi wani bore, game da yanayin aiki. Ita kuma ranar Matan Duniya, an
fara bukukuwanta ne, a shekarar 1909, amma, sai shekarar 1981 Majalisar {asa ta
amince da fara bukukuwan Makon Tarihin Mata na {asa, a kowane mako, na biyu,
na watan Maris ]in kowace shekara. A shekarar 1987, Majalisar {asa ta fa]a]a
makon ya zuwa wata. A kowace shekara kuma, Majalisar {asa kan zartar da wani
batu, na Watan Tarihin Matan, shi kuma shugaban }asa ya gabatar da alwashinsa.
Yawan Jama’a
Miliyan 163, da dubu 200
Shine yawan matan dake {asar Amirka, ya zuwa watan Yulin 2015. Jimlar maza
kuma ita ce miliyan 158, da dubu 200.
31
{iyasin yawan shekarun rayuwar matan, kan kai 85, sai dai tsofaffi sun wuce
yawan mazan, a shekarar 2015, (daga miliyan hu]u a duku 100, zuwa miliyan
biyu, da dubu 100).
Ayyuka
Miliyan 76, da dubu 100.
Shine yawan matan da shekarunsu ba su wuce 16 ba, kuma wa]anda suka fi su
shekaru, dake aiki a masana’antu, a shekara 2015. Mata ne suka kwashe kashi 47,
da ]igo 4, cikin 100, na yawan ma’aikata, a shekarar 2015.
Kashi 43, da ]igo 9, cikin 100
Shine kason matan dake rai, da }oshin lafiya da kuma masana kimiyyar jin da]in
rayuwa, a shekarar 2015, wanda shine kaso, mafi girma, na matan dake sarrafa
na’urori masu }wa}walwa, a aikin injiniya, da kuma al’amurran da suka shafi
kimiyya. Akwai kuma kashi 24, da ]igo 8, cikin 100, na masu sarrafa na’urorin da
kuma masana lissafi, sai kuma kashi 14, cikin 100, na masana harkokin gine-gine
da aikin injiniya da mata ke yi.
Kashi 63, cikin 100
Shine kason matan dake da masaniyar harkokin kimiyyar kyautata jin da]in
rayuwa, a shekarar 2012, wanda shine kaso mafi tsoka, na ]aukacin matan dake
fannonin STEM (kimiyya, da fasaha, da aikin injiniya, da kuma lissafi). Daga cikin
sauran fannonin na STEM, yawan matan ya kai kusankashi 14, cikin 100, na
injiniyoyi, sai kashi 45, cikin 100, na masana lissafi da }ididdiga, da kuma kashi
47, cikin 100, na kimiyyar rayuwa. Tazarar yawan masana lissafin da kuma
}ididdiga ba ta da yawa, kuma tazarar masana harkokin kimiyyar rayuwa ba ta da
wani yawan a-zo-a-gani.
Yawan Matan Dake Wa]ansu Za~a~~un Ayyukan
1970 2006 zuwa 2010
Ma’aikatan Jinya masu rajista Kashi 97, da ]igo 3,
cikin 100
Kashi 91, da ]igo 2,
cikin 100
32
Mataimakan Likitocin
Ha}ora
Kashi 97, da ]igo 9,
cikin 100
Kashi 96, da ]igo 3,
cikin 100
Ma’aji Kashi 84, da ]igo 2,
cikin 100
74, da ]igo 7, cikin
100
Masana Magunguna Kashi 12, da ]igo 1,
cikin 200
Kashi 52, da ]igo 6,
cikin 100
Akantoci Kashi 24, da ]igo 6,
cikin 100
Kashi 60, cikin 100
Masana Na’urori Kashi 24, da ]igo 2,
cikin 100
Kashi 24, da ]igo 4,
cikin 100
Likitoci da Masu Fyi]a Kashi 9, da ]igo 7,
cikin 100
Kashi 32, da ]igo 4,
cikin 100
Lauyoyi da al}alai Kashi 4, da ]igo 9,
cikin 100
Kashi 33, da ]igo 4,
cikin 100
Jami’an ‘Yan Sanda Kashi 3, da ]igo 7,
cikin 100
Kashi 14, da ]igo 8,
cikin 100
Injiniyoyin Gine-gine Kashi 1, da ]igo 3,
cikin 100
Kashi 12, da ]igo 7,
cikin 100
Inda aka samo: Rahotannin {aramar {ididdigar {idayar Jama’a ta shekarun 1980
da 1970 – Cikakken Bayanin Ayyukan {wararru, bisa ga jinsinsu, a {asar Amirka
da kuma Sassa, da kumaEEO, da Jerin Al}alumman EEO-ALL1R, kan Sifiyon
Al’ummar {asar Amirka, na shekarun 2006, zuwa 2010.
www.census.gov/people/eeotabulation/data/
Kashi 14, da ]igo 2, cikin 100
Yawan kason mata, ma’aikata, da shekarunsu ba su wuce 16, har ya zuwa shekarar
2015, wa]anda ke kan manyan mu}amai, da wa]anda ke ri}e da harkokin
33
kasuwanci da ku]a]e, idan aka kamanta su da kashi 15, da ]igo 8, cikin 100, na
ma’aikata, maza, na wannan shekarar.
Sojoji
Miliyan ]aya da dubu 500
Yawan tsofaffin sojoji, mata, dake {asar Amirka, a shekarar 2015.
Albashi
Kashi 9, da ]igo 7, cikin 100
Yawan kason masu aure, a shekarar 2016, inda mata suke kar~ar, a}alla, dolar
Amirka dubu 30, fiye da mazansu.
Dolar Amirka dubu 40, da 742
Wannan shine jimillar albashin da mata, wa]anda shekarunsu suka kai 15, ko fiye
da haka, dake aikin wata-wata, a cikin shekarar 2015. Idan aka kamanta su da
maza, masu kar~ar matsakaicin albashin na dolar Amirka dubu 51, da 212.
Centi 80
Shine ku]a]en aunakar da cikakkun ma’aikata, mata, ke kar~a, a kowane watan
shekarar 2015, kan kowane takwaransu, namiji.
Ilmi
Miliyan 12, da dubu 500
Shine yawan matan da suka yi rajista, a kolejoji da jami’o’i, a shekarar 2015.
Matan, sun ha]a da kashi 55, da ]igo 4, cikin 100, na ]aukacin ]aliban kolejojin
(bayar da digiri, da takardun shaida).
Harkokin Kasuwanci
Dolar Amirka miliyan zambar dubu ]aya da miliyan dubu 400
{iyasin abinda aka kar~o ke nan, daga kamfanonin matan {asar Amirka, a
shekarar 2012, wanda ya }aru zuwa kashi 18, da ]igo 7, cikin 100, daga dolar
Amirka miliyan zambar dubu ]aya, da miliyan dubu 200, a shekarar 2007.
34
Inda aka samo bayani:
Miliyan 9, da dubu 900
Shine }iyasin yawan kamfanonin matan {asar amirka, a shekarar 2012, da ya }aru
zuwa miliyan bakwai da dubu 800, ko ma kashi 26, da ]igo 8, cikin 100, a
shekarar 2007.
Kashi 35, da ]igo 8, cikin 100
{iyasin yawan kamfanonin da mata suka mallaka ke nan, a {asar Amirka, ya zuwa
shekarar 2012. Sun fi kuma }arfi a sassan kiwon lafiya da taimaka wa kyautata jin
da]in rayuwa (kashi 62, a ]igo 5, cikin 100), da sassan harkokin ilmi, (kashi 54, da
]igo 2, cikin 100), da kuma sassan “sauran ayyuka,” (kashi 51, da ]igo 8, cikin
100). Idan aka kamanta, akwai ke nan kashi 51, da ]igo 5, cikin 100, na matan da
suke da shekaru 18, da fiye da haka, a {asar Amirka, a shekarar 2012.
Dubu 114, da 103
Wannan shine yawan kamfanonin da mata suka mallaka, dake da ma’aikatan da
ake biya albashi, na kusan shekaru biyu, a {asar Amirka, a shekarar 2014. Mafi
yawan kamfanoni dubu 177, da 127, na sassan kiwon lafiya da taimaka wa
kyautata jin da]in rayuwa, ko kuma kashi 16, da ]igo 8, cikin 100, mallakar mata
ne.
Za~e
Kashi 43, cikin 100
Shine yawan matan da shekarunsu suka kai 18, ko fiye da haka, da aka bayar da
rahoton suka }ada }uri’a, a lokacin za~en shekarar 2014. Idan aka kamanta
wannan kashi 40 da ]igo 8, cikin 100 ne, ka]ai, na takwarorinsu, maza, da bayar d
rahoton sun yi za~en.
Haihuwa
Miliyan 43, da dubu 500
Shine }iyasin yawan iyaye, mata, masu shekaru 15, zuwa 50, a {asar Amirka, a
shekarar 2014.
35
Kashi 2, cikin 100
Shine kwatankwacin yawan yaran da mata, masu shekaru 40 zuwa 44, suka haifa,
ya zuwa shekarar 2014, wanda ya ragu daga kashi 3 da ]igo 1, cikin 100, na yaran
da aka haifa a shekarar 1976, shekarar da Ofishin Gudanar da {idaya, ya fara
tattara bayanai, a karo na farko. Wannan kason na mata, dake cikin wannan
rukunin shekarun, na wa]anda suka ta~a haihuwa, ya kai kashi 84, da ]igo 8, cikin
100, a shekarar 2014, wanda ya ragu daga kashi 89, da ]igo 9, cikin 100, a
shekarar 1976.
Inda aka samu bayanai:
Aure
Miliyan 67, da dubu 400
Wannan shine yawan mata, masu shekaru 18, da fiye da haka, dake da aure (ciki
har da wa]anda aka saki, ko mazansu suka bar su), a shekarar 2016.
Miliyan 5
Shine yawan matan dake zaman aure, a matsayin iyaye, a dukan fa]in }asar, a
shekarar 2016, idan aka kamanta da maza dubu 209, dake zaune, a gida, a matsayin
iyaye.
Wannan jerin, wata }ididdiga ce, da Ofishin Gudanar da {idayar, ya tattara, a
Kundin da za a ri}a gabatarwa:
A watan Fabrairu ake yin gasar wasan
}wallon Amirka, na Watan Tahirin
Ba}ar Fata, don Tunawa da Ranar
Soyayya, ta ranar (14 ga watan
Fabrairu). Sai Watan Tahirin Mata, a
watan (Maris), Watan Gargajiyar ‘Yan
Asalin {asar Ireland, ‘yan Amirka, a
watan (March), tare da Ranar Tunawa
da St. Patrick, a ranar (17 ga watan
Maris), sai Ranar Tunawa da Duniya,
(22 ga watan Afrilu), sai Watan
(ranar 4, ga watan Yuli), da Zagayowar
Ranar Kafa Dokar Masu Fama da Ciwon
Sukari, na {asar Amirka (26, ga watan
Yuli). Sai Lokacin Komawa Makaranta
(watan Agusta), Ranakun Watan
Harkokin {wadago, da Ta Gargajiyar
Kakannin Kabilar Hispanawa, (15, ga
watan Satumba, zuwa 15, ga watan
Oktoba). Ranar Soyayyar Gwagware da
Tazuran {asar Amirka (31, ga watan
Oktoba). Watan Gargajiyar Kabilun
36
Gargajiyar ‘Yan Asalin Asia, da
Pacific, dake Amirka, a watan (Mayu),
sai Watan Tunawa da Tsofaffin {asar
Amirka, a watan (Mayu), sai Ranar
Tunawaw da |ullowar Guguwar Iyaye
Mata, tun daga (1, ga watan Yuni), sai
kuma Ranar Tunawa da Iyaye Maza, a
Indiyan Daji da na Yankin Alaska,
(Nuwamba). Ranar Mazan Jiya, (11, ga
watan Nuwamba). Ranar Nuna Godiya,
da Ranakun Hutu, (Disamba)
Bayanain Edita: Dukan wannan }ididdigar an tattara ne, daga kafofi, da dama,
kuma suna iya canjawa, yayinda wa]ansu ke ]auke da kura-kurai. A kan fitar da
irin wa]annan bayanai, watanni biyu, kafin a gudanar da ranakun da aka zayyana,
domin a daidaita tsarin lokutan yin su. Ana iya gabatar da tambayoyi ko kuma
}orafi, kai-tsaye, zuwa ga Sashen Watsa Labaru, na Ofishin Gudanar da {idaya:
wayar tarho : 301-763-3030; ko yanar-gizo: pio@census.gov.
An inganta bayanan ne, a ranar 1, ga watan Fabrairun 2017
https://goo.gl/ZoPkdc
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Rosa Parks Center Whitney M. Young Information Res. Center
Information Resource Center Public Affairs Section
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Plot 1075 Diplomatic Drive Victoria Island, Lagos
Central District Area, Abuja. Tel: (234)-1-460-3804/6
Tel: (234)-9-461-4000 Fax: (234)-1-460-3717
Fax: (234)-9-461-4011 E-mail: wyllagos@state.gov
URL: http://nigeria.usembassy.gov
URL: http://nigeria.usembassy.gov
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