[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1st International Energy Conversion Engineering...

Preview:

Citation preview

�VW�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�(QHUJ\�&RQYHUVLRQ�(QJLQHHULQJ�&RQIHUHQFH $,$$����������������$XJXVW������3RUWVPRXWK��9$

&RS\ULJKW��������E\�WKH�$PHULFDQ�,QVWLWXWH�RI�$HURQDXWLFV�DQG�$VWURQDXWLFV��,QF��$OO�ULJKWV�UHVHUYHG

��2)���

$0(5,&$1�,167,787(�2)�$(521$87,&6�$1'�$67521$87,&6

$66(660(17�2)�$,5)/2:�&+$5$&7(5,67,&6�,1�$,5�&21',7,21('�63$&(6�86,1*�'�7,0(�'(3(1'(17�&)'�02'(/

5DPL]�.DPHHO3K�'���(QJ��5HVHDUFK�$VVRFLDWH���&RQVXOWDQW�&(%��&DLUR��(J\SW

$%675$&7$LUIORZ� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� LQ� DLU�FRQGLWLRQHG� VSDFHV�SOD\DQ� LPSRUWDQW� U ROH� WR� DWWDLQ� FRPIRUW� DQG� K\JLHQHFRQGLWLRQV�� 7KLV� SDSHU� XWLOL]HV� D� �'� WLPH�GHSHQGHQW&RPSXWDWLRQDO� )OXLG� '\QDPLFV��&)'��PRGHO�WR�DVVHVVWKH� DLUIORZ� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� LQ� IRXU� GLIIHUHQW� DLU�FRQGLWLRQHG� VSDFHV�� ,W� LV�IRXQG�WKDW�WKH�H[WUDFWLRQ�SRUWORFDWLRQ� LV�D�FULWLFDO�GHVLJQ�IDFWRU�DQG�KDV�D�GLUHFW�HIIHFWRQ� KHDW�UHPRYDO�HIILFLHQF\�DQG�WKH�HQHUJ\�HIILFLHQF\�RIWKH� DLUVLGH�RI�DLU�FRQGLWLRQLQJ�V\VWHPV��7KH�FDYLW\�IORZFRQILJXUDWLRQ� DWWDLQV� WKH� KLJKHVW� HQHUJ\� HIILFLHQF\DPRQJ� WKH� VWXGLHG� FRQILJXUDWLRQV�� 7KH� SLVW RQ� IORZFRQILJXUDWLRQ� SURYLGHV� WKH� RSWLPXP� XQLIRUPWHPSHUDWXUH� LQ�WKH�RFFXSDQF\�]RQH�EXW�DW�ORZHVW�HQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\�� 7KH� SLVWRQ� IORZ� FRQILJXUDWLRQ� KDV� WKHKLJKHVW� KHDW� UHPRYDO� HIILFLHQF\��7KH�SURSRVHG�HQHUJ\LQGH[� KDV� WKH� FDSDELOLW\� WR� DVVHVV� WKH� HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ� XWLOL]DWLRQ�IURP�WKH�DLUVLGH�GHVLJQ�ZLVH�RIWKH�+9$&�V\VWHPV�

,1752'8&7,217R� GHVLJQ� DQ� RSWLPXP� +9$&� DLUVLGH� V\VWHP� WKDWSURYLGHV� FRPIRUW� DQG�DLU�TXDOLW\�LQ�WKH�DLU�FRQGLWLRQHGVSDFHV� ZLWK� HIILFLHQW� HQHUJ\� FRQVXPSWLRQ� LV� D� JUHDWFKDOOHQJH�� $LU� FRQGLWLRQLQJ� FDQ� EH� LGHQWLILHG� DV� WKHFRQGLWLRQLQJ� RI� WKH� DLU�WR�PDLQWDLQ�VSHFLILF�FRQGLWLRQVRI� WHPSHUDWXUH�� KXPLGLW\�� DQG� GXVW� OHYHO� LQVLGH� DQHQFORVHG� VSDFH�� 7KH� FRQGLWLRQV� WR� EH� PDLQWDLQHG�DUHGLFWDWHG� E\� WKH�IXQFWLRQ�RI�WKH�VSDFH��W\SH�RI�XVHUV�DQGWKH� UHTXLUHG� XVHUV� FRPIRUW� �� 6R�� WKH� DLU�FRQGLWLRQLQJHPEUDFHV�PRUH�WKDQ�FRROLQJ�RU�KHDWLQJ��7KH�FRPIRUW�DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ� LV�GHILQHG�DV�³WKH�SURFHVV�RI�WUHDWLQJ�DLU�WRFRQWURO� VLPXOWDQHRXVO\� LWV� WHPSHUDWXUH�� KXPLGLW\�FOHDQOLQHVV�� DQG� GLVWULEXWLRQ� WR� PHHW� WK H� FRPIRUWUHTXLUHPHQWV�RI�WKH�RFFXSDQWV�RI�WKH�FRQGLWLRQHG�VSDFH´��� $LU� FRQGLWLRQLQJ�� WKHUHIRUH�� LQFOXGHV�WKH�HQWLUH�KHDWH[FKDQJH�RSHUDWLRQ�DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�UHJXODWLRQ�RI�YHORFLW\�WKHUPDO� UDGLDWLRQ� DQG� TXDOLW\� RI� DLU�� DV� ZHOO� DV� WKHUHPRYDO� RI�IRUHLJQ�SDU WLFOHV�DQG�YDSRXUV� ���$�VXFFHVVIXO+9$&� GHVLJQ�LV�WKDW�HQHUJ\�HIILFLHQW�GHVLJQ�LQ�DGGLWLRQWR��DOO�SUHYLRXV�IDFWRUV7KH� SUHVHQW� PRGHO� LV� SDFNDJHG� DV� D� &RPSXWDWLRQDO)OXLG�'\QDPLFV��&)'��SURJUDP�DQG�LV�QDPHG�XQGHU�WKHWLWOH� �'7+9$&��7KLV�SURJUDP�LV�WKH�DGYD QFHG�YHUVLRQRI�WKH��'+9$&�����7KH� SUHVHQW� SDSHU� LQWURGXFHV�D�EULHI�GHVFULSWLRQ�RI�WKHSUHVHQW� �'7+9$&� SURJUDP� DQG� LWV� YDOLGDWLRQ� ZLWK

VWHDG\� VWDWH� UHVXOWV� ����� 7KLV� ZLOO� EH� IROORZHG� E\�WKHDVVHVVPHQW� RI� WKH� DLUIORZ� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� DQG� HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ � LQ� WKH� GLIIHUHQW� IRXU� DLU�FRQGLWLRQHGFRQILJXUDWLRQV�� 7KH� SDSHU� HQGV�ZLWK�D�EULHI�GLVFXVVLRQDQG�FRQFOXVLRQ�

0(7+2'�'(6&5,37,217KH�SURJUDP�VROYHV�WKH�GLIIHUHQWLDO�HTXDWLRQV�JRYHUQLQJWKH� WUDQVSRUW� RI� PDVV�� WKUHH� PRPHQWXP�FRPSRQHQWV�HQHUJ\�� UHODWLYH� KXP LGLW\�� DQG� WKH� DLU� DJH� LQ� �'FRQILJXUDWLRQV� XQGHU�XQVWHDG\�FRQGLWLRQV��7KH�GLIIHUHQWJRYHUQLQJ� SDUWLDO� GLIIHUHQWLDO� HTXDWLRQV� DUH� W\SLFDOO\H[SUHVVHG�LQ�D�JHQHUDO�IRUP�DV�

)))) �¸̧¹·¨̈©

§w)w*w

w�¸̧¹·¨̈©

§w)w*w

w�¸̧¹·¨̈©

§w)w*w

w�

)Uww�)Uw

w�)Uww�)Uw

w

6]]\\[[

:]9\8[W

HII�HII�HII�

:KHUH�U� �$LU�GHQVLW\��NJ�P � )� �'HSHQGHQW�YDULDEOH�9� �9HORFLW\�YHFWRU� 6)� �6RXUFH�WHUP�RI�)�*)�HII� �(IIHFWLYH�GLIIXVLRQ�FRHIILFLHQW�

7KH� HIIHFWLYH� GLIIXVLRQ� FRHIILFLHQWV� DQG� VRXUFH�WHUPVIRU� WKH� YDULRXV� GLIIHUHQWLDO� HTXDWLRQV� DUH�OLVWHG�LQ�WKHIROORZLQJ�WDEOH�7DEOH����7HUPV�RI�3'(

) *)�HII 6)&RQWLQXLW\ � � �;�PRPHQWXP 8 PHII �w3�w[���68<�PRPHQWXP 9 PHII �w3�w\���69=�PRPHQWXP : PHII �w3�w]�UJE'W��6:+�HTXDWLRQ + PHII�V+ 6+5+�(TXDWLRQ 5+ PHII�V5+ 65+W�DJH�HTXDWLRQ W PHII�VW UN�HTXDWLRQ N PHII�VN *���U�HH�HTXDWLRQ H PHII�VH &��H�*�N�±�&��U�H��NPHII� �PODP���P�W P�W� �U�&P�N����H*� �PW�>�^�w8�w[�����w9�w\�����w:�w]��`��w8�w\���

w9�w[�����w9�w]���w:�w\�����w8�w]���w:�w[��@68� �w�w[�PHII�w)�w[��w�w\�PHII�w)�w[��w�w]�PHII�w)�w[�69� �w�w[�PHII�w)�w\��w�w\�PHII�w)�w\��w�w]�PHII�w)�w\�6:� �w�w[�PHII�w)�w]��w�w\�PHII�w)�w]��w�w]�PHII�w)�w]�&�� �������&�� �������&P� �����V+� ������V5+� ������VW� ������VN� ������VH� ������

1st International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference17 - 21 August 2003, Portsmouth, Virginia

AIAA 2003-5960

Copyright © 2003 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.

��2)���

$0(5,&$1�,167,787(�2)�$(521$87,&6�$1'�$67521$87,&6

&20387$7,21$/�*5,'�*(1(5$7,217KH� SUHVHQW� SURJUDP� XWLOL]HV� WKH�PRGLILHG�K\SHUEROLFIRUPXOD� ��IRU�JULG�QRGH�JHQHUDWLRQ ��7KH�SUHVHQW�IRUPXODFUHDWHV� QRQ�XQLIRUP� RUWKRJRQDO� JULG�� 7KH� SUHVHQWSURJUDP�LV�DOVR�GHVLJQHG�WR�VLPXODWH�WKH�DLUIORZ�GRPDLQXVLQJ� �������� FHOOV� WR� REWDLQ� JULG� LQGHSHQGHQWSUHGLFWLRQV�ZLWK�HIILFLHQW�FRVW�

180(5,&$/�6&+(0(7KH�SUHVHQW�SURJUDP�XWLOL]HV�WK H�SRZHU�ODZ�VFKHPH�WKDWSURSRVHG� DQG� UHFRPPHQGHG� ��WR�DYRLG�WKH�VLPSOH�ILUVW�RUGHU� XSZLQG� GLIIHUHQFH� VFKHPH� ��� 7KH� SRZHU�ODZVFKHPH� LV� QRW� SDUWLFXODUO\� H[SHQVLYH� WR�FRPSXWH�DQGSURYLGHV� DQ� H[WUHPHO\� JRRG� UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ� RI� WKHH[SRQHQWLDO� EHKDYLRXU� ��� $OWKRXJK� WKH� SRZHU�ODZVFKHPH� LV� RQO\� ILUVW�RUGHU� DFFXUDWH� RQ� WKH� EDVLV� RIWUXQFDWLRQ� HUURU�� WKH� SRZHU�ODZ�GLIIHUHQFH�VFKHPH�LV�DFRQVHUYDWLYH� IRUPXODWLRQ� DQG� GRHV� QRW� KDYH� WKHSUREOHP� RI�QXPHULFDO�RVFLOODWLRQV��7KH�GUDZEDFN�RI�WKHVFKHPH� LV� WKH� LQKHUHQW� QXPHUL FDO� GLIIXVLRQ�� ,Q� WKHUHFLUFXODWLQJ� ]RQHV�� WKH� HIIHFWLYH� GLIIXVLRQ� ZLOO� EHUHSODFHG� E\�D�QXPHULFDO�FURVV�IORZ�GLIIXVLRQ�LQ�UHJLRQVRI� WKH� VROXWLRQ� GRPDLQ� ZKHUH� WKH� IORZ�LV�QRW�DOLJQHGZLWK�WKH�JULG�OLQHV� ����

7,0(�'(3(1'(17�352&('85(7KLV� SURJUDP� KDV� WKH� FDSDELOLW\�WR�VZLWFK�EHWZHHQ�WKHVROYLQJ� RQ�VWHDG\�VWDWH�EDVHV�RU�RQ�XQVWHDG\�EDVHV��7KHWLPH� LQWHUYDO� YDOXH� LV� FDOFXODWHG� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� WKHVWDELOLW\� FRQGLWLRQ�RI�WKH�SDUWLDO�GLIIHUHQWLDO�HTXDWLRQ� ���7KH� SURJUDP� LV� GHVLJQHG� WR� SURYLGH� VWRUDJH� IRU� WKHYDOXHV� RI� YDULDEOH� )� DW� WLPH� W� DQG� DW� WLPH� W��� 'W�WRHPSOR\� WKH� LWHUDWLRQV� ZLWKLQ� WKH� WLPH� VWHS� WR�JHW�WKHFRQYHUJHQW� VROXWLRQ� ZLWKLQ� WKH� WLPH� VWHS�� 7KH� IXOO\LPSOLFLW�VFKHPH�LV�XWLOL]HG�LQ�WKLV�PRGHO�

,1,7,$/�$1'�%281'$5<�&21',7,2167KH�LQLWLDO�FRQGLWLRQV�RI �WKH�VROYLQJ�GRPDLQ�DUH�WDNHQ�WRUHSUHVHQW� WKH� DFWXDO� YDOXH� RI�HDFK�YDULDEOH� )�WKH�WLPHW ��� 7KH� ERXQGDU\� FRQGLWLRQV�UHSUHVHQW�WKH�ZDOO��LQOHW�DQG� RXWOHW� FRQGLWLRQV�� 7KH� GHWDLOHG� WUHDWPHQW� RIERXQGDU\� FRQGLWLRQV� FDQ� EH�IRXQG�LQ�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH�WKDWGHVFULEHV� WKH� �'+9$&� SURJUDP� ���1HDU�WKH�ZDOO��WKHORJ�ODZ� RI� WKH� ZDOO� IXQFWLRQ� LV�DSSOLHG�WR�FRUUHFW�DQGILQG� WKH� YDOXHV� RI� WXUEXOHQFH� DQG� GLVVLSDWLRQ�� 7KHYHORFLW\� RI� WKH� DLUIORZ� WHQGV� WR� EH� ]HUR� DW� WKH�ZDOOVXUIDFH�

&219(5*(1&(�$1'�67$%,/,7< �7KH� FRQYHUJHQFH� VKRXOG�EH�DWWDLQHG�RYHU�WKH�WLPH�VWHS�7KH� VLPXOWDQHRXV� DQG� QRQ�OLQHDU�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�WKHILQLWH� GLIIHUHQFH� HTXDWLRQV� QHFHVVLWDWH� WKDW� VSHFLDOPHDVXUHV� DUH� HPSOR\HG� WR� SURFXUH�QXPHULFDO�VWDELOLW\�FRQYHUJHQFH��� WKHVH� LQFOXGH� XQGHU� UHOD[DWLRQ� RI� WKH

VROXWLRQ� RI�WKH�PRPHQWXP�DQG�WXUEXOHQFH�HTXDWLRQV�E\XQGHU� UHOD[DWLRQ� IDFWRUV� ZKLFK� UHODWH� WKH� ROG�DQG�WKHQHZ�YDOXHV�RI�)�ZLWKLQ�WKH�WLPH�VWHS�DV�IROORZV�

� � ROGQHZ � )J��)J ):KHUH� J� LV� WKH� XQGHU�UHOD[DWLRQ� IDFWRU�� ZKLFK� ZDVYDULHG� EHWZHHQ� ���� DQG� ���� IRU� WKH� WKUHH� YHORFLW\FRPSRQHQWV� DV� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� LWHUDWLRQ�LQFUHDVHV��)RUWKH� WXUEXOHQFH� TXDQWLWLHV�� J�ZDV�WDNHQ�EHWZHHQ� ����DQG���� DQG� IRU� RWKHU� YDULDEOHV� EHWZHHQ� ����DQG������7KHUHTXLUHG� LWHUDWLRQV� IRU�FRQYHUJHQFH�LQ�WKH�WLPH�LQWHUYDODUH� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� Q DWXUH� RI� WKH� SUREOHP� DQG� WKHQXPHULFDO� FRQGLWLRQV� �JULG� QRGHV�� XQGHU�UHOD[DWLRQIDFWRU�� LQLWLDO�JXHVV��HWF����6R�WKH�WLPH��RQ�WKH�FRPSXWHUSURFHVVRU�� UHTXLUHG�IRU�REWDLQLQJ�WKH�UHVXOWV�LV�EDVHG�RQPDQ\�IDFWRUV�

7KH� WLPH� VWHS� LV� VHOHFWHG�DFFRUGLQJ�VSDFH�FH OO��VSDWLDOGLIIHUHQFH�� DQG�WKH�DLUIORZ�YHORFLW\�RYHU�WKH�VSDFH�FHOO�7KH� WLPH�LQWHUYDO�VKRXOG�EH�VPDOO�HQRXJK�WR�SURYLGH�WKHVWDELOLW\� RI� VROXWLRQ� RYHU� WKH� GRPDLQ� ���%DVLFDOO\��WKHLQFUHDVH� RI� WKH� WLPH� LQWHUYDO� LQFUHDVHV� WKH�QXPEHU�RILWHUDWLRQV� RYHU�WKH� WLPH�LQWHUYDO�WR�REWDLQ�WKH�QXPHULFDOFRQYHUJHQFH�

9$/,'$7,21�352&('85(7KLV� VHFWLRQ� ZLOO� SUHVHQW� D� VDPSOH� RI� WKH� YDOLGDWLRQUHVXOWV� RI�WKH�GHYHORSHG�SURJUDP�ZKHQ�XVHG�RQ�VHOHFWHGDSSOLFDWLRQV�� SUHYLRXVO\� LQYHVWLJDWHG� DQG� UHSRUWHG� E\RWKHUV�� WKH�REVHUYDWL RQV�WKDW�QRWHG�GXULQJ�WKH�YDOLGDWLRQSURFHVV�DUH�GLVFXVVHG�

9$/,'$7,21�:,7+�1,(/6(1�(7�$/¶6�(;3(5,0(176([WHQVLYH� YHORFLW\� PHDVXUHPHQWV� LQ� D� UHFWDQJXODUSDUDOOHOHSLSHG� VFDOHG� PRGHO� RI�D�URRP��+� � �����PP�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�LVRWKHUPDO�DLUIORZ�LV�H[SHFWHG�WR�EH� DOPRVWWZR�GLPHQVLRQDO� ZDV� FDUULHG�RXW� ���DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH��� 7KH� OHQJWK� RI� WKH� PRGHO� �/� � �+���7KH�FRQGLWLRQSDUDPHWHUV� DUH� EDVHG� RQ�LQOHW�5H\QROGV�QXPEHU��5H� ����������'HWDLOHG�PHDVXUHPHQWV�RI�YHORFLW\�SURILOHV�DUHSURYLGHG� DORQJ� GLIIHUHQW� ORFDWLRQV� WKURXJK�WKH�FHQWUDOYHUWLFDO� SODQH� ORFDWHG� DW� <� � :� ���DW�;� �+�DQG�;� �+���DQG��DW�=� ������+�DQG�=� ������+�����,Q� WKH� SUHVHQW� ZRUN�� WKH� VDPH� FRQILJXUDWLRQ� ZDVVLPXODWHG� XVLQJ� �'7+9$&� DQG� WKH� FRPSDULVRQV�DUHSUHVHQWHG� LQ� WKH� )LJXUH� ��� 7KH� FRPSDULVRQV�L QGLFDWHJRRG� DJUHHPHQW� HVSHFLDOO\� LQ�WKH�MHW�GRZQVWUHDP�ZLWKGLVFUHSDQFLHV� RI�WKH�RUGHU�RI� ��±�������7KH�FRPSDULVRQDOVR� VKRZV� VRPH� GLVFUHSDQFLHV�LQ�WKH�SUHGLFWLRQ�DW�WKHUHFLUFXODWLRQ� ]RQHV�� HVSHFLDOO\� QHDU� WKH� IORRU�� 7KHVHSUHGLFWHG� GLVFUHSDQFLHV�RFFXUUH G�DV�WKH�DLUIORZ�YHORFLW\WHQGV� WR�]HUR�QHDU�WKH�ZDOO���DQG�FDQ�EH�DWWULEXWHG�WR�WKHHIIHFW�RI�WKH�ZDOO�IXQFWLRQ�RI�WKH�WXUEXOHQFH�PRGHO�

��2)���

$0(5,&$1�,167,787(�2)�$(521$87,&6�$1'�$67521$87,&6

;� �+ ;� ��+)LJXUH����&RPSDULVRQ�ZLWK�([SHULPHQWV�>��@

3$5$0(75,&�&$6(66HYHUDO� DWWHPSWV�ZHUH�FDUULHG�RXW�WR�DVVHVV�WKH�GLIIHUHQWYHQWLODWLRQ� V\VWHPV��6RPH�UHVHDUFKHUV�GHSHQGHG�RQ�WKH&)'� WR� DVVHVV� WKH� YHQWLODWLRQ� VWUDWHJLHV� ���� ,Q� WKHSUHVHQW� SDSHU��IRXU�GLIIHUHQW�EDVLF�W\SHV�DUH�VXEMHFWHG�WRYDOLGDWLRQ� DQG� DVVHVVPHQW��)LJXUH� ���7KH�FRQGLWLRQV�RIWKH�SDUDPHWULF�FDVHV�DUH�UHSUHVHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH� ��

5(68/76,Q� WKH� SUHVHQW� ZRUN�� D� FRPSDULVRQ� EHWZHHQ� YDULRXVDLUVLGH� V\VWHP� GHVLJQV�LV�FDUULHG�RXW��7KH�KHDW�UHPRYDOHIILFLHQFLHV� DUH� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� 7DEOH� ��� 7KH� DLUIORZGLVWULEXWLRQ� DQG�WHPSHU DWXUH�SDWWHUQV�DUH�UHSUHVHQWHG�LQ)LJXUHV� �����1HZ�SURSRVHG�HIILFLHQFLHV�DUH�XVHG�KHUH�DVLQGLFDWRUV�RI�HQHUJ\�FRQVXPSWLRQ�XWLOL]DWLRQ�+HDW�UHPRYDO�HIILFLHQF\��( K�(K� ��7H���7L�����7P���7L�(QHUJ\�HIILFLHQF\��( H���SURSRVHG�LQ�WKLV�VWXG\�(H� ��7H���7L�����7W���7L�:KHUH��L��H��P��W� �LQOHW��H[WUDFWLRQ��PHDQ��WDUJHW

)LJXUH����3DUDPHWULF�&DVHV

7DEOH����&RQGLWLRQV�RI�3DUDPHWULF�&DVHV'LPHQVLRQV�/HQJWK�/ �+���:LGWK�:' ����+�P��+HLJKW�+ ��P2SHUDWLRQ�&RQGLWLRQV�$LU�&KDQJHV�SHU�+RXU� �$&+ ��6XSSO\�$UHD� ������RI�:DOO�$UHD6XSSO\�$UHD� ������RI�WKH�&HLOLQJ�$UHD�IRU�FDVH�3)6XSSO\�7HPS�� ����R&��7DUJHW�7HPS�� ����R&+HDW�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�WR�WKH�URRP�IURP�WKH�ZDOOV�LV�4´,W�LV�DVVXPHG�WKDW�WKH�4´� � ���:�P�

([WUDFWLRQ�7HPSHUDWXUH�LV�IOR DWLQJ

$���$LUIORZ�'LVWULEXWLRQ�DW�WKH�0LG�3ODQH�RI�WKH�URRP

%���7HPSHUDWXUH�3DWWHUQ�DW�WKH�0LG�3ODQH�RI�WKH�URRP)LJXUH����3UHGLFWLRQ�5HVXOWV�RI�'LVSODFHPHQW�)ORZ�7\SH

$���$LUIORZ�'LVWULEXWLRQ�DW�WKH�0LG�3ODQH�RI�WKH�URRP

%���7HPSHUDWXUH�3DWWHUQ�DW�WKH�0LG�3ODQH�RI�WKH�URRP)LJXUH����3UHGLFWLRQ�5HVXOWV�RI�&DYLW\�)ORZ�7\SH

$���$LUIORZ�'LVWULEXWLRQ�DW�WKH�0LG�3ODQH�RI�WKH�URRP

��2)���

$0(5,&$1�,167,787(�2)�$(521$87,&6�$1'�$67521$87,&6

%���7HPSHUDWXUH�3DWWHUQ�DW�WKH�0LG�3ODQH�RI�WKH�URRP)LJXUH����3UHGLFWLRQ�5HVXOWV�RI�0L[LQJ�)ORZ�7\SH

$���$LUIORZ�'LVWULEXWLRQ�DW�WKH�0LG�3ODQH�RI�WKH�URRP

%���7HPSHUDWXUH�3DWWHUQ�DW�WKH�0LG�3ODQH�RI�WKH�URRP)LJXUH����3UHGLFWLRQ�5HVXOWV�RI�3LVWRQ�)ORZ�7\SH

',6&866,21�$1'�&21&/86,217KH� PDLQ� SDWWHUQ� RI�WKH�VXSSO\�MHW�LQ�WKH��')��&)��DQG0)�� W\SHV� LV� VOLJKWO\�LQIOXHQFHG�E\�WKH�H[WUDFWLRQ�SRUWORFDWLRQ��7KH�H[WUDFWLRQ�SRUW�ORFDWLRQ�LV�D�FULWLFDO�GHVLJQIDFWRU� DQG� KDV� D� GLUHFW� HIIHFW� RQ� WKH� KHDW� UHPRYDOHIILFLHQF\� DQG� WKH� HQHUJ\� HIILFLHQF\� RI� WKH� DLU�FRQGLWLRQLQJ� V\VWHP� IURP� WKH�DLUVLGH�ZLVH��7KH�FDYLW\IORZ� FRQILJXUDWLRQ� KDV� WKH� KLJKHVW� HQHUJ\� HIILFLHQF\DPRQJ� WKH� VWXGLHG� FRQILJXUDWLRQV�� 7KH� SLVWRQ� IORZFRQILJXUDWLRQ� SURYLGHV� WKH� RSWLPXP� XQLIRUPWHPSHUDWXUH� LQ� WKH� RFFXSDQF\� ]RQH� EXW� ZLWK� ORZHVWHQHUJ\�HIILFLHQF\��7KH�SLVWRQ�IORZ�FRQILJXUDWLRQ�KDV�WKHKLJKHVW�KHDW�UHPRYDO�HIILFLHQF\�

5(&200(1'$7,216)RU� WKH� KRW� FOLPDWHV��WKH�SLVWRQ�IORZ�FRQILJXUDWLRQ�KDVWKH� FDSDELOLW\� WR� SURYLGH� WKH� RSWLPXP� WHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQV� LQ�WKH�RFFXSDQF\�]RQH��7KH�SURSRVHG�HQHUJ\LQGH[� KDV� WKH� FDSDELOLW\� WR� DVVHVV� WKH� HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ� XWLOL]DWLRQ�IURP�WKH�DLUVLGH�GHVLJQ�ZLVH�RIWKH�+9$&�V\VWHPV�

7DEOH����+HDW�5HPRYDO�DQG�(QHUJ\�8WLOL]DWLRQ�$VVHVVPHQW7H 7P (K (H

') ����� ����� ������ �����&) ������ ����� ������ ������0) ����� ����� ������ �����3) ����� ����� ������ �����

$&.12:/('*(0(177KH� DXWKRU� ZRXOG� OLNH� WR� WKDQN� 3URI�� 'U�� (VVDP� (�.KDOLO� IRU�KLV�VLJQLILFDQW�FRQWULEXWLRQV�DQG�IRU�KLV�PDQ\KHOSIXO� FRPPHQWV� DQG� VXJJHVWLRQV� IRU�WKLV�SDSHU��7KHSUHVHQW� ZRUN� LV� VXSSRUWHG� E\� WKH� &(%� ��&RQVXOWLQJ(QJLQHHULQJ�%XUHDX�

5()(5(1&(6�>�@� $6+5$(� +DQGERRN�� )XQGDPHQWDOV� �����

$6+5$(��$WODQWD��86$��>�@� 6WRHFNHU�� :�� )��� DQG� -RQHV�� -�� :��� �����

5HIULJHUDWLRQ� DQG� DLU� FRQGLWLRQLQJ�� 6HFRQG� (GLWLRQ�7$7$�0F*UDZ�+LOO�3XEOLVKLQJ�&RPSDQ\�/7'��� ������>�@� .KDOLO�� (�� (��� ������ &RPSXWHU� DLGHG�GHVLJQ�IRU

FRPIRUW� LQ� KHDOWK\�DLU�FRQGLWLRQHG�VSDFHV��3URFHHGLQJVRI�+HDOWK\�%XLOGLQJV� ������)LQODQG��9RO�� ���3DJH������>�@� .DPHHO�� 5���������&RPSXWHU�DLGHG�GHVLJQ�RI�IORZ

UHJLPHV� LQ� DLU�FRQGLWLRQHG� RSHUDWLQJ� WKHDWUHV�� 3K�'�7KHVLV�ZRUN��&DLUR�8QLYHUVLW\��>�@� .DPHHO�� 5��� DQG�.KDOLO��(��(��� ������9HULILFDWLRQ

RI� QXPHULFDO� SUHGLFWLRQ� RI� ��'� DLU�FRQGLWLRQHG� IORZEHKDYLRXU� LQ� IXOO�DQG�UHGXFHG�VFDOH�URRP�PRGHOV�� ��WK$HURVSDFH� 6FLHQFHV�0HHW LQJ��([KLELW��5HQR��1HYDGD�$,$$�����������������-DQXDU\�������>�@� .DPHHO�� 5��� DQG� .KDOLO��(��(��� ������*HQHUDWLRQ

RI� WKH�JULG�QRGH�GLVWULEXWLRQ�XVLQJ�PRGLILHG�K\SHUEROLFHTXDWLRQV�� ��WK�$HURVSDFH�6FLHQFHV�0HHWLQJ��([KLELW�5HQR��1HYDGD��$,$$� ����������������-DQXDU\�������>�@� 3DWDQNDU�� 6��9��������1XPHULFDO�KHDW�WUDQVIHU�DQG

IOXLG�IORZ��+HPLVSKHUH�3XEOLVKLQJ�&RUSRUDWLRQ��:'&��>�@� 6RUHQVHQ��'��1���DQG�1LHOVHQ��3��9��� ������4XDOLW\

FRQWURO� RI� FRPSXWDWLRQDO� IOXLG� G\QDPLFV� LQ� LQGRRUHQYLURQPHQWV��,QGRRU�$LU��9ROXPH� ���1R����SDJH����>�@� /HRQDUG�� %��3���DQG�'UXPPRQG��-��(��� ������:K\

\RX� VKRXOG� QRW� XVH� µK\EULG¶�� µSRZHU�ODZ¶� RU� UHODWHGH[SRQHQWLDO� VFKHPHV� IRU� FRQQHFWLYH�PRGHOOLQJ�±�WKHUHDUH� PXFK� EHWWHU� DOWHUQDWLYHV�� ,QWHUQDWLRQDO�-RXUQDO�IRU1XPHULFDO�0HWKRGV�LQ�)OXLGV�� �������������������>��@� $QGHUVRQ�� '�� $��� 7DQQHKLOO�� -��&���DQG�3OHWGKHU�

5�� +��� ������ &RPSXWDWLRQDO� IOXLG�PHFKDQLFV�DQG�KHDWWUDQVIHU��+HPLVSKHUH� ������>��@� 1LHOVHQ�� 3�� 9��� 5HVWLYR�� $��DQG�:KLWHODZ��-��+��

������ 7KH� YHORFLW\�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�YHQWLODWHG�URRPV�-��)OXLGV�(QJ�����������±�����>��@� &KR��<���$ZEL��+��%���DQG�.DULPLSDQDK��7��� �����

$� FRPSDULVRQ� EHWZHHQ� IRXU� GLIIHUHQW� YHQWLODWLRQV\VWHPV��52209(17���������������

Recommended