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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
qarTuli literatura
nestan fifia
oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul _ dokumenturi proza
(XX saukunis 90-ini wlebi)
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, filologiis doqtori Tamar paiWaZefilologiis doqtori maia jaliaSvili
Tbilisi 2009
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avtoris stili daculia
- - 2
Sesavali
oTar CxeiZem sityvasTan sakraluri kavSiriT, simarTlismoyvareobiTa
da misi qomagobis madliT drois `tyveobas~ gauZlo, gaeqca
`moTvinierebuli mwerlobis~ CarCoebs, sakuTari marTali gza gakafa da
WeSmaritebas uerTgula. mas arasdros gauwevia angariSi partiul-
klasobrivi interesebisaTvis.
mwerlis Sinagani Tavisufleba da aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi unari aris
myari duRabi matianisa, romlis Seqmnac man SeZlo Tavisi romanebis
rkaliT _ 22 wignad Sekruli mxatvruli cikliT.
sabWoTa reJimis sinamdvileSi marTali istoriis warmoCena,
qeduxreloba _ msxverplisunarianobis tolfasi iyo, am sulieri
RirsebiT iqmneboda misi nawarmoebebi da amitomac daimkvidra saxeli
marTali mwerlisa.
oTar CxeiZe erovnuli TviTSegnebisa da TviTmyofadobisTvis
brZolaSi `sulis puris~ baraqiani momkelia. mZime da rTuli iyo es
misia. rogorc ki gamoCnda asparezze mwerali, maSinve daiwyo wiTeli
kritikis Tavdasxmebi, dauwunes ideur-mxatvruli koncefcia, stili.
XIX saukuneSi Tu kidev SeiZleboda Tanadrouli cxovrebis
ukuRmarTobis mxileba, komunisturi reJimi misTvis miuRebeli simarTlis
Tqmas krZalavda, roca aseTi suliskveTebis Semoqmedi gamoCndeboda,
sabWoTa ideologiis mesveurni yalyze dgebodnen da Tavs esxmodnen
`mdare gemovnebis~, `mcdar gzaze~ damdgar mwerlebs. XX s.-is ociani
wlebidan ideuri niSniT dawyebuli devna periodulad mZafrdeboda da
represiebis xasiaTsac iRebda.
oTar CxeiZis gamoCenam erTgvarad daarRvia sabWoTa myudroeba
saqarTveloSi. jer kidev 1947 wels werdnen masze: `savsebiT
Seuwynarebelia, rom axalgazrda mwerali ar uwevs angariSs kritikasa
da sazogadoebriv azrs da jiutad ganagrZobs mcdari gziT siaruls~
(69. 303).
oTar CxeiZe `xeldasxmuli~ iyo enis Wirisuflad da simarTles ver
uRalatebda, gzas veravin Seacvlevinebda `mozRvavebulis aviTa~.
`burusi~, `meCeCi~ da sxva romanebi _mainc amxeldnen sabWouri reJimis
namdvil saxes.
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oTar CxeiZe ilia WavWavaZis sulieri memkvidre iyo, amitom ver gaeqca
marTal sityvas maSin, roca socialisturi ideologia sulier
udaburebas amkvidrebda RvTismSoblis wilxvedr saqarTveloSi.
suliT, mrwamsiT ilias ideebis erTgulma (`Cveni Tavi Cvenadve
gveyudnodes~) mweralma `qarTlis matiane~ gaagrZela iqidan, sadac
SeCerda didi mwerali da mematiane vasil barnovi. Tu vasil barnovma XX
sukunis 20-iani wlebidan Tavisi SemoqmedebiT gviCvena `rani viyaviT~,
oTar CxeiZem _ `rani varT~, romelSic vlindeba `rani viqnebiT~ (72. 9.),
misi rwmeniT, Tu eri ver uerTgulebs am sam hipostass (`mamuli, ena,
sarwmunoeba~), erovnul mTlianobas rom ganapirobebs, daiRupeba.
`qarTlis matianis~ romanebis rkali erovnuli narativiT iqmneboda.
cxadia, es ar niSnavs literaturis, mxatvruli sityvis mSral
ideologizacias, aramed xazs usvams mis zepolitikur Sinaarss. mwerali
amgvarad eris istoriuli daniSnulebis erTgvar mesianistur ideas
warmoaCenda.
oTar CxeiZis interesis sfero mxolod konkretuli politikuri
moRvaweebi an movlenebi ar aris. mwerali eris sulierebisa da
yofierebis modarajea da sijansaRisaTvis brZola moiTxovs realobis
asaxvas. aRsaniSnavia, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi erovnuli narativis
Tanmimdevroba aseTia: awmyos mxileba momavlis sijansaRisaTvis,
warsulTan paraleli awmyos tragizmis xazgasasmelad da am
struqturaSi Wirisuflis tkivilis gamomxatveli sarkazmi.
literaturul samyaroSi `qarTuli erovnuli naraciis~ yvelaze
farTomasStabian versiad iTvleba ilia WavWavaZiseuli naraciis
redaqcia.
sagulisxmoa, rom eris mesityves gansakuTrebuli misia akisria
saxelmwifoebrivi ideologiis bazisis SeqmnaSi.
saxelmwifoebriobadarRveul qveyanaSi, sadac dakninebulia erovnuli
Rirebulebebi da erTmorwmune ruseTis imperiam Selaxa qarTuli
eklesiis avtokefalia, uZvelesi freskebic `gadaaTeTra~,ilia WavWavaZis
winaSe idga amocana: qarTuli kulturuli mexsierebis
sicocxlisunarianobis xelSewyobisa.
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am TvalsazrisiT, oTar CxeiZe Tavisi Semoqmedebis arsiT, ilia
marTlis tradiciis gamgrZelebelia, mxolod, weris arsebiTad
gansxvavebuli stiliT.
mweralma sulieri simtkice da erovnuli satkivari dauxvedra farad
literaturuli kritikis saxeliT mis winaaRmdeg gaSlil demagogias.
`meCeCis~ Sesaxeb b. JRenti ambobda: `es ar aris marTali suraTi Cveni
sinamdvilisa, igi ar xatavs Cveni cxovrebis simarTles da ar
iTvaliswinebs mis perspeqtivas. misi ideuri koncefcia ar aris swori~
(11. 244). aseTi `SemoqmedebiTi Tanadgoma~ arasodes dahklebia mwerals.
sabWoTa cenzura gaafTrebiT ebrZoda mis nawarmoebebs, kvecavda pasaJebs,
romlebic gmirul istorias acocxlebdnen, erovnul TviTSegnebas
aRvivebdnen. oTar CxeiZis romanebis dabeWdva amitomac xSirad
aTwleulobiTac ki brkoldeboda.
Sinagani patiosnebiT gamorCeuli mwerlis, mematianis simkacriTa da
simarTliT daupirispirda oTar CxeiZe warmaval RirebulebaTa
aRmazavebel dros. man mTeli XX saukune asaxa Tavis romanebSi; asaxa
iseTi, rogoric iyo: 1924 wlis miCqmaluli ajanyebiT, 1937 wlis
sisxliani represiebis SedegebiT, koleqtivizaciis moCvenebiTi
silaRiTaA da bednierebiT.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis movlenebisadmi miZRvnilma trilogiam ki
(`artistuli gadatrialeba~, `TeTri daTvi~, `bermudis samkuTxedi~)
gviCvena samocdaaTwliani komunisturi reJimis Semdeg aboboqrebuli
erovnuli moZraoba, pirveli erovnuli mTavrobis mosvla
xelisuflebaSi, xalxis arCeuli prezidenti da codvis kalo
saqarTveloSi (guramiSviliseuli `Zmam moudva Zmasa yisti”).
es periodi erT-erTi tragikuli furcelia qarTveli eris istoriaSi.
mas hyavs da eyoleba gansxvavebuli Semfasebeli. es iyo Jami, roca
erovnuli TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis process borotebis manqana
daupirispirda. am Zalas saxeli sxvadasxvanairad daerqva, magram Ziri
erTi hqonda, swored Semoqmedi ganarCevs maT erTmaneTisgan da
faseulobaTa aRrevis Jams WeSmaritis arCevaSi exmareba mkiTxvels.
qarTvelTa tragedia, anu `qarTlis Wiri~ XX s-is 90-iani wlebisa,
jansaRi cnobierebis SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc dapirispireba
pirovnulsa da sazogadoebrivs, WeSmaritsa da yalb Rirebulebebs Soris,
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pirovnul Rirsebasa da ampartavnebas, erovnulsa da Sovinisturs Soris.
am rTulma da tkivilianma periodma gamokveTaA adamianuri buneba aviTa
da kargiT. swored aseTi istoriuli Jami moiTxovs Semoqmedisagan
gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas, gambedaobas, raTa simarTle ar gaamrudos,
STamomavlobas epoqis realuri suraTi dauxatos.
qarTuli literaturis istorias aqvs tradicia simarTlis
`utyuvnelad~ gadmocemisa (hagiografia), `marTlis Tqmis principisa~
(aRorZinebis periodi), `sazogado Wirzed werisa~, kritikuli realizmisa
(`Tergdaleulebi~). madlcxebiT gamorCeuli mwerlebi gahyvnen am gzas.
qarTvel mweralTa im Taobas, romelmac axal istoriul pirobebSi
gaagrZela da ganaviTara qarTuli kritikuli realizmis tradiciebi,
mWidrod daukavSira mas XXs-is literaturis saTaveebi, ekuTvnis _
mixeil javaxiSvili, konstantine gamsaxurdia, niko lorTqifaniZe, leo
qiaCeli, grigol robaqiZe, demna Sengelaia.
axal istoriul viTarebas, romelic imperiis batonobam Seqmna, 1924
wels m. javaxiSvili ase axasiaTebda: `dRevandeli qarTuli mwerloba,
xelovneba da mecnierebac, metad mcire gamonaklisis garda, moskovis
nabuSaria. sakuTari qarTuli suli iSviaTad mosCans sadme. mxolod
srul Tavisuflebas SeuZlian es ucxo sisxli mogvaSoros. mxolod
qarTulis foladur romantikas SeuZlian savsebiT gangvkurnos, magram
amisaTvis saWiroa, rom Cvens irgvliv da Cvens sulier-fizikur
cxovrebaSic namdvili gamajansaRebeli kataklizmi moxdes. Cven ki _ `Cven
Cvens Tavs ar veyudniT~ da amitom molodinis meti aRara dagvrCenia ra~
(81. 45).
m. javaxiSvilis Semoqmedeba dro-sivrculi struqturiT agebuli
siuJetia am ubedurebisa.
oTar CxeiZe sakuTari xelweriT movida realizmis tradiciebiT nakveb
istoriuli Janris mwerlobaSi. ufro konkretulad, es aris mxatvruli
sityviT Seqmnili matiane, drois mxardamxar Seqmnili mxatvrul-
dokumenturi proza, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs ara monur
mliqvnelobas istoriisadmi, aramed ganmartebas am istoriuli aqtisa
(movlenisa) da am aqtis (movlenis) SemoqmedTa qmedebisa da unarebis
siRrmiseul warmoCenas.
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TviT mwerali ar eTanxmeboda mosazrebas, rom cxel kvalze
movlenebis Sesaxeb ar unda iwerebodes.
oTar CxeiZis azriT, Tu mwerali simarTles ascda, sulieri mzeriT
ar moixila movlenebi, ver Seqmnis Rirebul nawarmoebs, miT ufro –
mxatvrul-dokumenturs, `avtoris simtkice simarTle gaxlavT~.
Tu qveynis ubedureba Sinagani da garegani mizezebis gamTlianebis
Sedegia, asparezss renegatebi ikaveben, isini ki simarTles arasodes
etyvian ers.
gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebs swored es sWirda da mweralma drois
kvaldakval Seqmna mxatvrul-dokumenturi qronikebi, radgan `gmirebi
droisa cruobdnen, ityuebodnen, Tvals uxvevdnen xalxsa da
gulmodgined Cqmalavdnen ro ra ro gvWirda, moskovisagana gvWirda da
TviTonac Sig eriaT xeli~ (72. 2).
`Cveni mwerlobisaTvis~ micemul interviuSi oTar CxeiZe akonkretebs,
rom mwerali ver daelodeba dros, nawarmoebi movlenebis kvaldakval
unda Seiqmnas. ufro sarwmunoa, rasac xedav, rac Seni cxovrebis nawilia,
garda amisa, istorias, mecnierul kvlevas mindobili movlenebi
aRsadgenia, is ver moicavs ambavs (fabulas) iseTi sisavsiT, rogoric iyo.
nakleb sarwmunoa dokumenturi masala iyos Seqmnili: `rogor momzadda
okupacia cxinvalisa da soxumisa, moskovSi ra Tanxebi gamoiyo, ra
daixarja, ra amonagebsa varaudobdnen... rogor Seamzades Sinagani
Ralati, ra moulodneli winaaRmdegobebi gamouCndaT, ra mzakvrobiT
gadalaxes, ra muxanaTobiTa~ (72. 2).
bnel asparezze myofni mamxilebel dokumentebs iSviaTad toveben,
mweral-mematiane ki movlenebis kvaldakval simarTles aRwers. momaval
Taobebs utovebs mxatvrul qronikebs, romlebic Tavad SeeSvelebian
istorikosebs, filosofosebs am movlenis, tragediis Tu arsis
gamokvlevaSi.
darwmunebuli iyo oTar CxeiZe, `umwerlod cxovreba daikargeboda,
cxovrebis istoria aravis ecodineboda, kacTa vnebas veravin Caswvdeboda,
sicocxlis azrs veravin gaigebda, simarTles veravin miikvlevda,
xasiaTebs veravin gaarCevda~ (61. 179) da eSureboda, samkals mkida
romanebis rkalidan `matiane qarTlisa~. es iyo realisturi tradiciebis
logikuri gagrZeleba XX saukunis mematianis mier.
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simarTlis asaxvis gamo mwerals `savalalo SemoqmedebiT marcxSi~
amxeldnen partiuli davalebis aRmsrulebeli mwerlebi. isini Tavs
esxmodnen ara mxolod `ideuri naklovanebebis~, aramed stilis gamoc.
akaki beliaSvili sadavod miiCnevs mwerlis Txrobis maneras.
aRniSnavs, rom avtori warmoudgenlad aWianurebs frazas, tvirTavs mas
sinonimebiT da tavtologiuri winadadebebiT, weris aseTi manera ki
aZnelebs kiTxvas da `gaugebars xdis nawarmoebis Sinaarsis
Tanmimdevrobas~ (11. 243).
cxadia, kritikas `zemodan~ hqonda davalebuli gaemaTraxebina yvela
`urCi~ Semoqmedi da am SekveTas met-naklebi mondomebiT asrulebdnen
adamianebi, TavianTi sulieri wyobis Sesabamisad.
oTar CxeiZes uwunebdnen imas, rom `gmirebisa da avtoriseuli ena
struqturulad ar iyo erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli~ (iqve).
es braldebac mwerlis samyaros ver an ardanaxviT iyo gamowveuli da
sabWoTa sinamdvileSi, ra Tqma unda, Tavdasxmis sababs warmoadgenda.
oTar CxeiZes Tavisi mkiTxveli (misi nawarmoebebis `gadamkiTxveloba~
gamoricxulia) hyavs da es aris yvela is adamiani, visac awuxebs: `rani
viyaviT? rani varT? rani viqnebiT?..~
Tanamedrove mkiTxvelic uRrmavdeba oTar CxeiZis stils, sadac TviT
wertilic ki, nebismieri pauza, Txrobis saxeobaTa monacvleoba
gamiznulia mxatvrul-fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebisaTvis. mwerali
xalxmraval auditorias ki ar eZebs, aramed qarTuli sinamdvilis Wiris
Tanaziars, rogorc matianis Wirisufali da gamgrZelebeli. is
`TergdaleulTa~ ideuri memkvidrea _ `eris wyluli maCndes wylulado~
_ da am wyluls Taviseburi mxatvruli sistemiT xatavs.
oTar CxeiZis stilis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo werilebia gamoqveynebuli.
ivane amirxanaSvili da maia jaliaSvili xazs usvamen yvela elements,
romlebic ki SeiZleba monawileobdnen teqstis agebaSi: `arc erTi
elementi ar aris zedmeti; yovelive saboloo jamSi miemarTeba erTisken,
romelic aris msoflxedva mwerlisa, anu TviT mwerali~ (7.74).
mTlianobiT ganpirobebuli stiluri Tavisebureba m. jaliaSvils
drosivrcul arealSi gadaaqvs da ambobs: `oTar CxeiZis stiliT
Seqmnili teqstebi erTdroulad Semcvelia warmavlisa da waruvalisa,
maradiulisa, TiTqos xelidan gisxlteba STabeWdileba, Tanve mkvidrad
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Caewereba warmosaxvaSi. cxovrebis nerviuli ritmi, aZagZagebuli
pulsacia yofisa da klasikuri simSvide erTdroulad warmoCndeba~ (83.
102).
mwerali mkiTxvels gaiyoliebs da xan panoramulad gadauSlis
saTqmels, xanac personaJis pirispir tovebs. konteqstur sinonimebs
mkiTxvelTan `TanamSromlobis~ funqcia akisria, iseve rogorc garkveuli
Sinagani kamertoniT mowesrigebul mTlian kompozicias. Tu es
`TanamSromloba~ dairRva, mxolod maSin `Zneldeba~ teqsti.
`parizis RvTismSoblis taZris~ merve gamocemaSi viqtor hiugo
mkiTxvels aqezebda: `iqneba gamoCndes iseTi vinme, vinc Caswvdeba
esTetikursa da filosofiur mrwamss avtorisas; iseTi vinme, vinc
ganWvrets romanis saburvelSi sistemas istorikosisas, mizans
mxatvrisao~ (61. 127).
1831 wlis martidan 1832 wlis oqtombramde wigni rvajer gamocemula,
`mainc guls hklebia, mainc mkiTxvelis natruli yofila, gamgebi
mkiTxvelisa~, es aris mwerlisa da mkiTxvelis kanonzomieri
urTierTdamokidebuleba, radgan WeSmariti literatura
sulismcodneobaa, amitom aris igi amouwuravi da maradaxali, maradmedin
dros daumorCilebeli. Rirebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebi kvlevis axal-
axal aspeqts sTavazobs suliT miaxlebul mkiTxvels.
oTar CxeiZis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb bolo dros Seqmnili
gamokvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia lia kuxianiZis `mwerali da sazogadoeba
(oTar CxeiZis prozis ramdenime aspeqti)~.
mkvlevars ainteresebs qarTveli, istoriulad ganpirobebuli
qartexilebisa da rusuli pyrobilebis usastikesi 70 weli, oTar CxeiZe
`cxrawyaroSi~ ase rom aRwers: `cxovreba airia, dadgenili wesi airia Tu
gadalagda... jvari moangria eklesias, zari Camowyvita, kari daagdo~ (23.
289).
oTar CxeiZis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb mravali werili Tu gamokvleva
arsebobs: lia wereTlis `folklori oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi~, maka
joxaZis `qalTa saxeebi oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi~, nona kupreiSvilis
werili oTar CxeiZis eseistur krebulze `rkali~, naira gelaSvilis
`vendoT mematianes~ da sxva.
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- - 9
2008 wels gamoica rostom CxeiZis biografiuli romani `agvistos
Svilebi~ (mamaCemi oTar CxeiZe). misi winasityvaoba gvamcnobs: `romanis
gacnobisas mkiTxveli moulodnelad aRmoaCens, rom XX saukunis
sazogadoebriv-politikuri da saliteraturo cxovrebis istoria, rac
mis cnobierebaSi aqamde daleqiliyo, gansxvavebulad warmodgeba~ (70. 2).
am yofiT-literaturul sivrces asaxavs oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebiTi da
moqalaqeobrivi poziciis gadmocema mravalmxrivi aspeqtiT.
winamdebare naSromSi aris mcdeloba oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-
dokumenturi prozis struqturuli Taviseburebis, mxatvruli qargis,
SemoqmedebiTi mignebebis, sityvisadmi damokidebulebis, Semoqmedis mier
epoqis sulis gamoxatvis kvlevisa.
naSromi Sedgeba xuTi Tavisagan (TiToeuls aqvs Tavisi qveTavi).
pirveli Tavi ori qveTavisagan Sedgeba: a) sityva, rogorc
drosivrculi mikromodeli da b) realobis mxatvruli transformacia.
oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi sityva personaJia, mwerali moqmedi piris
metyvelebiT, sityvisadmi damokidebulebiT axasiaTebs personaJs,
sazogadoebisa da mTavrobis damokidebulebas WeSmariti
Rirebulebebisadmi. am mxriv, yuradRebis gamaxvileba gvarwmunebs, rom
oTar CxeiZisaTvis `ena sulierebis samSobloa~ (jemal qarCxaZe).
`realobis mxatvruli transformacia~ ganixilavs `sulierebis
samSoblosa~ da fizikuri samSoblos mdgomareobas imperialisturi
cnobierebis `moyvare mtris~, ruseTis pyrobilebis rTul epoqebSi.
meore Tavis pirveli qveTavi aris `erovnuli struqturis rRveva~,
romelSic mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi ganixileba zneobrivi dakanonebiT
gamowveuli uZlureba, borotebis aRzeveba da misi asparezobiT nakvebi
erovnuli ubedureba, qveynis gaCanageba.
amave Tavis meore qveTavi `mxatvruli realoba politikuri
konteqstiT~, akonkretebs mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozis specifikas,
istoriul simarTles qomagad movlenili mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi.
mesame TavSi `jvarsaxovneba, rogorc ideur-politikuri sayrdeni~,
klasikuri (saxismetyvelebiTi) da Tanamedrove (hermenevtikuli) kvlevis
meTodi gamTlianebulia, rac warmoaCens mwerlis Tematur-ideur
Canafiqrs.
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interpretacia dafuZnebulia teqstis aRqmis jvarsaxovnebiTi
azrovnebis horizontalursa da vertikalur veqtorebze (revaz siraZis
TvalTaxedvis mixedviT).
`prototipidan personaJamde~ (II qveTavi) asaxavs personaJebis Seqmnis
oTar CxeiZiseul arCevans. aq SemoqmedebiTi daxvewilobiT ganzogaddeba
realuri pirovnebebis saxe; mwerali gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT
SearCevs maT saxelebs.
meoTxe Tavi eZRvneba epigrafebis, igavebisa da saxelebis mxatvruli
funqciis kvlevas.
mwerali interviuebSi saubrobda Tavis SemoqmedebiT laboratoriaze
da miuTiTebda, rom mweralma mkiTxvels saTaurebis, personaJTa
saxelebis, epigrafebis saxiT mignebuli da saintereso gasaRebebi misca;
igavi ki met Sinaarsobriv-fsiqologiur, erTgvarad daskvniT funqciasac
asrulebs, rac romanebis mravalniSna modelSi `axdens erTniSna
modulirebas~ (54. 42).
mexuTe Tavi `naratiuli mravalferovneba~ ori qveTaviT: a) realizmis
variaciebi, b) sxvadasxva diskursis monacvleoba, mwerlis SemoqmedebiT
principebze, qmnadobis procesSi mxatvruli xerxebiT saTqmelis akinZvaze
msjelobaa.
oTar CxeiZe `Seufaravi realizmis~ erTgulebiT klasikuri realizmis
gamgrZelebelia, ilias gzis mimdevaria _ mxilebis principiTa da qveynis
WirisuflobiT.
Cveni kvlevis arealSia mwerlis mxatvrul-esTetikuri samyaro,
`marTlis Tqmis principi~ da am principiT weris originaluri xelwera.
oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi qronikebis kvleviT (trilogiis
mixedviT) miznad visaxavT warmovaCinoT mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi da
moqalaqeobrivi pozicia, gamovkveToT mxatvruli samyaros Seqmnis
procesi, romelic trilogiaSi aRwerili movlenebis Tanadroulia.
yovelgvari kvleva mxatvruli matianis avtoris nawarmoebebisa, aris
mimyvanebeli enis salarosTan, romelsac gansakuTrebiT Wirisuflobs
mwerali. swored am TvalsazrisiT dafiqrebam gamokveTa mis
nawarmoebebSi aRwerili `galizRebuli~ sityvis fenomeni, rac aris
Sedegi monobaSi myofi eris sulieri dawaxnagebisa. Tavis mxriv, interess
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- - 11
iwvevs: epoqa da sityva, adamianTa sazogadoeba, romelic moswyda enis
madls (mxolod pragmatuli cnobierebiT cxovrebis gamo).
enisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis ganxilvis safuZveli gaxda
mwerlis mier daxatuli `moyvare mtris~, ruseTis, veraguli politikis
Sedegi – gaucxoebuli ena da cnobiereba.
dampyroblis mizani yvela droSi iyo mowinaaRmdegis sulieri
dauZlureba. am mdgomareobaSi myofi eris (jer imperiuli, mere sabWoTa
ruseTi) Sinagani da garegani mizezebiT sulieri simrTelis rRvevis
procesi saocari wvdomiT aisaxa oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebSi.
winamdebare naSromi yofierebisa da sulierebis mizez-Sedegobriv
jaWvs axasiaTebs. oTar CxeiZis romanebis mixedviT am mTlianobis
asaxsnelad mignebuli gza aris hermenevtika, rogorc literaturuli
meTodi (teqstis gagebisa da interpretaciis Teoria). interpretacia,
Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs teqstis aRqmas jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis
horizontalursa da vertikalur veqtorebze.
sagangebodaa yuradReba gamaxvilebuli mwerlis mxatvrul-esTetikur
samyaroze, mis erTgulebaze tradiciuli `marTlis Tqmis principisadmi~
da am principiT weris sakuTari gzaze, originalur xelwerasa da
SemoqmedebiTi kredoze: `droze maSin iTqmis, roca gikrZalaven~.
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- - 12
Tavi I
a) sityva, rogorc drosivrculi mikromodeli
sityvas oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi, zogadad, da mxatvrul-
dokumentur qronikebSi, konkretulad, upirvelesi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
igi aris erTgvari drosivrculi mikromodeli. mwerlis romanebi
gvidasturebs, rom `adamiani cxovrobs sam ganzomilebaSi: droSi,
sivrcesa da enaSi~ (85), ese igi, ena Tavad aris ganzomileba, dro da
sivrce xasiaTdeba masTan mimarTebaSi.
mwerali erT-erT interviuSi sityvebs ase axasiaTebs: `sityvebi
TiTqos yvavilobaa, aferadebuli vel-mindori abibinebuli niavis
frTebze, Tanac futkari zed rom dahbzuis~ (72. 2).
aq gamoxatvis poetur formaSi winaprebisgan naanderZevi
pasuxismgeblobis gancda da TanamedroveTa mimarT moTxovnac igrZnoba,
mwerali mravalmniSvnelovnad amTavrebs: `Caawye yvavilebSi, ferebSi
Caawye cxovrebis naglejebi, aadevne bzuils futkrisa~ (iqve).
futkari aq usaTuod metaforaa Semoqmedisa, romlis qmnadobis
Zalac sityvaSia (`yvavilebSi Caawye cxovrebis naglejebi~). futkari
bzuiliTa da garjiT uflis Sesawiravs, sanTels qmnis. mweralsac
moeTxoveba sityvis erTgulebiT RvTisgan kurTxeuli SemoqmedebiTi
cxovrebis samsaxuri.
sityvasa da oTar CxeiZes Soris mistikuri kavSiria. mwerali
madliani qarTuliT Wirisuflobs samSoblos. misi qarTuli ki Zalian
Taviseburia da moiazrebs: `emfatikur a-s, tavtologias, grZnobadi,
azrobrivi Tu ritmuli niuansebis gamosaxvis urTules meTodikas...
arqaizaciiT Seferili stilistika arcTu iSviaTad amJRavnebs enasTan
mwerlis TamaSis amouwurav survils da am TamaSSi arsebobs
maradadgilmonacvle zRvari parodiasa da tragedias, TviTironiasa da
dafarul sevdas Soris~ (6. 422)
sityvadqmnadobiT xelovnebisa (literaturis) da simarTlis
msaxureba rCeulTa xvedria, maTi misiaa epoqisa da istoriis winaSe.
aseTi misia itvirTa `suliT mxedarma~ oTar CxeiZem.
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- - 13
wignSi `Sewyvetili fiqrebi~ merab kostava wers: `wminda giorgis
mxedrebma Seqmnes Cveni erovnuli mwerloba (Cveni damwerlobis erT
Stosac xom mxedruli damwerloba ewodeba). sagulisxmoa, rom qarTul
mwerlobaSi verc erTi mxdali da orpiri ver gascilda saSualoebis
mijnas... mxolod suliT mxedrebs Tu xelewifebaT miaxleba qarTul
mwerlobasTan, rameTu yvelaze Zalumad enis stiqiaSi cxaddeba eris
suli da mimarTeba sityvaTa sityvasTan, logosTan~ (25. 168).
oTar CxeiZis Semoqmedeba swored `sityvaTa sityvas~ miemarTeba,
mwerali eris sulier wyobas ikvlevs, mis sijansaRes emsaxureba.
mematianis gulisyuriT, rom erovnuli struqturis rRvevis pirobebSi
mkiTxveli daafiqros, `suli Tualisaჲ~ auxilos da `simrTelis~
wyurvili gauRvivos.
sityvasTan mwerlis mimarTebis kvlevisas mniSvnelovania kulturis
kodis gaTvaliswineba: sityvis arsze dafiqreba, sityvis gaazreba rogorc
mistikuri erTeulisa, sityvisa da qarTuli sulierebis kavSiri, radgan
`enaSi xalxisa da epoqis sulieri potencia aisaxeba~ (3. 80).
enis, erovnuli sulisa da mistikuri saidumlos mTlianoba gacxadda
ioane zosimes himnSi `qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai~.
`nislovania himnis konkretuli mxatvruli saxeebi, Torem misi
saerTo Sinaarsi da mizandasaxuloba naTelia: qarTuli ena uflis enaa,
sxva enebze aRmatebuli da ukeTesi, gankiTxvis dRes mesia qarTulad
imetyvelebs~ (9. 409).
oTar CxeiZisTvis sityva `saxierebaa~, amitom ar erideba mxilebis
simZafres, roca sityvas ar ufrTxildebian, ilaxeba misi sijansaRe.
ioane zosimes himnis gamokvlevas mieZRvna mravali mecnieruli
werili. amjerad Cven gvainteresebs erTi aspeqti: ena da erovnuli suli.
es sakiTxi ar exeba mxolod maradmedin dros, radganac swored igi
asaxavs xalxis yofas da misi mesityve aris mwerali. `enisa da da
mwerlobis beds ver gavyofT. anbanis, damwerlobis gziT xdeba ena
kulturis, ganaTlebis, mwignobrobis, mmarTvelobis iaraRi. damwerlobis,
anbanis uqonloba iZleva swored enis daknineba-daCagvris utyuar suraTs,
amitom gansazRvravs damwerlobis, anbanis bedi enis yismaTs~ (9. 429).
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- - 14
himnSi mravali simboluri saxe, saxeli gvxvdeba, romlebic
sulierebis istorias ukavSirdebian. aseTi saxelebia: nino, elene, mariam,
marTa, lazare...
`da ese ena mZinare ars dResamomde (=dRemde), da saxarebasa Sina amas
enasa lazare hrqvn~ (9. 410).
mkvlevarTa Soris TiTqmis Tanxmobaa imis Taobaze, rom raki himnSi
qarTul enas lazare hqvia, es aris naTeli dasturi, rom mkvdari
lazares aRdginebiT moiazreba aRdgomis saerTo idea. `adamianma, erma,
kacobriobam tanjva-vaebis gziT iaros (qristes vnebani), magram aRdgomis
ZaliT igi RvTis wiaRSi mohyveba (qristes aRdgoma-amaRleba). iq mxolod
keTili sufevs, iq aRar aris boroti. aRar arsebobs dabali da
dawunebuli arc adamiani, arc eri, arc ena. miT umetes... qristianobis
Tanaxmad, yvela ena Tanaswori da Tanabaruflebiania~ (9. 431).
aq gaxmianebuli mesianisturi idea, rac enis TviTganmtkicebas,
rwmenas, Zlierebas uwyobs xels, ebrZvis erovnul sasowarkveTilebas. es
idea erTgvarad myardeba istoriuli faqtebiTac. VI saukuneSi, roca
asureli mamebi CamobrZandnen saqarTveloSi, kaTolikos evlavioss
qarTulad daelaparaka maTi Tavkaci ioane, Tumca mas qarTuli `arca
odes asmioda, ar Tu eswava~ (9. 433). es saswauli qristes madliT
ganxorcielda (iseve rogorc sxva asurel mamaTa moRvaweobisas).
logikuria, berZnulis gavleniT, misi daviwyebis Semdeg, eqvTime
mTawmindelis qarTulad ametyveleba, RvTismSoblis kurTxeviT.
`aRniSnul epizodSi imdroindeli saxismetyvelebis kvalobaze
gamoxatulia azri, rom adamianSi misi wilxvedri logosi arsebobs
mSobliuri enis wyalobiT, rom ena mxolod sulieri Zala ki araa,
aramed xorcieli bunebis masuldgmulebelicaa, e.i. adamianis suliT-
xorcieli simrTelis safuZvelia~ (45. 59).
oTar CxeiZis romanebi gviCvenebs arsismier brZolas, aRzevebuli,
Jamieri boroteba logoss rom dapirispirebia samkvdro-sasicocxlod.
qarTuli sityvis Zalas, mxatvruli xerxebis mravlismetyvelebas
mizanmimarTulad usvams mwerali xazs Tavisi qmnilebebiT. `boriaySi~
fanielebis ojaxis daxasiaTebisas ambobs: `saxe hqondaT sasoebiTi,
msgavsi erTmaneTisa, Tvali aRsavse TanagrZnobiTa, guli mfeTqavi
sikeTiTa...~ (63. 301).
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- - 15
feriscvalebis dResaswaulze stumris molodinic gansakuTrebuli
hqondaT: `is dRe sxva gaxldaT, is dRe stumrisa iyo, sastumrodac
gadahxsnodaT guli, wynarada, mSvidada, mdumare sixaruliTa~ (iqve).
am striqonebis wakiTxva TiTqos Zvel qarTulis uxilav surnelsac
gvagrZnobinebs da saTqmels mTeli sisavsiT aRgvaqmevinebs.
es siTbo da silbo sakuTriv qarTuli enis Tvisebaa, madlia
saxeldaurqmeveli. aseTi madlis dasturia Tundac sityva `genacvale~,
romelsac `arc erT enaze eqvivalenti ar aqvs da golgoTis misterias
gamoxatavs” (24. 54).
gansaxilveli romanebi amas naTlad adastureben. mwerali erovnul
yofierebasa da sulier simtkices enas ukavSirebs.
`ramdenadac enebs identuri, saerTo organoebi aqvT, imdenad eri
saerTo cnebas warmoadgens, ramdenadac es organoebi gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan, TavisTavad, imdenad ers aqvs Tavisi individualoba~ (10.
106). am individualobis gamomxatveli gansxvavebuli `organo~ erisa aris
ena. tartis azriT, eri aris `erTi sazogadoeba yvela Tavisi
organoebiTa, eniTa, sarwmunoebiTa, mecnierebiTa, zneobiT, xelovnebiTa,
simarTliTa da politikiTa, _ sazogadoeba gansakuTrebuli istoriiTa,
tipiTa da TviTSegnebiTa, srulis individualobiTa~ (10. 106). am
individualobas kargavs CamonaTvalTagan erT-erTi niSnis dakninebiTac.
sawyisi individualobisa ki aris ena.
dampyroblebi enis uxilav Zalas amitom ebrZvian iaraRiT dapyrobil
qveynebSi. amis dasturad uamravi mtkivneuli faqti arsebobs, Tundac
ruseTis monobis 200 wlian istoriaSi.
1917 wels, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis aRsaniSnav
Sexvedraze meufe antonma ganacxada: `iveriis jvarmosili eklesia mtkice
rwmenas gamosTqvams, rom sarwmunoebiTa da sulieri miswrafebiT
monaTesave ori eklesia amieridan Sexmatkbilebulad, mWidro kavSiriT
da urTierTsiyvaruliT icxovrebs, erT guliT, Tumca ara erTi eniT~ (49.
204).
bunebrivia, roca erTmorwmuneobis safuZveli ver aRmoCnda Rirseuli
urTierTobis garanti, asparezze mosuli aTeisturi xelisufleba ver
daafasebda da kanonzomier urTierTobas ver daamyarebda
saqarTvelosTan, qarTul enasTan.
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- - 16
asec moxda.
sabWoTa reJimi sxvadasxva niRbiT ebrZoda enasa da tradicias.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi is periodia, roca erovnuli sulis
damcirebas enis dakninebac uwyobda xels. es epoqa oTar CxeiZis azriT,
upatiurad eqceva sityvas (e.i. logoss). `misdgomian da atyaveben. sityvebs
atyaveben. mere sityva ro fsiqologiaa, istoriaa. arqeologiaa.
eTnografiaca _ gatyavebuli raRa ra iqneba?~ (64. 335). es amonaridi
romanidan `morCili~ adasturebs merab kostavas sityvebs: `yvelaze
Zalumad enis stiqiaSi cxaddeba eris suli~ (24. 117).
`sityvas atyaveben~ _ ara mxolod sityvisadmi upatiur
damokidebulebas warmoaCens, aramed im tkivilsac, aseTi damokidebuleba
mizez-Sedegobrivad rom ganapirobebs da avlens epoqis sulier
portrets.
sityvis dakninebiT Tu rogor knindeba Cveni suliereba da
Sesabamisad yvelaferi _ fsiqologia, istoria, arqeologia, eTnografia,
_ amas xedavs da aRwers mwerali Tavis nawarmoebebSi.
`artistuli gadatrialeba~ cxadyofs, rogor mozRvavebula
siZulvili, rogor aviwydebaT titulebi, wodebani, TavdaWeris
movaleobebi: `iginebodnen mere Sofrebze uaresada, mamakacebi raRa Tqma
unda, araferi ro aviwydebodaT, yvelgan ro ase iginebodnen, Sina Tu
gareTa, gabrazebulni Tu damSvidebulni, Tavsac iwonebdnen axal-axali
metaforebiTa, uxamsiTa raRa Tqma unda. iginebodnen, iwyevlebodnen~ (58.
69).
mwerali ar gvixasiaTebs urTierTobebs, adamianTa ganwyobas, es aris
enobrivi sistemis ostaturi qarga movlenis, xasiaTebis gamosaxatavad.
erTi magaliTic: `enac moqargula, aSvebula moqarguli enai, eSmakis ena
aSvebula, qargavs siavesa, simaxinjesa qargavs~ (.58. 101). am striqonSic
miTiTebulia enis Zalisa da qmedebis mizani.
SuriT gamokvebili siZulvilis sapirispiro damokidebuleba
prezidentma ase gamoxata:
`isini Cven tyviebs gvesvrian... Cven imaT yvavilebi davuSinoT...
ambobs.
mouwodebs.
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- - 17
da erTica vnaxoT, moimzRvleva es amdeni xalxi, moimzRvleva da
wamova, anTu seria yvavilovanio~ (58. 101).
ganxilul monakveTebSi mTliandeba aRmniSvneli (mwerali) da
aRsaniSni (movlena). cxaddeba dapirispirebis xasiaTi, magram Semfasebeli
mwerali ki ara, mkiTxvelia.
oTar CxeiZis romanebSi yuradRebas ipyrobs ara mxolod sityvis
funqcia, aramed mwerlis sityvisadmi, enisadmi, rogorc faseulobaTa
sistemisadmi damokidebuleba.
romanSi `TeTri daTvi~ mwerlis diskursi variaciulia. avtori
mimarTavs vrcel deskriptul pauzas, aRwers, rogor mieZala
`perestroikis~ moskovi ucxo sityvebs, magram `moskovi aitanda,
gadaitanda, gadaxarSavda, sqelia tyavi ruseTisao... xolo vai, Sen
saqarTveloo, patara ro xar, tvirTi ro didi dagkisrebia, didze didi,
uzarmazario...~ (60. 172)
mwerlis TvalsazrisiT, `saxelmwifo mxolod enaa~, vrcel
msjelobaSi amxels mematiane eris bedsa da enaze pasuxismgebelT: `xalxi
enas gaafuWebda, xolo parlamenti TviTonve Tu afrqvevs, usircxvilod
Tu afrqvevs, amayadac Tu afrqvevs, auracxel ucxo sityvasa, umecradac
Tu afrqvevs: es optimalurio, is parametrebio, es Souo, is stagnaciao,
anTu raRao da raRa arao: restruqturizacia, problemebi, fizikurad,
simptomaturi, konstruqciuli, konseptualuri, regulireba, dafiqsireba,
sponsori, kotireba, lobireba, komunikabeluri, novaciebi, panacea,
terminali... (60. 173). grZeldeba CamoTvla ucxo sityvaTa im niaRvrisa, ase
rom SemoeCvia Cvens yoveldRiurobas da yurs rom Wris qarTulis qomags.
esec mwerliseul mxatvrul xerxad Cans: mkiTxvels problemis simwvave
daanaxos Rvarad dadenili barbarizmebiT, rac leqsikur normad miuRiaT
ampartavanT.
amave romanSi: enas is argebs, `mcire ram sircxvilis grZnoba
sufevdes parlamentSia. mcire ram, sul mcirei~ (60. 174)
nawarmoebSi mravalmxrivad aris daxasiaTebuli xalxisa da enis
urTierToba enobriv fesvebs mowyvetili parlamentis, presis, televiziis
fonze: `xalxma ra gaigos Tu ar miaCvia yuri, Tu ar gaimeora, Tu ar
waaxdina Tu ar gaxrwna enai Tavisi... Tu ar daiviwya sityvari Tavisi,
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- - 18
Tavisi gamoTqmani, Sinaarsiani gamoTqmani, gulSi Camwvdomni, sulSi
Cawnulni, _ raRa gaigos?!~ (60. 174)
ase aris mxilebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWvi: saxelmwifo, mTavroba
enis sicocxlisunarianobiT rom ar aris dainteresebuli da Sedegic
saxezea.
`ena!.. enai!.. sxva enis saxelmwifo sxvisi iqneba~ (iqve). `enas ro
dahkargav, dahkargav Tavsaca da vikargebiT da vinTqmebiT da
vyuryumelaobT da vawydebiT da vigrixebiT da vizilebiT da
viWylitebiT...~ (60. 175)
ena Tu rwmeniT cnobierebaze damkvidrebul erovnul TviTSegnebas
ar Seefareba, gaiwireba, `ailufxeba~ dadarajebul `moyvrad mosul~
mterTa leqsikaSi.
mwerals ena miaCnia saxelmwifoebriobis safuZvlad. am mxriv, is
agrZelebs qarTul literaturul tradicias:
`ra ena waxdes,
eri daeces,
waecxos Cirqi
taZarsa wmidas~ (grigol orbeliani).
enisa da eris mistikur kavSirze roca vsaubrobT, sainteresoa
arqimandrit rafaelis (karelini) qadageba `Zveli enebis Sesaxeb~, sadac
saubaria imaze, rom qristianebisaTvis enas gacilebiT meti datvirTva
aqvs, vidre mxolod informaciis gadacemis unars: `es aris movlenebisa
da sagnebis arsis uSualo wvdomis, maTSi Cadebuli RvTaebrivi azris
Wvretis unari~ (3. 77).
sityvebiT saxeldeba adamma samoTxeSi daiwyo. igi yvelafers
xiluls saxels arqmevda, e.i. Wvretda arss da Sesabamisad gamoxatavda
mas. `codviT dacemiT ki logosi daibinda~ (iqve).
mSobliuri enisagan mowyveta bunebrivi, Tanamdevi arsisgan garidebaa.
cnobierebisa da sulierebis bnel velze moqcevis tolfasia, rodesac
azri da sityva erTmaneTs garidebia, dacalkevebula. sagulisxmoa, rom,
arqimandrit rafaelis azriT, Sinagani logosi, mistikuri sityva, anu
endeoteturi ena, rogorc sulis Tviseba (movlenebisa da sagnebis arsis
wvdoma) Tvisobriobas icvlis codviT damZimebul samyaroSi da xdeba
proforistuli (garegnuli) ena.
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- - 19
sityvis, rogorc drosivrculi mikromodelis daxasiaTebisas,
swored es arsobrivi damokidebuleba iqcevs yuradRebas oTar CxeiZis
SemoqmedebaSi. `galizRebuli sityva~ azrTan veRar Tanaxmierobs: `azri
sul sxvaganaa, sityvaTa miRmaa, miRma da miRma, azri igive WeSmaritebaa,
miuwvdomeli, uxilavi, warmousaxavi, rameTu sityvaa igive saSualeba
warmosaxvisaca, wvdomisac sityvaa, xilvisaca, sityvaa oden saSualebai,
da uRonoa saSualebai igi, uniaTo, umweoa...~ (62. 224).
sityva borotebis msaxurebam gaxada uniaTo, umweo. (`sityva
mfarvelobs zraxvaTa avTa, avTa naqmnarsac sityva mfarvelobs~ (iqve),
daakargvina arsis Wvretis unari (azri) da mxolod garegnul
gamoxatulebad iqca.
am SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebSi mesame piri metyvelebs (personaJi) da
cxadad igrZnoba TviTon mwerali, sityvis daknineba saqarTvelos
damcrobis xilul dasturad rom miuCnevia.
sagulisxmoa `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ aRwerili XX saukunis 70-80-
iani wlebis sinamdvile: sabWoTa reJimiT momravlebul rusul skolebSi
qarTveli bavSvebi da amgvari swavlebis Sedegi. mSobliur enas
gaucxoebulebi samkvidrosac ucxos mzeras miapyroben, Sinagan sicives
mSobliurobis gancda rom dauTrgunavs. erovnuli cnobierebis
ganmtkiceba mxolod mSobliur enas SeuZlia. am mxriv, niSandoblivia
leonti mrovelis gadmocema: aleqsandre makedonelis mier dapyrobil
saqarTvelos gangebam mxsnelad mouvlina farnavazi. man gaaTavisufla
qveyana da Semdeg `arRara izraxeboda sxua enai qarTlsa Sina Tvinier
qarTulisa da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~ (qarTuli mwerloba, t. I
gv.58 )
am sakiTxze msjelobisas akaki baqraZe imowmebs ingliseli
istorikosisa da filosofosis robin jorj kolingvudis naazrevs: `im
dros Cveulebrivi gaxda barbarosTa elinad moqceva. barbarosTa
grecizacia berZnulad iwodeba elinizmad (sityva `elleniZein~ niSnavs
berZnulad laparaks. ufro farTo azriT, berZnuli zne-Cveulebis
miRebas), xolo elinuri periodi aris Jami, roca barbarosebma aiTvises
berZnuli zne-Cveulebani. ase rom, berZnuli istoriuli Segneba Tu adre,
herodotesaTvis, upirvelesad iyo berZnebisa da barbarosTa Soris
mtrobis Segneba (omebi sparseTSi), axla igi yalibdeboda berZnebsa da
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- - 20
barbarosTa Soris TanamSromlobis SegnebiT, magram TanamSromlobis
iseT Segnebad, roca berZnebi xelmZRvaneloben, barbarosebi ki
emorCilebian maT xelmZRvanelobas, xdebian berZnebi, berZnuli kulturis
memkvidreebi da amiT berZnuli istoriuli Segnebis memkvidreebic~ (10. 33).
morCilebiT midevneba mtris moTxovnebisa, sruli Tanaziareba misi
kulturuli sivrcisa, niSnavs sakuTaris TandaTanobiT dakargvas,
ganviTarebis TavisTavadi gzidan, kanonzomieri istoriuli viTarebidan
amovardnas.
enis mistikuri ZaliT sacnauri xdeba farnavazis ideur-politikuri
mizani da arCevani, ixsnas eri: `elinizmis gabatonebul tendencias
berZnuli enis aTvisebis gziT, barbarosebis, anu araberZeni xalxebis
gaberZnebis tendencias _ farnavazi upirispirebs qarTuli enis
gavrcelebas da qarTuli mwignobrobis Seqmnas. amiT inarCunebs is
erovnul saxesa da suls. ase mimdinareobs brZola erovnuli
TavisTavadobisaTvis~ (10. 105).
oTar CxeiZis `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ gizo korZelisTvis Tbilisi
cnobierad ukavSirdeboda mxolod puSkins, griboedovs, `baraTaSvilic
ro daseirnobda iqa, marTla daseirnobda iqa, amdeni aRar uswavlebiaT
rusul skolaSi, _ patara qalaqebSi ho ara, TbilisSiac ar aswavlidnen...
qarTuls isedac aswavliano. ase swavlobdnen, _ gadaebugaT ro Tbilisi~
(59. 7). fesvebisgan mowyvetis Sedegi aq mxatvrulad aris asaxuli:
rusuli skola qarTuli metyvelebisgan, mSobliuri sityvisgan garidebaa.
XIX s-Si ianovskis pasuxad ilia WavWavaZe werda: `saero skola eris
Sinauri skolaa, is moedania, saca eris gonebam da grZnobam pirvel fexi
unda aidgas, is gamzrdelia erisa, romelmac unda aZlios ers
sazrdoebeli sulisa da xorcisa...~ (69. 32).
ilia amxels ianovskis alogikur, swavlebis muxanaTur meTodikas
qarTul skolebSi rusulis damkvidrebisa da qarTulis aRmosafxvrelad.
igi ambobs, rom urTiergamomricxavia proeqti cnobierad da gagebiT
swavlebis, Tu mozardni mSobliur enaSi ar gaiwrTvnebian, rom masze
dafuZndes rusuli enis swavla.
Tu XIX s-Si ianovskebi gvaxvevdnen Tavs rusulad swavlebas, XX-Si
moskovis mier saqarTveloSi gatarebuli politikis gamo, es procesi
mSobelTa Tavgamodebuli swrafviT katastroful Sedegebamde mivida.
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- - 21
ruseTis provinciad gadaqceul, odindel qarTul saxelmwifoSi
qarTul enas gamoyenebiTi Rirebuleba ukve daekarga da alag-alag
bJutavda rwmenisa da gonebis SemTlianebiT kurTxeuli damokidebuleba
aTaswleulebgamotarebuli enisadmi.
uaresis momswrec aris qarTuli sinamdvile: 70-ian, 80-ian wlebSi
quxda saqarTvelos kp ck-s mtkice gadawyvetileba `rusuli enis
sayovelTao swavlebis~ Taobaze, rac mJavanaZis droindel mcdelobas
cvlida da aRrmavebda axali, `mecnierulad dasabuTebuli~, garusebis
aucileblobis TeoriiT~ (67. 356). moskovSi dagegmili, qarTuli xeliT
aRsrulebuli qmedebis, propagandis Sedegad iZala rusuli skolebis
ricxvma, mimdinareobda nebayoflobiTi garuseba (cnobierebis garuseba).
gizo korZeli aris am tragikuli sinamdvilis personifikacia oTar
CxeiZis personaJTa galereaSi.
es skolebi sabWoTa reJimis Semadgeneli nawili iyo, igi
upirvelesad suls SanTavda da angrevda: `sulic jarTia gasabWoebuli~
(60. 262). WeSmariti sicocxle ufalSi da uflis aris mxolod, ufals
mowyvetili suli usicocxloa _ `jarTia~. sabWouri reJimis erT-erTi
mizani iyo uerovno (e.i. ueno) sabWoTa adamianis gamoZerwva, es iyo
`mokavSire respublikebis~ erovnuli gadagvarebisken mimavali pirdapiri
gza. es procesi kanonzomierebis rRvevaa da bunebis, samyaros winaSe
metnaklebad scodavs orive mxare: dampyrobelic (Tundac `erTmorwmune~)
da mas minebebuli sazogadoeba, romelic amao didebisTvis uars ambobs
WeSmarit Rirebulebebze. erovnuli TavisTavadobisaTvis brZola ara
marto sakuTari qveynis, kacobriobis winaSe aris movaleoba, `vinc amas
daiviwyebs, daiRupeba, maSinve gaqreba saerTaSoriso asparezidan, rogorc
xalxi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli enis, fsiqikisa da tradiciis mqone
damoukidebeli fenomeni da, amitomac, ganuyofeli, sisxlxorceuli
nawili mTeli danarCeni kacobriobisa~ (80. 71). TavisTavadobisTvis
brZoliT igi ki ar upirispirdeba mTel anu danarCen kacobriobas, aramed
amdidrebs da avsebs SeZlebisdagvarad.
`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili, wyneTis agarakze
qarTveli mwerlebis mier pativiT miRebuli Crdiloeli stumrebi
`keTil~ rCevebs rogor ar iSureben: `wereT rusulada, rusulada
wereTo. am cis patroni, am haeris patroni, am Rvinis patroni unda
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- - 22
werdes rusuladao. msoflio gaRiarebT, msoflio moixris qedsa Tqvens
winaSeo... ase cxadad gamoxatavdnen. ase naTlad asabuTebdnen~ (59. 158).
es epizodic konkretdeba realuri faqtebiT: `goglas ezoSi
tixonovi alewiliyo, jiuti xalxi xarT, ar gindaT dagvijeroT, ar
gindaT weroT msoflios enazeo: jiuti xalxi, hRupavT Tqvens Tavsa da
aRaribebT msofliosaca. am viwro mxareSi ixarSeba Sedevrebio...~ (iqve).
Tavs itanjavda `mravaltanjuli ruseTi~ qarTuli literaturis
viwro asparezis gamo. rusuli eniT saxelmoxveWisken mouwodebda
Svilebs im erisa, V saukuneSi filosofiuri azrovnebiT saberZneTSic
rom gaiTqva saxeli da XII saukuneSi `vefxistyaosani~ Seqmna.
idiomuri gamoTqmiT amas `TvalSi nacris Sehyra~ hqvia da ase JRers:
Sen Zlieri ena da kultura gaqvs, magram sivrcis gamo me unda memono,
uaryo sakuTari Tavi. es `keTilganwyobili~ rCeva im enis uaryofis
moTxovnaa, romelzec saRvTismetyvelo da filosofiuri Zeglebi
uZvelesi droidan iTargmneboda `saucxovo~ qarTuliT. am enaze
arsebobda `safilosofio~ ena da terminologia, daxvewili mxatvruli
literatura.
mwerali aRwers, gulis gacivebam, sulis mxurvalebis dakninebam es
sinamdvile TviT qarTvelis cnobierebaSic rogor gaafemkrTala;
qarTveli Seegua enaze _ erovnul sulze malul Tu aSkara Zaladobas,
radgan sabWoTa sinamdvile aRzevebis saSualebas mxolod `ruseTumeebs~
aZlevda.
oTar CxeiZe trilogiaSi warmoaCens, rom XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis
tragediis avtorni, gadatrialebaSi mTavari rolis Semsrulebelni
`ruseTumeebi~ iyvnen. amqveyniuri didebis maZiebelT moskovis erTguleba
uxsnidaT warmatebis gzas. `sxva gza arc ician da arc egulebaT, yvela
gza moWrilia, yvela gza moskovs midis...~ (58. 177). sxva gzis vermWvreti
adamianebi ruseTis morCilebas ver gaeqcevian, radgan am morCilebiT
uzrunvelyofen pirad keTildReobas. ufro advilia sakuTari erovnuli
mTavrobis daumorCilebloba, radgan es `did Zmas~ eameba.
es interesebi gadaikveTa da `ras dauTmoben?!. gamsaxurdias ar unda
moskovi, esenic ar unda. an unda daimorCilos, an ar unda, amaT
morCileba aRar undaT, amaT damxoba undaT gamsaxurdiasi...~ (58. 183).
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- - 23
oTar CxeiZe am ganwyobis safuZvels axasiaTebs. sinamdvile
mwerlisgan moiTxovs gambedaobas,¸ ubedurebis mxilebas da amitom
wers: `moskovSi uswavliaT, moskovis suliT gaberilan, moskovis TvaliT
icqirebian, moskovs awoneben Tavsa, moskovia amaTi dedaqalaqi, Tbilisi
mxolod saxelosnoa~ (59. 177).
mwerlis mier arCeul gza – mxatvruli sityviT simarTlis
gaxmianeba, aRemateba faqtebis aRnusxvis dones, es aris qveynis
yofierebisa da sulierebis realuri modeli, romelic ar emorCileba
gamarjvebulis dakveTiT Seqmnil istorias (`provinciul faSizmad~ an
`saxalxo ajanyebad~ am tragikuli movlenebis monaTvlas).
fesvebs mowyvetili cnobierebis adamianTa poziciaa gulgriloba
samarTlisadmi, zogadad, adamianebisadmi, samSoblos Rirsebis
sicocxliunarianobisadmi. cnobilia, rom yovel ers aqvs Tavisi
samSoblo. `samSoblo is adgilia, sadac ers Seuqmnia Tavisi istoria da
sadac igi gansazRvrul momentSi scxovrobs. es adgili samSobloa im
adamianTaTvis, romelnic am ers ekuTvnian, romelTa safiqralia
erovnulobis dacva da maSasadame, dacva im adgilisa, romelic
upirvelesi saSualebaa eris arsebobisa~ (74. 107). garkveul adgilze
mijaWvuloba mxolod biologiuri kuTvnileba ar aris, aramed uxilavi
jaWvi, romliTac adamiani Tavis samkvidros ukavSirdeba, afiqrebs am
erovnuli mTlianobis dacva (sulier-teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT).
swored am mTlianobas arRvevda ruseTi orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi da
amitomac ar uWirda qarTvelTa daTiTokaceba, `eri eria, Tu erTiania,
gaxleCili erTi erTi aRar aris, gaxleCili erica aRar aris eri~ (58. 6).
am gaxleCas hyavda uCinari mmarTveli (damxmare am aRrevisa). is Zala,
visac mosvenebas ukargavda erTiani, Zlieri saqarTvelo. `zedapirze sul
sxva ram mosCans, movlenebs gansazRvravs qveda dineba~ (58. 177). `atydnen.
aiSalnen. daerivnen. da es eneba saidumlo samsaxurebsa: pirveli raundi
moigo moskovma, wmindad moigo~ (iqve). erovnuli mTavrobis damxoba rom
moskovis warmateba iyo, araerTxel gviCvenebs mwerali.
romanSi `artistuli gadatrialeba~ oTar CxeiZe asaxavs kitovanis
meTaurobiT satelevizio anZisTvis brZolas: `anZisTvis ibrZodnen,
mTawminda hquxda gaTenebamdisa... gahqonda quxili kojris qarebsa mTidan
mTazeda, qalaqis garSemo ocdaerTis qarebiviTa... ibrZodnen ise, XI
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- - 24
armias Sesjaxebian TiTqosao. ra namyoo. ra awmyoo. ra myofadio.
erTferovnebaa~ (58. 193).
`kojris qarebisa~, `ocdaerTis qarebis~ da XI armiis xsenebiT
paraleli keTdeba erovnuli mTavrobis damxobasTan, istoriul WrilSi
mTliandeba XI armiis mier (sergo orjonikiZis winamZRolobiT)
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos dapyroba 1921 wels da kitovanis
meTaurobiT ruseTis interesis aRsruleba 1991 wels. meore SemTxvevaSi,
ruseTi kulisebs miRmaa, gansxvavebiT 1921 wlisagan, Tumca ucvlelia
istoriuli sinamdvile da ruseTis interesebi.
satelevizio anZas alegoriuli mniSvneloba eniWeba nawarmoebSi;
mwerali ambobs, rom es anZa SeiZleba sxva qveynebis SeTavazebis obieqti
gaxdes, rogorc Zegli, magram `imaTac unda dasWirdeT es Zeglebi, xolo
ro dasWirdeT, unda iqcnen saTamaSoda sxva qveynisai~ (58. 194).
anZa, am SemTxvevaSi, mTliani mxatvruli qsovilis Semadgeneli
nawilia. igi mravlismxilvelia: `ra namyoo, ra awmyoo~ _ drosa da
ubedurebis xasiaTs amTlianebs TiTqos.
uRirsi saqcielis Camdens `winapris saflavidan amomgdebs~
uwodebdnen Zveli qarTvelebi. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi am uRirsobiT
gamoirCa: `mogruxunoben kuboebi mTawmindisai. awydebian erTimeoresa... aq
ro wamebiT ganvles wuTisofeli, ar ekmarebaT TiTqosao, saflavebidanac
wamouyriaT~ (58. 195). gaveSebula dro, tyvia gamxdara samociqulo ena
ZmaTa Soris, am yvelafris ukan rusuli Zala dgas. 9 aprilsac rom
`xvneSodnen galeSili rusi mxedrebi...~ da `gaeSalaT da trialebda zeda
ulmobeli kevri. eSmakis kevri eSmakis kalozeda... eSmakis kevri eSmakis
kalozeda...
igive kaloa. igive kevri.
eSmakic igivea. xerxia uaresi. TviTonve gvlewavda aqamdisa, axla
gvalewinebs erTmaneTsa...~ (58. 273).
es aris gansxvaveba 1921 wlisa da XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis
movlenebs Soris: maSin gvlewavdnen, Semdeg gvalewines erTmaneTi.
romani `TeTri daTvi~ TviTon avtoris mier ase aris daxasiaTebuli:
`es trilogiis erT-erTi wignia, romelic gamoxatavs Cveni saukunis 90-
iani wlebis viTarebas saqarTveloSi... gamoxatavs gamZvinvarebas rusuli
imperializmisa, imis gamo, saqarTvelo ro ecleba xelidana, _ kavkasia
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- - 25
ecleba, _ kavkasia ecleba; gamoxatavs gamZvinvarebas rusuli
imperializmisa da qarTvel gamcemTa Tanadgomas gaxelebuli
imperiisadmi~ (60. 3).
am romanSi `garegan-Sinagani~ mizezebiT ufskrulis piras mdgari
saqarTvelo aris daxatuli, misi erTguli Tu moRalate SvilebiT;
saqarTvelos mtrobaSi gamocdili imperiis xrikebiT, aboboqrebuli
borotebiT ruseTi erTia da gaumaZRari, `borotebis mze iq amodis, Savi
mze, amodis ar Cadis, Tu Cava, msoflio amoisunTqebs~ (60. 37). aseTia
mwerliseuli Sefaseba.
sainteresoa metafora `Savi mze~. imperiul suls TviT naTeli
STaunTqavs, mzis sibnele apokalipsuri niSania TiTqos da am Savi mzis
Casvenebis molodniSia TviT msoflio. mwerali yuradRebas amaxvilebs
istoriul sinamdvileze, rom am imperiis geslis nTxeva yvelaze mZimed
saqarTvelos awydeboda yovelTvis. `da trabaxobda Cibuxosani: yvelaze
meti yvelgan Cemianebi myavdao, cimbiris katorRebSicao, germaniasTan
omSicao. amas moiTxovda diadi mizani~ (60. 55). mizez-Sedegobriv
mTlianobaSi, istoriuli, maradmedini drois sinamdvileSi gvixatavs
mwerali ruseTs, mis moZalade, momxveWel bunebas. gviCvenebs, rom
`rusul imperiul politikas dRemde ar Seucvlia meTodebi. imaTi
kulturuli megobroba dResac `rusuli iaraRis~ niRabia da sxva
araferi~ (83. 101). ase iyo, ase aris.
`TeTr daTvSi~ oTar CxeiZisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `dauTmobeli
realizmiT~ ixateba samoqalaqo omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos yofa,
afxazeTis dakargva, elcin-SevardnaZis politika, am politikaSi brma
iaraRad gamoyenebuli adamianebi. am omSic Seteva saxeldebulia ase: `po
kitovanski!~ ifxoreba kitovani. erTi savarZeli aRara hyofnis~.
`sifarToe nebavs siguasac, mklavebi ro gaSalos, klanWebic aekrifos
asafrenada...~ (60. 76).
prezidentis gandevnis Semdgomi dro axali ubedurebiT, afxazeTis
omiT, aris daRdasmuli: `gaugebari omi movlenodaT, gaugebari,
gaugonari, ro ver miatoveb Sen miwa-wyalsa, _ amas gaigeb raRa Tqma
unda, oRond Tu ratom Senc ar Seutev, roca giteven, roca gebrZvian,
Senc rad ar ibrZvi, omi rocaa, rad ar ambob, ratom dgaxar
pirdaRebuli, rada nadgurdebi ubrZolvelada~ (60. 70).
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- - 26
oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi aseTi piruTvnelobani moulodneli ar
aris. mniSvnelovania, rom aq srul TanxmobaSia mxatvruli sistemis
elementTa dakavSirebis xerxebi.
ritorikuli SeZaxili itevs Wirisuflis mZafr tkivils, mematianis
mamxileblu susxs da mowodebasac mamulis dasacavad.
axal dros axali formis dampyrobeli mouvlenia elcinis ruseTis
saxiT: `erT gojsac mainc aravis davuTmobTo. ai, prezidenti:
barciburcobs da mtkiced acxadebs, droc imisia, miwac imisi. droca.
sivrceca~ (60. 82).
afxazeTis gaugebar oms gaugebari mdinareba aqvs: prezidentebi
samSvidobo SeTanxmebebs deben, ganiaraRebul qarTvelebs rusis iaraRs
uSenen, generlebi momravldnen, omi gamocdil strategiebs iTxovs,
dairRva mizez-Sedegobriv movlenaTa jaWvi.
TiTqos rTulia am niuansebis detaluri gamorkveva: `vin uwyis Tu
sada, vin uwyis Tu rodisa...~ magram umTavresia TeTri daTvi _ ruseTi,
romelmac tori daado afxazeTs.
`daTvi Tu gaeSmakda, melasac Caiyvans mdinareze, wyals ar
daalevinebs, ise amoiyvanso~ (60. 86). es gamWvirvale simboloebi
mwerlisTvis mxatvruli qargaa, Torem is ar erideba konkretuli
politikosebis gapersonaJebas nawarmoebebSi. es misi poziciac aris da
mwerluri stilic.
TeTri daTvi da TeTri mela nacnobi simboloebia _ elcini da
SevardnaZe. romanSi daxatulia, Tu ra axelebs TeTr daTvs: kavkasia ar
unda dakargos. exmianeba, moZRvravs, geslianad aSinebs kidec
saqarTvelos, azerbaijans, somxeTs.
mwerali Tavisi diskursiT amxels uzneo politikosTa qmedebis
sibilwes, veragobas, damaqcevel Zalas: “TviTonve TamaSobs daTvi, anu
aTamaSebs aq afsuebsa, iq osebsa. gamoglijeT es saTamaSo xelidana da
daenarcxeba~ (60. 183).
afsuebi da osebi TeTri daTvis xelSi saTamaSoebad qceulan, TviT
saqarTvelo ki ikortneba: `beRura Caegdo arwivsa, ZenZavda niskartiTa,
brWyalebiTa ZenZavda~ (60. 143).
es arwivi orTaviania, zRaprisTvisac uCveulo, magram ruseTis mier
damangrevel Zalad movlenili.
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- - 27
oTar CxeiZe arasodes iziarebda azrs ori ruseTis Sesaxeb. misTvis
ruseTi yovelTvis iyo ngrevis qveyana, `borotebis saxelmwifo~, `TeTri
daTvi~, ukidegano stepebidan kavkasiis nebiT gamoRebul karebidan
Semosuls, yvelaferi rom unda miengr-moengria, qarTuli sulis
geografiuli landSaftis CaTvliT, simaRleebi moesworebina da ganegrZo
gza konstantinepolisken~ (23. 145).
`oTar CxeiZes Tavisi gza aqvs, Tavisi erovnuli saxe, Tavisi
Canafiqri da samwerlo stili~ (83. 94). mas msxverpli aqvs gaRebuli
sityvis _ logosis erTgulebisTvis. mxatvrul quraSi gamotarebuli aqvs
eris Wir-varami, marTali mwerlis marTali sityviT damkvidrebuls
avsityvani eqiSpebian da samkvidros Wirisufalni Tayvans scemen. am mxriv
aris gamorCeuli oTar CxeiZe qarTul mwerlobaSi. misi `saWirvel gza~
nebayoflobiT arCeuli misiis _ mematianobis _ nayofia. maTes saxarebis
am muxlSi frazas: `viwro ars bWei~ Teofilaqte bulgareli ase
ganmartavs: `ufali viwro bWeSi gansacdelebs gulisxmobs, rogorc
nebayoflobiTs, ise iZulebiTsac~ (34. 64). am gzis erTguleba uflis mier
xeldasxmas moiTxovs.
mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi principi, sulismieri gza aris ara
aRzevebulis, aramed WeSmaritebis erTguleba. es aris erTguleba ara
mxolod erovnuli TviTmyofadobisa da cnobierebisa, aramed
zogadkacobriulisa, radgan `namdvili literatura nacionaluri
xasiaTidan gamomdinare Rrmavdeba da izrdeba zogadkacobriulisken,
yalbi literatura ki fsevdokacobriulidan gzas veRar ikvlevs veRarc
nacionaluri niadagisken, amdenad, uniadago da ususuri rCeba yvela
sferoSi~ (14. 549).
`Seufaravi realizmis~ mxedars gamorCeul sulier simtkicesTan
erTad gamorCeuli samwerlo stilic axasiaTebs, romelzedac kamaTi
aTwleulebis winaT daiwyo. mwerlis Tavisebur damokidebulebas
sityvisadmi erTgvar `braldebadac~ iyenebdnen Cekisturi kritikis
TavdasxmebSi.
1958 wels wiTeli kritika gaerTianda oTar CxeiZis `meCeCis~
winaaRmdeg.
es iyo sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi, magram `rbeva-dawiokeba~ mwerals
arc postsabWoTa periodSi dahklebia, radgan misi SemoqmedebiTi
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principia: `vinc ara hgavs kaxabersa, me ver vityvi kaxaberad~. miuxedavad
kritikosTagan ganxorcielebuli ieriSisa Tu sikvdil-sicocxlis
zRvarze dgomisa, jiutad miuyveba erTxel arCeul gzas, rac
renegatTaTvis namdvili dabrkolebaa.
mwerlis mimarT agresia gamZafrda XX saukunis miwurulsa da
Semdgom periodSi, zemoT aRniSnuli trilogiis Semdeg. romanebSi
vxvdebiT personaJebs, romelTac xSirad igive saxelebi hqviaT, rac
cxovrebaSi. Cven gverdiT arian, saqmianoben, agrZeleben keTilsa Tu av
saqmeebs. mwerali ki myarad dgas poziciaze _ `vazis mrgvelTan is ar
vaqo, vinc mis nacvlad ZeZvi dargo~ (d. guramiSvili).
bunebrivia, mas ar dahklebia winaaRmdegoba Tavisi personaJebisagan:
CinianTa Tu uCinoTagan, CveulebrivTa Tu gamoCenilTagan, magram mwerals
ar SeuZlia ase ar weros, igi wers `Tavis Tanamedrove, ase Znel, eklian,
gzidan acdenil cxovrebaze~ (83. 25).
wers mariliani eniT (`marili ewoda, rameTu Cveni suli
sarwmunoebis da RvTis msaxurebis surneliT Seazava~) da qomagobs
ganjgonebulTagan mitovebul, gaubedurebul, gaRatakebul enas.
mxatvruli dinamika amTlianebs enis madls mowyvetilTa
fsiqologiur portrets da epoqis naklulevanebas arsis erTgulebaSi.
oTar CxeiZis enobrivi samyaro `marTlac sxva samyaroa, misi sityvac
sxva sityvaa, gamorCeuli intonaciis mqone. raRaciT morevs hgavs: mTis
mdinares, ufro morevs, Tuki briyvulad gauTamamdebi, fskeramde
dagitans, iqve dagtovebs, magram Tuki am samyarosTan misvlis survils
goniereba, gamocdileba, ostatobac axlavs, uxilav Sreebs dainaxav, am
saidumloebebsac eziarebi, mxolod avtorisTvis rom aris naTeli,
gasagebi~ (naira gelaSvili).
am samyarosTan misasvleli gza upirvelesad siyvarulia imisa, rasac
Zvel kolxeTSi `Surobumu~ (sulis savane) _ samSoblo uwodes da
siyvaruli simarTlisa. mas mxolod rainduli Rirsebis mqone mwerlebi
emsaxurebian.
sityva mwerlisaTvis masalaa qmnadobis procesSi, amave dros, Zalaa
STagonebisTvis. oTar CxeiZe ambobs: `sityvebia Cemi fiqrebi. melodiebic
Cemi sityvebia. azric sityvebia raRa Tqma unda... Cems Tvalwin sityvebi
moferadebula, Cems yurSi sityvebi RuRuneben...~ (60. 71). am ferebsa da
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azrebs mwerali mxatvrul-dokumenturi qronikebis Sesaqmnelad iyenebs.
es is ferebi da azrebia, romelic eZleva Semoqmeds zeciuri madliT,
eZleva gasaxmianeblad, radgan mwerlis sinamdvileSi `airia ro ferebica,
yvelaferi ro airia, xmebica, sityvebica, sacodavi sityvebi. saxiobanni
qarTulni, saiT ro erekebian, veRar ro gaigeb~ (iqve).
Seryvnilia sityva, `saxierebanni qarTulni~... petre iberis
areopagetikis mixedviT, saxiereba uflis saxelia, brZola `qarTuli
saxierebis~ winaaRmdeg mocemuli konteqstiT aRiqmeba, rogorc jansaRi
rwmeniTi cnobierebis, erovnuli TviTSegnebis winaaRmdeg brZola.
sityvis mistikuri Zala warmoCenilia romanSi `morCili~: `sityva iyo
Seni Zal-Ronei. sityviT gadiodi. sityviT igeriebdi. sityva
dagiClungda...~ (64. 239).
oTar CxeiZis Txrobas axasiaTebs gameoreba, rogorc garkveuli
mizandasaxulobiT gamoyenebuli stilisturi xerxi. Tumca zogma es
mxolod ubralo tavtologiad miiCnia, magram vfiqrobT, es zustad
mignebuli mxatvruli xerxia mkiTxvelTan dasaaxloeblad da, amave
dros, mwerals verayolili mkiTxvelis erTgvari gamocdacaa.
Semoqmeds erTnairi ostatobiT SeuZlia sityvamravloba (grZlad
Tqma) da sityvis moWrac: `me iqve gaxldi drosTan gaxldi. me aras
macdidnen. an vis ras acdidnen?!. vin iyvnen, rani iyvnen?.. medrovenio,
gipasuxeben. droni. medroveni. udroo. drouli. drouli. drogasuli.
saadrio. udroudroo. droze. droze maSin iTqmis, roca gikrZalaven~ (60.
15).
TiToeuli sityva gviristiT ekvris momdevnos da warmoaCens mwerlis
SemoqmedebiT pozicias.
oTar CxeiZes edavebodnen, cxel kvalze movlenebis Sefaseba
naCqareviao, magram simarTlisTvis uryevi brZola adasturebs simarTlis
aRweras maSin, roca amis gamo safrTxe realuria.
saintereso mosazreba gamoqveynda, gazeT `Cvens mwerlobaSi~,
distanciis Teoriis Sesaxeb. aq ganxilulia suliskveTeba da Sinaarsi
poziciisa: `jer Sefasdes yvelaferi da mereRa aRiweros mxatvrulado~.
werilSi daxasiaTebulia sabWouri periodis distanciis Teoria,
roca barbarosuli reJimis xotbas moiTxovdnen, mwerals Tavdacvis
iaraRad hqonda momarjvebuli: `jer dro gavides, ufro kargad
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gamoikveTos axali reJimis sikeTeebi, mis mier motanili bedniereba da
mxolod maSin SeiZleba jerovnad mivuzRaT qeba da dideba, mxolod
maSin SeiZleba Sesaferisi mxatvruli tilo mivusadagoT axal-axal
gamarjvebebso~ (71. 174).
Tu im dros distanciis Teoria giliotinisa da eSafotisgan
droebiT gamoridebas niSnavda, dRes is `uRirsobaa da sxva araferio~, -
vkiTxulobT werilSi.
msjelobis daskvniTi nawili logikuri kiTxvebiT mTavrdeba: `vai,
mwerlis Rirsebav! vin unda Segifasos politikuri movlenebi – TviTon
politikosebma? maT nasufrals unda dasjerde? maT unda miando
cxovrebis tragikuli Tu dramatuli Sinaarsis amocnoba da mxolod
mxatvrul qsovilze fiqri ikmaro? maT unda mianebo yvelafrisTvis
saxelebis darqmeva?~ (iqve)
mwerlis bediswerad gaxmianebul, Semoqmedis sajildao qvad
aRsaqmel am maradiul kiTxvebs oTar CxeiZem mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiT
upasuxa: `droze maSin iTqmis, roca gikrZalaven!~
ukvirda mwerals: romanis siuJeti xom avtoriseulia, yvelaferi
danarCeni ki foni. eris mesityves foni sWirdeba da marTali kalami.
movlenebis danaxvas dokumentebi ki ara, mwerlis sulieri Tvali unda.
`gana ra dokumentebi sWirdeba mweralsa imis dasaxatada, rasac ro
Sehyurebs sakuTari TvaliTa?! mweralze ukeTesad an vin dainaxavs an ra
dokumenti iqneba ufro utyuari~ (72. 2).
oTar CxeiZis trilogiis mxatvruli koncefcia da dokumenturi foni
qmnis Seziarebul mTlianobas, romelic amarTlebs mwerlis
gadawyvetilebas _ werdes movlenebis kvaldakval. `RmerTi cad iyo,
yaCaRi miwaze, codva-madli miwaze buRraobda~ (60. 242). am codva – madls
mweralma unda daarqvas saxeli.
romanebSi erTgvari novelisturi stiliT aris saTqmeli
gaxmianebuli. yuradRebas iqcevs `Txrobis tempi~. meti adgili eTmoba
scenas (movlenaTa gadmocema), mosalodneli elifsis nacvlad
aqcentirebulia `TvalTaxedva~ _ mwerlis mier iqmneba `xedvis kuTxe~,
romlis saSualebiTac gadmoicema movlenebi da gancdebi.
wuTisoflis kanonzomiereba; bnelisa da naTlis monacvleoba `TeTr
daTvSi~ ase daixata: `arc cxovrebaa sxva araferi, svaneTis mTebic sxva
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araferia. aRmarTi. daRmarTi. aRmarTi. daRmarTi. rac unda ecado, sadRac
mainc mogicurdeba fexi, aRmarTi ar aris aRmarTi, daRmarTi
ukuRmarTiao. gamocanacaa. enis gasatexicaa...~ (60. 111)
pirveli citata axasiaTebs `umadlo Jams~ kanonieri mTavrobis
gandevnis Semdeg, meore _ alegoriuli metyvelebiT aRwers afxazeTis
daTmobis tragedias, TiTqos gamocanad qceul gaugebar oms da mis
Sedegs.
aq TiToeuli sityva myar adgilzea gamokveTili da Tavis funqcias
asrulebs. am fragmentSi daxatulia dapirispirebulobis kanoni
wuTisofelSi. mwerlisTvis xatva da wera SoriSors ar dgas. TiToeuli
sityva saWiro feria, romlis ugulebelyofa daakninebda naxats.
`mxatvroba mxolod xatva ar aris, xatva sityvaa, xatva mkacri
sinamdvilea, ucnaurobacaa iseTi, ise ganuzomeli, abstraqcionistebic
ro ver miswvdebian~ (60. 131).
magaliTad: `daefSxaleba saxei qeTevansa, gamxdari, gamomSrali,
monazvnuri saxei, aefSxvneba, daefSxaleba, daemarcvleba. msuqan saxeze
sxvagvarad iTqmis, aezilebao. aRarsad iyo aseTi saxeebi~ (59. 128). arc
erTi feri (sityva) zedmeti ar aris, TiToeuli maTgani qmnis im
mTlianobas, fizikuris garda, sulieris aRqmaSi rom gexmareba.
zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis damxobis, afxazeTis dacemis
Semdgomi saqarTvelo aseTia: `sisxli. win sisxli. ukan sisxli. sisxli.
sisxli. usazRvro, aurwyavi, gaumaZRari miwaca, wyali ver aZRobs
daSaSrulsa, gamxurvalebulsa, ver amwyurvalebs, oflic veRar. sisxlic
TuRa moiTqvams sulsa... da saqarTveloc udabno iqneboda, sisxliT ro
ar gajerebuliyo~ (60. 115). TiToeul sityvas gulis SeZvris, sulieri
Tanaziarebis, tragediis Rrmad gancdis funqcia ekisreba. TiToeuli
sityva da maTi wertilebiT (da ara mZimeebiT) gamoyofa cvlis mwerlis
liriul CarTvas siuJetis mdinarebaSi. wertilsac mxatvruli funqcia
ekisreba saTqmelis siRrmiseul gacnobierebaSi.
oTar CxeiZe fugisebr variacebs qmnis. igi flobs sityvas, igonebs,
ixsenebs, qmnis (aukvirveli, daefSxala, barciburci, acqacucqaobs,
gandaganobs, bankobiana, prezidentobiana...).
am romanebSi sityva epoqis xasiaTsac gamoxatavs. `enac moqargula,
aSvebula moqarguli enai. eSmakis ena aSvebula, qargavs siavesa,
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simaxinjesa qargavs~ (58. 101). ase gvamzadebs mwerali im ubedurebisTvis,
samoqalaqo omis saxiT rom daatyda qveyanas; `dahRupes qveyanaca,
erTmaneTica~.
sxvadasxva romanSi mimobneulia sityvamnadobisa da
sityvaTSeTanxmebis uamravi nimuSi, romelic mkiTxvels TvalSi xvdeba
gansakuTrebulobis niSniT.
oTar CxeiZe enis siwmindis modarajea, igi sityvis salaroSi
mSobliuri siTamamiT daabijebs da sakuTari xelweriTac adasturebs
qarTuli enis siRrmesa da simdidres. igi sabWoTa sinamdvilis burusidan
moemarTeba marTali sityviT. roca vmsjelobT mis SemoqmedebiT gzaze, _
sityvaqmnadobaze, enisadmi damokidebulebaze, viRebT sulier tvirTs,
siames, radgan `arsad ar aisaxeba xolme ise mZafrad da STambeWdavad
epoqis suli, xasiaTi, yvela misi damaxasiaTebeli niSani Tu Tviseba,
rogorc WeSmariti mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi~ (83. 67), sadac sityva dro-
sivrculi mikromodelia xiluli Tu uxilavi aspeqtis gaazrebiT.
swored am funqciiTa da TvisebiT qmnis mxatvruli nawarmoebi epoqis
suls.
drosivrcul mTlianobas baxtini `qronotops~ uwodebs
(momdinareobs berZnulidan: `qronos~ _ dro, `topos~ _ sivrce).
qronotopi moiazrebs literaturul teqstsa da garesamyaros Soris
arsebul Rrma kavSirs, es ki Tavis mxriv, kvleviTi interesis mraval
aspeqts gulisxmobs: mxatvruli nawarmoebis Janri: `istoriuli dro-
sivrcisa da istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani pirovnebebis sinTezi, agreTve
mxatvruli drois, sivrcisa da personaJebis maTTan SeTavsebis procesi~
(27. 63) da a.S.
qronotopuli TvalsazrisiT, oTar CxeiZis trilogia ganixileba
istoriis warmosaCenad mxatvruli teqstis doneze, am procesSi mwerali
sityvas akisrebs drosivrculi mikromodelis funqcias, kerZod,
trilogiaSi asaxuli epoqis suli, Rirebulebebisadmi personaJebis
damokidebuleba mJRavndeba sityvisadmi xalxisa Tu mTavrobis
damokidebulebiT. mwerali gvaZlevs sulier – esTetikur sazrdos Tavisi
nawarmoebebiT, romlebSic teqstualuri signalebi kodirebulia sityvis
ZalaSi. movlenis arssac rom xsnis da sulier simebsac mignebulad
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exeba. (mag. `daiklakna, daizniqa, daigrixa, rogorc ram Jini maradiuli
wyurvilisa, sisxlis wyurvilisa~ (63. 302).
enis simrTele erovnuli cnobierebis sijansaRea. sityva Tu
`galizRebulia~ (Seuracxyofilia, dakninebulia, aRar fxizlobs,
modunebulia), viTareba sagangaSoa, cxadia: simrTeles avadoba sZalavs.
`sakvirveli ara aris ra imaSi, rom purs, romelsac madianad Seeqceva
janmrTeli kaci, ris vaivaglaxiT ReWavs sasamtkivani; naTeli, esoden
saamo saRi TvalisTvis, autanelia sneulisaTvis~ (34. 152).
am WeSmaritebis asaxvaa oTar CxeiZis Semoqmedeba. sityva mis
SemoqmedebiT salaroSi drosivrculi mikromodelia, yofierebis samive
dro rom gaumTlianebia: warsuli – sityva arsismieri uxilavi Zala da
madli, awmyo – dakninebul sinamdvileSi sityva `galizRebula~, momavali
– gadarCena sityvis erTgulebas moiTxovs.
romanebis kvlevisas mwerlis diskursi sityvis funqciis, misi
idumalebisadmi zogadi damokidebulebis daxasiaTebiT qmnis drois
niSniT daRdasmul suraTs erovnuli cnobierebis umTavresi Zalis-enis.
daskvnis saxiT aq jemal qarCxaZis frazac gamogvadgeboda: `ena aris
adamianobis ganxorcielebis specifikuri piroba, an-Tu xatovnebas
varCevT - RvTiv daniSnuli megzuri adamianis daniSnulebis gzaze~ (85).
amgvarad, oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumentur qronikebSi sityva aris:
a) adamianis arsismieri sijansaRisadmi damokidebulebis gamovlenis
forma.
b) drosivrculi mikromodeli, romelic asaxavs qarTveli eris
sulier-xorciel rRvevas.
g) Zala, romelsac mwerlis SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli
funqcia aqvs.
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b) realobis transformacia mxatvrul teqstSi
realobis transformacia xelovanisagan arsebulisa da Seqmnilis
sinTezur struqturas moiTxovs. `mxolod is teqsti iqceva Sedevrad,
romlis warmomqmnel warmosaxvebsa da maTi konstruirebis, maTi
struqturizmebis xelovnebas aqvs Zlieri Sinagani sayrdeni an garedan
SemoWrili mtanjveli signalebi suls Zirianad Searyeven~ (27. 285).
oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozis SemTxvevaSi Zlieri
Sinagani sayrdeni aris mwerlis sulieri wyoba, moqalaqeobriv-
SemoqmedebiTi gambedaoba, xolo `garedan SemoWrili mtanjveli
signalebi~ imperiul-komunistur da `demokratiuli~ ruseTis
saqarTvelosadmi damokidebulebis gamo ar dahklebia mwerals.
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan, bolSevikur-komunisturi Jamis
jojoxeTur sinamdvileSi ufro mZime iyo marTal adamianTa, marTal
xelovanTa xvedri: `amaTi mware xvedri saerTo tragediasac aireklavda
da ufro dawyevlilic imitom moCans, rom ulmobeli politikuri reJimis
sruli Zlevamosilebis xanaSi mouwiaT cxovrebis asparezze gamosvla...
gamosvlac da zed Senarcxebac~ (69. 170).
es tragikuli Jami Tanamdevi gaxda mwerlisTvis, mere TviT reJimis
transformirebas dauxvda WeSmariti Semoqmedis alRoTi, SemarTebiT da
asaxa ruseTis _ `moyvare mtris~ mravalplaniani saxe.
oTar CxeiZis mTavari gmiri `realobaa~, romelic transformacias
ganicdis mxatvrul teqstSi da mravalgvari niRbiT gvevlineba. Tumca
yvelaze xSirad mainc uniRbod gamodis asparezze, asaxavs erTmorwmune
ruseTTan saqarTvelos iZulebiT-bedisweruli urTierTobis xasiaTsa da
Sedegebs.
`RvTismSoblis wilxvdomili saqarTvelo I saukunidanve eziara
WeSmarit naTels. yvela Cveni kulturuli Tu sxva sulieri saunje,
romelic qarTvelma erma Seqmna, yvelaferi dafuZnebulia qristianul
sarwmunoebaze~ (49. 179).
yofierebisa da sulierebis sayrdeni da ganmsazRvreli jvarcmuli
RmerTis erTguleba iyo. ruseTTan urTierTobis arCevans erTmorwmuneoba
daedo erT-erT safuZvlad.
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ruseT-saqarTvelos araTanabarxmovani politikuri urTierTobis
mizezi `TvisebaTa sxvaoba~ iyo, amitomac mizanmimarTuli brZola
ruseTisa qarTuli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg; eklesiis, siwmindeebis,
erovnuli Rirebulebebis xelyofa Cveulebrivi movlena iyo erTmorwmune
ruseTisgan.
mravlismetyvelia kaTalikos-patriarq kalistrate cincaZis mogoneba:
`egzarqos paladis `ganmanaTlebluri~ zrunvis Sedegad, eklesia,
romelSic jvari daiwera Tamar mefem (1215 w.) da iveriis RvTismSoblis
saxelze akurTxes, iqca yazanis eklesiad~ (2. 38), radgan egzarqosma
CaTvala, rom swored es eklesia unda yofiliyo yazanis RvTismSoblis
saxelobisa, ruseTisa da imperatoris ojaxis pativsacemad.
ra keTil saqmeebs aRasrulebda paladi, romelic, pirvel rigSi,
iveriis RvTismSoblis xats daupirispirda (Caanacvla) da wmindanad
Seracxuli mefis nakvalevis waSla moindoma... arc SeCerebula aq:
`sinodis kantoris saxeliT gankarguleba gasca, qarTuli saxelebi
berZnul-rusuliT SeecvalaT da daejarimebinaT is mRvdlebi, romlebic
bavSvebs qarTveli wmindanebis saxels arqmevdnen” (iqve).
ruseTma saqarTvelo guberniebad da `okrugebad~ dayo, gaauqma
eklesiis avtokefalia (`sjulis erTobiT~ movida TiTqos...).
qarTuli eklesia yvela SesaZlo gzas eZebda avtokefaliis
aRsadgenad. eri drtvinavda.
gazeT `mwyemsis~ 1905 wlis merve nomerSi gamoqveynda ruseTis
imperatorisadmi mimarTva, romelSic qarTuli eklesia da guberniaTa
Tavad-aznauroba iTxovdnen: `qarTveli eris dawynarebisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis erTaderTi saSualeba is aris, rom saqarTvelos,
romelic Sesdgeba tfilisisa da quTaisis guberniebisagan, baTumis,
soxumisa da zaqaTalas olqebisagan, mieniWos ufleba Tavisi Sinauri
saqmeebi ganagos~ (32. 2).
sityva `saqarTvelo~ imperiam gaauqma.
Tundac raRac formiT qveynis saxeldebis dakanoneba aucilebeli
iyo avtokefaliis aRsadgenad.
iakob gogebaSvili jansaRi cnobierebis TavisTavadobis aRdgenis
aucileblobaze saubrisas miuTiTebda: `amis erTaderTi uebro wamali
gaxlavT esreT wodebuli avtokefalia saqarTvelos eklesiis, romelsac
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erT mxriv da mxned moiTxovs mTeli samRvdeloeba aqeTa da iqiTa
saqarTvelosi~ (iqve).
1917 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba ruseTis
samoqalaqo mTavrobam aRadgina, magram am mTavrobam axali gansacdeli
mouvlina qarTvelTa samkvidros da es 1921 wlidan Tanamdev ubedurebad
eqca.
mezobel qveynebs sisxlisa da Tavisuflebis fasad daujdaT
avadmyofuri TviTdajereba da momxveWluri buneba imperiuli ruseTisa.
enaRvlebaT `dampyrobluri sisxli, damyrobluri sisxli,
samSoblosaTvis TavganwirulTa sisxli arad miuCanT, arc warsulisa,
arc dRevandeli~ (3. 212). es tkiviliani daskvna am qveynis zogad bunebasa
da saxelmwifoebriv principze oTar CxeiZem gaaxmiana, rac erTgvarad
ajamebs 22 wignad ametyvelebul matianis rkals, `rusobiT~ dawyebul
ubedurebas rom asaxavs saqarTvelosi.
publicisturi werili, `mravaltanjuli ruseTi~, saTauridanve
cxadyofs mwerlis SemoqmedebiT princips: `Seufaravi realizmiT~
mxileba, sarkazmis ar darideba ubedurebisaTvis namdvili saxelis
dasadebad.
`ax, es mravaltanjuli ruseTi!...
oxraven rusi demokratebi~ (65. 206).
ase iwyeba werili da oTar CxeiZe gvixatavs ruseTs, romelic am
amogodebamde sxva mrwamsiT gamsWvaluliyo _ `es iyo ruseTi erTiani,
progresuli, sanimuSo CamorCenili dasavleTisa, aRmosavleTisa,
sruliad msofliosi...
jer arc araferi gaegoT uaxloesi da WeSmariti civilizaciisa~
(iqve).
`bednieri socialisturi epoqa~ SesaSur TviTrwmenaze iyo
damkvidrebuli, magram es ver aRudga win kanonzomier Sedegs: `cru
ideologiaze damyarebuli Zaladoba roca iqneboda,daemxoboda~ (65. 207).
JamTa svla TiTqos raRacas cvlida rusuli saxelmwifos
yofierebaSi, sistemaSi, magram sulier wyobaSi kodirebuli imperiuli
zraxvani mainc uSlis marTlWvretas: `imperializmi sulia misi da
demokratizmmac warsulSic amitom ver ixeira ruseTSi. warsulSic
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uWirda da axlac uWirs. rusuli demokratizmi yovelTvis SezRuduli
gaxldaT....
ra axali ideologiac ar unda SemoetanaT dasavleTidan, ruseTSi
usaTuod imperiis qargze unda moWriliyo~ (65. 208).
imperiuli suli, `imperiul qargaze~ moWrili aris siaxle
borotebis sxvadasxva saxiT gamovlenil mexTatexaSi.
mwerlis analitikur diskursSi mravalmniSvnelovnad JRers refreni:
`ax, es mravaltanjuli ruseTi!..~
axsnilia ubedurebis, tanjvis mizezi: `TviT haeric rom Zarcvis
JiniT gaWeqila da damZimebula~ (3. 209) es vneba TviT literaturasac ver
dauZlevia: `poezia rom poeziaa, rusuli poezia, mTlianad rusuli
literatura imperializmis suliskveTebiT gaJRenTila~ (iqve).
epoqebis Sesabamisad TiTqos saxecvlil ruseTs aqvs saerTo niSani-
imperiuli suli. swored am mizeziT iqca ruseTi `moyvare mtris~ saxed
qarTul sinamdvileSi. erTmorwmuneobis faqtiT vcdilobT `moyvris~
iluziuri xatebis Seqmnas; Cveni qveynis mimarT ruseTis miznebi ki
usastikesi mtrobis dasturi iyo mudam. `da swored esaa vneba ruseTisa _
imperia, rusuli imperia, vneba sazRvars gadasuli Tu ar vityviT,
paTologiamdis misulio, vneba, rac rom yvelas aerTianebs ruseTSi, ra
politikuri, ra filosofiuri Tu ideologiuri moZRvrebis mimdevaric
ar unda iyos~ (65. 208.)
oTar CxeiZem ruseTis mier xelyofili saqarTvelos yvela tkivili
miitana mkiTxvelamde. arada, ruseTis imperiis wyalobiT, tragikuli
TariRebi ar aklia saqarTvelos istoriis furclebs.
1801 weli samefo taxtis gauqmeba (rusi an garusebuli mefisnacvali
mefis nacvlad).
`saqarTvelos samefos gauqmeba ilia WavWavaZesTan istoriuli
Tanmimdevrobis radikalur gawyvetas niSnavs da esqatologiur
katastrofas utoldeba~ (65. 208).
1921 weli _ rusuli wiTeli reJimis mier damxobili Tavisufleba.
1924 weli _ mTavrobis gareSe darCenili kanonieri jaris oficris,
qaquca ColoyaSvilis, razmis mier saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis cda.
sisxlis kalo kojorsa da tabaxmelaSi.
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daCoqebuli saqarTvelos winaaaRmdeg barbarosuli represiebiT
brZola.
1991-1993 wlebSi warmoebuli omi erovnuli xelisuflebisa da
qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdeg.
XX saukuneSi ruseTi orjer daesxa Tavs saqarTvelos.
1921 wels, roca ilias mkvleli, sergo orjonikiZe, SemouZRva XI
armias, xalxis Tanadgomis saxeliT mokles saqarTvelos Cvili
Tavisufleba da 1991 wels 21 dekembers, roca daiwyo mkvleloba
Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli moZraobisa.
`matiane qarTlisas~ pirvelive roman `boriaySi~ igrZnoboda, ra
gansacdelic eloda ubagrationebod darCenil qveyanas, `romlis erTgul
SvilTagan erT-erTi, oTar CxeiZe, marto miukerZoebeli mematiane, aRmweri
ki ar aris saukunisa, aramed didi Zala da imedi mkiTxvelisa, Tavisi
adamianuri da mwerluri patiosnebis, WeSmariti literaturis gamo~
(23.168).
`wiTeli WiriT~ saxeldebuli epoqaluri qariSxali ociani wlebisa,
1924 wlis movlenebi da damarcxebuli eris wiaRSi mbJutavi imedis,
barbarosuli devnis ambebi aris gadmocemuli `boriaySi~.
saTaurebisa da epigrafebis mxatvrul-Sinaarsobrivi funqciis
moqceva ideur qargaSi oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebiTi xerxia.
sulxan-sabas mixedviT `bori. boriayi _ xmeli nisli mtvris msgavsi~
(43. 110).
boriays qarTli moucavs, sityvis warmoTqmasac xels uSlis, Zala
moukrebia uCveulod: `boriayi iyalyeboda zeviT-zeviTa, iweweboda,
ifutkneboda zeviT da kidev zeviTa. brWyvialebda mxurvale mzeze
ufrodaufro, zeviT-zeviTa~ (62. 17).
mzes Secilebuli boriayi `umadlo Jamis~ metaforaa, 1924 wlis
agvistos tragediis nayofia; xanZars rom misces bunebis qmnili
Tavisufleba erisa da `maRla wasuliyo zeca agvistosi, sul maRla,
maRla, iqamdis aRwevda ali~ (62. 330).
miwaze ganxorcielebuli ubedureba zecas SehRaRadebda umowyalod
daRvrili sisxliTa da cas miweuli aliT, darbeuli eklesiebiTa da
Seuracxyofili sasuliero pirebiT, magram yvelafers gadamTielTa
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xiSti ganagebda. romanSi es tragikuli sinamdvile tragediis Tanaziaris
xedviT aris aRwerili.
apokalifsuri movlenis darad gviCvena mweralma erTmorwmune
qveynidan `Semoseuli jaris~ mier feriscvalebis taZris darbeva,
sasuliero pirebisa da mrevlis Seuracxyofa, `wayvana” (rac, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, daxvretas niSnavda) feriscvalebis dResawaulze.
am saSineli epizodis gadmocemisas mwerlis Taviseburi stili
gansakuTrebul ritmsa da simZafres moirgebs sityvaTATamaSiTa da
wertilebis mizanmimarTuli siuxviT. mZimea Txroba. siuJetis mdinarebis
garda, am simZimes moulodneli wertilic usvams xazs: `SeafurTxeTo
ubrZanes, iWyvireT. SeafurTxeTo. ubrZanebdnen. ubrZanebdnen.
erTmorwmuneni. kaxTbatonebs Tu rogorc rom sjerodaT, rogorc
ajerebdnen mTlad saqarTvelosa. erTmorwmunenio da grialebda
dafdafebica. iq isini uvlidnen galavansa, buqniT uvlidnen, boriayiT
uvlidnen, CivaCivaTi, aq eseni icemdnen TavSi, icemdnen, icemdnen, da
dafdafebda dafdafebi da Wyviroda jari duJmoreuli, SeSlili jari.
Wyviroda, Wyviroda. ase Caatares. ase gaiyvanes. gainapires. waiyvanes.
waiyvanes... mrevli... pirni sasulieroni... mrevlica mciredi...
waiyvanes eklesiidana. sadResaswaulo wirvidan waiyvanes~ (63. .330).
jaris eqstazuri mdgomareoba eklesiisa da mrevlis darbevisas
garegani gamovlinebaa samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolisa negatiur
kosmopolitizmsa da jansaR erovnul cnobierebas Soris.
am jariT mosul Zalas mweralma `axalmoweseni~ uwoda. maT axali
wesi ganusazRvravT Semoqmedis mier dawesebul maradiul wrebrunvaSi.
yofil klasels rostom itrieli Seaxsenebs: `vin uwyis brunva
wuTisoflisa~, `axalmowese~ amaze dafiqrebasac ar apirebs, `keTil
rCevas~ aZlevs itriels: `simarTle gamarjvebulis mxaresaa da unda
gadadge gamarjvebulis mxaresa, Tu ginda rom simarTles misdio~ (7. 344).
rostom itrieli `im gorisaa~, Tavdadeba rom SeuZlia Rirseuli
arsebobisTvis, erisTvis, enisTvis. im yvelafrisTvis, `axalmoweseni”
xiStiTa da xanZriT rom ebrZvian.
aseTive rainduli Tavdadeba iyo `boriayis~ Seqmna da gamoqveyneba.
TviT mwerlis mizani ase JRers: `unda usaTuod gamomeqveynebina
`boriayi~, radgan ro vSiSobdi da aSkarac iyo, ro Clungdeboda Cveni
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xalxi, Clungdeboda da aireoda, aireoda da gaiTqvifeboda, Seerwymoda,
Tu Seezileboda, rasa Tu visa, raRa saTqmelia, Seezileboda da aRar
exsomeboda, Tu vin iyo, ra iyo, ra gadaetana...~ (63. 370.)
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebiT dawyebuli matianis rkaliT oTar
CxeiZem mravlismetyveli romanebi Seqmna, daxata erovnul sulsa da
cnobierebaSi amoSanTuli tkivilebi, inteleqtualuri Tu fizikuri
Zalis dawreta `axalmoweseTa~ reJimis pirobebSi. mis SemoqmedebiT
samyaroSi mravlad aris cnobierebagaukuRmarTebuli qarTveli, romelic
`rusulad mozeliliyo. rusuli hqonda safeneli. rusulad esmoda 801,
921-ic rusulad esmoda, 24-ca raRa Tqma unda numc gagikvirdeba: 37-ic
rusulad gaego~ (59. 352.)
sulieri dakninebisa da Semgueblobis, monobis tragikulad
gaCveulebrivebis protestia fraza, romelic axasiaTebs qveynis
gulwrfeli Wirisuflis ganwyobas, dabrunebuls rom araferi ar
daxvedria, garda `ngrevisa da gadagvarebisa, ganiadagebuli adamianebisa,
dawixlulisa, dafurTxebulisa, gabriyvebulisa Tu daClungebulisa
iqamdisa, rusuli furTxic rom eamayebodaT~ (59. 352).
cnobili WeSmaritebaa: `yvelaze didi ubedurebaa, Tu ar ici, rom
ubeduri xar~. am ubedurebisagan xsnis Zala aqvs oTar CxeiZis romanebs
qarTveli kacisTvis, aq ipova mkiTxvelma pasuxi monobiT damkvidrebuli
ubedurebis mizezebze, .
wiTel reJims garidebuli grigol robaqiZe Tavisi madliani kalmiT
cdilobda civilizebuli samyarosaTvis daenaxvebina, ra ubedureba
daatyda Tavs saqarTvelos sabWoTa ruseTisgan.
`boriayis~ boloTqmaSi maka joxaZe miuTiTebs: `evropuli
sazogadoeba Tavis droze romaniT `Cakluli suli~ eziara im rTulsa
da umZimes wlebs, im absurdul, gamouval yofasa da simZimes, eWviTa da
undoblobiT gaJRenTil im politikur atmosferos, romelSic es
samoTxisdari qveyana _ saqarTvelo iyo CaTreuli...~ (84. 398)
gr. robaqiZis romani aSiSvlebs bolSevizmis antiadamianur
meTodebs, riTac igi cdilobda jansaRi erovnuli cnobierebis
mokvdinebas da amiT TviTdamkvidrebas.
imperialisturi zraxvebis aTeisturi saxelmwifo adamianobis arss
(suls) ebrZoda Tavisive qveyanaSi, koloniebSi ki arsis winaaRmdeg
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brZola TavisTavad erovnulobis, erovnuli Rirebulebebis winaaRmdeg
ucilobel brZolas gulisxmobda. es iyo reJimi, roca `samkvdro-
sasicocxlo brZola warmoebda egreT wodebul bolSevikur
kosmopolitizmsa da jansaR erovnul cnobierebas Soris~ (62. 452).
ruseTis imperiis pyrobilebis oraswliani istoria amqveyniuri
drois monacvleobiT saxecvlil, magram arsiT gamTlianebul
ubedurebasa da borotebas moicavs qarTul sinamdvileSi.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis tragedias Rrma fesvebi aqvs
drosivrcul ganaserSi. mas win uZRoda rusebis batonoba, maTi
Sovinisturi damokidebuleba geopolitikuri mdebareobiT amdenad,
mniSvnelovani saqarTvelosadmi, damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg,
TeTri daTvis (ruseTis) brZola gavlenis sferoebis SenarCunebisaTvis.
oTar CxeiZis `TeTri daTvi” xorcSesxmul sityvad ametyvelda 2006 wlis
oqtomberSi, roca qarTvelebis qsenofobiuri devnis dros astafievma
televiziiT ganacxada: TeTri daTvi kvlav moimarjvebs torso.
mefis ruseTis imperiuli zraxvebi ar Seucvlia wiTel ruseTs,
piriqiT, tvirTi ufro damZimda, radgan aTeisturi xelisufleba sakuTar
qveyanaSive ebrZoda RvTis rwmenas, koloniebSi _ rwmenasa da enas.
1922 wlis 19 marts leninis mier politbiuros wevrebisadmi
gagzavnil baraTSi, warweriT `sastikad saidumlod~, naTqvamia: `Cven
swored axla unda gadavixadoT yvelaze gabeduli da daundobeli
brZola Savrazmul samRvdeloebasTan da CavaxSoT misi winaaRmdegoba
iseTi sisastikiT, raTa maT ver daiviwyon es ramdenime aTwleulis
manZilze~ (67. 30). am direqtivas mohyva dapatimrebebi, daxvretebi,
eklesiaTa darbeva.
calke msjelobis sakiTxia, ratom airCia leninis mTavrobam aseTi
sastiki gza (mokled mxolod imas Tu vityviT, rom RvTis rwmena
adamianis sulieri simtkicea; RvTis gmobiT, cxoveluri SiSiT adamianTa
masa advili samarTavi eyolebodaT).
mefis ruseTma qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma.
ruseTis uwmindesi sinodi qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis
gamocxadebas uaryofiTad Sexvda. ufro metic, epistoleSi `saqarTvelos
episkoposTa mimarT~ (daTariRebulia 1917 wlis 1 dekembriT) istoriul
realiebsac yalbad warmoadgenda da uaryofda sruliad saqarTvelos
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pirveli saeklesio krebis ZiriTad dadgenilebas _ avtokefaliis
gamocxadebas.
`ruseTis patriarqi da axali _ bolSevikuri reJimi erTsulovanni
gaxldnen saqarTvelos eklesiis winaaRmdeg, egaa erTmaneTSi veRar
rigdebodnen~ (67. 37).
barbarosuli iyo brZola sulierebis, zeciuri naTlisaken mswrafi
adamianebis mimarT. icvleboda aTwleulebi, icvleboda aTeisturi
mTavrobis meTodebi, magram ucvleli rCeboda mizani _ sulieri naTlis
CaxSoba, RvTisgan mowyveta adamianebisa da es brZola garkveuli formiT
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi mimdinareobda.
swored aseT sinamdviles axasiaTebs qalbaton liana eliavas
tkiviliani mogoneba filmis gadaRebaze niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobis
mixedviT `episkoposi nadirobze~.
levan goTuas gadamRebi jgufi gaufrTxilebia: `es satira ar aris
da RvTismsaxurebs, imedia arc Tqven gaamasxaravebTo~ (67. 252). amas
gulisxmobda gadamRebTa koncefciac.
Seiqmna samnawliani filmi. mesame nawils musikalur fonad hqonda
sagalobeli `Sen xar venaxi~.
maSindeli sakavSiro kinos xelmZRvanelebma, cxadia, filmi am saxiT
ar miiRes. saqveynod cnobilma reJisorma, oTar ioselianma, romelsac
gamocdileba hqonda, urCia `sagalobeli `Sen xar venaxi~ SeecvalaT
romelime mxiaruli xalxuri simReriT~ da filmi gavao (67. 253). magram
`maRal msajulTa~ guli qarTvelebma mainc ver moiges, rac ase JRerda:
`cimbirSi vin ras gaigebs, es xalxuri simReraa, Tu sagalobeli. Tanac
gmirebi iseTi simpaTiiTa daxatuli, es mayurebelsac gadaedeba, Cven
aqedan satiras velodiT da ara iumorso~ (67. 253-254)
imperiul ruseTs daumorCileblobis SiSs uqmnida da uqmnis
yovelive erovnuli, jansaRi, miT ufro _ sakraluri (am SemTxvevaSi,
sagalobeli), `TavisTavad eris yofaSi, sulSi, cnobierebaSi,
SemoqmedebiT potencialSi arsebobs da igulisxmeba genialuri
simRerebi, iseve, rogorc vazis kulti, venaxis kulti... sagaloblebi~ (84.
411).
`boriaySi” 20-iani wlebis saqarTvelos cxovrebaa aRwerili da
romanis centrSi 1924 wlis viTarebania moqceuli. mwerali paraboluri
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TxrobiT gviCvenebs, rom `aseTi areuli dro, “umadlo Jami~ mtrobs
simRerasac, im globaluri mouclelobiT, xsovnis gafermkrTalebiT, ris
gamoc `simRerac imRvreva, foriaqdeba, hkargavs Tavdapirvel tempsa da
simSvides, iTqvifeba, iSleba, lRveba da ifanteba garesamyaroSi~ (iqve).
aRniSnul romanSi simRerac personaJia, romelic nikuSa CaCaniZes
asparezis mosapoveblad ufro sWirdeba, vidre saqomagod, wiTeli ruseTi
ki simReris nakvalevs mihyveba (rac rukis saxiT aris saxeSesxmuli),
ebrZvis erovnul TavisTavadobas, `SeTqmulebas~.
siuJetis mixedviT, uaRresad mniSvnelovani simboloa ruka, romelic
nikuSa CaCaniZes maswavlebelma, giorgi yanCavelma Seudgina im ojaxebSi
misasvlelad, romlebic daexmarebian qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis
SekrebaSi.
ruka wiTlebs SeTqmulebis gegma hgoniaT, CaCaniZe ki _ ajanyebis
momwyobi.
simboluria Secdomac: qarTuli simRera TavisTavad aris protesti
Zalmomreobis, usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg.
patriarqi ambrosi winaswar glovobda am sinamdviles, amitom
ambobda xsenebul saprotesto werilSi: `ers mSobliur enas arTmeven da
kulturas ubilwaven. saqarTvelos eklesia, es Zvelis ZvelTave faqtori
qveynis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi amaRlebisa da Zlierebisa, dRes
uflebaayrilia imdenad, rom nebac ki ar aqvs Tavisi SromiT,
garjilobiT da unariT moipovos mudmivi saxsari arsebobisao~ (67. 5).
oTar CxeiZem eklesiis midamoebis rbeva aRwera moTxrobebSi:
`boriayi~, `cxrawyaro~, `amaRleba~. Sinagani tragizmiTa da mZafri
eqspresiiT finaluri scenebi apokalifsur suraTebs mogvagonebs, xolo
Semdgomi periodis nawarmoebebi gviCvenebs ufro mZime tragedias _
taZrebis rbevis Sedegs, simrTelis rRvevas adamianTa sulier samyaroSi,
rac TavisTavad qmnis `sulieri radiaciis~ vels, niadags Surisa da
dapirispirebisaTvis.
swored aseTi darRveuli sulieri struqturis tkivilia trilogia
_ `artistuli gadatrialeba~, `TeTri daTvi~, `bermudis samkuTxedi~.
`Cveni arsebobis xana aris nawili RmerTsmoklebuli epoqisa, mZime
sulieri krizisis gamoxatuleba da rogori mtanjvelic unda iyos
amaRlebul swrafvaTa da realobis daSoreba. es is gardauvalobaa,
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rasac ver gaveqceodiT. miT umetes, rom sulieri krizisi da moralis
rRveva gansakuTrebiT Rrmavdeboda TavisuflebawarTmeul qveynebSi~ (67.
17).
dro _ oraswliaani monobiT daiwyo XX s.-is 90-iani wlebis
tragediisa.
sivrce _ dasarbevad qceuli qarTvelTa samkvidro, mas
dapirispirebuli ruseTi da Tavad integraciis samyaroa, mcire erebi
dabrkolebad rom miuCneviaT axal wesrigSi: `dedamiwa saerTo saxli”.
dakvirvebul, jansaRi cnobierebis mkiTxvels ar gauWirdeba
paralelis aRqma: rusuli iaraRiT (rus general bepaevis anonimuri
xelmZRvanelobiT) da biologiurad qarTveli Semsruleblebis xeliT
1991-1993 wlebSi warmoebuli omi erovnuli mTavrobisa da qarTveli
xalxis winaaRmdeg pirdapir kavSirSia qaquca ColoyaSvilis mier 1924
wels bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul omTan.
dokumentur monacemebs erovnuli mTavrobis damxobisa da Semdgomi
procesebis Sesaxeb inaxavs helsinkis moxsenebebi _ The British Helsinki
Human Group and Human rights Watch. 1992-1995.
am dokumentebze nebismier msurvels ar miuwvdeba xeli, magram gvaqvs
oTar CxeiZis trilogia, am periodis movlenebis mkacri mxilebiT.
erovnuli mTavrobis damxoba rusul agresiasTan da mis imperiul
zraxvebTan uSualo kavSirSi rom aris, adasturebs saqveynod cnobili
TariRebis gaxseneba:
1991 wlis 21 dekembris alma-aTaSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen axlad
daSlili ssrk-s 12 qveynis warmomadgenlebi, moskovi mizanmimarTulad
cdilobda, daufaravad aZalebda `nebayoflobiT~ gaerTianebas
(baltiispireTis garda).
saqarTvelom 1991 wlis 31 marts referendumiT daadastura arCevani _
Tavisufleba. xalxis arCeulma mTavrobam alma-aTaSi uari Tqva monobis
axal formaze da datova Sexvedra.
`TeTri daTvi~ ruseTis damokidebulebas saqarTvelosadmi
`Seufaravi realizmiT~ asaxavs. es aris Txrobis xerxebis monacleoba,
igi amTlianebs kulturul-istoriuli-socialur maxasiaTeblebs,
rogorc masalas. TviT am masalis gardaqmna mxatvrul matianed
xelovanis qmnadobis nayofia.
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- - 45
literatura viTardeba sociumis ganviTarebasTan erTad da
Tanamdevi an Tanamedrovea am sociumis yofierebaSi mimdinare
procesebisa.
oTar CxeiZis romanebSi mizanmimarTuli funqcia akisria zogadad
baxtinis mier gansazRvrul `TxrobiTi orientaciis sam tips: avtoris
Txrobas, naratoris, anu mTxrobelis Txrobas da personaJis Txrobas~
(27. 40).
moskovis daJinebuli, gautexili survili saqarTvelos SenarCunebisa
nawarmoebSi araerTxel aris miTiTebuli.
`Tavisic bevri Cahxoca moskovma. ra enaRvleba, _ uamravi emeteba,
naxevaric rom gaiJuJos, _ gaiJuJos; oRond Savi zRva ar dahkargos,
kavkasia ar dahkargos oRondao, oRondao~, (59. 297) _ vkiTxulobT erTgan.
`bermudis samkuTxedSi” mTxrobeli axasiaTebs ruseTis
damokidebulebas saqarTvelos mimarT: `zneoba rusisa, saqarTvelo
moswons, _ uqarTveleboda. me visac vuyvarvar Seviwynarebo. ityueba,
kavkasia moswons. kavkasielTa gareSe TavisTvis moswons. dneba. varvarebs.
kavkasiis siyvaruliTa~ (58. 130).
amave nawarmoebSi mwerali aRwers ruseTis mier amoqmedebuli
qarTuli sabediswero samkuTxedis (avtonomiebis) gamanadgurebel misias
saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg da axasiaTebs axali mmarTvelobis
saqarTvelos: `Tu dafrTxebodnen investorebi, qveyana isev airiao, _
viTom odesme dawynarebuliyos erekles traqtatis Semdgoma~ (58. 130).
XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebisTvis qveyana umZimes mdgomareobaSi iyo.
`qveynis ubedurebis wyarod miiCneoda traqtati da rusTa jaris yofna
saqarTveloSi, ereklesac ase miaCnda. is elCs swerda: `nu aTqmevineb
vinmes amasa... ruseTis SeerTebis mizeziT, maTi mouSveleblobiT daiqca
saqarTvelo~ (30. 402).
axali istorizmiseuli kritika ikvlevs urTierTobas teqstsa da
istorias Soris.
sainteresoa mxatvruli gamosaxvis kodi oTar CxeiZis romanebSi,
mwerali TviTon amTlianebs mxatvrul Canafiqrsa da istoriul
konteqsts (es albaT erTgulebaa romanebis matianed gamTlianebis gzisa).
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- - 46
cnobilia, rom 1782 wlis traqtatiT nakisri valdebuleba ruseTma
ar Seasrula, politikuri urTierTobis niSniT saxeldebuli arc sxva
TariRebiT galaRebula Cveni qveyana.
es iyo mzakvruli TamaSi, romelmac Sedegi gamoiRo,
`TergdaleulTa~ naxevarsaukunovani brZola erovnuli Tavisuflebis
marcxiT damTavrda~. 1907 wels ruseTis social-demokratiulma muSaTa
partiam marto ilia WavWavaZe ki ar mokla, aramed saqarTvelos
erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideac~ (79. 234).
iyo gamonaTeba 1918 wlis 26 maiss.
1924 wels es imedic mokla ruseTma. dadga mZime Jami: `visac
nebisyofam uRalata, iman xeli Caiqnia da monobis Segueba moindoma.
yvelaferi erovnuli energiis sisustiT axsna da beds Seurigda.
zogierTma qarTveli eris wiaRSi daiwyo nacionaluri energiis Zebna~ (67.
235).
ilias ideas, rwmenas nacionaluri energiis aRdgenisa aTwleulebSi
kolxuri koSki inaxavda. konstantine gamsaxurdias fuZeze ganmtkicda
misi vaJi, zviadi: `eris bedisweras SesWideboda, misi saxelis irgvliv
SenivTda iatakqveSa moZraoba, misi TavgamodebiT gamoica saidumlo
Jurnalebi (pirvelad saqarTvelos ssr istoriaSi), gaido mudmivmoqmedi
sainformacio xidi dasavleTTan da umZimes 70-ian wlebSi swored misi
bagiT iTqva mZafri da axdili protesti erovnuli adaT-wesebis,
kulturis, simarTlisa da samarTlianobis gadasarCenad~ (25. 7).
xangrZlivi iyo brZola TeTri daTvis winaaRmdeg, yvela binZur xerxs
rom iyenebda ilia marTlis ideisTvis mebrZolTa winaaRmdeg.
am ideebis miRebas, srulyofil gacnobierebas upirvelesad sulieri
mRviZareba sWirdeba. 1993 wels gazeT `TbilisisaTvis~ micemul
interviuSi oTar WilaZe brZanebda: `xalxis gamoRviZeba, upirveles
yovlisa, xalxis ganaTlebas, xalxis gakeTilSobilebas niSnavs...
samagierod, Zalian iolad da Zalian mokle droSi kargavs xalxi
saukuneobiT SeZenil codnasa da gamocdilebas~ (79. 218).
1993 wels ukve `umadlo Jami~ asparezobda saqarTveloSi, magram
mwerali mainc imedovnebda: `Cven didi akakis xalxi varT da etyoba
sikvdili ar gviweria. ufro sworad, Zili igive sikvdilia CvenTvis,
oRond, sabednierod – droebiT~ (iqve).
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- - 47
`artistuli gadatrialebaSi~ oTar CxeiZe asaxavs erovnuli
mTavrobis damxobas, rodesac winaaRmdegobis asamoqmedebeli iaraRi isev
`endogenuri Suri~ iyo, aRmsrulebelni _ SuriTa da ambiciiT
dabrmavebulni, iaraRi _ rusuli.
XX s.-is 90-ian wlebSi ruseTi da rusuli politika amoqmedda:
`bediswerasaviT dasdevs ruseTs Semzaravi paradoqsi: mTeli Zala
moaxmaros ara Tavisuflebis ideis saqmed qcevas, aramed rogorc
sakuTari, ise sxvisi Tavisuflebis CaxSobas~ (65. 250), amitom oraswliani
pyrobilebidan TavdaRweuli saqarTvelo, xalxis mier arCeuli
prezidentiT misi imperiuli zraxvebis sivrces safrTxes uqmnida, radgan
saxeldadebuli iyo saqarTvelos arsebobis Semdgomi gza _
sruluflebiani wevri universumisa, Zleva 1921-1990 wlebis ganmavlobaSi
moZalebuli bnelisa sulierebis, Tavisuflebis sferoSi. es periodi
proletariatis (wiTeli ruseTis) diqtaturis wlebi iyo. sabWoTa
xelisufleba TviT leninis ganmartebiT, `aris iseTi Zalaufleba,
romelic uSualo Zaldatanebas eyrdnoba da araviTari kanoniT ar aris
SezRuduli~ (lenini. Txzulebani. IV gamocema – 1952 w. t. 28, gv.282).
am borotebisagan Tavdaxsnili saqarTvelosa da misi prezidentis
zviad gamsaxurdias dasja gardauvali gaxda ruseTis interesebisaTvis,
mas arc renegati qarTvelebis moZebna gauWirda saxelmwifo
gadatrialebaSi mTavari rolis Semsruleblad.
oTar CxeiZis mamxilebeli romani `artistuli gadatrialeba~ `sxva
wigni iyo, mtkivneuli im gadatrialebis avtorTaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki
maTi mrevlisaTvis~ (6. 373.), magram winaaRmdegobebis, gamomcemelTa mimarT
muqarebis miuxedavad, wigni 1994 wels gamovida. es iyo salbuni marTali
sityvis molodinSi sulSegubebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
romani asaxavs 1991 wlis Semodgomasa da 1992 wlis pirveli kviris
movlenebis fonze momxdar ambebs. gviCvenebs, Tu rogor iqca saqarTvelo
borotebis saTareSo asparezad, rogor ikargeba sayovelTao
dabneulobaSi saerTo mizani da mkvidrdeba naTlis mSTanmTqmeli qaosi.
ruseTi ver Selevia misTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel saqarTvelos,
`ruseTumeebi~ ki _ `wuT erT didebas~, moskovis erTgulebiT miRebuls.
Tavad moskovelebs examuSebaT saqarTveloSi rom ucxoeli uwodon,
imitom, rom oras welze metia qarTvelTa samkvidro eTavisebaT rusT.
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- - 48
magram zviad gamsaxurdias prezidentobam, xalxis nebam viTareba
Secvala. axali viTarebis saqarTveloSi ukvirs moskovels: `me miZaxiT
ucxoelsao, xixixi, xexexe, xoxoxo, xuxuxuo, me varo, meo _ ucxoelio, -
iumori hgonia _ ara sjera da verc daijerebs. demokratiuli Zalebis
integracias win ver aRudgeba gamsaxurdias nacionalizmio~ (58. 297).
`artistul gadatrialebaSi” mweralma ironiul-satiruli stiliT
daaxasiaTa monuri fsiqologia, piradi ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad
Rirebulebis uyoymanod gawirva.
wyneTSi rus da or `ufro ucxoel~ stumarTan erTad,
ganapirebulan qarTveli vaJebi, am sisxlian dReebSic mxolod `Tavis
gasatan Toneze~, lukma-purze rom zrunaven da rusis qalebTan
erTobian. es dRe stalinis dabadebis dRe - 21 dekemberi aRmoCnda.
TiTqos SemTxveviT axsendebaT es Tanameinaxeebs. rusi diacis komentarSi
Sovinizmi metyvelebs: `Cven yvelani Cumi stalinelebi varT. Cven imitom,
rom imperia SegvenarCunebina, Tqven imitom, ro ar gagiSvaT imperiidana;
Cven imitom, ro batonobas ver SeveleviT, Tqven imitom, ro erTguleba
geamayebaT. unda iamayoT raRa Tqma unda, erTguleba didi Rirsebaa...
Tqven Tqveni qveyana gepataravebaT, gemcrobaT eri Tqveni, vrceli
asparezi gindaT Tavis gamosaCenada, taSi gindaT uamravisa. da arc
mogklebiaT: moedani ro bevria moskovSi~ (58. 297-298)
nawarmoebebSi gaSiSvlebulia rusuli imperiis mada: `saqarTvelo
Cveni baRCaa, vin dakargavs saqarTvelosa, vina, vina, ra saTqmelia?!
arCevanze ro midges: saqarTveloo, Tu urals iqiT rac gabadiaTo, _ Cven
saqarTvelos davadebT xelsa. gjerodeT Cveni, Cvenc viciT fasi
erTgulebisa. arc Cven dageTmobiT, arc Tqvena _ cxadia~ (58. 298). icis
TeTrma daTvma, rom myari sayrdeni aqvs erovnul,
cnobierebagadagvarebul inteligenciaSi: `Cveni inteligencia aRarc
ganirCeva Tqveni inteligenciisagana. aRara!... aRarc saTqmelia: Cveni da
Tqveni: Cven ho Tqvena varT, Tqven ho Cvena xarT?... raRa Tqma unda!...~ (58.
299). sxva eris warmomadgenels roca ganuyoflobis, ganurCevlobis
pretenzia aqvs Sensave miwaze, Sensave saxlSi, iq _ im qveyanaSi sulieri
mRviZarebis muxti Zalian mwiria da es sagangaSoa. am sagangaSo
sinamdvilis saSvelad, TavisTavadobis gzis gasakvlevad iyo mosuli
erovnuli xelisufleba, magram ruseTs mindobilebma gaakeTes arCevani:
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- - 49
`xorcze zrunva sulis sazianod~... `SeCveuli Wiris arCeva, dabruneba
monobis sawyis pozociaze~ (79. 37)
Tavisuflebisken swrafva sulieri wyobis gamoxatulebaa,
`Tavisufleba – es gamarjvebis triumfia sulier cxovrebaSi~ (1. 25).
aseTi gamarjveba sulierebis kvarcxlbekze gamagrebaa, magram eris
yofierebaSi moiazrebs gangebisgan qmnil kanonzomierebas: `Cveni Tavi
Cvenadve gveyudnodes~ (ilia marTali). erTguleba, brZola, wva erovnuli
cnobierebisaTvis _ es aris erTguleba zogadi Rirebulebebisac,
radganac zogadi samSoblodan iwyeba. erovnuli TvalTaxedvidan iwyeba
samyaros gancdis gansakuTrebuli unari. xalxis SesaZleblobisa da
ukvdavebis saidumlo xalxis sulia, romelsac batoni oTar WilaZe im
zRaprul sam Cits adarebs, kolofSi Caketili yvelaze fexmardi,
yvelaze mouxelTebeli irmis mucelSi mcxovrebi, xalxis TvalisCins,
janRonesa da sicocxles rom ganasaxierebs (Sesabamisad maT daRupvas
xalxis dabrmaveba, daZabuneba da sikvdili mohyveba). mwerlisaTvis es
sami Citi asocirdeba xalxis enas, fsiqikasa da tradiciasTan, rac
safuZvelTa safuZvelia erovnebisa da erovnuli TviTSegnebisa.
aRniSnuli faseulobebis gafrTxileba zogadsakacobriobo misiaa,
radgan `dRemde moRweuli yvela xalxi erTnairad srulyofili da
ganumeorebelia, nebismieri maTganis gaqroba Tanabrad gaaRaribebs,
Tanabrad daakninebs kacobriobas~ (79. 77).
am siRrmeebiT fiqri aRarc sWirdebodaT erovnul mTavrobasTan
dapirispirebulT. 1991 wlis 21 dekembers srola rom daiwyes, `yvelanairi
iaraRi rom amoqmedebuliyo, yvelanairi, atomis garda~.
1991 wlis 21 dekemberi `JRurtula sixarulia~ wiTeli ruseTisaTvis.
simbolurad es gaiazreba swored am Rames luosa da rusi qalis
ganmartoebis epizodSi. am qals pirobiTad SegviZlia vuwodoT `wiTeli
qali” (wiTeli ruseTi). igi satumroSi miuZRveba luos. iq ki darbeuli
saqarTvelos dabeCavebuli Svilebi _ ltolvilni, damSeulni,
RamenaTevni, darbazSi dabinavebulan. es qali _ maRali, moxdenili,
Zvirfasad mosili am xalxs Soris Cerdeba, `ubrWyvinavs Ceqmebi wiTeli,
TaTmanebica wiTeli, qurqi dakmedili muqi yavisferi, wiTeli Sali
mxrebze brialebs~ (58. 303)
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- - 50
ltolvilTa, miwisZvriT ayrilTa javri xvalindeli saqarTvelo
gamxdara. oTar CxeiZe erT-erT mxatvrul xerxad `mestviruls” (xalxur
metyvelebas) iyenebs simarTlis gasaxmianeblad. sastumros darbazSic
ismis es xma:
`brZaneba SemouTvliaT moskovidan ufrosebsa:
`asi oqro gauCineT, vinc zviadas daiWersa”...
`gauwyra maRali RmerTi Tengiza kitovanelsa.
gvardia mas Caabara, swored is uRalatebsa~ (58. 202)
Tengiz sigua ambobs:
`me rom zviadisTan davrCe, sergos viRa maRirsebsa
iq verafers ver vewie, gafxekili damaqvs qisa.
SenTan viyve, SenTan movkvde, Seni xnis da Seni znisa~.
mestviruliT prezideti zviad gamsaxurdia ase aris ametyvelebuli:
`Cemi dazrdili biWebi saTiTaod gamidgesa,
raRas vaqnev an helsinksa, an mrgvalze mrgval magidasa?~ (iqve)
morigebis cdac uSedegod damTavrda:
`rkonSi kaci gaagzavna, zRvazec cdilobs morigdesa.
gawyva Tesli sikeTisa, raxan RvarZli daiTesa~ (iqve).
morigeba arc Sedgeboda, radgan zRvaze, Semdeg ki rkonSi gasulTa
samoqmedo gegma da saboloo Sedegic moskovSi iyo dagegmili; kitovani
da sigua koreqtirebas arc da verc Seitandnen.
aRniSnul romanSi aRwerilia kitovanisa da graCovis Sexvedra zurab
wereTlis saxelosnoSi. `ruseTis Tavdacvis ministrobas
uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen graCovsa, jer saimperio Stabs ganagebda,
ruseTis saimperio saidumlo Stabsa~ (58. 311). am Sexvedris da maTi
TanamSromlobis, Tanaziarobis dasturi iyo, rom `rezervi undoda b-n
kitovansa. iaraRisa dardi ara hqonda, arc iaraRisa, arc tyvia-wamalisa:
gaxsniliyo rusTa vazianis sawyobebi amisTvisa, ramdenic eneba, arc ro
uTvlidnen, arc ro arafersa sTxovdnen...~ (58. 313). patrikievma ki
msoflios ganucxada, neitralitets vicavTo (culs tari xisa hqonda).
mwerali aRwers, ra aucileblobam SeakavSira sakuTari qveynis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tengiz kitovani, Tengis sigua da jaba ioseliani:
kitovanma samxedro Zala daupirispira mTavrobas, `sigua sWirdeboda,
laparaki ro uZneldeboda TviTona~ (58. 313), jaba gadamwyveti
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- - 51
ieriSisTvis unda CarTuliyo: `jaba!... mxedrioni!... cixeSi isxdnen. didi
nawili gafantuliyo. kmaroda jabas erTi daZaxili: Semokrbebodnen~
(iqve). boRmisa da Suris daokebamde, miznad dasaxulis aRsrulebamde
`Sekrba~ `samTa kavSiri~, momdevno movlenebi ki asaxulia romanSi `TeTri
daTvi~.
`neitralitetis damcveli~ rusi samxedroebi mTavrobis saxls
`miayenes da dascxeTo, _ ubrZanes, ubrZanes da dascxes, dascxeTo da
urtyamdnen. urtyamdnen. urtyamdnen. Cven vicavT mtkice neitralitetsao, -
patrikievi acxadebda dRisiTa~ (58. 317).
saintereso da tkiviliania mwerlis Txroba 1991 wlis miwurulsa da
1992 wlis dasawyisze. es aris saqarTvelos istoriis uaxlesi furclebi,
rac jerac cocxlad Semounaxavs TviTmxilvelTa cnobierebas. aq
gansakuTrebuli sisaTuTe sWirdeba mwerals mkiTxvelTan urTierTobaSi.
mas xom yovelTvis sxvaze meti moeTxoveba da sxvaze naklebi epatieba.
`artistuli gadatrialeba~, iseve rogorc zogadad _ oTar CxeiZis
proza, naratiuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. konkretul monakveTSi
Warbobs yovlismcodne mTxrobelis Tvali, e.w. `redaqtoruli yvelafris
codna~, aris mimoxilva movlenebisa, avtoris `SeWra~ TxrobaSi; Txrobas
gansakuTrebulobas aniWebs movlenebis asaxva dokumenturi simarTliT.
movlenebis, qveynis yofierebaSi damkvidrebuli mankierebis asaxva
naratiuli mravalferovnebiT aris gadmocemuli roman `2001 welSi~.
mwerali Taviseburi naraciiT gviCvenebs movlenebs mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirSi. fesvi ubedurebisa `sulierebis dakarguli gzebia~, umTavres
sazrunavad Tanamdebobriv ierarqiaze aRzeveba rom miCneula: `gza rom
gaadvilebuliyo xelisuflebiskena Tu daaqcevdi aRmatebulsa, daaqcevdi
da zemoeqceodi. daqcevac ro gaadvilebuliyo. zemoqcevaca. oRond
partia gamogekvaWa... Sen xerxi Tqvio, gabeduleba Tqvio. znenica sxvani.
dagmobilni didi xania. areul droSi ro wamoiweven. uzneobadac aRar
iTvleba. uzneobada. iTvleba, magram aRar iTvleba. dro areula anu
kacni areulan. dros abralebdnen~ (60. 77).
avtori-mTxrobeli mimoixilavs eris tragikul gzas: `mravali oba~
rom gadagvitania (monRoloba, araboba...) da `Cvenadve yudneba maradiul
sazrunavad dagvrCenia, magram ZirisZiramde moCxrekilia `moyvare mtris~
saxe, rom `gadatana undoda oraswlovan rusobasa~
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- - 52
bermudis samkuTxedad, saqarTvelos bediswerad qceuli soxumi-
baTumi-cxinvali, `rusobis~ umtkivneules Wrilobad am nawarmoebSic
warmoaCina oTar CxeiZem.
`moskovi-kremli. Tavisasa TamaSobda. yelSi waeWira gudauTis bawari
TbilisisTvisa. waeWira. uWerda. uWerda. da uWerda. arc bawari wydeboda.
yelic ar iqna ar gadaibalTa~ (59. 132)
parlamenti xvdeboda, rom prezidentis gandevniT qveyanas kidev
erTxel daadges `moskviTianTa” uReli: `grgvinavda parlamenti: soxumi
ho magan gamogvwira. axla Tbilissac gamogvwiravso. grgvinavda, uarobda
parlamenti~ (60. 158)
axali xelisufalis mrwamsic da poziciac ramdenime fraziT aCvena
mweralma: `prezidenti uRimoda: `is elcini iyo, es putinia!~ uRimiloda.
mwyraladaca. gakvirvebiTaca, raRa Tqma unda: ratom ara gjeraT. sad
dakargeT qarTuli ndobao~ (iqve)
sainteresoa, es politikosi mogvianebiT memuarebSi ityvis: ruseTis
`imperiuli politikis dominanti ucvlelia da Seuryeveli. mas Txzaven
strategiuli midrekilebebi da ambiciebi (kavkasiisa da Savi zRvis
kintroli), saqarTvelos `wvril avtonomiur erTeulebad~ danawevrebis
ideebi, pasaJebi misi erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis pirobiTobasa da
xelovnurobis, ocneba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gandevnisa d mxaris
`garusebis~ Sesaxeb, ucvlelia eTnokonfliqturi banqos qaRaldebis
gaTamaSebis politika geopolitikuri batonobis SenarCunebisaTvis~ (56.
385)
cxadia, saxelebi ar cvlian saqarTvelosadmi ruseTis
damokidebulebas. dros mohyavs da mihyavs politikuri moRvaweebi, magram
TeTri daTvi agresiul daTvad rCeba, rogorc ki kavkasiaSi gavlenis
Sesustebas igrZnobs. brdRvinavs, angrevs, warmatebiT aTiTokacebs
struqturadarRveul sazogadoebas; mere axali, magram gamWvirvale
niRbiT mogvevlineba mSvidobisyofelisa, damcvelisa. `qarTvelTa
daqceviT ki `ruseTi xeirobda~. mwerali warmoaCens am `avi mezoblis
farul zraxvebs, xSirad lamazad SeniRbuls, Tavis droze voroncovis
mier ostaturad gamocdils~ (67. 100)
oTar CxeiZes arasodes sjeroda ori ruseTisa. amas adasturebs misi
romanebi da publicisturi werili (`mravaltanjuli ruseTi~).
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- - 53
mwerlisTvis is aris mxolod `ngrevis qveyana~, `borotebis saxelmwifo~,
`TeTri daTvi~.
damangreveli, barbarosuli Zalis matarebel ruseTs Spenglerma
uwoda: `apokalifsuri bunti antikurobis winaaRmdeg~. `ucnauria, -
ruseTi TviTon qceula monad sakuTari Tavisa, es TiTqos nebieri monoba
unda iyos, magram monoba mainc monobaa”, (66. 213). es uZleveli imperiuli
zraxvebis monobaa da Tu xsna uweriaT, unda mixvdnen, rom `gamoeTiSnen
sakacobriobo process~ (66. 211).
oTar CxeiZis mravalferovan SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli
roli eniWeba sityvaT TamaSsac. mweralma `TeTr daTvSi~ daawyvila
`daTanxmeba-SeTanxmeba~ da afxazeTis omis tragikul dasasrulTan erTad
ruseT-saqarTvelos araTanabaruflebiani urTierTobis arsi uCvena,
movlenac naTlad warmoaCina da qarTvelTa ubedurebasac xazi gausva:
`aq SeTanxmeba daTanxmebad iTqmis. yovelTvisa. yvelaferSi. raRa Tqma
unda. moskovi parizsac SeTanxmeboda. Tbilisi moskovs daTanxmeboda.
iTqvas Tundac ro: SeTanxmeboda.RirsebisTvisa~ (60. 192).
yoveli ubedurebis daZleva maSin xdeba Zneli, roca am ubedurebas
ver acnobiereb: Tu daTanxmebas SeTanxmebas daarqmev, sulieri mRviZareba
daTrgunulia, amis xazgasmaa `SeTanxmeba _ daTanxmebaze~ agebuli
sityvaTa TamaSi.
SeTanxmeba Tanabari Rirsebisa da Zalis mxareebs Soris xdeba,
daTanxmebis procesi Zalismieria, iq erTi mxare igebs, meore _ iCagreba.
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis yvela is forma XIX s-is
gariJraJidan dRemde, rasac SeTanxmeba erqva, faqtiurad daTanxmeba iyo.
recefciuri esTetika yuradRebas amaxvilebs gansazRvrul da
ganusazRvrel adgilebze nawarmoebSi. maTi simravle da
adgilmonacvleoba damokidebulia Janrsa da mwerlis stilze.
oTar CxeiZis matiane Janruli Taviseburebis gamo TiTqos ar
moiTxovs ganusazRvrel adgilebs, magram mwerali xSirad mimarTavs aseT
monakveTebs, rac uSualo kavSirSia mTavar saTqmelTan.
`2001 welSi~ xSirad vxvdebiT moulodnel gadasvlebs siuJetur
mdinarebaSi. mkiTxveli dgeba ganusazRvrelobis efeqtis winaSe, magram
moulodneli Canafiqri ramdenime gverdis Semdeg sacnauri xdeba da
mkiTxvelis molodinis hirizonts akvalianebs.
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- - 54
am romanSi gaelvebiT axsenebs mwerali 11 seqtembris tragedias niu-
iorkSi, msoflio savaWro centris afeTqebas. msoflio daupirispirda
terorists: `Tavzardacema ufro uaresi aRarc iqneboda. osana!... osana!...
unda SeepyroT~ (65. 456).
`osana~ is sityva aRmoCnda mwerlisTvis, romliTac Txroba miRmier
samyaroSi gadaitana: `imaT mousveniaT. ruzveltsa, CerCilsa. stalins
osana!...osana!.. miwolilan ferdobze~ (iqve).
aRniSnuli pasaJi wuTisoflis amao didebasa da drtvinvas naTlad
warmoaCens. ruzvelti, CerCili da stalini sufras Semosxdomian da
icinian, ara marto TavianT gavlil gzaze, aramed sxvazec: `saaqaoze
icinian TavianT Canadenze icinian. arca sxvebisa mouCanT did rameda.
faraonebisao. makedonelebisao. keisrebisa. napoleonebiso. icinian
imazedaca~ (65. 457).
sagulisxmoa, rom maTi Tanameinaxeoba qarTvelTa sulgrZelobasa da
puradobazea damkvidrebuli.
`upatrono micvalebulis sadRegrZelosaca svamen saqarTveloSi~.
stalinma.
`madlia~! ruzveltma (65. 458).
msjeloben imaze, Tu ramdenad autanelia xaxamSralad yofna, magram
qarTvelTa wyalobiT Rvino mudam aris (aramaterialuri gagebiT).
mweralma amqveynidan gasuli stalini sinanuliT aametyvela imis
gamo, rom gaanadgura, lamis gadaaSena saqarTvelo: `rac me imaT dRe
davayare!.. mere iciT Tu ratomao. magaTTvis rom meamebina. rusebisaTvisa
mag ZaRlTapirebisaTvisa. arasaxseneblebisa~ (65. 459).
stalini rusebis umadurobas uCivis, nawarmoebis es monakveTi, sadac
drois struqtura waSlilia, mTavrdeba putinze, rogorc am qveynis
mmarTvelze stalinis msjelobiT: `mag cancaras ruseTis marTva Ziudo
hgonia. ara. ara. kavkasia iakutiad warmoudgenia _ Sen am Wkuas damixede.
da!.. tyuilia. tyuili. kavkasia daipyres romanovebmao. tyuilia!.. me Zlivas
davipyari. da CemTvis davipyari. me gamovecale. da isic wauvida xelidana.
wauvida. da wauva. da Tu Wkua aqvs unda SeeSvas. Camoexsnas. daanebos
Tavi. Tu Wkua aqvs. natamali mainc Tu moepoveba. natamali. namceci.
finCxa~ (65. 459)
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- - 55
swored es adgili xdis ganusazRvrels gansazRvruls da momdevno
pasaJi, roca tartarozi hitlers mobilurs awvdis: `putini gTxovTo”,
xolo hitleri putinis rCevas gaaxmovanebs: `vevdroT RmerTsa: amravlos
qelexebi saqarTveloSi Tu ar gvinda ro davixrCoT wyurviliTa!“ (65. 460)
momavlis miniSnebaa. ruseTis samomavlo gegmebia.
warmosaxviT samyaroSi gadatanili dialogi hitlerisa da putinisa
2008 wlis agvistos movlenebis Semdeg mwerlis erTgvar
winaswarmetyvelebad JRers. putinis ruseTi dReeebis ganmavlobaSi
bombavda samxedro bazebsa da mSvidobian mosaxleobas saqarTveloSi.
molodinis myari horizonti kiTxvisas bunebrivad Semodis
mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi (daskvniT nawilSi kvlav ixateba oraswliani
uRlis sisastike).
2008 wlis agvistoSi rusebis Semosevam saukuneze meti xnis
winandeli arsena gaaxsena ers: `amis odka CamomisxiT, misviT mSier
saldaTebsa~. sainformacio saSualebebiT qveyniereba moiara, rusi
saldaTebis gaocebam, rom Turme qarTvel jariskacebs: hqoniaT logini,
komfortuli leibi, fexsacmlebi da ase Semdeg.
oTar CxeiZis maxvil mzeras arc is gamorCa: `kidevac ro Zala
hyofniT e mag mSier saldaTebsa!... arsenasi ar iyos. arsenasi. ra
gansxvavebula?! Sioda saldaTsa: samTavrosi iyo. mefisa iyo. imperiisa
iyo. tiranisa iyo. Tu demokratisa. Sioda. Sioda~ (75. 409.) `damSeuli
saldaTi~ miuTiTebs mTavrobis damokidebulebaze sakuTari xalxisadmi.
CeCneTSi xangrZlivi operaciebis Sesaxeb saubrisas mwerali amxels
`moskvitianTa~ Canafiqrs: `rusobas Tavisi mizani hqonda. iq undoda
qarTveli tyveebi... erTad moeJlitaT, rom erTmaneTi qarTvelebsa da
CeCen-lekebsa. ar enaneboda arc ro is Tavisi veluri rusobai. ara. ara.
ar enaneboda arc isa arasodesa~ (65. 153.)
aq naracias gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs da istoriuli qronikebis
anasxletad ganicdeba, miTiTebulia imperiuli sulis sisastike,
sakuTari xalxis, jaris gawirvac rom ar uWirs.
oTar CxeiZe saintereso fsiqoanalizs gvawvdis moskovis qronikuli
SiSis Sesaxeb _ uqarTvelebod yofnisa. mudmivi swrafva saqarTvelos
dasamorCileblad mweralma TviT imperiuli ruseTis ubedurebadac
gangvacdevina: `veRar gaeZloT uqarTveleboda. usaqarTveloba ver
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- - 56
aetanaT. erTxel ro vwerdi: ruseTi dasTmobs urals iqiT saruseTosa,
saqarTvelos ar dasTmobs-meTqi. is erTxel iyo. anu Tu vcdebodi an
marTlac Tu aseTad iyo _ axla ufro gaxelebula. gacecxlebula.
gavarvarebula. moskovzedac aiRebs xelsa, saqarTvelos ver Seeleva.
vera. da ra hqnas?! ubedurobaa. raRa Tqma unda. - es ho kompleqsia.
arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi, es ho Zrwolaa. es ho SiSia, SiSi imisa: ro
ver iarsebebs usaqarTveloda?.. daavadebulia SiSiTa ubeduri. da Tu
eSvela da Tu ganikurna _ Cveni hxsnac es aris da xsnac es aris
qveynierebisa~ (65. 464).
oTar CxeiZem, itrielTa STamomavalma, utyuari diagnozi dasva da
kurnebis gzac miuTiTa, magram ruseTs ar unda ganikurnos aRniSnuli
SiSisagan, mas surs kacobriobas Tavs moaxvios absurduli Sexedulebebi,
rom afxazeTisa da oseTis saxelmwifoebriobas icavs da amitom eomeba
saqarTvelos. bunebaSi ar arsebobs amis damadasturebeli argumenti,
magram rusuli `держава“ uflebamosilad Tvlis Tavs ase moiqces.
2008 wlis agvistoSi moskovis mier afxazeTisa da oseTis
damoukideblobis cnoba saqarTvelos dakargvis isterikuli SiSisa da
mwerlis mier aRniSnuli kompleqsis dadastureba iyo XXI saukuneSi.
am movlenebma sabolood gadausva xazi miTs ori ruseTis Sesaxeb.
sagulisxmoa paralelebi 1920 wlis 7 maiss elcinsa da SevardnaZes
Soris politikuri SeTanxmebebis fonze afxazeTis masiuri dabombvisa
ganiaraRebul qarTul jarze: `1920 wlis maisSi saqarTvelo-ruseTis
urTierTobis gasarkvevad da xelSekrulebis dasadebad moskovs Casuli
generali urataZe miiRebs informacias, rom orjonikiZe wiTeli armiiT
utevs qarTul jarebs.
urataZe protestiT Sedis leninTan da ucxadebs: Tu rusis jari ar
Sewyvets qarTuli teritoriebis aneqsiis mcdelobas, _ molaparakebas
Svwyveto~ (65. 464).
leninma karaxans daavala orjonikiZis SeCereba, radgan mas xels
uSlida saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis garTuleba (baqo ukve mis xelT
iyo, poloneTTan moeloda brZolebs).
urataZe da karaxani moskovidan daukavSirdnen sergo orjonikiZes,
moaxsenes leninis gankarguleba. `rkinis sergos~ pasuxi iyo: `ar
veTanxmebi, magram vemorCilebi~.
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- - 57
`istoria detalebSi meordeba. moskovs xelSekrulebis dasadebad
Casulia Cveni delegacia. rusis jari ki afxazeTSi gvbombavs. rusis
qmedeba ar Secvlila, Seicvala Cveni motyuebis forma. ase magaliTad,
moskovidan wamosul saCveno brZanebebs `aqauri~ rusis generlebi
pasuxoben: `veTanxmebi, magram ar vemorCilebi~ (65. 466). Cvenc Sewuxebulni
gaviZaxiT, rom reaqciul ruseTze gavlena ara aqvs demokratiul ruseTs
da ase Semdeg da ase Semdeg.
isev nacadi, gamWvirvale sicrue ruseTisa: `mSvidobis laSqari. Tu
gindaT gamovalTo... Tqven ikiTxeTo gvamadlis kidevaca~ (65. 407).
2008 wlis agvistoSi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam saxeli daarqva
ruseTis qmedebas _ saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofa.
putinsa da medvedevs Tvalic ar dauxamxamebiaT, roca
ganxorcielebul oms mSvidobis garantoroba, afxazeTisa da oseTis
saxelmwifoebriobisa da aq mcxovreb xalxTa usafrTxoebis dacva
uwodes.
dRemde ver gamTlianebula Cveni `struqtura~, dRemde mware godebad
da uflisadmi vedrebad JRers roman `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ anonimi
mTxrobelis mier gaxmianebuli: `mogvaSoreT rusi. isev isa gvborkavs.isev
imisgan SevboWilvarTo. da nurc dasavleTs SemouSvebT ise: xorblis
moyvana ro gvaswavlon, Rvinis dayeneba ro gvaswavlono, gaagebineTo: Cven
ro varT samSoblo purisacao. Rvinisacao. da TviTon iesoma sTxova
dedasa Tvisasa, qristes moZRvreba ro moetana CvenSio~ (59. 211)
swored ZirZvelobis, saqarTvelos myari da Rirseuli warsulis,
`kavkasiis Sublze~ mdebareobis gamo ayalyula TeTri daTvi,
daunayrebeli madiT Semousaltavs torebi am qveynisTvis.
amgvarad, oTar CxeiZis romanebSi aisaxa:
a) imperiuli ruseTis aSkara Tu faruli brZola saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis, misi teritoriuli mTlianobisa da sulieri
simrTelis winaaRmdeg.
b) XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis tragediaSi ruseTis roli:
“moskvitianTa~ (renegat qarTvelTa) damokidebuleba WeSmariti
Rirebulebebisadmi, TanamSromloba erovnuli mTavrobis iaraRiT
damxobaSi.
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- - 58
g) mweralma trilogiaSi sakuTari saxeliT datova yvela
politikosi. es aris `suliT mxedroba” simarTlis msaxurebis gzaze,
mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozisadmi Semoqmedis Taviseburi
damokidebulebac.
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- - 59
orbunebovneba (sulieri struqtura)
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- - 60
Tavi II
a) erovnuli sulis struqturis rRveva
oTar CxeiZis romanebi Sinaarsobriv-saxismetyvelebiTi gaazrebis,
dakonkretebis mravalgvar SesaZleblobas iZleva. erT-erTi gza kvlevis
sferos SerCevisa da nawarmoebebis Sinagani struqturis wvdomisa, aris
kulturis da gamocdilebis fsiqologiuri kodi; es xels uwyobs
mwerlis qmnilebebTan recipientis SemoqmedebiT urTierTobas.
mxatvruli sistemis dekodireba gulisxmobs yuradRebas Semoqmedis
mier Seqmnil niSanTaA mimarT, `vinaidan am niSanTa erTianoba
warmoadgens im gasaRebs, romelic moergeba nawarmoebs da SesaZlebels
gaxdis mkiTxvelis monawileobas mxatvruli sinamdvilis CamoyalibebaSi~
(54. 77).
Cven vsaubrobT oTar CxeiZis dokumenturi prozis niSanTa mxatvrul
sistemaze, romelic cxadad asaxavs saqarTvelos damonebas ruseTis mier
da damonebuli qveynis bunebrivi gzis simrTelis rRvevas.
erovnuli suli aris garkveuli struqtura, romelic
Camoyalibebulia saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. am struqturis elementebis
simyare ganapirobebs eris mTlianobas, simtkices, gamZleobas. sanam es
struqtura mdgradia gare Tu Sina `ryevebis~ mimarT, manam eri
TavisTavadobas inarCunebs, xolo struqturis romelime elementis
rRvevis SemTxvevaSi eri degradirdeba.
struqturis simrTeles qmnis sijansaReSenarCunebuli `mamuli, ena,
sarwmunoeba~, ilias mier formulad Camoqnili.
darRveuli struqturis tkivilia oTar CxeiZis `matiane qarTlisa~.
mwerali Cxreks qveynis ubedurebis mizezs, mas guls useravs kiTxvebi:
`ra gvWirs?~, `ratom gWirs?~, `ram dagvaknina?~
mkiTxveli mxatvruli teqstis interpretaciisa da simboloebis
axsnis gziT mis nawarmoebebs siRrmiseulad gaiazrebs, daaskvnis, rom
yoveli ubedurebis saTave sulieri struqturis rRvevaa.
1921 wlis 7 maiss leninisadmi miweril werilSi konstantine
gamsaxurdia ambobda: `erTaderTi garantia Cveni damoukideblobisa es
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- - 61
iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SenebaSi, radgan yovelive
ganTavisuflebis dedaboZi Senebaa~ (12. 199).
Sinagani Tu garegani mizezebiT gamowveul rRvevas Seneba esalbuneba
mxolod, Sinagani Seneba ganmRrTobis ideas ukavSirdeba.
struqturis simrTelis aRdgena gulisxmobs ganRmrTobas,
`ganRmrToba ars raodeni dasatevnel ars erTobao da msgavsebai RmrTisa
Tana~ (40. 257). es aris subordinacia _ sulsa da samyaros Soris swori
urTierTdamokidebuleba. es ritmi rom dairRveva, adamiani iluziur
samyaros afarebs Tavs, fsiqikuri meqanizmi realobas wydeba. simSvidis
safuZveli Tavmdablobaa, `Tavmdabali miwaze dawva da qariSxalma
gadauqrola, amayi mTeli taniT dadga da qariSxalma qvebs daanarcxa.
vnebaTa qariSxlis drosac igive xdeba~ (2. 277).
adamianis sulieri sijansaRe moiazrebs harmoniul SeTanxmebas
Sinagan uxilavsa da garegan, xilul samyaros Soris. Sinagani, uxilavi _
sulieri Tvisebebia: `yoveli, rasac kaci grZnobs, gulsa Sina, xolo
meore aris yoveli xiluli moqmedeba kacisa~ (52. 14).
garegani Tvisebebi sulieri samyaros anareklia. jansaRi suli,
daurRveveli struqtura gulisxmobs `yovelive daemorCilos sityvasa
RvTisasa~.
erovnuli istoriis furclebi cxadad gvidastureben, rom mxolod
sulierad ganmtkicebuli qveyana, xeldasxmuli meTauris winamZRolobiT
axerxebda ganmtkicebasa da aRzevebas.
yvela qarTvelma icis, rom, am mxriv, STamagonebeli magaliTia daviT
aRmaSeneblis epoqa. merab kostava naSromSi, `fiqrebi saqarTvelos
misiaze~, warmoaCens sagulisxmo masalas daviT aRmaSeneblis xeldasxmis
Sesaxeb da gamoTqvams varauds, rom SeiZleba imdroindelma msofliom
swored mefe-mRvdelmTavar ioanes (daviT aRmaSeneblis) qveyana airCia
graalis Tasis samkvidrod. naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `gelaTis freskuli
mxatvrobis ZiriTad motivs swored graalis barZimi warmoadgens. taZris
kedlebze gamosaxulia sxvadasxva zomisa da formis barZimebi~ (24. 51).
graalis Tasi iniciaciis, saRmrTo sibrZnesTan ziarebis simboloa.
gelaTis taZris mozaikur kompoziciaSi `barZimi pirdapir ieso emanuelis
Sublzea gamoxatuli, rac uprecedento movlenaa msoflio freskuli
xelovnebis istoriaSi~ (iqve).
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- - 62
daviT aRmaSeneblis droindeli saqarTvelo amTlianebs uflis
xeldasxmasa da qarTvelTa sulier mzaobas zeciuri naTlis misaRebad.
sagulisxmoa gelaTis mozaikuri freska, sadac daviT aRmaSeneblis Tavze
xelia gamosaxuli. es utyuari simboloa xeldasxmisa. aseTi
gamobrwyineba iSviaTad xdeba, mas sulieri da miwieri sawyisis
gamTlianeba ganapirobebs. am mTlianobis aucilebloba gamoxatulia
qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSic. `aqac TiTqos adamianis moZraobaa
ganmeorebuli. ufro zustad, adamianis renesansuli idealis
mizanswrafva, rasac misi, adamianisave, orbunebovnebis Segneba udevs
safuZvlad, anu imis rwmena, rom adamiani erTdroulad miwisacaa da
cisac (8. 533).
mrTeli struqtura am mTlianobas moicavs. amis xilul, simbolur
asoniSnad amoikvarTa saukuneebis win asomTavruli jvris taZarze (VI
s.) mcxeTaSi (danarTi #1) da macxovris feriscvalebis taZris (XII s.)
mTavarangelozis saxelobis ekvdris karebTan walenjixaSi (danarTi #2.
sainteresoa am asos simboluri gaazreba. igi eklesiasac gamoxatavs _
Suamavals zecasa da miwas Soris.
sainteresoa Cveni winaprebis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba -s mimarT.
svaneTSi, mestiis muzeumis saganZuri inaxavs XIIIs-is 10-iani wlebis
pergaments ianaSis oTxTavidan, romelzec es aso oqrocurvili feradi
asoebiT, 17 saxesxvaobiT aris gamosaxuli (danarTi #3). erT-erT
xelnawerze ki ostatis damokidebulebac SemorCenila: ufalma Semrisxos
Tu farCas ar dagadaro.
XXI saukuneSi am naferebma simbolom iqneb `struqturis simrTelis~
misiac itvirTos.
struqturis rRveva zeciur da miwier sawyiss Soris Tanafardobis
cvlilebaa: `roca xorci zeobs, suli Wleqdeba~. ukiduresi mdgomareobaa
naTlisgan mowyveta (SemaerTebeli svetis moSla). urRvevi struqtura
gulisxmobs ganuyofel jaWvs: `simarTle da siyvaruli, mizani da
saSualeba~ (2. 157).
`daWleqebuli suli~ avadmyofuri mdgomareobaa, radgan es aris
codvasTan Tanaziareba. Tavis mxriv, `codva, mistikuri TvalsazrisiT,
satanasTan sulis SeTvisebas warmoadgens~ (2. 259). Cveulebrivi mokvdavi
Tavs uflebas ver miscems Seqmnas sqema sulieri struqturis
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ganviTarebisa. gnostikur Ziebas es uxilavi sivrce ar emorCileba, magram
cxadia, rom `materialur da sulier samyaroSi arsebobs raRac ucvleli
principi, romelsac struqtura ewodeba. struqturis gareSe SeuZlebelia
yofiereba, atomebidan galaqtikamde...~ (2. 205).
wuTisofeli TavisTavad gulisxmobs yoveli arsis cvlilebasac,
radgan mzisqveSeTi Jamieria da naklulevani, Sesabamisad, garkveuli
mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWviT struqturac irRveva, iSleba: `struqturis
daSla, es afeTqebaa, romelsac ganadgureba mosdevs, Semdeg ki, rogorc
Sedegi, degradacia momdevno, ganaxlebul struqturebSi~ (struqturis
ngrevis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens atomuri afeTqeba, romelic
xatovnad rom iTqvas, radiaciad wodebul mavne energias afrqvevs)~ (2.
205).
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- - 67
struqturis simrTele emyareba urTierTdaqvemdebarebis kanons. eris
cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi, es aris qveynis interesebis damcveli, kurTxeuli
winamZRvari, romelic xalxis siyvaruliTa da mxardaWeriT sargeblobs.
aseTi TanaziarebiT xalxi da misi meTauri qveyanas aZlierebs; inarCunebs
ara mxolod yofierebas, aramed dasaxul mizansac ganaxorcielebs,
struqturis rRveviT gamowveuli `sulieri radiaciis veli~
abrkolebs yofierebas da dasaxul mizans.
qarTveli eris warsulSi amgvari `afeTqeba~ mravlad iyo. erT-erTi
aseTi TariRia XVIII saukunis miwuruli, roca saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba dadga eWvqveS da erekle II iZulebuli gaxda ukiduresi
zomebi mieRo _ arsebobis SesanarCuneblad, `sxvaT ganuboZa Tvis ymaT
cxovreba~. SeizRuda qveynis suverenuli uflebebi. istoriis
gamocdilebidan mowvdili daskvna gamarTlda:
`saxelmwifosa sjulis erToba araras argebs,
odes Tviseba erTa maT Soris sxvadasxvaobdes~ (n. baraTaSvili).
es `erToba~ Tanabaruflebiani ver iqneboda: ruseTi mimTvisebeli
iyo, saqarTvelo _ morCili. es struqturis rRveviT ganpirobebuli
monoba iyo, rac kidev ufro avrcobda sulieri radiaciis vels.
saqarTvelom droebiT TavdaxsniT, fizikuri gadarCeniT dakarga
Rirseuli arsebobis ufleba, radgan Tu Tavisuflebas Tmob da
damoukideblobadakarguli ganagrZob arsebobas, uJamod geReba bolo.
Tavdaxsna `simrTeleSi~ dabrunebiT, harmoniis aRdgeniT aris
SesaZlebeli.
rusuli uRlis simZimem TviT monRolurs gadaaWarba. `ruseTis
ganaTlebulma imperatorebma Tavisi nebiT SeerTebul saqarTvelos
yovelgvari TviTmmarTveloba da avtonomia waarTves~ (46. 348).
saxelmwifoebadarRveul qveyanaSi knindeba ena _ suli erisa;
`upirvelesi da uTvalsaCinoesi maCvenebeli adamianTa garegnulad
mowesrigebul saerTo cxovrebisa aris ena~ (iqve).
mixako wereTeli ganmartavs: `sazogadoeba gansazRvruli cnebaa,
gansazRvruli bunebis movlenisa, eri ki gansazRvruli konkretuli
magaliTia~ (73. 352).
eri bunebis wiaRis warmonaqmnia, kosmiur harmoniaSi TavisTavadi
saxea da mis winaaRmdeg yovelgvari qmedeba aris bunebis kanonzomierebis
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rRveva. logikuria, rom erTi romelime eris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
qmedeba miemarTeba mTel kacobriobas.
`eri CvenTvis sulia, sulieri ojaxi, sulieri principi, igi
istoriuli individualobaao~, _ Tqva renanma, _ maS Tu sulia, sulieri
ojaxi, sulieri principi, istoriuli individualuroba~, rogorc
ambobda es keTilSobili filosofosi, mas ufleba ara sWirdeba, _
ufleba uzenaesi, romelic suverenobiT unda gamoixatos, an ar unda
miiswafvodes suverenobisadmi~ (37. 176)
mixako wereTeli imowmebs rusTavelis aforizms: `qmna marTlisa
simarTlisa xesa Seiqms xmelsa nedlad~ da akonkretebs, rom daCagruli
eris mier yoveli aRdgena uflebisa, marTali samarTlis qmna aris
ganmanedlebeli gamxmari erovnuli organizmisa.
rusuli imperiis winaaRmdeg brZola am `ganedlebisaTvis~
xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. imperiis uRelqveS yofnam ki monuri fsiqologia
daamkvidra.
oTar CxeiZis mxatvruli samyaro asaxavs qarTveli eris brZolas
erovnulobis SesanarCuneblad.
`Cveni istoriis asparezze ori poza arsebobda: qarTveli xalxis
erTgulisa da dampyroblis, mtris Tanamdgomelisa. igi vinc arc erTi
pozis daWera _ SenarCunebas ar cdilobda, iRupeboda, magram patiosnad
da vaJkacurad. iRupebodnen isinic, vinc ama Tu im pozas arCevda, magram
an laCrulad, an moRalatis saxeliT. es erTdroulad Cveni istoriis
tragediac aris da farsic~ (9. 618).
am tragediaSi yvela Tavisi sulieri Zalisamebr moqmedebs, iRwvis.
mTavaria Sedegi. swored mis mixedviT miuCens maT saxelebs STamomavloba
adgils: `istoriasa da xalxs Tavisi kriteriumi aqvs da imis Sesabamisad
afasebs yvelas, codvilsa da madlmosils~ (iqve).
epoqa uSualod ukavSirdeba socialur organizms. Tumca mis sulsa
da xalxis sulier wyobas Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri rTulia da
mravalmniSvnelovani. es Rrma, uxilavi da mravalferovani Srea
sazogadoebis cxovrebisa.
saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan da tkivilian
TariRad iTvleba 1918 da Semdgom, 1921 wlebi. 1918 wlis 26 maiss
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saqarTvelom Tavisufleba moipova, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervali am
Tavisuflebis dasamarebis dRea.
sulierad gaberwebul saqarTveloSi kvlav movida qarTvelis saxiT
rusuli Zala `ukidegano slavuri saSoisa~ da `mongreuli monRoleTis
najvari~, romlis gadalaxvam ar icis sazRvari~ (46. 523).
moZalebuli boroteba mkvidrdeba maSin, roca mas noyieri niadagi
uxvdeba, siyvarulSi naklulevani eri moZalades advilad eTelvineba
(`bermudis samkuTxeds~ mweralma epigrafad warumZRvara: `muxama Tqvao:
culi me ras mizamda, Sig Cemi rom ar erioso~).
istoriis gakveTilad, Cveni sulieri wyobis rRvevaze dasafiqreblad
dagvrCa albaT is faqti, rom damoukideblobis warTmevas, XI armiis
Semosvlas, win uZRoda werili qarTvelisa qarTvelis mimarT (stalinisa
orjonikiZisadmi): `ueWvelad davamarcxoT saqarTvelo!~, romelsac mohyva
depeSa imave adresatisadmi: `axlave Seutie, dasturia, aiRe qalaqi!~ (46.
522)
sisxlian-gmiruli, laCrul-moRalaturi saxeebis aRmbeWdi matiane am
ubedurebasac inaxavs. `Tavisi uxangrZlivesi istoriis gzaze ramdeni
moRalate Svili dahbadebia deda-saqarTvelos, magram vis uTqvams, vis
gaubedavs ase SiSvlad, urcxvad da utifrad: saqarTvelo ueWvelad unda
davamarcxoT?~ (46. 522)
am movlenis Semdeg saqarTvelos damoukideblobis xelyofis axali
mtkivneuli TariRi Sevida istoriaSi. erovnuli mTavrobis damxoba, 1990
wlis 9 aprils gamocxadebuli damoukideblobis Semdeg. aqac rusuli
Zala da neba marTavda sulgayidul qarTvelebs.
`dekember-ianvris samxedro gadatrialebasTan dakavSirebiT
saintereso informacias gvawvdis `novaia kavkazskaia gazeta~, romlis
mTavari redaqtoria profesori givi gorgilaZe.
gazeTis cnobiT, kitovani TviTon acxadebda, rom gadatrialebis
scenari kremlSi iyo dawerili, xolo amierkavkasiis samxedro olqTan
axlo urTierToba hqonda siguas. igive gazeTi afiqsirebs, rom arsebobda
fotosuraTebi, sadac jaba ioseliani da Tengiz kitovani rus general
bepaevTan erTad opozicias iaraRs aZlevda, am saqmianobaSi gareuli iyo
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis yofili ministri vardiko nadibaiZe~ (22. 48-49).
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ruseTSi `SemuSavda saqarTvelos xelisuflebis damxobis gegma,
romelic, rogorc mogvianebiT ganacxada ruseTis parlamentis wevrma i.
afanasievma, 65 milioni maneTiT dafinansda~ (22. 53)
oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza naTlad warmoaCens am
Semzarav sinamdviles da movlenebis kvaldakval amxels mas. mTavrobis
damxobiT dairRva erovnuli mTlianoba saqarTveloSi. ideis Sesabamisad
adamianTa dayofiTa da siyvarulis dakninebiT, moyvasis cnebisadmi
gaukuRmarTebuli damokidebulebiT SuRli tragikul Sedegamde aRzevda.
korufciam, mtroba-siZulvilma daimkvidra asparezi. RmerTi, siyvaruli
Sinaarsdaclil sityvebad iqca.
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi bolSevikebis diqtaturam waarTva
qarTvels `RmerTi _ dasayrdnobi misi, qriste _ sasoeba misi, mRvdeli _
moZRvari, mnaTvleli, jvaris damweri da dammarxveli misi. eklesia _
salocavi misi, dResaswaulebi _ sixaruli da gansveneba misi, pirovneba
da saxl-kar-sakuTreba, siamaye misi.~ (67. 297)
es aTeisturi saxelmwifos mizanmimarTuli qmedeba iyo eris
simrTelis dasarRvevad. RvTis mgmobeli xelisufleba adamians mxolod
amqveyniur yofierebas da materialurs ajaWvavda. es iyo `ritmidan
amovardna~, dairRva adamianis adamianurobis ucvleli faseuloba _
rwmena. ganmkargavi Zala gaxda ampartavneba, boroteba. adamianebma
WeSmariti Rirebulebebi privilegirebul mdgomareobaze advilad
gacvales. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSic axladSobil damoukideblobis
gawirviT wonasworoba dairRva, isev xisa da culis igavi gameorda:
ruseTma Tavisi mizani qarTvelebis xeliT ganaxorciela.
romanSi warmoCenilia, rom mwared axsovs saqarTvelos orjonikiZisa
da orjonikiZeebis `Rvawli~: `dagvwves da gagvaupatiures, _ esec
avitaneT, ramdenadac ki SegveZlo _ gmirulad~ (67. 114).
renegati qarTveli ki amkvidrebda azrs, rom uruseTod Znelia
saqarTveloSi qarTvelis ganmtkicebao. swored orjonikiZiseuli suli
umzerda moskovs, rogorc dedaqalaqs, Tbiliss, rogorc `saxelosnos~
da amtkicebda, mze yinulovani CrdiloeTidan amodiso. Tu XI armiis
Semosvlamde, ramdenime wliT adre simrTelis rRvevis tragikuli
dasturi ilias mkvleloba iyo, axal orjonikiZeebs zviad gamsaxurdia
unda gaewiraT, rom amjerad iqiT xlebodnen TeTr daTvs. dsT-Si
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SesvliT kidev erTxel nebayoflobiT daedgaT brWyviala TvlebiT
morTuli monobis uReli.
sulieri struqturis masobrivi rRveva warmoaCina mweralma XX
saukunis 90-ian wlebis amsaxvel trilogiaSi: `artistuli gadatrialeba~,
`TeTri daTvi~ da `bermudis samkuTxedi~. saTaurebi mizanmimarTulad
aris SerCeuli, rasac kanonieri mTavrobis damamxobelni saxalxo
ajanyebas uwodebdnen, aris `artistuli gadatrialeba~. nawarmoebma
yvelafers marTali saxeli daarqva.
upirvelesad mematianem itvirTa es misia, mxatvruli sityvis
gamomsaxvelobiT Zalas `namdvilobis~ elferi SeaduRaba da es
arsebiTia. mxatvruli nawarmoebis damajereblobis, misi namdvilobis da,
amasTanave, mkiTxvelis rwmenis, monaTxrobisadmi ndobis gareSe
gasaubreba avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris ver Sedgeba (sagulisxmoa, rom
aq sinTezirdeba mxatvruli da realuri namdviloba).
mwerali `artistuli gadatrialebiT~ gviCvenebs, rom 90-iani wlebis
tragedia arc ki uaxlovdeboda gamoTqmas: `saxalxo ajanyeba~.
saintereso istoriuli paraleli aris moZiebuli am tragikul
movlenebTan dakavSirebiT: `sabWouri istoriografia gvimtkicebda, rom
ruseTis mTel imperiaSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSic, 1917 wels moxda
revolucia.
am faqtTan dakavSirebiT tician tabiZe moswrebulad werda: 1917
wlis revolucia saqarTvelos fostiT ecnobao.
gansxvaveba isaa, rom 1991-1992 wlebis dekember-ianvris saxalxo
ajanyebis Sesaxeb `ajanyebul~ qarTvel xalxs fostis nacvlad
televiziiT ecnoba, rom Tqven ajanyebulebi xarT da revolucia ukve
momxdariao~ (18. 214).
moskovis dakveTiT samxedro gadatrialebis ganmaxorcielebelni am
gadatrialebis msxverplT _ qarTvel xalxs, erovnuli interesebis
erTgulT abralebdnen am sisxlisRvras.
aseT totalur RvarZlsa da borotebas mxolod istoriografia ver
asaxavs. aq saWiroa mxatvruli qsovili, mxatvrul-dokumenturi proziT
asxmuli gamocdileba, anu fsiqologiuri kodi, rac mkiTxvels exmareba
movlenebis srul gacnobierebaSi.
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`artistuli gadatrialeba~ xatavs pirveli prezidentis saxes, eris
zneobrivi gamTlianeba umZimes dReebSic rom eimedeboda. `moiaraReTa~
mier gadabirebul gvardias 1991 wlis 23 noembers mimarTavda: `qarTvelo
gvardielebo, nu gadavCexavT saqarTvelos ufskrulSi, nu vizamT amas,
istoria da STamomavloba ar gvapatiebs am sabediswero Secdomas. dRes
saqarTvelo realurad dgas damoukideblobis mijnaze da es aris Cveni
gadarCenis erTaderTi gza _ damoukidebloba xom eris zneobis
gadarCenaa da amdenad TviT eris gadarCenac~ (22. 55).
ase iTxovda da moiTxovda xalxis mier arCeuli prezidenti mamulis
interesebis dacvas, magram `umadlo Jamis~ mflobeli boroteba axSobda
am Txovnis siRrmes. oraswliani monobiT xom TviT mamulis cneba
dakninebuliyo gadagvarebul qarTvelTaTvis, mamuls rogorRa
daicavdnen. isev sasxvisod gaemzadebinaT qarTvelTa samkvidro, sakuTari
keTildReobis sanacvlod. mamulis gasxvisebis gzaze erovnuli
mTavrobis, prezidentis damxoba iyo mTavari.
es Jami akninebda arsismier madls xalxSi. xalxisa da brbos cnebas
yvelas saTavisod iyenebda.
oTar CxeiZis trilogia am movlenas daxvewili mxatvruli qargiT
asaxavs.
`artistul gadatrialebaSi~ CarTulia g. Wanturias samitingo
monologi: `xalxi brbod iqca. brbos Cven isev xalxad gadavaqcevT.
xalxi isev Cven amogvidgeba mxarSia. xalxs Cven miviyvanT saboloo
gamarjvebamde. gamsaxurdia-SevardnaZis aliansi daRupavs qarTvel
xalxsa. es aliansi saqarTvelos daagebs isev ruseTis proviniciada~ (58.
62).
samxedro gadatrialebis, `demokrati~ opozicionerebis qmedebis
Sedegi ixila gaubedurebulma saqarTvelom da es movlenebi aisaxa oTar
CxeiZis roman `TeTr daTvSi~.
damxobili mTavrobis adgils ikavebs e. SevardnaZe. misi moRvaweobis
mZime periodia qveynis ganviTarebis arakanonzomieri gza, aRreuli da
ganadgurebuli realoba. aRniSnuli epoqisadmi miZRvnili mxatvrul-
dokumenturi qronikebi TavisTavad amyarebs mkiTxvelTan mxatvrul
komunikacias. gamocdilebis fsiqologiuri kodis aqtiurobis SemTxvevaSi
mwerlTan TanamSromlobs moqalaqe da mkiTxveli.
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1991-1992 wlebis movlenebma, erovnuli mTavrobis damxobam
daadastura zviad gamsaxurdias winaswarxedva mosalodneli Sedegebis
Sesaxeb. igi mowinaaRmdegeebs, romlebic mis gadadgomas moiTxovdnen,
mimarTavda, rom prezidentis postidan misi wasvla gamoiwvevda:
`saqarTvelos, rogorc aseTis, saxelmwifo mTlianobis srul
dezintegracias da darRvevas. iqneba xelisuflebis ramdenime kera, erT-
erTi da uZlieresi iqneba imis xelSi, vis xelSic aris SeiaraRebuli
formirebebi~ (22. 54).
es ubedureba Cveni guSindeli dRea. is aRsrulda.
oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebiTi da Wirisuflismieri mzera kuTxe-
kunWuls ar tovebs mouxilavad.
romanis erT-erTi siuJeti, baadur rikoTelisa da gandevnili
prezidentis Sexvedra, amTlianebs empiriul samyarosa da tragikuli
sinamdvilis ganmapirobebel ubedurebas _ sulier mRviZarebaSi
myofTaTvis mZime sasjelad rom qceula, radgan am sibrmaves mteri
iyenebs mizanmimarTulad.
baaduri Tavis pozicias ase arqmevs: `samSoblos winaSe aRmovCndi~,
mere ki anonimi mTxrobeli CaerTvis: `aRar ganagrZobs. esec ar unda
meTqvao ro gascviTes Rirsebai samSoblosi yovlad uRirsma Svilebma. ar
unda meTqvao.
`samSoblo~. isic ityvis, TiTqos ro, ager ro: Tvalwin kuboSi
usveniao~ (60. 183).
mwerali-mematiane axasiaTebs (gandevnili prezidentis piriT) axali
xelisuflebis mier qveynis marTvis savaraudo sqemas: `aikleben aqaobasa.
aikleben. jer ho viTom Seirigeben momxreebsa. mere gamohkreben nel-
nelobiTa, daarqmeven kriminalebsa, TviTon kriminalebi, TviTon
mosyidulni, saxels gautexen, daasaxiCreben, TviT rwmenasac
daasaxiCreben samSoblosi. ukve asaxiCreben~ (60. 184).
erovnuli sulis struqturis rRvevaze rom vsaubrobT, gveufleba
survili, mtris iaraRad gamoyenebul adamianebs `Ze SecTomilni~
vuwodoT, magram ubedurebasa da rRvevis procesis tragikul xasiaTze
miuTiTebs sisxlisRvris organizatorTa TviTkmayofileba daRvrili
sisxliT, ZmaTa kvliT miRweuli Sedegis gamo.
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`simrTelemde~ albaT mZime da rTuli, Sori gza aqvs Cvens ers
gasavleli, roca am tragikul movlenebidan, 6 wlis Semdeg mis aqtiur
monawiles SeuZlia ganacxados: `Cveni xelisufleba sisxliT movida. am
brZolaSi me aqtiurad vmonawileobdi. es absoluturad meamayeba.
mimaCnia, rom im xelisuflebis moSoreba saqarTvelos xsnis erTaderTi
gza iyo. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis moSorebiT Cven sazogadoebas
qirurgiuli operacia gavukeTeT. is mourCeneli seni iyo~ (22. 47).
“Ze Secdomili” sinanulis madliT naTdeba. Sinagani mzeriT xedavs
da afasebs movlenebs. igi sinanulma da siyvarulis cecxlma gananaTla.
im movlenebis mTavar moqmed pirT Tu es cecxli Seexo, am
gulgrilobaSi ver darCebodnen.
gazeT `axali Taobis~ 1998 wlis 14 aprilis nomerSi T. kitovani
gaocebas gamoxatavda: `TiTqos Cvenma biWebma da mec raRac davaSaveT.
CavidineT iseTi ram, rom prezidenti CamovagdeT! ratom aris monaTluli
is, rac Cven CavidineT, kriminalur revoluciad?~ (22. 53)
ai, Sinagani ubedureba: gareSe ZalebTan Tanxmoba, katalizatoris
funqcia qveynis dasarbevad, `sazogadoebis qirurgiuli operaciisaTvis~,
struqturadarRveuli, sulieri radiaciis velze moqceuli Svilebisagan
(da ara Ze SecTomilTagan).
es sinamdvile mxatvruli sistemis organizebis ostatobiT miutana
mkiTxvels oTar CxeiZem.
`artistul gadatrialebaSi~ mwerlis diskursi gansakuTrebuli
lakonizmiT gamoirCeva: `Ralati zogjer Tavdadeba ratom hgoniaT, ratom
hgoniaT moRalateT gmirebi varTo; codna imisa zRvari sad udevs
Ralatsa da erTgulebasa. Sua ar udevs didi mzRvari, _ erTi bewvaa da
cdunebac advili gaxlavs~ (58. 335).
`bermudis samkuTxedi~ mravalmniSvnelovnad Cafiqrebuli saTauria.
saqarTvelos saboloo gacamtverebisTvis ruseTma moamzada bermudis
samkuTxedi: soxumi-cxinvali-baTumi, am samkuTxeds sabolood unda
Seewira qveyana. samkuTxedis yovlis gamanadgurebeli Zalis gasaRebi
ruseTs hqonda yovelTvis, aRmsrulebelni ki `simrTeledarRveuli~
qarTvelebi iyvnen.
mweralma erT-erT interviuSi ganacxada, rom man romanis daweramde
saguldagulod Seiswavla am samkuTxedis Teoria. bunebrivia, mas misi
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moqmedebis sistema ainteresebda, raTa igi zustad daekavSirebina eris
sulieri enTropiisaTvis. oTar CxeiZis sityvebiT: `Cveni istoria, sruli
istoria, dasawyisdabadebidan ager, aqamomde bermuduli bedisweraa _
vixrCobiT da vixrCobiT da... mainc suls viTqvamT~ (75. 3).
oTar CxeiZem ase daaxasiaTa bermudis samkuTxedSi moqceuli XX
saukunis saqarTvelo: `komunisturma ruseTma sami avtonomia Cado
saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos dasangrevada: soxumi-baTumi-cxinvali. sami
kuTxe. isev imas ebRauWeba. imitom moSala avtonomiebi gamsaxurdiama. isev
aRadgines da ebRauWeba isev iseve. rac unda gveSvelos, es mainc gastans,
karga xans gastans da kai gvariani RonisZiebanic dasWirdeba~ (iqve).
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg xangrZlivad amoqmedebuli
komunisturi bombi, avtonomiebis saxiT, kidev erTxel gaxda cxadi
saqarTvelosTvis 2008 wlis agvistoSi.
dgas dazafruli molodinis Jami: moxdeba am maradmoqmedi bombisgan
saqarTvelos ganaRmva?!
ruseTis mier mzakvrulad Cafiqrebul am avtonomiuri respublikebis
Seqmnis da amoqmedebis meqanizmi aisaxa `bermudis samkuTxedSi~, magram
WeSmariti xelovani amas gviCvenebs siuJeturi struqturis miRma.
siuJeti ki XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis ruxi sinamdvilea: `arc
moswrebia ufro Semzaravi siave Tbilissa, dekember-ianvris ambebi ro
gaxlda~. (58. 37)
am nawarmoebSi mwerali saintereso kompoziciur mTlianobas qmnis,
riTac axmianebs TviT epoqis suls, `ufro ki xatavs im garemos, im
atmosferos, romelic Seqmna meore prezidentma, im rRvevis process, rac
mohyva mis mmarTvelobas, mis mier Tbilisis aeroportSi gamocxadebul
pirvelsave frazas _ mivesalmebi inteligencias, iaraRi rom aiRo xelSi
tiraniis dasamxobado~ (72. 4).
am periodis tragikuli sinamdvilea _ `gaacures soxumica,
cxinvalica gandagana~ (59. 410).
oTar CxeiZis marTali sityva aRwers fizikurad Tu sulierad
darbeul saqarTvelos _ sakuTari Svilebi mSobliur qveyanas
ltolvilebad rom movlenian, `iaraRiani inteligencia~ Jandarmad rom
qceula da erTguleba gandevnila, dasawyisSi ki _ `moskovi iqa,
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Tbilisis zRva da kinosaxli ki aqa bdRvinavda... bdRvinavdnen
mowinaaRmdegeni damoukideblobisa, prezidentisao...~ (58. 60).
samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg dedaqalaqi, faqtobrivad,
kriminalTa saTareSod iqca. ubedureba – sulieri mzeris simwiriT
ganpirobebuli, mizanmimarTuli antikompaniis Sedegad Seqmnili
fsiqologiuri foni, romelic `calkeul jgufebs `mrgvali magidis~
`didi borotebis~ aRmofxvrisken ubiZgebda. es iyo didi sisxlisRvrisa
da ubedurebis gza, e.w. wesrigis damcvelebis mier danaSaulebrivi
qmedebani ganxorcielda 19, 25, 27, 29 ianvars, 2 Tebervals~ (1992 w.) (22.
78). mitingebis iaraRiT darbeva Cveulebrivi ambavi gaxda.
bdRvinvas tyvia mohyva, tyviam ZmaTa sisxli daRvara, gandevnes
pirveli prezidenti: `erovnuli ho wyals waeRo. provinciuli faSizmio.
radikaluri nacionalizmio. crunacionalizmio, kidev raRao, anTu raRa
arao, abuCad aegdoT Tavmoyvareobai erovnuli Tu isic Caeqola
gaWirvebasa?!. aqeT gaWirvebasa, iqiT xelisuflebasa...~ (58. 62)
sxvaTa sityvis `o~ teqstSi xazs usvams, rom aq CamoTvlili
saxeldebebi gamogonilia, xolo am `o~-s gareSe warmoTqmuli frazebi
mwerlis daskvnaa, Wirisuflis tkiviliT gaxmianebuli.
gamocdilebis anu fsiqologiuri kodi mkiTxvelisTvis xdeba gza
literaturuli komunikaciisa, amitom mTliandeba mwerlisa da
mkiTxvelis satkivari. aq ar ixsneba Soreuli sivrceebi, gancdil-
gadatanili realizebulia Semoqmedis mier da mkiTxvels eZleva
analizisTvis.
xelisuflebisaken ambiciuri swrafva adamianis Sinagan Tavisuflebas
abrkolebs. `adamians Tavisi Tavisufali nebis RvTisadmi daqvemdebarebiT
TiTqosda unda daesrulebina, gaemyarebina es srulqmna da amiT RmerTsa
da qveyanas Soris urTierToba daemyarebina...~ (33. 87). es kanonzomiereba
roca irRveva, rgoli RmerTsa da xalxs Soris wydeba. moZalade
xelisufleba Tavsac iRupavs da xalxsac swiravs: `ra brmai brmasa wina
waruZRvis, orTaveni ufskruls STacvivian~. vinc iaraRiT moipova
xelisufleba, siyvarulis niWiT cxebuli ver iqneba. `siyvarulSi mTavari
dabrkoleba ara sakuTriv xelisufleba da simdidre, aramed maTze
mikerZoebaa, maTze moimedeoba, maTi gadaqcevaa im urCxulad, romelic
adamianTa gulebs nTqavs~ (33. 252).
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gulebi roca STanTqmulia am urCxulisagan, mwerali godebs: `vis
axsovs marTla is Tbilisi, rac SeuZlian ro iyos, rasac ar aclian
xarbi mtrebi da mosurneni, Tu aranakleb xarbi da moSurne sakuTari
Svilebi, advilad rom mieyidebian yvelaze saSinel, yvelaze gaumaZRar,
yvelaze mZvinvare, yvelaze daundobel da gautanel... saxelisa mamisaTa
da ZisaTa da suliTa wmidisaTa... RmerTo, nuRar gamameorebineb~ (58. 346).
borotis saxeldebiT moxsenieba mistikuri TvalsazrisiT
tabudadebulia (albaT amitom arsebobs megrul enaSi sityva `vaSiners~).
sityvas Zala aqvs, romelic misi xsenebisas gamovlindeba.
borotis xsenebas erideba mwerali, mkiTxvelsac TiTqos mouwodebs,
mxolod igulisxmos zneobrivad dakninebul qarTvelTa ganmkargavi
bneli Zalis saxeli; mouxseneblobiTac daupirispirdes uxilav mters,
damTrgunvel Zalas.
oTar CxeiZe mxilebiT mkurnalobs zneobriv uZlurebas. `bermudis
samkuTxedis~ SesavalSi igi ambobs, vubrundebi gamotovebul Temebs: `Tu
ratom gadagvarda qarTveli kaci, Tu rogor gadagvarda. XX saukuneSi
ro gadagvarda, manamdisac ise ar gadagvarebulao~ (59. 3).
wuTisofelSi movlenil adamians Tan mohyva: swrafva, rwmena, eWvi,
Ziebis wyurvili: `adamiani xateba da msgavseba RmrTisa, RmrTis xateba
adamianSi _ esaa samebis TvisebaTa anarekli: goneba, neba, Tavisufleba,
sikeTisken swrafva, msgavseba _ rogorc sulieri srulyofis, ise bunebis
gardaqmnis, bednieri da samarTliani cxovrebis aSenebisa da agebis
TvalsazrisiT~ (33. 43)
mwerlis mier saxeSesxmuli personaJebi gviCveneben adamianis
dacemul bunebas Tu mimsgavsebulobisaken swrafvas. arsisgan
mowyvetilia adamiani, romelsac ver gaucnobierebia, rom civilizebul
qveyanaSi, sadac morali mtkice zneobriv safuZvels warmoadgens, piradi
bedniereba sazogadosgan ar gamoiyofa. am WeSmaritebas ar Rebulobs is,
vinc ijerebs mxolod imas, rac misTvis aris sasurveli.
aseTi adamianebi daxata oTar CxeiZem. asaxa, Tu rogor dakarges
umTavresi jildo _ Sinagani Tavisufleba da cxovrebis am wesiT
Seeziarnen borotebas. es aris gaoreba _ sulieri qondriskacoba _
rwmenac da urwmunoebac erTdroulad.
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adamianis sulieri samyaros moxilvisas mwerals arc is gamorCenia,
rom pirvelqmnili codvidan moyolebuli, zneobrivad gaRaribebuli
adamiani TavisTavSi ukve veRar amCnevs qristianuli siyvarulis
ukmarisobas, dakninebas, sulSi sarevelas moZalebas, magram jer kidev
imdenad ar gaqvavebula, rom misi moTxovnilebis grZnoba ar aSfoTebdes.
`jer kidev roa imisTa xelTa. anu xelTa uxilavisa. rac ro gvabrunebs,
gvatrialebs~ (58. 455).
`uxilavi~ dausabamoa da dausrulebeli. maradmedini dro miiTvlis
politikur vnebaTa Relvas, aRzevebulebs da damcrobilebs, cruTa Tu
marTalT. arqimandritma rafaelma dros `maradisobis muclad yofnis
periodi~ uwoda. maradisoba aris WeSmariti myofoba, dro ki etapi.
adamianTa amqveyniuri yofa naTlisken swrafvas unda emsaxurebodes,
radgan didebis mantiiT xSirad uzneoba imoseba. ase moxda gasuli
saukunis 90-ian wlebSi. xelisuflebas umetes SemTxvevaSi didebis
mopovebis mizniT (ambiciebi unda dakmayofilebuliyo) daupirispirdnen,
`Jamis mflobelad~ CaTvales Tavi, `Tbilisi daangries da sapatio
moqalaqeebad irCevdnen damangrevlebsa~ (58. 63).
`umadlo Jami~, _ brZana mweralma. ufro mignebulad verc uwodeb
periods ZmaTa Soris dapirispirebisa, sisxlisRvrisa.
`dekember-ianvris movlenebis cnobili Semsruleblebi kategoriulad
uaryofen, rom xelisuflebis saTaveSi samxedro ZaliT movidnen.
marTalia, am triumviratidan, arc erTi ar iyo samxedro piri, magram
faqtia, rom 1992 wlis 2 ianvridan amoqmedda samxedro sabWo, romlis
erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli da xelmZRvaneli iyo gvardiis meTauri T.
kitovani, xolo j. ioselians emorCileboda sakmaod Zlieri samxedro
formireba `mxedrioni~ (22. 64).
oTar CxeiZem Tavisi trilogiiT marTali sityva Tqva.
mwerali Tavidanve ganawyobs mkiTxvels Tavis samyarosTan
Sesaxvedrad, romelic piruTvneli Semfasebeli iqneba eris sulieri
wyobisa da misi erTguli Tu angarebiT dabrmavebuli Svilebisa.
akaki baqraZe gvafrTxilebs: `metad Znelia da rTuli imsjelo eris
sulier Tvisebebze, esTetikuri bunebisa da xasiaTis sruli amocnoba
SeuZlebelic aris... gulaxdilad rom vTqvaT, bolomde pirovnebis buneba-
Tvisebis amocnobac ki Wirs da mTeli eris xasiaTs rogorRa unda
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miagnos kacma, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom am problemaze ar
davfiqrdeT da ar vcadoT Tundac zogierTi niSan-Tvisebis moZebna~ (9.
602)
da bedavs oTar CxeiZe amoxsnas Znelad amosaxsneli _ eris xasiaTi,
radgan mwerlis sulma da SemoqmedebiTma gonma ixila epoqa _
winaaRmdegobrivi suliT daRdasmuli. sagulisxmoa, rom mis
nawarmoebebSi gamZafrebas mudam sulieri cxovrebis tkivilebi afarebs
Tavs.
dasaxelebul trilogiaSi xazgasmulia erovnuli tragedia: `RmerTo,
dagvifare!.. `rogorc ufali, samSobloc erTia qveyanazeda~ RmerTo
dagvifare!.. da matulobda da matulobda gundebi, samSoblo _ ara.
fleTdnen samSoblos da aburTavednen nafleTebsa~ (58. 55).
isev oTar CxeiZis eniT Tu davaxasiaTebT `nafleTebiT moburTave~
adamianebs, aRvniSnavT, rom `raindobam icoda Rirseuli Janrebi,
pragmatizmma _ ara. pragmatizmma gamorCena icoda...~ (58. 40) da iRvreboda
sisxli gamorCenisTvis, `wuT erT didebisTvis~ _ savarZlebisTvis,
ambiciebis dakmayofilebisTvis, magram saxelad yovelive amas erovnuli
interesebisTvis brZola erqva, eri ki nadgurdeboda: `eri sacodavi; xan
ro xalxs daarqmeven, xan ro _ brbosa. gamoiyeneben _ xalxiao,
gaujiqdebian _ brboao. ara da eria; Zlieri, mtkice, gautexeli, Zeni
dabneulni ro hyidian da hyidian, dabneulnica da daubnevelnica: eri
visTvisac ro araferia, sargebeli roa yvelaferi...~ (58. 99).
`Zeni dabneulni~ `Ze Secdomilis~ saxesTan asocirdeba _ mamis
wiaRidan wasuli sitkboebisTvis, vnebis monobisTvis rom flangavs dros
wuTisofelSi, ukanmouxedavad rom gadaeSva TavaSvebuli cxovrebis
wumpeSi, gaflanga da dakarga yvelaferi. man yaCaRis msgavsad `Seikriba
yoveli da warvida Sorsa sofelsa...~ (4. 12)
Ze Secdomilis saqciels ganapirobebs daavadebuli `ego~,
romlisTvisac ucxoa siyvaruli.
XX s-is 90 – iani wlebis tragediis reJisorni Tu Semsrulebelni
eris interesebis, saqarTvelos gadarCenas uwodebnen ZmaTa Soris
sisxlisRvras, ideis erTgulebisTvis adamianTa fizikur angariSworebas.
aseT sinamdvileSi asparezi aqvs yalb kacTmoyvareobasa da iaffasian
gulisxmierebas.
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ambiciuri interesebis dakmayofilebisaTvis iaraRis momarjveba,
siZulviliTa da boRmiT adamianTa darbeva, represiebi adasturebs, rom
`xdeba absoluturi ignorireba da mitoveba adamianisa, romlis idealic
sul sxva simaRle da Rirsebaa~, (4. 22). arqimandrit vasilis es sityvebi
xazs usvams struqturadarRveul adamianSi siyvarulis niWis, adamianobis
upirvelesi dasturis, daxSobas.
literatura, rogorc `sulismcodneoba~ epoqis Taviseburebis
Sesabamisad xatavs am process. zogadad `xelovneba aris realobis baZva
anu mimezisi~ (i. ratiani).
uaxlesi istoriis furclebi inaxavs uflis saxeliT RvTis
sawinaaRmdego qmedebis SemaZrwunebel faqtebs.
`irwmunebodnen: RmerTi gvwamso, codos ar aRiarebdnen. RmerTi
swamdaT. daikides jvrebi. dagvinaxeTo. daikides. daikides~ (58. 51). ase
axasiaTebs oTar CxeiZe Zalas, romelic WeSmarit erovnul cnobierebas
daupirispirda.
1989 wlidan, roca 9 aprili momzadda, 1991-1992 wlebSi, roca
erovnul mTavrobas tankebiT daupirispirdnen _ eri or dapirispirebul
nawilad gayves: `Zeni dabneulni~ marTavdnen situacias, zeobdnen
asparezze da amcirebdnen, tyviebs esrodnen pirveli prezidentis ndobis
da erTgulebisaTvis.
diax, `umadlo Jami~ idga...
`Suri boboqrobda, sZraxavda prezidenti Sursa... qveyana eSleboda.
bunebaSi araferi ar aris mTeli, Tavisuflebac mTeli ar ariso.
Tavisufleba. efSxvneboda. iyofoda yvelaferi, iSleboda, ixliCeboda,
ifanteboda, Ravdeboda, qarwyleboda, niavdeboda, yvelaferi, yvelaferi,
yvelaferi~ (58. 72).
migel de unamuno ambobda: `politika erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso
TvalTaxedviT wertilia, roca gindaT raime problemas pirdapir saxeSi
SexedoT~ (29. 75), magram qarTul sinamdvileSi politika ambiciebis
dakmayofilebis, piradi SurisZiebis asparezad qceuliyo maSin.
movlenebs amwvavebdnen:
`ganiaraRdiT, brZanebda prezidenti, ufro da ufro iaraRdebodnen,
rusis garnizonebi hyiddnen iaraRsa, jer Calis fasada, mere
mamasisxlada...
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- - 81
xan karsac gauRebdnen: viTom Tavs dagvesxiT, viTom mogvtaceTo.
waiReT. waiReT. hxoceT erTmaneTio...~ (58. 179)
am sinamdvilis mxatvruli suraTi aseTia `artistul
gadatrialebaSi~: `sisxlis suni idga haerSi. Ramdeboda ro
sisxlisfrada. Tendeboda sisxlisfradve~ (58. 179).
aseT viTarebaSi `sasaxle aRar imuqreboda. Cven isev yvavilebiT
mivalTo, Cveni iaraRi yvavilebiao~ _ es iyo prezidentis pozicia:
`SimSiloba me vaswavleo, mitingebi me vaswavleo, gzebis gadaxidva me
vaswavleo, rkinigzis ayra me vaswavleo, axla yvavilebis mitanas
vaswavli, ganmeoreba codnis dedaao, Cveni gza esaa, yvavilebia, axla
Cveni xsna Tanxmoba ariso~ (58. 102)
Tanxmobas zneobrivi simaRle sWirdeba. is siyvarulis nayofia da
siyvarulgamwirebuli sazogadoeba ver mieaxla sanukvar Tanxmobas,
romelsac eris mTlianobis gadarCena SeeZlo.
ilia marTali brZanebda: `madli erTisgan gawirvaa, meorisgan
Sewirva. Tu an gamwirveli ar aris, an Semwirveli madli ar
xorcieldeba~.
qveynis ubedureba swored am gawirva-Sewirvis mizez-Sedegobrivi
jaWvis moSlaa. opozicias TviTmiznad gaexada mTavrobis damxoba. jer
kidev seqtemberSi opoziciis erT – erTi lideri irakli wereTeli
acxadebda: `an Cven davixocebiT, an is, radac unda dajdes es... Cemi
azriT, es aris aucilebeli, rom gamsaxurdia iqnes Camogdebuli. amaze
ori azri ar arsebobs~ (22. 57).
madls siyvaruliT nakvebi Tanxmoba amoqmedebs, magram es sulieri
veli saqarTveloSi dabnelebuliyo da oTar CxeiZem es uxilavi
usaxuroba aRwera trilogiaSi. teqstobrivi signalebiT Seqmnili
mxatvruli modeli acocxlebs im mZime gansacdels.
angarebiT STagonebuli adamianebi TviT erTmaneTisTvis ar arian
sando: `sando ar aris aravina. erTi Tu mocurda, gadauWrian Toksa
xergianiviTa, _ maSinve, maSinve, uyoymanoda _ aRar Cahxedaven, aba, Tu sad
gadaiCexao: daerevian erTimeoresa, dahfleTen, daglejen, erTimeoresa~
(60. 134). aseTi damokidebulebaa im adamianebs Soris, romlebmac
aRisrules wadili.
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iaraRiT mosuli Tavisufleba sakuTar Tavs ver amkvidrebs, rogorc
erTian Zalas. miT ufro ver gaamTlianebs qveyanas, sazogadoebas.
dambadebeli Zala aris siyvaruli _ `siyvarulia RmerTi~. RmerTisgan
mowyveta sibneles alaRebs.
oTar CxeiZe xatavs am sinamdviles, process, roca TiToeuli
adamiani gverdiT mdgomSi eZebs gantevebis vacs. boroteba
TviTganadgurebis potencias daatarebs. es procesi, adre Tu gvian, unda
daiwyos. sagulisxmoa erTi pasaJi:
saxelmwifos meTauri fiqrobs: `gasces pasuxi sapatio sardalma (e.i.
kitovanma _ n.f.), saferfleebis moqandakem gasces pasuxi~.
jaba ioseliansac gasvlia yavli: `jaba Semodis bodiSebiTa, ver
amCnevs TiTqos saxelmwifos meTauri, viTomac iqac ro ver SeniSna~ (60.
137).
politikosobis Jins minebebuli adamianebis swrafva samarTlianobis
miRma moqmedebs: `saxelmwifos meTauris winaSe axorxocebulan,
atruvebulan, mozRvavebulan:
_ ara, me ufro vangrevdi Tbilissa;
_ ara, me ufro;
_ ara, me ufro, _ midi da SeaCere, Tu vaJkaci xar!~ (60. 137)
oTar CxeiZis vaigmiriani, realurpersonaJiani SemoqmedebiTi samyaro
rTuli da mZime istoriuli viTarebis mxardamxar dgas. nawarmoebebi
dialogs marTaven sazogadoebasa da istoriasTan; es urTierToba
mwerlis qmnilebebTan momavali TaobebisTvis kidev ufro saintereso
iqneba. trilogiaSi asaxuli epoqis mkvlevarma wlebis Semdeg iqneb
gaimeoros rumineli istorikosis, iorgas sityvebi: `neta meti
literaturuli niWi mqonoda, ukeTesi da ufro didi istorikosi
viqnebodio~ (37. 42).
mwerlis mamxilebeli kalami viwro erovnul interesebs ki ar
dastrialebs, zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebas _ pirovnebis Tavisuflebas
icavs. cxadad gviCvenebs: `ganjgonebul~ sazogadoebaSi gamovlenil
msxverplisunarianobas, `umadlo JamSi~ SenarCunebul zneobriv simtkices
Tavi rom gamoudvia adamianobis gadasarCenad uadamianobis moZalebaSi,
Tavi gadaudvia da ganwirula kidec.
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- - 83
sulxan-sabas mixedviT: `ganjgonebuli _ boroti keTili egonos~ (43.
146). sulieri sijansaRis pirobebSi ganjgonebuloba fexs ver moikidebs,
simrTelis struqturis rRvevis, sulier mRviZarebaSi ver yofnis nayofia
igi. `Tu qristeani mRviZarebaSi ar aris, gansacdelSi Cavardeba~ (52. 77).
gansacdeli ki zogjer Wreli samosiT modis, zogjer _ sisxlisRvriT.
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gansacdeli erovnuli mTavrobis,
erovnuli cnobierebis winaaRmdeg aRmarTuli maxviliT (konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, opoziciis xelSi agrialebuli rusuli iaraRiT)
gamovlinda.
`artistuli gadatrialeba~ trilogiis pirveli wignia, romelSic
asaxulia, Tu rogor iwyeba rRveva da rbeva. `gajarTebuli sulis~
qmedeba: `Tu gamsaxurdias airCeven, me gamoval Cemi xalxis winaaRmdeg!
airCies ar gaugones. Ziirs! _ hyvirodnen axla. da axSobda xmaT ufro
mravlaTa: zviadi!.. zviadi!..~ (58. 38).
Txroba publicisturi stiliT grZeldeba: `yvela parlamentSi ver
moxvedrila, yvelas iq unda. quCa qceula parlamentada. axamebulan,
daxacicebulan. saxelmwifo aRara hqoniaT didi xania. aRara hqoniaT,
moepovebiaT da yvelas unda TviTon iyos igi pirveli~ (58. 39). mwerali
saTanado sityvebs arCevs aRreuli sazogadoebis SvilTa `uRirsi
swrafvis gamosaxatavad: `daxamebulan,~ `daxacicebulan~, awmyo aRreula
_ yvela pirvelobisTvis ibrZvis: `taxti yvelas monebebia, taxti erTia~
(iqve).
warsulSi erekle mefe godebda: `mwyemso keTilo, Sens wminda
samwysos Semovavedreb Sensa samefos~ _ TviTon gaswira da mwyemss
avedrebda da ver gauWria vedrebasa amasa, aqamdis mainc verra gaeWra (58.
234).
trilogiaSi warmoCenilia, rom momavalsac bindi gadahkvria, arsad
igrZnoba sulis mxurvaleba, sijansaRe kvlav rom aRsdges, eri
gamTliandes, bneli Zala mefobs, iq uZlurebaa, sadac `borotyofai ara
Zalisad ars, aramed uZlurebisad~ (40. 212). am uZlurebisagan daxSulia
sulieri Tvali. taZarSi Sevlilni `pirjvars daiwerdnen ise civada,
uguloda, ise TiTqos mtveri Camoibertyeso; anTu atyuebdnen mwyemssa
keTilsa, viTom atyuebdnen, is moTminebiT mouwodebda. suli amiT
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- - 84
xoxavda miwaze (58. 40). samSoblo, saTnoeba, sikeTe xatebTan rCeboda;
`gareTa hqreboda qariSxalSi sityvaTa, mrisxane sityvaTa~... (iqve)
saTqmels alegoriuli Txroba kravs: `bRavis farebi. aRarc sad igi
mwyemsi keTili, aRarc sxva mwyemsi.
bRavis farebi.
mwyemsi keTili.
Cven RvTismSobels Cagvabarao.
RvTismSobelma ninos gadagvca, wminda ninosa, ar Segvivrdoma,
gadagvabarao: me ver movuvli mag ukeTur xalxsao~ (58. 39).
nawarmoebis am mcire monakveTSi areklilia qarTuli sulierebis
sivrce: mwerlis Tanamedrove, `mwyemsi keTilis~ umTavresi moZRvrebis
(`iyuarebdeT urTierTas, viTarca me Tqvuen SegiyvareT~) verSemsmeni
qarTvelebis mxilebiT. maTi mxolod goneba wvdeba kapadokieli
qalwulis saxels, vazis jvriT naTelRebis ambavs, guli ki daxSulia,
suli ver gauTbia im jvris madliT, amitom aRar Cans `mwyemsi keTili~.
`pirjvars daiwerdnen ise civada, uguloda~, radgan jvaris madli
ver SeutkbiaT, jvaris erTgulebis arsi dabindula cnobierebaSi,
daviwyniaT, rom TiToeuli adamiani upirvelesad uxilav, sulier jvris
unda daatarebdes. uwmindesisa da unetaresis, ilia II-is ganmartebiT:
`vertikaluri Zeli am sulieri jvrisa aris swrafva RvTisken,
horizontaluri ki _ swrafva adamianebisaken. sulieri jvris gamosaxva
Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT – adamianis cxovrebis umTavresi mizania~ (42.
209).
dro-Jamis erT sivrcul arealSi moqcevis gancda eufleba mkiTxvels
oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul samyarosTan miaxlebisas.
trilogiaSi asaxuli epoqis seni aris sulieri daqucmaceba,
Semoqmedisgan mowyveta. ubedurebis am sawyis rgolze amaxvilebs
mwerali yuradRebas. `saukuneebs siSore ufro aaxlovebs, roca
damokidebulebiT dro-Jami suliT inaRmeba~ (67. 408) da cxaddeba, rom
mociqulTa droidan WeSmariti sarwmunoebis madliT cxebul ers aqvs
gza xsnisa.
RirebulebisTvis brZola Sinagani Tavisuflebis mqone adamianebs
SeuZliaT mxolod, amitom aris es brZola dasawyebi sakuTar TavTan
brZoliT, WeSmaritebis sulis ganmtkicebiT, amis gareSe politikuri
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- - 85
Tavisufleba sikeTes ar emsaxureba. `zneoba, Cvens sinamdvileSi ar
asrulebs adamianTa moRvaweobis momwesrigebel funqcias. swored amitom
aris mosaxmobi qristianuli suli~ (51. 432).
oTar CxeiZe qmnis mter-moyvris fuTfuTis naTel suraTs
siyvarulgamwirebul saqarTveloSi. `artistuli gadatrialeba~ mwerlis
Tanamedrove qarTvelTa rwmenas ase axasiaTebs: `ara swamdaT _ iwames,
anTu hbaZaven, anTu ahyvnen drois qrolvasa, es sulerTia: zneoba rwmenam
unda aamaRlos mainca da Tundac miendon da Tundac ahyvnen, _ aiyvans,
aRamaRlebs. ganwmendavs~ (58. 207). am striqonebSi imedi ufro JRers
ufalTan miaxlebisa, vidre gacnobierebuli swrafva uzenaesisaken.
adamiani Tavisi arsiT nawilia kosmiuri harmoniisa, amitom swrafva
Zlieria, cnobieri procesi ki uflis wyurvilia, aRmatebuli swrafvaa
WeSmarit siyvarulTan miaxlebisa. eklesiaSi dabrunebuli adamiani
axladfexadgmulia Semoqmedisaken mimaval gzaze. mwerali sazogadoebisa
da eklesiis urTierTobas ase axasiaTebs: `eklesia aRdga, magram rwmenas
daagviandeba, Cveni locva locvas ara hgavs, Cveni pirjvari ara hgavs
pirjvarsa, gancda ar gaaCnia vedrebasa Cvensa, mxurvaleba ar gaaCnia. Cven
ho isini varT, urwmunoeba visac Caunerges, _ isini varT, ase advilad
rwmenas viT avyvebiT?.. cbierebaa Cveni morwmunoeba...~ (58. 233). siuJetis
mdinarebaSi CarTuli diskursi tragediis safuZvels arqmevs saxels.
minavlebuli rwmenis, `gasabWoebuli sulis~ nayofia, rom `erovnuli
gancdac mtkice ar gamodga. ara, ara, amanac ver gasZlo, siZulvilma
dahfara yvelaferi~ (iqve).
erovnuli gancda eris, qveynis siyvarulia, siyvarulis gareSe ar
arsebobs erTguleba. rac Seexeba samSoblos namdvil siyvaruls, igi
mxolod srulyofili samarTlianobisa da uzenaesi WeSmaritebis gancdis
Sedegia.
oTar CxeiZis personaJebi emsgavsebian da gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan, maTSi zogjer mkrTali da bundovania uflis gancda,
zogjer farisevluri (gizo korZeli _ `bermudis samkuTxedi~), zogjer
ki tkiviliT nawrTobi suli naTdeba uflis siyvaruliT (rodami, maiko _
`morCili~).
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- - 86
personaJTa xasiaTebi iZerweba maTi moqmedebebis, Svebebis, gancdebis
daxatviT. es mravalferovneba warmoaCens adamians RirsebiTa da nakliT,
dacemiTa da aRzevebiT.
gizo korZeli (`bermudis samkuTxedi~) gansacdelis Jamsa Tu
gamorCenis gzas gamodevnebuli gonebiT xSirad mimarTavs ufals,
axsendeba: `RmerTi ar gaswiravs kacsa SengniT ganawirsao~, es sibrZne
eameba, magram Sinaganad dabneulia: `RmerTs miendoba, rwmeniT ara swams
albaT ro ara, ara loculobs, ara marxulobs, ar eziareba, magram
albaT ro mainca swams; maS, rad miendoba?..~ (59. 614) am personaJis
damokidebuleba uzenaesisadmi pragmatul damokidebulebas ar scildeba.
mweralma cxadad gviCvena es ramdenime epizodSi, mkiTxveli xedavs,
ramdenad dakarga naTlis mimReblobis unari gizo korZelma, romelic
siymawvilidan mowyvites mSobliur enas.
`ram gadaagvara qarTveli kaci?~, egeba amixsnas vinmema, ram
gaabrazaT Cemi romanebis mtrebi, _ rama?..~ _ oTar CxeiZis am kiTxvebs
pasuxobs mTeli misi Semoqmedeba da TiToeuli romani cal-calkec.
`Tvali sulisai~ roca axelilia, adamians eZleva Zala sakuTar
mankierebas mzera gausworos, sxva SemTxvevaSi brazi (uares SemTxvevaSi
_ siZulvili) iRviZebs _ am WeSmaritebaSi unda veZeboT oTar CxeiZis
romanebisadmi mtrobis mizezi.
dokumenturi proza mwerlisgan swored yovelgvar mankierebaze
saxeldebiT saubars moiTxovda. oTar CxeiZem itvirTa es mZime jvari,
Tavidanve icoda misi simZime da amitom `moqalaqeobriv uxerxulobas~ ar
uqmnida misiis aRsruleba.
gapersonaJebuli politikosebi ar etyodnen ers marTals:
`cruobdnen, ityuebodnen, Tvals uxvevdnen xalxsa da gulmodgined
Cqmalavdnen ro ra ro gvWirda, moskovisgana gvWirda da TviTonac Sig
eriaT xeli~ (73. 2).
`TeTri daTvi~ Tbilisis omis Sedegebis aRweriT iwyeba: `mamapapaTa
mosagonari rom moiZules, cecxls misces sulaca, cecxls misces da
moiTbes xeli...~ (9. 5). aq `moiTbes xeli~ mizanmimarTulad, orazrovnad
aris aJRerebuli da mere erTgvari dakonkretebac mosdevs: `es miuTiTebs
`ese moiTbes xeli _ metaforaa, sxva ramesa niSnavs, esec gavrcelda
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- - 87
metismetada, metismetada, mouTokavada, aulagmavada, oRonda aq ar iTqmis,
ar Seesabameba!..~ (iqve)
istoria adasturebs, rom saxelmwifo Zaladobas Tan sdevs
aRuracxeli msxverpli, sulieri Tu materialuri. romanSi xazgasmulia
damamxobelTa namdvili survili. `diqtatoris~ ganmdevnelni `mtkice
xels~ moiTxovdnen: `da moiwevdnen lozungebiTa: `araviTari Sewynareba!~
`demokratizmi ar aSendeba sibraluliTa!~ `mtkice xels moviTxovT!~ (60.
22).
`mtkice xeli~ dauSvebeli Tu iyo gandevnili mTavrobis
mmarTvelobis periodSi, axla kategoriulad moiTxoven, pirvelobis
surviliT anTebulan da eqsprezidentis saxelis xsenebazec Riziandebian.
kitovani `zurgs Seaqcevda TviT siguasaca, zurgs Seaqcevda, zurgi
egrixeboda, grZnobda, grZnobda, zurgiTa grZnobda, _ isic rom
isworebda qamarsa, meo, ro sjeroda, sjeroda ise, ise dabrawoda loyebi,
jaba TavisTvis iWimeboda, yelyelaobda...~ (58. 23) da sakmaod grZeli iyo
es rigi da sastiki _ dapirispireba. mxareebad gaxleCil sazogadoebas
asparezze ganmtkicebulni eubnebodnen: `isev imaTi bralia yvelaferio, _
mrgvalebisao, zviadistebisao: jer iseni sxedan yvelgana da Surs
iZiebeno...~ (58. 21)
saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg `zviadisti~ braldebad JRerda. es
termini `1992 wlis putCis periodSi reliqtia, rodesac erTni kanonier
xelisuflebas icavdnen, xolo meoreni yovelgvari meTodiT cdilobdnen
mis damxobas~ (15. 21).
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umetesoba, romelmac airCia prezidentad
zviad gamsaxurdia, erTnairi zneobrivi simtkicisa da naTeli
cnobierebis ver iqneboda, magram `mcdaria, rodesac `zviadistobas~, erTi
mxriv, nacionalur populizmTan, meore mxriv _ politikuri cxovrebis
TviTizolaciasTan akavSireben, da es miuxedavad imisa, rom maT erT
nawilSi am sacdurebisadmi midrekileba SeimCneoda~, _ aRniSnavda
konstantine gamsaxurdia-umcrosi 2001 wels. cneba `zviadisti~
putCistebis leqsikuri warmonaqmni iyo da datvirTvac iseTi misces,
rogorc sWirdebodaT _ cinikuri.
bunebrivia, realuri xelisufleba ar aRiarebda, rom `zviadistobas~
kvebavda 1918 wlis 26 maisi, 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris, 1991 wlis 9 aprilis
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- - 88
monapovarTa erTguleba, `wmindad politikur-konceptualuri
TvalsazrisiT, es zomierad memarjvene-konservatiuli orientaciaa, rac
qristianobis da demokratiis faseulobaTa SeTavsebulobas
iTvaliswinebs, xolo kulturul planSi SeiZleba iyos qarTvelobis,
rogorc axali drois erisa da kulturnaciis Semdgomi ganviTareba da
ganmtkiceba~ (15. 26).
`TeTri daTvi~ xatavs Cinosnebs, romelTa umTavresi sazrunavi aris
savarZlis gamyareba, TiToeuli maTgani jer rom `mowuruliyo,
moRvenTiliyo~, mere ki fexi moemagrebina da welSic imarTeboda~ (60. 47).
`zviadistebis~ winaaRmdeg moieriSeni sazRaurad aRzevebas moiTxoven.
parlamentSi gamoWimulan: kitovani, sigua, ioseliani. maT winaaRmdeg
saxelmwifo meTaurs diplomatiuri svlebi unda ganexorcielebina, rom
mSvidad CamoeSorebina dabralebuli funqciebisagan (samxedro ministri,
diplomati).
saqveyno qaosis fonze gamorCeuli saxe yo jaba ioseliani: `samyaros
ramkianTa upirvelesad Seeracxa igi, Seeracxa da igulvebda kvlavac
Tavisada, Tumca Tavi mienebebina karga xania, karga xania profesorobda.
mxedrad dasWirdaT da amxedrda kideca. politikosad moindomes da
gapolitikosda igica. diplomatoba daavales da gadiplomatda kideca~
(58. 48).
am diplomats aqvs Tavisi misiis aseTi formulireba: `unda
ilaparako rac ginda, xeli unda moawero rac undaT~ (iqve).
JenevaSi gagzavniT saxelmwifo meTaurs igi `dro da dro unda
ganeridebina, vidre sulac ganaridebda~ (iqve).
interesmoklebuli ar iqneba dokumenturi masala, rogor
ganxorcielda jaba ioselianis `mxedrionis~ sastiki laSqroba
samegreloSi; Tu rogor axasiaTeben jaba ioselians im kuTxeSi
(samegreloSi), romelic barbarosuli sisastikiT daarbia 1992 wlis 6
ivliss. walenjixaSi es TariRi dRemde glovis dRea, am rbevis aTi
wlisTavze ki iTqva: `jaba iaraRi iyo, antierovnuli Zalebis xelSi
saTamaSo figurad iqca da kraxiT daamTavra Tavisi `saxelisuflebo~
moRvaweoba~ (51. 259).
am simarTles ers oTar CxeiZe eubneba `TeTr daTvSi~.
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- - 89
movlenebis, tragediebis samarTliani Sefaseba moraluri
valdebulebaa TanamedroveTaTvis. am misias mwerali asrulebs eris
cxovrebaSi. sulieri enTropiisagan kurnebas swored mwerali iwyebs am
misiiT: sityvis Zalam unda aamoqmedos simrTelisaken swrafvis wyurvili.
oTar CxeiZe Tanmimdevrulad gviCvenebs usamarTlobis TareSs
erovnuli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg rusuli iaraRis aquxebidan aTwleulze
meti xnis ganmavlobaSi.
roman `TeTr daTvSi~ vkiTxulobT: `Zala movida da samarTali
sanaTuridan gaiparao. ras izam, Zalao!.. esec Zala gaxlda. gateniliyo
aerodromi orjonikiZeebiTa. taSs ukravdnen, esalmebodnen. sami win idga.
sami erT saxada, erT arsebaTa, danarCenTagan gamorCeuli. erTmaneTisgan
ganurCevelni~ (60. 71). es `sami~ cal-calke biografiis adamiania, magram
roca grZeldeba `lewva~ qarTvelebisa qarTvelTa xeliT, maTi (sigua,
kitovani, ioseliani) erTsaxovneba `misias~ ukavSirdeba: `sisxliT
Sesvriliyvnen, moscxebdnen sisxlsa~ (iqve). am urTules da umZimes Jams
maT: `lewes dauzogavad prezidentis momxreebi...~
mwerali Tavs ar aridebs imis asaxvas, rom orjonikiZeebis
garemocvaSi ruseTidan dabrunebuli SevardnaZe laRad ver iqneboda;
CrdiloeTidan movlenili majlajunasaviT ver iSorebs am garemos:
`moeCveneba majlajunaca: mgvani raRacisa da arc rais mgvani, Sav
sisxlisferi, lopro, lorwovani... uamravi xeliTao, anTu WiayelobiTao,
anTu arao, ufro gvelebio, TaviT rom mucelSi Cawobiliyvnen, umsgavs
mucelSia, kudiT sxmartalebdnen, tlaSunobdnen, iwmawnebodnen, TeTri
daTvi adga Tavzeda~ (58. 72).
mwerali amZafrebs uxilavi borotis gapirovnebis, metaforebis
STabeWdilebis gaZlierebis mxatvrul models. es aris gancda, romelsac
oTar CxeiZe acocxlebs ara mxolod literaturuli sinamdvilis doneze,
aramed qmnis mxatvruli sistemiT daSifrul tragikul realobas.
bnelis meufebaa: `simarTle sanaTuridan gaipara~, sameufo taxts ki
Zaladoba flobs, Tumca `TeTri daTvi~ gadmomdgara yinulTa Tavzeda,
jambazi Turme meli yofila, meli TeTri~ (58. 334).
SuriTa da angarebiT gamTlianebul am erTobas xvalindeli dRe
ucilobel darRvevas uqadda.
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- - 90
sulSi daleqil mwuxarebas `sxvisa keTilsa zeda~ levan sanikiZe
`endogenur Surs~ uwodebs: `SinajiSuri anu endogenuri Suri (isedac,
egzogenuri, garejiSuri Suri TiTqmis arc ki arsebobs) da es Suri aris
impulsi Sejibrisa. qarTvelTa cxovreba aris Sejibri _ ufro jibric _
jibri yvelaferSi...~ (46. 166)
Cven mier gansaxilvel epoqas swored endogenuri Suris simZafre
axasiaTebs. Tu XX saukunis dasawyisSi pativmoyvareobis, Suris, jibris
nevroziT Sepyrobil mcire qveyanaSi dapirispireba xalxis saxeliT
gaCaRda, proletariatis diqtaturisaTvis, amave saukunis 90-ian wlebSi
imave JiniT Sepyrobili adamianebi demokratiis saxeliT ibrZvian, maT
adamianis uflebebis dacva TanamoazreTa uflebebis dacvad
gaucnobierebiaT mxolod.
bunebrivia, avi Tesli keTil nayofs ver gamoisxamda da:
`iyo saqarTvelo:
qonebrivad kotri;
meurneobrivad moSlili;
Sinapolitikurad fxvieri;
garepolitikurad gaucnobierebeli;
sabrZolvelad momzadebuli;
sulierad xelCaqneuli...~ (46. 518).
sulierad dakowiwebuli saqarTvelos sxeulic iCexeboda.
ganadgurda genofondi samoqalaqo omSi, afxazeTis `gaugebar~ omSi.
romanSi vkiTxulobT: `is ra omia, Tu winaswar ici, rom wagebulia~ (60.
231).
sisxliT gajerebula qarTuli miwa, axladdaRvrili sisxliT:
`sisxli. sisxli. usazRvro. aurwyavi. amourwyavi. gaumaZRari miwaca.
wyali ver aZRobs daSaSrulsa, gamxurvelebulsa, ver amwyurvalebs,
oflic veRara, sisxliT TuRa moiTqvams sulsa... da saqarTveloc udabno
iqneboda, sisxliT rom ar gajerebuliyo...~ (58. 115)
udabno paradigmuli saxea literaturaSi. `udabno gamocdis
adgilia, udabnoSi gaiyvana xalxi jer abraamma, mere _ mosem, amitom
`gamosvlaTa~ bibliuri wigni erT-erTi pirveli saxea `udabnos~
literaturuli paradigmebisa... udabno aris samyaro damorCilebadi
wesrigisadmi~ (45. 182), magram udabnodan wesrigis Seqmnas, anu `udabnos
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- - 91
qalaqyofas~ meTaurad sWirdeba msxverplisunariani, WeSmariti
Rirebulebebis erTguli adamiani. aseTi winamZRolis nacvlad, roca eris
beds renegati ganagebs, isev qaosi mefdeba.
udabnos ar aqvs gza. gza saxarebis mixedviT, macxovaria (`me var gza
da WeSmariteba da cxovreba~). gza wuTisofelSi CvenTvis gankuTvnili
droc aris. swored amqveynad agrovebs adamiani sagzals, maradisobaSi
dasamkvidreblad. Tu vsaubrobT gzasa da sagzalze, aqve moiazreba
megzuri yovlismxilveli (e.i. RmerTi), romelic Cveni amqveyniuri
Rvawlis (sagzlis) Sesabamisad gansazRvravs Cvens adgils zesTasofelSi.
oTar CxeiZis mier aRweril saqarTveloSi gza dabindulia. `gza
gzaa, gza uTuod sadme migiyvans, ugzooba Tqvi... gza gzaa, erTia, yvelas
cal-calke miaCaqCaqebs, visac sad unda iq miaCaqCaqebs...
udabno udabnoa, abneuli gzebiTa, qariTa xorSakiTa, qviSis
gorebiTa~ (58. 22).
`gza erTia~ _ `simarTlisaken~, SemoqmedTan darRveuli kavSiris
aRdgenisaken, magram sulieri struqturis darRvevis pirobebSi gza
dabindulia (arsebobs idiomi `gzas acdenili~, `gzagamrudebuli~, rac
araswori cxovrebis wesiT mcxovrebs niSnavs).
udabno qaosia, gansaxilveli nawarmoebis sinamdvileSi
saqarTveloSi gzac gzad ver gamokveTila. `mwyemsi keTilis~
verSemcnobni, gzas ver pouloben, magram RvTismSoblis madls Tavisi
wilxvdomili udabnos maradiuli mkvidrobisgan uxsnia: srul
gaudaburebas jer kidev gadaurCa `sisxliT gajerebuli~ saqarTvelo.
sisxli daiRvara. saqarTvelo jerac arsebobs, magram upatronod rCeba
samkvidro, `endogenuri Suri~, pativmoyvareoba ver uWirisuflebs
qveyanas.
qveynis realuri viTarebis dasaxatavad mwerali xSirad mimarTavs
nacad mxatvrul xerxs, ironias. roman `TeTri daTvSi~ Tavs iwonebs:
`sisxlisRvra ho Sewydao... ruseTma tyviavTan, lamis tyviavTan daarWo
droSai da: Sewyda. sisxlisRvra ho Sewydao, _ niSns mougebda
saxelmwifos meTauri dsT-Si gaerTianebiT ukmayofilo
parlamentarebsa...~ (60. 116)
sisxlisRvra Sewyda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari rusebma
enguramde moitanes: `auarebeli xalxi mimoifanta sxva kuTxeebSi
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- - 92
dafleTili saqarTvelosi, ayrili xalxi, dafleTili xalxi, daCexili
xalxi, damSeuli, gaubedurebuli xalxi, gaubedurebul kuTxeebSi
saqarTvelosi~ (iqve).
warmatebuli politikis SemTxvevaSi sisxlisRvris Sewyveta
aRmavlobis sawyisi unda iyos, magram 90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi ase
ar momxdara: `sisxlisRvra Sewyda. sisxlis gaSroba daiwyo~ (iqve).
sisxlgamSral saqarTveloSi yofili mebrZolebi afxazeTis omis
`strategias~ ase axasiaTeben: `SevutevdiT da SegvaCerebdnen, aviRebdiT
da migvatovebdnen...
iq iaraRi ar hyofnidaT, saWmel-sasmeli, Casacmeli ar hyofnidaT.
gamoucdeloba hyofnidaT, hyofnidaT cotaa: yelSi amosdiodaT~ (60. 122).
gadarCenis molodini iyo, Tumca yoveli dRe axali ubedurebiT
iwyeboda: `pastuxovs cxaviviT gasdioda tyuili. ganiaraRebis politika
calmxrivi aRmoCndeba yovelTvis, mainc uSendnen qarTvelebs rusuli
iaraRiT da cxadi gaxda qarTvel meomarTaTvis: `Cven meomrebiviT ar
davixocebiT, ZaRlebiviT Cagvklaven~ (60. 124).
am omis Sedegi gasxvisebuli afxazeTia.
gulwrfeli mkiTxveli rwmundeba, rom oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebi
`keTili msjavria, gajansaRebis usaSvelo surviliT gamotanili
ganaCenia, gankurnebis wadiliT dasmuli diagnozia~ (20. 89).
mwerals stkiva eri `ukideganod knini yoveldRiurobiT, eri yovel
wuTs mkargavi saxierebis~.
YnawarmoebSi warmoCenili mxatvrul-dokumenturi realoba
saqarTvelos istoriis sisxlSeuSrobeli furclebia. oTar CxeiZe am
tragediis Sefasebas, gamokvlevas ar dalodebia, rac cxadze cxadi iyo,
aRnusxa mematianem; daeSura kidec simarTlis Tqmas, es simarTle
dablagvebuli saxiT sanam aRiwereboda moasparezeTa mier, radgan
`istoria mal-mal icvleba, gamarjvebuli mravalia, istoria mainc erTia,
cvladia da marad ucvlelia~ (63. 347). mweralma Tu ar daaswro
istorias, istoria realobis warmosaCenad dros unda daelodos.
afxazeTis omis gaurkveveli xasiaTi, ruseTis imperiuli madis
gamWvirvaloba aRmaSfoTebeli iyo nebismieri adamianisTvis, visac jer
kidev SerCenoda sisxlis yivilis miyuradebis, samarTlianobis grZnoba.
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- - 93
1993 wels movlenebis kvaldakval iTqva: `ra hqvia bolosdabolos
imas, rac afxazeTSi xdeba?
omis arc erTi `trafaretuli~, dRemde arsebuli gansazRvreba Cvens
qmedebas ar miesadageba, amitom axali gansazRvreba movigone _ morcxvi.
diax, saqarTvelos mTavroba ukuRmarTad gagebuli saerTaSoriso
samarTlis xaTriT da rusebis SiSiT, afxazeTSi eweva morcxv oms.
mteri ki urcxvad, saTiTaod xSiravs Cvens biWebs.
ise, urcxvoba arc CvenTvisa ucxo, oRond sakuTari xalxis
winaaRmdeg...~ (18. 210)
amgvarad, erovnuli sulis struqturis rRveva gamoixata SemdegSi:
a) mizez-Sedegobrivi kanonzomierebiT struqturis rRvevas Suris
aRzeveba mohyva, Suri (gadagvarebuli qarTvelebis saxiT) SeaiaraRa
moskovma.
b) darRveuli struqtura arss ver wvdeba, Rirseul da kanonzomier
gzas ver poulobs saTanado cvlilebisaTvis, amitom qveyanaSi
arakanonzomieri movlenebi ganviTarda, kanonieri xelisufleba iaraRiT
daamxes.
g) simrTelis (jansaRi struqturis) rRvevas, iaraRis enaze saubars
ganusazRvreli ubedureba moaqvs.
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- - 94
b) mxatvruli realoba politikuri konteqstiT
oTar CxeiZisaTvis miuRebeli iyo `distanciis Teoria~. mwerlis
mxatvrul samyaros aqvs politikuri konteqsti, mizez-Sedegobrivi
mTlianobiT asxmuli, xelovanis Sinagani mzeriT da madliani kalmiT
daxvewili.
`boriayidan~ moyolebeuli es konteqsti dabrkolebis gareSe
ikiTxeba. mwerali qmnis STagonebisa da emociurobis vels, sadac
TiToeuli personaJi Tu pasaJi xazs usvams politikur konteqsts.
mwerali eSureboda Tqmas, saxelis darqmevas movlenebisadmi, `matiane
qarTlisas” rkals rom ar unda dakleboda.
XX s-is 90-iani wlebis sisxliani istoria inaxavs xelisuflebaTa
monacvleobis samarTlian da arasamarTlian gzas.
eris yofierebaSi, istoriul epoqaTa specifikuri gzis gamovlenaSi
erTmaneTs emTlianeba xiluli da uxilavi faqtorebi. es siRrmiseuli
movlena kvlevis viwro sferos ar emorCileba; aq mniSvnelovania
filosofosebis, sociologebis, istorikosebis mier gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebi. mTavaria kvlevis STamagonebeli ganwyoba da mecnieris
pirovnul-sulieri mimarTeba WeSmaritebisadmi.
filosofias ainteresebs movlenis zogadistoriuli struqtura da
misi sazrisi, Tu rogor mimdinareobs procesebi `TviT safuZvelSi Cveni
civilizaciisa, TviT im velSi, romelic dastruqturebulia imis
mixedviT, Tu raa adamiani da ra SeuZlia, ra amoZravebs mas,
gansakuTrebiT adamianur masebs, rogor erTveba kosmiuri energiebi an
stiqiebi sazogadoebriv yofaSi, istoriul meqanizmSi da istoriis
SedegebSi~ (28. 190).
filosofiuri azrovnebiT istoria aris universumi. literatura ki,
rogorc xelovnebis dargi, bunebrivia, qmnis am universumis mxatvrul
mikromodels, mwerali, romelic ar iferebs `distanciis Teorias~,
romlis STamagonebeli Zala aris simarTlisa da sijansaRisken swrafva,
qmnis im mxatvrul mikromodels, universumis Sesacnobad amouwurav
salaros rom moicavs. swored am niSniT gamoirCeva oTar CxeiZis
Semoqmedeba.
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- - 95
XX s-is 90-iani wlebis movlenebis amsaxveli trilogia gviCvenebs
erovnuli da misi Zalismieri damxobiT mosuli moZalade mTavrobis
zogad saxes.
erovnuli mTavroba kanonieri arCevnebis gziT movida. 1990 wlis 28
oqtombris arCevnebma daamTavra wiTeli reJimis mmarTveloba
saqarTveloSi, 1991 wlis 22 dekembers gasrolili tyviiT daiwyo iaraRiT
damxoba erovnuli mTavrobisa.
pirvel faqts mohyva saqarTvelos e.w. ssr-s, rogorc mokavSire
sabWoTa socialisturi saxelmwifos fiqciad miiCneva, mis oficialur
statuss mieca danaSaulebrivi kvalifikacia. `de faqtod~ arsebuli
sabWoTa xelisufleba da saxelmwifo wyobileba miCneul iqna
danaSaulebrivad.
1990 wlis 9 marts saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesma sabWom uprecedento
dadgenileba miiRo (V. 8214 – XI s), Tavisive kanonebis dacviT. Tavisi Tavi
faqtobrivad ukanonod gamoacxada.
erovnuli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavari mizezi es iyo,
saqarTvelo ar unda gaTavisuflebuliyo, moskovi ver dauSvebda
geopolitikurad umniSvnelovanesi regionis mflobelobaze uars.
1992 wlis 12 Tebervals qarTveli erisadmi mimarTvaSi gandevnili
prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia ambobda: `saqarTveloSi putCi da samxedro
gadatrialeba, es iyo revanSi partokratebisa da mafiozuri
struqturebisa, revanSi – moskovis imperialisturi Zalebisa,
saqarTvelos kvlav xelSi Casagdebad~.
90–iani wlebis tragikuli viTareba mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi
ganixilavs sulieri da yofiTi struqturis arakanonzomier
mdgomareobas. sulieri struqturis simrTele ver dauSvebs ZmaTa Soris
sisxlisRvras ideuri SeuTanxmeblobis gamo.
axali mTavroba am fonze damkvidrda. `rogorc sakavSiro sukis
Tavmjdomaris yofili moadgile, f. bobkovi, SeniSnavs: moskovi ar
ewinaaRmdegeboda gamsaxurdias Camogdebas. centrma mxari dauWira
gadatrialebas, saqarTveloSi 1918 – 1921 wlebis istoria gameorda~ (22.
158).
sulisSemZvreli faqtebi aris aRwerili wignSi `codvis kalo
samegreloSi~, romelic asaxavs jaba ioselianis `mxedrionis~ mier
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- - 96
saqarTvelos mxolod erTi kuTxis – samegrelos darbevas, walenjixeli
moZRvris, mama romanozis (Ciqobava) wamebas.
avtors Sekrebili aqvs TviTmxilvelTa naambobi: rbevis,
Seuracxyofis, mkvlelobebis usaSinlesi faqtebi. TiToeuli maTgani
cxadyofs zizRs pirveli prezidentis momxreebisadmi, aseTi zizRi
adamis modgmis mimarT arakanonzomieri mdgomareobaa, miT ufro Seni
qveynis Svilis, Seni Tvistomis mimarT.
erT-erT ojaxSi Zarcvas Seswrebuli maspinZeli mamakaci mxolod
bavSvis sakvebis waRebas SeewinaRmdega.
` _ Cemi bavSvis sakvebia, _ ixtibari ar gavitexe.
_ gavige, magram isic icode, rom arc didi da arc patara saWmlis
Rirsi ara xarT. amas Cemi lekvi mSvenivrad miirTmevs TbilisSi da axla
amiT movrCeT laparaks!~ _ igonebs s. kvaracxelia (51. 113).
am mogonebaSi gamonaTebasaviT Semodis Tbiliseli studentebis saxe,
`mxedrionis~ qmedebiT TviTonve gaognebulni rom daupirispirdnen
`TanamebrZolebs~; es erTi SemTxvevac qmnis naTel suraTs, siZulvilis
rogori jojoxeTuri manqana iyo amoqmedebuli samxedro gadatrialebis
mesveurTagan, rom qveynis gulwrfeli Wirisufalnic aRmoCndnen moZmeTa
mlewavi formirebebis SemadgenlobaSi. aRmoCndnen imaT gverdiT, visi
damokidebulebac ideur mowinaaRmdegeTa mimarT zRvardaudebeli
siZulviliT gamoixateboda.
am `umadlo Jamis~ tragikul dasturad Semoinaxa drom mravali
ubedureba. TiToeul mxares sisxldanTxeuli adamiani xvalindel
saqarTvelos daeRupa.
qveyanaSi rom aseTi qaosi, boroteba, SurisZieba gamefdeba, Sesabamisi
iqneba saxelmwifo struqturis qmediTianoba, qveynis mdgomareoba.
oTar CxeiZis trilogia am sinamdviles asaxavs: adamianTa samyaroSi
qmedebis unari borotma rom gadasZala; dapirispirebis simZafris fonze
iqmneba mwerlis mier zogadisa da gamonaklisi mxatvruli saxeebi,
ixateba qveyanaSi gamefebuli ganukiTxaoba.
profesionalizmi bundovan cnebad qceula. asparezi SemTxveviT
adamianebs daumkvidrebiaT. maT, TviTkmayofilebaSi CaZirulT, daukargavT
Sinagani kontrolis unari _ `ver xedavs sakuTar sulSi mxecs, ar
nanobs, ar itanjeba~ (83. 17).
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- - 97
eris yofierebis istoriul viTarebaSi TviT eris SigniT
dapirispirebuli sazogadoebis ori mxaris gamovlena ukve darRveuli
struqturaa, radgan `kacobrioba iyofa erebad, rogorc ama da am
funqcionalobis mqone erTeulebad, da es erTeulebi aseT da aseTnairad
struqturirebul ama da am wesiT Semdgar jgufebad realizdeba~ (36. 111).
erovnul koleqtivad realizebuli jgufi erTmaneTs iaraRiT rom
daupirispirdeba, iq am eris mtruli Zala ganagebs movlenebs.
rusis iaraRi da qarTuli `endogenuri Suri~ gamTlianda da
gadatrialebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg jer saxelmwifo sabWos, Semdeg
saxelmwifo meTauris saxeldebiT ebrZoda cnobierebis sijansaRes.
xelisuflebaSi movida da amkrZalavis rolSi mogvevlina is Zala,
romelmac civilizebuli samyaros yvela kanoni daarRvia da kanonieri
mTavroba gandevna.
`TeTri daTvi~ mxatvrul-dokumenturi TanmimdevrobiT, personaJTa
Tu avtoris diskursiT gadmoscems axali mTavrobis arSemdgari
mTlianobis rRvevis suraTs, parlamentis sxdomebs.
`gandgomodnen partiebica, amasTan rom iyvnen gamsaxurdias
damxobisasa~ (60. 263).
`mxedrionis~ iaraRi mTavrobis damxobisas aamoqmedes, saxelmwifo
meTaurs taxti gaumyares, movida Jami, dadga sakiTxi: `iaraRi ro unda
ahyaron mxedrionsa, wamoZaxilebi veras daaklebs, daarqvi Tu ginda
maSvelTa korpusi, iaraRi unda ahyaron. `arc erTi avtomati Zalovani
struqturebis gareSe!~ (60. 262)
oTar CxeiZe satiriT amxels `demokratiul mTavrobas~ da gviCvenebs,
ramdenad mZimea xvedri qveynisa, romlis sulier simrTelesac bneli
mohrevia, winamZRolad iaraRiani Zala movlinebia, Sedegad: marTvisa da
yofis struqtura darRveula.
samxedro gadatrialebas movlenebis mimdinareobisas ar daarqves
namdvili saxeli. asparezze damkvidrebulni am nabijs iSviaTad dgamen.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg aRiara qveynis mmarTvelma e.w samxedro
sabWos sisxliani xelwera. memuarebSi ambobs: `visTvis Camegdo qveyana
xelSi – kitovanisa da ioselianisTvis? es xom sisxlian qaosSi
danTqavda yvelafers~ (56. 339),- ambobs is memuarebSi.
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- - 98
`axali istorizmis~ principis Sesabamisad, teqstebis
ganmartebisaTvis saukeTeso saSualebaa nawarmoebis Tavissave istoriul
konteqstSi ganTavseba~ (27. 293).
oTar CxeiZis trilogias (XX s-is 90-iani wlebis movlenebTan
dakavSirebul) teqstebis istoriuli konteqstebi jerac Zalian axalia
(istoriisaTvis gavlili 18 weli umniSvnelo droa), magram xangrZlivi
Jamis Semdeg TviT trilogia aRadgens istoriul konteqsts, imdenad
axlos dgas mxatvruli qmnileba dokumentur qronikebTan. `TeTri daTvi~
gviCvenebs: funqcia-movaleobebis jaWvi darRveulia, `daWerobanaa
gamalebuli. gvardias xeli mouTaves. mxedrioni misCixes, sapolicio
reidebi moedo Tbilissa, raionebsac moedo.
elodeT samoqalaqo omsao, - parlaments aSinebda jaba ioseliani,
egeba ro: arc aSinebda, egeba ro raRac ucdida, an Tu ra iyo, - yovel
SemTxvevaSi mzad gaxlda yoveli: daiZaxebda da aiSlebodnen~ (60. 361)
mTavroba, romelic idga yofil momxreTa saSiSi dapirispirebis
winaSe, qveynis TviTmyofadobisTvis sasicocxlod umniSvnelovanes
problemebs ver moagvarebda.
struqturadarRveuli mmarTvelobiT damkvidrebulma ubedurebam
moamwifa sulismieri amoZaxili, bunebrivi gziT ganviTarebis uflebis
moTxovna: `bavSvebs bavSvoba unda daubrundeT. didebs didoba unda
danebdeT~ (60. 402). `TeTri daTvis~ es fraza sentenciad aRiqmeba,
kanonzomier pirobebSi yofnis moTxovniT.
iaraRiT mTavrobis damxobas rqmeoda `saxalxo ajanyeba~ unda
rqmeoda. qveynis mmarTveloba Secvales, cxovreba TiTqos ukeTesisken
unda Secvliliyo, magram xdeba piriqiT: bavSvebs (siwrfele da
uzrunveloba) bavSvoba dekargaT, didebs – nebelobis Tavisufleba.
o. CxeiZis mxatvrul qmnilebebze dafiqrebisas teqstis
interpretaciisTvis saWiro miniSneba kodirebulia simboloSi, zogjer
frazaSi da originalurad gamoyenebul sasven niSanSic ki.
epoqaluri mniSvnelobi cvlilebebs xilul aspeqtSi marTavs `Cven
jgufi~, misi Semadgenlobis analizisTvis mniSvnelovania meTauri; maTi
mizani, gza miznis misaRwevad. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia samxedro
gadatrialebis da misi Semdgomi periodis Zalismieri qmedebebi.
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- - 99
sainteresoa z. gamsaxurdias ukanaskneli interviu Jurnalist
voSanovTan. korespondentis kiTxvaze: xedavs Tu ara sakuTar Secdomas,
danaSauls momxdarTan dakavSirebiT, respodenti pasuxobs: `damijereT,
amaze yoveldRe vfiqrob, yoveldRe gamudmebiT.
_ jer kidev TbilisSi gamomrCa raRac, ver gavige da ver Sevafase,
magram rasac arasdros davuSvebdi, es aris ucxo qveynis jarebis Careva
Sinauri problemebis gadaWraSi, imaSi, rom rus jariskacs gadaewyvita
saqarTvelos kamaTi, rogori unda yofiliyo maTi qveyana~ (22. 242).
XX s-is 90-iani wlebi Tavisi tragizmiTa da sirTuliT TviTon
iZleva adamianis drosTan damokidebulebis maxasiaTebel niSnebs.
sazogadoebis winamZRolis, politikuri moRvawis pozicia Tavad
metyvelebs simarTlisadmi damokidebulebis xarisxze.
maSin swor nabijad iTvleboda, rom avTo margianma general
baltinTan molaparakeba SeZlo da `dRe-naxevarSi, saRamo xans, foTs
ocamde gemi moadga, jariskacebiTa da artileriiT. Tavisi postebi
daayenes sakvanZo adgilebze – erTi gasrolac ar yofila. senaki Cven
davikaveT, zugdidi `zviadistebs~ darCaT, magram raki foTi da senaki
gaTavisuflda, zugdidisken gzac gaixsna~ (56. 435).
oTar CxeiZis romanebSi es movlenebi aisaxa, rogorc WeSmariti
Semoqmedis samarTliani damokidebuleba sakuTar drosTan, sociumTan,
erovnul ubedurebasTan. es aris `axali istorizmisaTvis~
damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba. `aq TiTqmis gauqmebulia sazRvari
`literaturasa~ da `istorias~, teqstsa da `konteqsts~ Soris (27. 293). aq
gamomxatvelis funqcia saxeebsa da narativebs ekisrebaT.
ase gamoikveTeba bneli da naTeli mxareebi. `Cven – jgufis
SemadgenlobaSi~. filosofiurad aseT jgufebSi ainteresebT `maTi
saqmianobis kooperireba da maTi individualuri ragvarobis
urTierTSemfasebloba~ (36. 53).
`Cven jgufis saxiT, roca erovnuli mTavrobis damxobis Semdgom
xelisuflebas moviazrebT vxdebiT arsisa da principebis arsebiT
gansxvavebas. miznis miRwevisTvis arCeul Zaladobis gzas.
gansxvavebul safuZvelze vsaubrobT erovnuli saxelmwifos
momxreTa gamaerTianebeli `urTierTSemavseblobis~ SemTxvevaSi.
TavisTavad igulismxeba; aq saubari ar aris absolutur zneobriv
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- - 100
mdgradobaze, magram mizani, ramac gaaerTiana eris 87%, iyo imedi
qarTuli saxelmwifos aRzevebisa, Semdeg: rwmena – simarTlisTvis
brZolisa.
dacema, simrTelis rRvevis Sedegi saxeze iyo: darbeul-
ganadgurebuli qveyana. aseTi ubedurebidan Tavdasxnas mkafio gezi,
Sroma, keTilgoniereba sWirdeboda, magram XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi
yvelaferi airia. qveynis patronoba SemTxveviTma adamianeba iTaves.
`moiaraRe inteligenciis~ sawadelis aRsrulebis Semdeg `TeTr daTvSi~
Tengiz kitovanze vkiTxulobT: `...merxebi rom ferflad eqcia skola
garujul kedlebada, maswavleblebi, usaxlkarod darCenili
maswavleblebi, aWaraSi ro SeeWedaT samaCablodan ltolvilebTan
erTada; daewva, daengria, gaetialebina, amohfareboda peCoris
specdaniSnulebis diviziis meTaurebsa da gaetialebinaT~ (60. 244).
damwvari merxebi, garujuli skolebi, ltolvilebi miuTiTebs
qveynis totalur ubedurebaze: xelyofilia ganaTlebis kera da
teritoriuli mTlianoba.
skolaSi iwyeba kulturasTan wilnayarobisTvis mzadeba, damwvari
skola am wilnayarobis xvalindel dRes kiTxvis niSans usvams.
teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva erovnuli ubedurebis umTavresi
niSania, radgan `erSi Semaval yvela individs saTiTaod da, amgvarad ers
mTlianad, aqvs mouSorebadi fundamenturi moTxovnileba, rom `mzis qveS
adgili hqondes~ an da `maradis, rogorc piradad TviTon, ise
STamomavalTa saxiT~. (36. 68).
mzisqveSeTSi saqarTvelod moniSnul miwas isev inawilebdnen XX
saukunis miwuruls rusebi da motyuebuli afxazebi. `isev miwebs
anawileben, qarTul miwebsa, argonavtebidan mokidebuli axal
aTaswleulsac aseve iwyeben~.
romanSi anonimi mTxrobeli axasiaTebs afxazeTis oms: `yvelaferi
rom areuliyo, asvremiliyo, alufxuliyo: Wkua da Jini areuliyo.
gadareuliyo. moSliliyo, mofutknuliyo, aRarc amwyobi aRara sCanda. . .
omi omiT iswavleboda~ (60. 122). am tkivilian frazebSi JRers eris
tragedia, gaugebar oms rom omobs, `gamoucdeloba rom hyofnidaT~
mxolod da `jer es omi arc SeuswavliaT, arc marTals amboben da arc
Seiswavlian, raxan ar undaT, rom marTali Tqvan~ (18. 123). marTlis Tqma
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- - 101
aRiarebis tolfasi iqneboda mTavrobis mxridan, winaswar wagebul omSi,
rom aomebda ganiaraRebul jars.
am gaurkveveli xasiaTis omSi WeSmariti meomrebi, namdvili
generlebi gaognebulni askvnidnen, `es omi ar aris...~ mweralma es fraza
aTqmevina general kamkamiZes, geno adamias.
`soxumi rom uZlebda jojoxeTur ieriSebsa, eseni zurgs icavdnen
soxumisasa, gzas icavdnen, xmeleTs icavdnen, ro ukve daekargaT zRvaca,
haerica. dauflebodnen afsuebi viTomao. es sacodavi afsuebi.
ganwirulni, rusebi ro dauflebodnen~ (60. 123).
afxazeTis oms yovelTvis miubrundebian STamomavlebi, saqarTvelos
istoriis am tragikul furcels gamoikvleven da samomavlo
gakveTiladac gaixdian, rom qveynis keTildReoba mrTeli struqturis
SenarCunebaSi, samarTliani xelisuflebis winamZRolobaSia.
im damarcxebis mizezebsa da Sedegebze saubrisas eduard SevardnaZe
acxadebs, rom Setakebis Tavidan asacileblad mosalaparakeblad
`soxumSi iyo Casuli saxelmwifo sabWos avtoritetuli delegacia~ (56.
400).
am delegaciis Rvawlma qveyanas sasikeTo Sedegi ver moutana.
realurad mimdinare movlenebis analizi mTxrobelis narativiT Semodis
nawarmoebSi. mwerali analefsissac mimarTavs zogjer da iqmneba
mxatvrul – dokumenturi mTlianoba, romlis gamocalkeveba SeuZlebe-
lia.
oTar CxeiZiseuli stili _ cnebaTa, frazaTa, gamoyofa, moulodneli
wertilebiT, am SemTxvevaSi, qveynis tragediaze xazgasmac aris da
mkiTxvelTan Tanaziarebac asaxuli tkivilis gamo, qveyana rom
darbeulia, frontis xazze myofni ganwirulni arian,
fsevdoSeTanxmebebis miRma saqveyno interesebi gayidulia da `samSvidobo
Zalebi~ _ rusebi faqtiurad ipyroben saqarTvelos erT-erT kuTxes
afxazeTs; xazgasmulia motyuebuli afxazi xalxis ubedureba: `rusebi
rom dauflebodnen~.
`TeTri daTvi~ gviCvenebs, rom `umadlo Jamis~ erT-erTi niSani aris
saxelmwifoebriobis darRveuli cnobiereba, mxatvrul sityvaSi
istoriul-filosofiuri siRrmiT aisaxa, rogor CamoSorda zneobriv
simyaresa da pasuxismgeblobas zogadadamianuri Rirebulebebi da
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daeqvemdebara individualur egoizms. mwerali am kanonzomierebis
rRvevis sazriss aSiSvlebs, Sedegze mianiSnebs mkiTxvels ostaturad
akinZuli siuJetebiTa da qvesiuJetebiT, romelic uSualo anareklia
fabulisa, amave dros mxatvruli STagonebis Zala aqvs miniWebuli.
istoriul qargaze aris gadmocemuli devnili prezidentis
dabruneba, xalxis imediani molodini da isev simyaregamoclili
erovnuli cnobiereba, erTgulebis sazomi da saerTgulo meTauri rom
aRrevia: `vinc ro es daamxo, igive Zala amoqmedebula axla amis
sasargeblodao: mxolod da mxolod dasaRupavada am ubeduri
saqarTvelosio.
soxumis dakargva aRar enaRvleboda zogsa, oRond es demokratia Tan
gadaiyoloso. isic unda iTqvas: rusofiluri inteligencia Tbilisisa
idga uryevada, mtkiceda Seuvalada, istoria damsaxurebas ar dauviwyebs.~
(60. 181)
istorias mxatvruli sicocxlisunarianobiT Seetyupa oTar CxeiZis
romanebi, sadac realuri adamianebi: `naRdad miwaze mosiarule cocxali
Tu cocxalmkvdari eri da beri, Sinauri Tu gareuli~, `wignuri
cxovrebiT~ (72. 8-14) aRibeWdnen.
fxizeli mematianis sawuxaridan aRmocenebuli ucvleli tkivilia
oTar CxeiZis `bermudis samkuTxedi~. TviT tkivili saimedoa, igia Zala
sicocxlisa, niSani daumorCileblobisa.
`bermudis samkuTxedi~ `TeTri daTvis~ gagrZelebad aRiqmeba. aqac
gverdigverd arian gansxvavebul gzebs minebebuli qarTvelebi:
samSoblos keTildReobisaTvis msxverplis gamRebni (patriotebi) da
renegatebi. `erTi nawili muxas Seseul mumls ganuwyvetliv igeriebda,
meore ki – im muxis wasaqcevi umoklesi gza da saSualeba iyo mtris
xelSi~ (23. 131).
am nawarmoebSi erTi etapi brZolisa – taxtis dauflebisaTvis,
TiTqos Camcxralia (TiTqos!), arsebiTi gamorCenis sferoebis
gadanawilebaa. ukanono mTavrobis dakanonebis Semdeg korufcia TviT
xelisufalTagan gauTvaliswinebeli ZaliT ifurCqneba, gudamSiermao.~
(59. 12).
privatizaciaze xeli ufro lekiSvilebis siZeebs miuwvdebodaT,
magram `ciliswamebaa, Woria, provokaciaao, _ ficulobda batoni
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lekiSvili, raRas aRara ficulobda... ukvirmakvirobda ministrica
privatizaciisa~ (59. 15).
mwerali Cveuli stiliT aSiSvlebs `ZlierTa ama qveyanisaTa~
sixarbes, momxveWelobas, vercxlismoyvareobas. jer cnobil andazas
imowmebs: `kaci gana eCo aris, sul Tavisken miiTlides, kaci unda xerxi
iyos gahqondes da gamohqondes~. mokle daskvna: `zeda fena iqca eCoda~,
mTeli im ubedurebis damtevia, rasac korufcia hqvia.
arakanonzomieri viTarebis Semqmneli, struqturadarRveuli
xelisuflebis Sesaxeb roman `2001 welSi~ vkiTxulobT: `xelisufleba ho
aRar arsebobda saqarTveloSi?! xelisufleba darqmeoda xarkis
amkrefebsa da hkrefdnen isinica. xarksa hkrefdnen~ (65. 381).
aseTi narativi obieqtur Tvalsazrisebzea damyarebuli.
Tu davfiqrdebiT saxelmwifo gadatrialebis ganmartebaze, rom
`saxelmwifo gadatrialeba farTo mniSvnelobiT moicavs gadatrialebaTa
yvela saxes, rogorebicaa – putCi, ajanyeba, politikuri da sasaxlis
gadatrialebebi, revoluciebi, xelisuflebaTa Zaladobrivi damxobis
sxva formebi. am saerTo azriT, saxelmwifo gadatrialeba aris
Zaladobrivi, konstitutciuri darRvevis gziT arsebuli
saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis damxoba, Secvla an saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
Zaladobrivad xelSi Cagdeba (55. 460).
Zaladoba ver Seqmnis jansaR saxelmwifo struqturas da misi
kanonzomieri Sedegi aris gadagvarebuli sistemis, mankierebis aRzeveba.
90-ian wlebSi aseTi movlena ganixila ak. baqraZem.
1990 wels erT-erT interviuSi is ambobda: `ekonomikur mafias
saqarTveloSi sruliad Segnebulad vuwodeb kleptokratias...
es aris damnaSaveTa organizacia, romelmac SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos
qveynis ekonomikur Tu politikur cxovrebas, magram arc erT qveyanaSi
mmarTvelobiT Zalas ar warmoadgens~ (9. 250).
saqarTvelos tragedias xSirad qmnida kleptokratiuli
mmarTveloba, radgan, egreT wodebuli, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi
Sesabamis postebze swored kleptokratebis mier arian dasmulni.
Seqmnili viTareba arc akrTobs, arc aSfoTebs, arc akvirvebs gizo
korZels, romelic ra gind uxerxuli Sedareba iyos, `sxva aravinaa, Tu
ara muxas momdgari, TeTri daTvisagan momarjvebuli, aprialebelpiriani,
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culis mosaxerxeblad dasaWeri tari~ (23. 131) mas, moskovSi nacxovrebs,
rusuli skolis gamozrdils, samSoblos turistiviT aRqmels, TvalSi
xvdeba `gaeCoebuli zeda fenis erTgvaroba moskovsa da TbilisSi: `rac
iqao, is iqao. iTlidnen, iTlidnen, eCosaviTa. sabWoebis drosac
iTvlidnen, ver gamoeCinaT. eSinodaT kriWas Seikravdnen. mohqcevodnen ro
igiveni saTavesa, gamoCenas ro aRar dauSlidnen, aRar Seikravdnen
kriWasa... sabazro ekonomika. arc araferi ar Secvliliyo. saxeli
Secvloda. mglebi mglebad warmoCeniliyvnen; cxvrebi – cxvrebada.
jvarze gaekraT mwyemsi keTili~ (59. 34).
`mwyemsi keTilis~ simboluri saxe nacnobia mkiTxvelisaTvis,
davazustebT mxolod rom `mwyemsi keTilis~ - macxovris jvarze gakvra,
episkopos gabrielis sityvebiT, golgoTaze ar damTavrebula, igi
xorcieldeba xelaxla yoveli Cvenganis gulSi codvis gamarjvebiT.
`struqturadarRveul~ sazogadoebaSi macxovris – sikeTisa da
siyvarulis jvarcma zogadi movlena gaxda.
romanSi `artistuli gadatrialeba~ mwerali ambobs: erT asparezs –
erT samSoblos aburTavebda 160 partiao. `bermudis samkuTxedi~ ki
gviCvenebs am partiebiT Seqmnil problemas: `erTi mova, fulio, meore
mova: fulio, mesame mova: fulio, sad aris amdeni fuli?!~
` _ sadRac aris, trialebs. brunavs. amdidrebs. aRatakebs. agiJebs.
asulelebs. hklavs. Tavs akvlevinebs~ (59. 22). aseTi dialogia gizo
korZelsa da mis keTilismyofel – Tbilisel maspinZels Soris.
saR cnobierebas garidebuli swrafva, mxolod fulis mosapoveblad
sigiJiT mTavrdeba. `mainc xelisuflebisaTvis gadareuliyvnen.
gacofebuliyvnen~ (59. 27). logikuri Sedegia, roca `mwyemsi keTili
jvarze gaukravT, ver irwmuneben, rom `xrwnadi uxrwnadze udaresia,
rRvevadi – urRvevze, xolo cvladi ucvlelze umdablesi~ (35. 111),
amitomac `iRupeboda qveyanai uRmerToda. iRupeboda... lomis xaxa yvelas
daeRo: nTqavda da nTqavda, vinc miudgeboda, vinc arao da mosTqvamda,
mosTqvamda~ (59. 30).
aq Txroba STanTqmulia mwerlis imwamieri diskursiT. sainteresoa
narativis funqcia. aq is siuJetis erTeulia, romelic nawarmoebis yvela
detals ukavSirdeba da TviT am detalebis gamTlianeba samxedro
gadatrialebis Semdgom sinamdviles xatavs.
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oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi Zalian axlos dgas fabula da
siuJeti. is amZafrebs mwerlis metyvelebas. mniSvnelovania personaJTa
perspeqtivebs Soris gansxvaveba (bremonis klasifikaciis Sesabamisad).
qveynis daRupvas kidev erTi niSani unda hqondes: mis irgvliv
mZarcvelni da borotebas minebebuli, imedgadawuruli adamianebi arian
(`mosTqvamda, mosTqvamda~). sulieri moZRvris mier gaxmianebuli `Cveni
Tavi Cvenadve unda gvekuTvnodes~, safuZvlismierad ver gaucnobierebiaT.
iliasagan es daeswavlaT: gveyudneso. is ar axsovdaT unda viswavloT,
unda gavnaTldeTo: iliao... ityodnen JruanteliTa...~ (59. 31). umTavresi ki
aviwydebodaT, ilia marTali eris TavisuflebisTvis, `pirdaubaneli
iamSCikisagan~ saqarTvelos gasaTavisufleblad ibrZoda. `bermudis
samkuTxedSi~ ilia marTals viTom JrJoliT imowmeben nadavlisaTvis
kbilebalesili mglebi, xalxi rom mxolod sakbilod sWirdebaT da
nervic ar autokdebaT, ise mSvidad da daufaravad acxadebdnen: “xalxi
imisaa uWirdes da moiTminoso~ (59. 89).
ruseTis mier xeldasxmuli medrovenic laxvarsa scemdnen
samSoblos. ar axalia, Zvelia `zneoba rusisa. saqarTvelo moswons, -
uqarTvelebod da me visac vuyvarvar Seviwynarebo. ityueba, kavkasia
moswons. kavkasielTa gareSe. TavisTvis moswons~ (59. 130), magram
`moiaraRe inteligencias~ `keTili ruseTis~ iluzia jerac ar daerRvia.
aq mTavari is aris, rom mis keTildReobas, wuTisofelSi myari simaRliT
damkvidrebas, sWirdeba ruseTis arwyenineba da samSoblosac abralebs,
uruseTod daiRupebodao.
oTar CxeiZe Tavisi mxatvrul-dokumenturi proziT – matianiT am
movlenas amxelda, ruseTis saxes xatavda maSinac, roca amaze saubari
warmoudgeneli iyo da XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSic, roca ruseTis augad
xseneba `zviadizmad~ inaTleboda.
ufro gvian, 2006 wels, gamocemul memuarebSi eduard SevardnaZe
vrclad isaubrebs ruseTis dampyroblur, `miwaTSemkrebel~, sicrueze
agebul politikaze.
afxazeTis tragediaze saubrisas ityvis: `1992 wlis 3 seqtembers
moskovSi xeli movawereT daskvniT dokuments. melanic ki ar iyo
SemSrali am dokumentze, rom igi gadaTeles daqiravebulTa Ceqmebma,
romelTac SturmiT aiRes ganiaraRebuli gagra~ (56. 132).
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es ar iyo erTaderTi bundovneba am omSi, vidre politikosTagan amis
gaxmianebis Jami dadgeboda, mweralma daaswro: saTqmeli Tqva.
`rwmenadakarguli adamiani yvelaze didi mteria sakuTari Tavisa,
imave wams iwyebs im totis Wras, romelzedac jer kidev misi papis papa
mjdara da misi SvilTaSvilic dajdeboda, ase rom ar momxdariyo~ (80.
28)
mematiane mwerlis samyaroSi drosa da sivrces icvlian mxolod
personaJebi: rwmenadarRveulni, sulierad kninni samSoblos mtris
samsaxurSi rom xedaven xsnas; Rirsebisa da gadarCenis imedi rom
daClungebiaT: `rusobis mere dedac gaixades orSaurada... sacodavi
ruseTumeebi. dabneuli qarTveli komunistebi... axali ruseTumeebi!.. tvini
eRrZoT? sisxli gauSraT? Tvali aexviaT, mama – papis saflavs rom
xnaven? an mxolod is aris: `Лишь право сильного раб свято почитает~ (65.
373).
aq daxatulia sulieri erozia, rac saboloo daRupvis wina
mdgomareobaa, amitom ver dums eris mesityve.
rusuli yofis sruli despotizmi damajereblad aRwera akaki
baqraZem. misi Txzulebebis III tomSi vkiTxulobT: `mas mere, rac 1801-1810
wlebSi ruseTma saqarTvelo daipyro, qarTveli xalxis beds, gvindoda
Tu ara es, rusi eris mdgomareoba ganapirobebda, Cven ukve aRar
SegveZlo sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr wargvemarTa Cveni bed-iRbali~. am
daskvnis mxatvrulad gamoxatul dasturs akaki baqraZe m. javaxiSvilis
`arsena marabdelSi~ xedavs, sadac mweralma aleqsandre orbelians
aTqmevina: `rusi cxeniT misdevs evropas, Cven ki TokiT migvaTrevs da
gveubneba, ar CamovrCeTo. Cvenc dasisxlianebuli mivrbivarT da gvgonia,
rusi sikeTes gviSvebao~ (9. 253).
`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ motivi meordeba: `ruseTi da ruseTumeebi~.
qveynis zogadi mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sawuxari ucvlelia, miuxedavad
cvalebadobisa, qarTvelTa sazogadoebaSi dros koreqtivi ver Seutania,
igi isev igive rCeboda SuriT, Ralatis, siZulviliT gaTanguli,
`siyvarulsac imeorebda, magram sZlevda ro siZulvili ufro siaves
imeorebda~ (58. 2).
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XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi is periodia `qarTvelisaTvis, mxolod
guSin romaa, radgan problemebian – survilebianad gaCerebul droSi
dgas~ (58. 132).
mwerlis yuardRebis miRma ver darCeboda es `gaCerebuli dro~.
`artistuli gadatrialeba~ dasawyisSve axasiaTebs: `ra dro iyo~, `ra
dro dadga~, `ra dro mova~.
iyo dro - `quCa quCa iyo, Teatri – Teatri~ (kanonzomiereba ar
irRveoda).
mova dro - `Teatri isev dabrundeba TeatrSi~.
(qaosi damTavrdeba, movlenebi kanonzomierebas daemorCileba).
aRniSnul nawarmoebze msjelobisas CvenTvis sainteresoa cneba
`artistizmi~. `roca artistizmze vlaparakobT Cveulebriv or elements
vgulisxmobT, ostatoba – daxvewilobas da pozas. Tu pirveli mosawonia
da misaRebi, meore saTakilod unda iqces miCneuli. poza aucileblad
Seicavs tyuils, sicrues, mistifikacias~. (12.617)
roca `quCa quCa iyo, Teatri – Teatri~ artistebi `ostatoba –
daxvewilobas~, xelovnebas emsaxurebodnen, roca `Teatri gavarda
quCaSi~, artistebi ukve tyulis siyalbis gamxmianeblebi gaxdnen. isini
mweralma `budionovkebiT~ Semosa da xazi gausva ruseTTan maT
ficvercxlnaWamobas: `haerSi Tqarunobda da tyapunobda wiTeli yurebi
wiTeli budionovskisa~ (58. 131).
1921 wels `wiTeli budionovkebiT~ XI armia Semovida damoukidebl
saqarTveloSi, amjerad `budionovkelebs~ `Savnabada Tavs gadahyurebT. iq
kitovania. qalaqs gahyurebs arwivis TvaliTa. qalaqi duRs. aduRdes
kidevaca. aman icis duRilis wertili~ (58. 133).
aseTi dro movida `qveyana rom Teatria da Teatri ro aRar aris
Teatri~ (58. 32).
imedia, `mova dro~, roca qveyana kanonzomierebis ritmSi icxovrebs.
es aRreva droisTvis daubralebiaT: `drois braliao. droisa – ara:
es Teatri ro brunavs, scenaa ro brunavs. dros tyuilad daabralebs
Teatri. dro dgas. Teatri brunavs~ (58. 37).
Teatri brunavs: iq xan `ostatoba – daxvewiloba~ zeimobs, xanac
`poza da sicrue~.
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`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ droTa dineba ase xasiaTdeba: `awmyoo. arc
ro warsulia arc ro momavali, awmyoc ar aris. Tu aris, Sena xar da
awmyoc is aris, rac ro Sena xar~ (59. 29)
is sinamdvile, romelsac trilogiaSi amxels oTar CxeiZe, sulieri
kvdomis periodia, e.i. wydeba bunebrivi, kanonzomieri ritmi,rac axal
xarisxobriv mdgomareobas unda uzrunvelyofdes. xarisxobrivi
cvlilebis gawyveta gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi negatiuria. aseTi
mravalferovneba maradmedin droSi sikeTis momtani ar aris.
dro da Teatri cxovrebis dramaSi or poluss Soris ufskruls
gviCvenebs. es ori polusi ori kategoriis sazogadoebaa: vinc dinebas
uazrod mihyveba da vinc keTili sawyisis erTgulebiT, `mwyemsi keTilis~
mindobiT ibrZvis WeSmariti RirebulebebisTvis – ideisTvis, romlis
mizani adamianis keTildReobaa; anadgurebs borotebas, sulier
gaTavisuflebas iwvevs da adamians samarTlianobis rwmenas aniWebs.
am or poluss Soris dapirispirebas rom gviCvenebs mwerali,
axasiaTebs sazogadoebis zneobrivi avadmyofobis istorias. aq mTavaria,
romel poluss aqvs upiratesoba. pirvelis (vinc dinebas uazrod mihyveba)
moZaleba erovnuli gadagvarebis realuri safrTxea – es safrTxea
saxeldadebuli, daxatuli oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi. aRvniSneT, rom aq
mwerlis fiqri ganuwyvetliv dastrialebs adamianis Sinagan
Tavisuflebas.
mxolod Tavisufal adamians SeuZlia simarTlisaTvis brZola,
naTlis erTguleba.
absoluturi sikeTisa da simarTlis zeobis imedi ar arsebobs
wuTisofelSi, magram ubeduria eri, romelsac simrTele ver gaumyarebia,
SuRli morevia. wminda nikoloz serbi ambobda: `mciredmorwmune
verasodes gaaRviZebs rwmenas sxvaSi: qedmaRali uvici verasodes
daimsaxurebs ndobas. adamianebs simdidre aRizianebT, rodesac igi vaWris
xelSia; sZulT Zalaufleba, Tu igi upatiosno adamianebs ekuTvnis;
avadmyofi ar endoba avadmyof eqims.
adamianebs jansaRi goneba da swori msjeloba axasiaTebT. daRlili
mgzavri brazobs meduqneze, romelsac ar SeuZlia, sauzme da sawoli
SesTavazos da ekiTxeba mas: maS, ratom xar meduqne?~ (77. 17)
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struqturadarRveul (uxilav da xilul aspeqtSi) mTavrobas xalxi
wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekiTxeboda:
_ ratom davkargeT afxazeTi?
_ ratom ver davZlieT siRatake?
_ ratom daiRvara ZmaTa sisxli?
am kiTxvebze gulmarTal pasuxs ver gascems is, vinc am ubedurebis
fasad movida. am movlenebze pasuxi da aseTi mTavrobis namdvili saxe
mweralma gviCvena Tavisi romanebiT.
adamis modgma struqturis simrTeles gamoemSvidoba pirvelqmnili
codviT; gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobaa, roca mizezi, mizani da qmedeba
ganpirobebulia mxolod rRveviT _ borotebiT. aseT SemTxvevaTa rigs
ganekuTvneboda 90-iani wlebis tragedia: erovnuli mTavrobis damxoba,
brZola ideis winaaRmdeg, nebismieri saSualebiT mowinaaRmdegis
ganadgurebisa da taxtis SenarCunebis survili.
bunebrivia, am movlenebis ganviTareba ganapiroba erovnuli
mTavrobis Secdomebmac, qarTuli xasiaTis negatiurma maxasiaTeblebmac;
sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi mZafrma cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo
qarTuli eTnofsiqologiis uaryofiTi Tvisebebis uecar aRzevebas.
d. SveliZis naSromSi `politikuri dapirispirebebi da erovnuli
xelisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-1992w.w)~, mecnieruli kvlevis
safuZvelze Camoyalibebulia erovnuli moZraobis, erovnuli mTavrobis
moRvaweobis Taviseburebebi da 1991-1992 wlebis saxelmwifo
gadatrialebis mizezebi. aq xazgasmulia:
`1. yofili metropoliis politikur-finansuri da samxedro Careva
saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi:
2. mexuTe kolonis siZliere da mis mier ganxorcielebuli
SeiaraRebuli amboxeba xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg~ (55. 532).
aqve miTiTebulia, rom gamomwvev mizezTa Soris ikveTeba:
`damoukidebeli saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris da Semdgom
prezidentis obieqturi da subieqturi xasiaTis Secdomebi da mis mier
ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifos marTvis avtoritaruli stili, romelic
mniSvnelovanwilad obieqturi realobiT ufro iyo ganpirobebuli;
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erovnuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa, aRmasrulebeli da
sakanonmdeblo struqturebis pasuxismgebel pirTa danaSaulebrivi
Secdomebi, arakompetenturoba da upasuxismgebloba~ (iqve).
es Secdomebi Casafrebuli mtris wisqvilze asxamda wyals.
istoriisa da simarTlis urTierTmimarTeba oTar CxeiZem `boriaySi~
Camoayaliba, rostom itrielisa da misi Tanaklaselis dialogiT.
klaseli, rom `axalmoweseTa~ Soris aRmoCnda da kvlav aocebda rostom
itrielis erTguleba WeSmariti Rirebulebebisadmi.
istoria debulebebs ayalibebs (namdvils, an gamarjvebulis
saamebels), mematiane-mwerali ki xatavs viTarebis srulyofil suraTs.
swored es funqcia akisria oTar CxeiZis trilogias, mweralma cxel
kvalze aCvena ambiciebiTa da boRmiT gamTlianebuli Zala, ideuri
monawileni gadatrialebisa. am simarTlis codna xvalindeli dRis
simyaris safuZvelia: `Tu ar gecodineboda am politikuri movlenis
ideuri monawileni, gegoneboda, rom raRac grandiozul borotebas
STaenTqa damoukidebeli saqarTvelos aRmadgeneli. warRvnas
gadaeyolebina ukve ara noe Jordania, aramed zviad gamsaxurdia, vinc
qmnida, ara socialistur respublikas – am noesaviT, aramed bunebriv
sazogadoebriv-politikur models morgebul saxelmwifos, TaviT
bolomde amozrdils ilia WavWavaZis ideuri mrwamsidan _ yvelaze
mtkice safuZvlebidan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mosapoveblad da
SesanarCuneblad~ (70. 778).
mopovebiT moipoves.
am jansaRi nebis winaaRmdeg amoqmedebuli Zala Sekra ruseTis
ideur-finansur-samxedro mxardaWeram, xolo zemoT aRniSnuli Secdomebi
gamoiyenes, raTa mTel msoflioSi gaetexaT saxeli zviad gamsxurdiasa
da misi TanamoazreebisaTvis.
sakuTari qveynis xelisufleba nebismier Zalas Seekvreba da arbevs
axladSobil damoukideblobas, is `sulieri radiaciis veliT~ modis da
sasikeTo gzas mmarTvelobisa, ver ipovis.
amgvarad, mxatvruli realobis politikuri konteqstiT warmoCenisas
mwerali:
a) movlenebis kvaldakval qmnis mxatvruli nawarmoebebs.
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b) mizanmimarTulad saxelebs ar ucvlis politikur pirebs (es
mwerlis meTodia).
g) Txrobis sxvadasxva xerxiT amxels politikuri samyaros
warmomadgenlebs, maT Tanamoazreebsa da qmedebis Sedegs.
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jvarsaxovneba
“Srtoni uCina” “fes
v Rrma hyo
”
(fabula da siuJeti)
Sina ar
si (sax
ismetyvel
ebiT
Caf
iqrebuli saT
qmel
i)
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Tavi III
jvarsaxovneba oTar CxeiZis trilogiaSi
a) jvris horizontsa da vertikalze gaazrebuli personaJebi
literaturuli nawarmoebebis kvlevisas, siuJetis siRrmiseuli
gaazreba SesaZlebelia jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis vertikaluri da
horizontaluri veqtorebis mxatvrul mTlianobaSi ganxilviT.
oTar CxeiZis romanebis personaJebi am mxriv gansakuTrebiT
sicocxlisunarianni arian. isini realuri cxovrebidan damkvidrdnen
wignSi da wignieri cxovrebiT sulierebis mravali aspeqti warmoaCines.
pirveli adamianis naTlierebisagan ganZarcvis Semdeg TviT adamianis,
yofierebis maxasiaTebeli gaxda orsaxovneba, orbunebovneba; zeciuri da
miwieri sawyisis gamTlianeba.
literatura, rogorc xelovnebis dargi, adamianismcodneobad
moiazreba. swored is asaxavs adamians, pirvelqmnili da dacemuli
bunebiT, uxilav brZolas or sawyiss Soris. literaturuli cnobierebis
dasawyisidan, is organzomilebiania Tavisi arsiT. revaz siraZem mas
jvarsaxovneba uwoda, radgan asaxavs wuTisofels, samyaros, adamians,
Tavisi sulier-xorcieli bunebiT.
sainteresoa III saukunis wminda mamis, klimenti aleqsandrielis
Sroma `codnis Sesaxeb~, sadac vkiTxulobT: `adamiani iqmna `xatisaebr da
msgavsebisaebr~; xati RvTisa aris saRvTo da sameufo sityva, xolo xati
xatisa – adamianuri goneba~ (21. 37). es TavisTavad aris miTiTeba kavSirze
kacobriv gonebasa da RvTis sityvas Soris. cxadia, sityvis idumaleba
ixsneba macxovnebeli madlis – macxovris mier mofenili naTlierebiT.
literaturis gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba aris sityva, amitomac
literaturul qmnilebasTan miaxleba, mwerlis mier Seqmnili samyaros
dekodireba xdeba ara mxolod qmnadobis procesis daxasiaTebiT –
gamosaxvis saSualebaTa kodis gaxsniT, aramed sityvis, rogorc `xatis~
(saxismetyvelebiTi erTeulis) ZiebiT, rac mTlianobaSi yalibdeba
nawarmoebis kulturuli kodis gaSifvris saxiT. aq arsebiTia mkiTxvelis
sulieri mimarTeba sityvasTan, mis arsTan, literaturasTan.
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`SemecnebulTa sulieri mdgomareoba anu is, Tu ra sulier simaRlezea
esa Tu is Semmecnebeli piri, raoden ganxmuli aqvs mas SemecnebiTi
Tvali (21. 47).
`ganxmuli SemecnebiTi Tvali~ da marjved mignebuli literaturuli
kvlevis meTodi sacnaurs xdis nawarmoebis uxilav Sreebs, amTlianebs
siuJetsa da saxismetyvelebiT Canafiqrs jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis
arealSi.
nawarmoebis jvarsaxovnebiT kvlevaSi umniSvnelovanesi sayrdenia
ganmartebis universaluri meTodi – hermenevtika. `mis ZiriTad amocanas
warmoadgens teqstis swori interpretacia, anu teqstis ganmarteba misi
absoluturi mxatvruli faseulobebis konteqstSi (27. 102). interpretacia
mudmivad moqmedebs sazRvarze dafarulsa da gacxadebuls Soris
.kvlevis am meTods, ZirZveli istoria aqvs: `hermenevtikuli (anu
ganmartebiTi) wesi azrovnebisa Sua saukuneebisaTvis niSnavs, rom
mTavaria ara axali problemebis Zieba, aramed maradiul problemaTa
mudmivi ganmarteba (ZvelqarTulad `Targmaneba~) (44. 8).
g. doCanaSvili moTxobaSi `kaci, romelsac literatura Zlier
uyvarda~, ambobs: `iyo mkiTxveli, es saswaulia~.
WeSmaritma mkiTxvelma wakiTxuls miRma miniSnebuli saTqmelic unda
gaicnobieros, e.i. siuJetis paralelurad `Tuali sulisaic~ unda
kiTxulobdes nawarmoebs. aseTi wvdoma SesaZlebelia tradiciuli
saxismetyvelebiTi azrovnebis _ simboloebisa da alegoriebis axsniT.
`Slaiermazerma religiur principebze dayrdnobiT aaRorZina
hermenevtikuli analizi~ (37. 114).
interpretaciuli wvdoma swored bibliis SemweobiT xdeba advili.
jvarsaxovani azrovnebis vertikaluri veqtori mas ukavSirdeba uSualod.
verjil nemoianu aRniSnavda: `Sveicarieli alois gugleri,
dResdReisobiT erTianad miviwyebuli, amtkicebda, bibliuri mwerlobaa
prototipi yvelanairi kazmuli gamoxatulebisao~ (37. 114).
sulierebaze dayrdnobili gnoseologiuri analizi gvexmareba
nawarmoebis Zirfesvian kvlevaSi. aseTi analizi xdis mweralsa da
mkiTxvels aqtiur TanamSromlad. `recipientis mimarTeba nawarmoebTan
mxatvruli qmnilebis Rirsebis gansazRvris umniSvnelovanesi rgolia,
radgan recipienti teqstis mxolod aRmqmeli ki ar aris, SemoqmedebiTii
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procesis aqtiuri monawilea. aqtiuria igi Tundac imitom, rom
konstruqciuli principi, kodi, nawarmoebis gasaRebi, aRmoCenas moiTxovs
misgan da kiTxvis procesSi aRmomCens adgils miuCens. aRmoCena ukve
esTetikuri kategoriaa da udides tkbobas aniWebs adamians~ (27. 169).
literaturuli nawarmoebisadmi aseTi midgoma yofierebasTan drois
uwyveti jaWviT mimarTebaa. sainteresoa verjil nemoianus ganmarteba:
`literatura agrovebs imas, rac migdebulia da mitovebuli _ enas,
adamianur tipebs, ideebs _ da jiuti, urTierTgamomyofi moZraobiT kvlav
gvacnobs maT~ (37. 64). swored literatura inaxavs im marcvlebs
WeSmaritebisa, romelic SeiZleba istoriaSi Caikargos.
am azriT, erovnuli cnobierebisTvis yovel epoqaSi saintereso
iqneba oTar CxeiZis romanebi. kulturuli Tu gamosaxvis saSualebaTa
kodi, nawarmoebis gasaRebi moiTxovs mwerlis idumali metyvelebis
Sinagani smeniT aRqmas. nebismier teqstSi yovelTvis arsebobs uamravi
ganusazRvreli adgili, romelTa `Sevseba~, konkretizacia da
rekonstruqcia teqstisa da mkiTxvelis Sexvedris, anu kiTxvis procesSi
xdeba~ (27 170).
literaturis TeoriaSi ganasxvaveben ganusazRvreli adgilebis or
tips nawarmoebSi: pirveli, romlis `Sevsebac~ mkiTxvels SeuZlia da
meore, sagangebo mxatvruli efeqtis mosaxdenad datovebuli (aseT
SemTxvevaSi ganusazRvrelobas mxatvruli funqcia akisria). Tu
visaubrebT oTar CxeiZis romanebis aseT monakveTebze, upirvelesad
moiazreba nawarmoebis saxismetyvelebiTi Canafiqris ametyveleba, sxva
mxriv, mxatvrul-dokumentur prozaSi bevri ram amouxsneladac
saxeldadebulia.
saxismetyvelebiTi azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli
xerxebi mTliandeba mxatvruli qmnilebis jvarsaxovan sibrtyeze
gasaazreblad. `teqstis horizontalur ganzomilebaSi vgulisxmobT mis
amqveyniur Sina arss, xolo vertikalurSi _ mis sulierebas, rogorc es
jvarSia (44. 9)~. siuJeti personaJTa amqveyniur cxovrebas gadmoscems,
xatavs epoqis xasiaTis Taviseburebebs. siuJets miRma gaazrebuli
saTqmeli sulier wvdomas moiTxovs da is zogad Rirebulebebamde
maRldeba. `teqstis horizontaluri mdinareba droSi xdeba, sulieri
vertikalis SegrZneba ki myisieri SeiZleba iyos~ (iqve).
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IV saukunis wminda mamis, basili didis sityvebiT, `poezia aris
saxismetyvelebiTi RvTismetyveleba~. am mxriv, sagulisxmoa daviT
guramiSvilis mier SoTa rusTavelis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb naTqvami:
`odesac brZenman ritorman, SoTaman rgo igavT xeo da,
fesv Rrma hyo, Srtoni uCina, zed xili moiweoda,
orgziTve nayofs miscemda, visganac moirxeoda.
leqsi, rusTvlisebr naTqvami, me sxvisa ver vnaxeo da~.
`fesv Rrma hyo~ jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis vertikalze moazreba,
`Srtoni uCina~ _ horizontze. d. guramiSvilis aRniSnuli striqonebi
gvamcnoben `misi epoqis swavlul kacTa Soris gabatonebul Sexedulebas,
`vefxistyaosnis~ siuJetisa da fabulis igavur, alegoriul xasiaTsa da
mniSvnelobaze, agreTve imaze, rom es nawarmoebi iZleva nayofs orgzis,
e.i. ganimarteboda orgvarad: saRmrTodac da saerodac~ (13. 7).
literaturuli nawarmoebi ar arsebobs jvarsaxovnebis gareSe,
sulieri ierarqiulobis Sesabamisad, radgan suli aris yvelgan.
saero nawarmoebSi jvarsaxovneba vlindeba orbunebovnebis
gadamkveTi veqtorebiT. es gadakveTa mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWviT qmnis
siuJets, fsiqo-somaturi faqtorebis suraTs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
literaturul samyaroSi filiaciis (urTierTgamodinareobis)
uwyvetobaSi ganixileba jvarsaxovneba. am mxriv gamoiyofa oTxi periodi.
Tu manamde eideturi (miTosuri) da eikonuri (xatisebri) gansaxovneba
mZlavrobs, XII-XIII saukuneebidan wamyvania mxatvruli saxismetyveleba, aq
saxeTa safuZveli sakuTriv esTetikuria.
`vefxistyaosnidan~ mkvidrdeba wminda mxatvruli saxismetyveleba.
paralelurad sxva araerTi nakadic, magram `wminda mxatvruli~
saxismetyveleba grZeldeba dRemde (44. 19).
CvenTvis sainteresoa oTar CxeiZis romanebSi jvarsaxovnebis
TvalsazrisiT gaazrebuli personaJebi. mwerlis mxatvruli saxeebi
emorCileba `axali realizmis~ esTetikas. aqac filiacia umyarebs
safuZvels marTali mwerlis marTal sityvas.
kritikuli realizmis pirdapiri memkvidrea oTar CxeiZis esTetikuri
mrwamsi. misi romanebis personaJebi realobidan gardaqmnili,
sicocxlisunariani mxatvruli saxeebia. amis utyuari dasturia `matiane
qarTlisas~ ciklis romanebi: xolo maTi problematika swored erovnuli
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cnobierebis kuTxiTaa mniSvnelovani da saintereso. misi mTavari gmiri
mTeli qarTveli eria. konkretuli personaJebic siuJetebis am movlenis
warmoCenas emsaxureba~ (72 . 9).
samatianod sruli simarTle SeirCa, gamogonili am simarTles
warmoaCens. oTar CxeiZis matiane xels uwyobs namdvili istoriis aRqmas,
movlenebis realurad gaazrebas: ubedurebis tragediis mizezis kvlevas
da sijansaRisken mimavali gzebis Ziebas.
`bermudis samkuTxedi~ mkiTxvels uSurvelad asazrdoebs
STabeWdilebiT, sazrunaviT, Ziebis wyurviliT. `marina cvetaevas aqvs
naTqvami, imas ki nu mixsniT, risi Tqma mindoda me, is gamagebineT, Tu
Tqven ra amoikiTxeT nawarmoebidano~ (17. 387).
amosakiTxi, saZiebeli uamravi saxidan nawarmoebSi gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa gizo korZeli, aiSe, qalbatoni duda (calke visaubrebT goCa
esebuas saxeze).
pirveli gverdidanve vecnobiT gizo korZels. advili misaxvedria,
rom es kaci mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetila:
`TbilisSi pirvelad moxvedriliyo, _ gizoze vambob.
frangi rom gegonos, gasakviri ar iqneba~ _ ambobs mwerali.
igrZnoba, rom es kaci wuTisofliT umayofilo ar unda iyos: `bedma
gauRima gizosa. bedi uRimoda. esec uRimoda bedsa~ (59. 5).
is `arc qalis natruli brZandeboda,
ho arc qalaqebis unaxavi,
arc frangi, arc zangi,
qarTveli gaxlda, TbilisSi pirvelad moxvedriliyo...~ (59. 6).
mas ar ainteresebs naTesavebi, maTi mdgomareoba, avi Tu kargi, arada
`xalxi Caferfliliyo zezeurada~ (.59. 8).
gizo pragmatuli cnobierebis fesvebidan moemarTeba. `mama
imedovnebda gizosi, qarTuls xo isedac iswavliso~ (59. 6). dayruebuli
erovnuli nervi `isedac~ ar iwyebs msxmoiarobas. gizos goneba mxolod
momxveWelobas, ambiciebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba. mas ar uyvarda
`romantika, simbolika, abstraqcia, fantastika, araferi amis msgavsi ar
epitnaveboda... sinamdvile undoda cxadi, naTeli, mkafio, TvaldaTvali,
swori, pirdapiri, TavisTvis pirdapiri, xolo sxva Tu gaixlarTeba, ra
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vuyoT cxovreba ho ucnauria, yvelas ar umarTlebs, rogorc ro nebavs~
(.59. 212).
`bermudis samkuTxedi~ `TeTri daTvis~ gagrZelebaa, analizia
qarTuli cnobierebis dakninebisa. am cnobierebis winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva
xerxiT brZolisa. `gizo korZeli rusuli skolis sarkmlidan rusuli
TvaliT danaxuli samSoblos turistiviT aRmqmeli dabrunda
saqarTveloSi; is ukve yofili qarTvelia, romelsac araferi SeuZlia
patronebisagan davalebuli funqciis Sesrulebis meti. igi `adgilis
mwevaria, adgilis kurdRlis dasaWerad, iaraRia imis xelSi, vinc didi
xania icis: `qarTveli mxolod qarTveliT iZliveba~, im qarTveliT,
romelic drodadro mxolod saxels icvlis: varsqeni, lipariti,
yvaryvare, oTari, Salva, mzeWabuki, Sadimani, sergo, iosebi da...~ (23.131).
imedismomcemi personaJis _ baadur rikoTelis (`TeTri daTvi~)
Semdeg, renegatis axali, sinTezirebuli saxe mogvca mweralma `bermudis
samkuTxedSi~ gizo korZelis daxatviT, romelic putCis Sedegad
darbeul saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikis, am uzarmazari, usulgulo
monstris erT WanWiks warmoadgens samoqmedo sqemiT: `gayidos da iqmnas
Zvirad gayiduli~ (59. 6). sulieri sicarielis dasafaravad xSirad
epotinebian winaparTa saxelebs. aRniSnuli personaJisTvis asureli
mamebi da andria pirvelwodebuli mxolod turistuli biznesis
TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso. mas mxolod fulis sabadod sWirdeba
yvela da yvelaferi, `patronis~, keTilganwyoba `keTilmowyobisTvis~
(keTilad mowyobisTvis) sWirdeba da ragind uxerxuli Sedarebac ar
unda iyos, sxva araferia, Tu ara muxas mimdgari, TeTri daTvisgan
momarjvebuli, aprialebulpiriani culis mosaxerxebulad dasaWeri tari
(23. 133).
oTar CxeiZis panoramul TxrobaSi `usaxo, upiro mTxrobeli~
Semodis mimesisiT da gviCvenebs gizo korZels taZarSi _ sveticxovelSi.
`sanTlebs aanTeben, pirjvars iweren, suzi Tavisas SesTxovs RmerTsa.
ras SesTxovs TviTon icis. gizo ar SesTxovs arafersa. arc aras
gamoelis xatebisgana. es misTvis sxvaTa waxedulobaa. axla viTom ro
TanaugrZnobs suzisa. raikoms ufro TanaugrZnobda, eklesiaSi ro
agzavnidnen: axalgazrdebi gamorekeo. erekeboda. asmenda urCTa. suzis
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ver gaagdebs da iwers pirjvarsa. da amagrebs sanTelsa. da ara
morCildeba. sanTeli. da amagrebs. da ara magrdeba...~ (59. 332).
es aris gizo korZelis sulieri biografia: patara saqarTvelos
rusul skolaSi aRizarda `didgulada~, ebrZoda eklesias (`erekeboda
urCTa~), _ emsaxureboda wiTel reJims (`raikoms ufro TanaugrZnobda~),
amJamad enebis mcodne da saerTod risi ar mcodne (`ra ar icoda, RmerTo
Cemo, ra ar icoda, sokos jiSebidan genur inJineriamde~) (59. 30),
gaalmasebuli codniT wuTisoflis arenaze, `patronis~ xelSewyobiT
ganmtkicebisTvis iRwvis. gizo korZels nervic ar utokavs mSobliur
RirebulebebTan wilnayari. eklesiaSi sanTlis anTeba `wamxedurobaa~.
aseTi sulgayinuli adamiani sanTelsac ver anTebs, `ugulo guliT~
sanTeli xats ar ewireba (`ara morCildeba~). sulieri enTropiis
mdgomareobaa, rac konkretul SemTxvevaSi fesvebisagan mowyvetiT,
momxveWelobiT, gulgrilobiT vlindeba. `adamianebi eklesiaSi Sewevnas
eZieben, magram cotani pouloben mas. ase rad xdeba? religia _ es
sinergizmia, esaa Sexvedra, SeerTeba, Serwyma ori nebisa _ RvTaebrivis
da adamianurisa. mis gareSe adamianis guli SeuRwevadi gaxdeba
madlisTvis~ (2. 156).
aseTi mdgomareoba sulierebis maRal safexurze ganixileba,
korZeli ki siaxloves ar aris am simaRlesTan, mas `mkvdari
sarwmunoebac~ ar gaaCnia. igi uRmerTod seravda sawuTros gzebs, amis
mxileba aris sesilia-cecilia-ciliasTan (aiSesTan) urTierToba.
gafuyebul-ganebivrebuli ymawvilkaci gizo gaurboda moZalebul
aiSes, is ar eSveboda.
aiSe maxinji vnebaa, romelic imorCilebs gizos. `saxei aWiWynili.
dalaqavebuli. naxevari yba Cavardnili. amoburculi meore nawili...
aRahxmo tuCni igi: cal mxares ro Cadabldeboda, wamoburcoda ro meore
mxaresa da aseve gayofili xmiTa, xixina da xrWiala xmiT~ saubrobda (59.
418). aseTia korZels miZalebuli aiSe. igi morCilad itanda gizos
jiutobas; xedavda, veRar gaerida mamakaci da iyo molodinSi, rom
aRsruldeboda kanonzomiereba: `kacic kacia da qalic qalia da Tu ver
gaeqcevi, unda damorCilde~ (59. 420).
ver gaeqca gizo, e.i. minebebis Jami dadgeboda, asec moxda; vnebas
minebebuli Ramis Semdeg, diliT aiSe iq ar iyo, magram `saxe mainc
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baliSze ido. ise cxadada, kanTielada ise, gamomwvevada, damcinavada ise,
egec Senao~ (iqve). unebisyofo, urwmuno ymawvils gamarjvebuli boroti
dascinis, romelic masTan aiSes saxiT movida. damarcxebuli gaqcevis,
garidebis gzas eZebs, `mamam uSvela. axla ro grantebs uZaxian,
komkavSiruli sagzuri erqva maSina. is mamamisi mTlad zedafena ar
gaxlda maSindeli. oRondao _ iqve trialebda da adviladac moupova
sagzuri uSiSroebis saswavlebelSi~ (59. 423).
aiSesa da masTan urTierTobis nayofs gaeqca saqarTvelodan gizo,
roca qali CemodniT xelSi moadga da auwya, rom male maTi Svili
moevlineboda qveyanas.
dabrunda maSin, roca `damTavrda is agzneba, Tavisuflebam ro
mogvitana. sixarbe aRzevda, sixarbe marTavs politikas... Suri pirmSoa
sixarbisa. vin meti? sadRac CaquCs urtyams eSmaki da vin meti gaitacos
imaze Sebmulan~ (59. 125).
aseT saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli gizo `patronis~ ZaliT, misgan
aTvisebuli samoqmedo gegmiT, laRad grZnobs Tavs. is yvelgan sasurveli
stumaria, sasurveli sasiZo da saqmro. TviTon qalebTan mxolod ndoma
da gonebismieri gaTvlebi akavSirebs. `gulio _ ro iTqmis, amitom Tu
iTqmis. gulic unda iyos raRa Tqma unda: ar arsebula siyvaruli
uimisoda. guli ro tvinSi avardnila, ro dabneula tvini, daRavebula,
siyvarulic esa yofila. es arc dabneula, arc daRavebula: mSvenieri
qali, saxarbielo mdgomareoba, _ mosZebnos vinmema ukeTesi!..~ (59. 266).
gizos Tavgadasavlis Txroba dinamikurobisa da Seuwyveteli
monacvleobis principzea agebuli, rasac gansakuTrebuli siRrmiT
aRiqvams literaturuli smenis mqone mkiTxveli.
`mSvenieri qali, saxarbielo mdgomareoba~ daxvda gizo korZels
sesilia-cecilias saxiT. miaRwia: daqorwinda masze, `Tbilisis
varskvlavi mogiwyvetiao~, _ eubnebian, arc ki icis, rom es is aiSea,
wlebis win rom orsuli miatova, rom maTi Svili germaniaSi izrdeba
(pirvel qorwinebaSi SeZenili Svili hgonia sesiliasi), rom es
pirmSvenieri, aristokratuli manerebis qali xelovnurad awyobil-
Sekowiwebulia. is Sinagan SiSs daatarebda, rom `yovelive dafaruli
gacxaddeba~ da am SiSma daaCqara xelovnurobis dasasruli: sesilia-
cecilia Zvel saxes _ aiSes daubrunda. namalevad gasvla arCia
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`mijnuris~ cxovrebidan, magram gasamgzavreblad gamzadebul Cadrian
qals mouswro gizom. Cadri saxes faravda, qali xmas ar iRebda, `xma
amoiRe!..~ ar eSveba. arc moeSveba vaJi~ (59. 466). `keTili~ _ iTqmis
CurCuliTa da es xma aRmoCnda Tavzardamcemi: `frTxilobs ro mTqmeli...
mainc amosdevs raRac xixini, SiSini, wikvini, wuili, mtvrevaca TiTqosa.
Soreuli. daviwyebuli. Cadric ahxados, _ is iqneba uTuoda. uTuoda. da
ukan daixevs. gizoi. eldacemuli~ (iqve).
amis Semdeg mwerali urTavs personaJis monologs. sesilia-aiSe
amxels gizos, msjelobs wuTisoflis amoucnob kanonebze da im SiSze,
romelsac daatarebda sakuTar Tavs garidebuli qali.
`bedisweram ganago ase. ar gegonos ro Seni dasja mindoda... saxe Tu
Sevicvale, _ me xels miSlida Cemi saxe da imitomac Sevicvale.
SeiZleboda da Sevicvale. vSiSobdi kidevaca: egeba dairRves xelovnuri
nakeTobani _ meTqi~ (59. 467).
aiSe-sesilia TiTqos amSvidebs kidec gizo korZels: `rac ar unda
moxdes, Sen mainc aRar dagibrundebi. gatexili puri aRar gamTeldebao~
(59. 468).
puri madlis simboloa, wminda mamebis naazrevis mixedviT, puris
gamTeleba SesaZlebelia zeciuri mamisadmi swrafviT, magram bnel gzas
minebebulebs es swrafva aRar aqvT. `vaglax, gardasula dro zRaprebisa.
warmvdgarvaT pirispira amaoebisa. SiSvlad warvmdgarvarT. isic
SiSveli... da aRarca gvxiblavs aRaraferi, aRarc ro gvatyuebs, aRarc
vis vendobiT. RmerTsac aRara!.. Cveni tragediac es aris. ara!.. Cemi
tragediaa. Seni _ ara! _ askvnis qali~ (59. 468). madli maT axla ki ar
dakarges, umadloebi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs Tavidan, meore Sexvedrac
(ganSorebis Semdeg) aseTive iyo, mxolod daxvewilobis niRbiT.
gizo isev ugrZnobeli rCeba da uRmerToba ZarRvsac ar utokebs,
TiTqos Camkvdara masSi kosmiuri me, swrafva naTlisken. aiSesTvis ki
sulerTi ar aris adamianur gonebaze damkvidreba, uRmerTod yofna,
qvecnobieri SiSi Causaxlda da ver gauZlo. `SiSi ar vicodi. SiSma
damria xeli. SiSma gamTanga da SiSisganaa rac damemarTa~ (59. 468). man
ukve dainaxa, rom `wuTisofels didxans ver veTamaSebiT, Cven TviTon ro
wuTisoflis saTamaSoni varT~ (59. 469), magram gizos am WeSmaritebis
aRsaqmelad, `yurni ar asxia~, is kvlav cdilobs yvela dabrkoleba
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gaarRvios da adamianuri gonebiT uzrunvelyos keTildReoba. arc aiSe
(maxinji vneba) emSvidobeba samudamod: `arc gemSvidobebi. kidev vin icis
ras gvimzadebs muxTali ese wuTisofeli. bedi unda Semoebrunebina
gizosa. anTu: ufro swori iqneba, _ beds scdida. gizoi.~ (59. 471)
gizo korZelis yvela `cda~ miwas, miwier siameebsa da gaTvlebs aris
mijaWuli, is umomavlo adamiania, radgan mxolod awmyoSi cxovrobs,
warsuli ar gaaCnia (am warsulSi arc ucxovria). man warsulTan
damakavSirebeli sakuTari saxeli da gvaric uaryo. `gamoCnda Tu ara
Tbilisis ekranzeda gizo korZeli, aq maSinve Tqves: givi korZelaZeo~ _
eubneba mas siZe (59. 376). baTumidan wasuli givi korZelaZe uSiSroebis
samsaxurma gizo korZelad daabruna samSobloSi da isic arafers
akeTebda `umoskovoda~. momavals mizanmimarTulad anadgurebs, aiSesgan
gaCenili Svili ar ainteresebs, hedonizmis nayofi, sofikos Svili ki
winaswar SeTanxmebiT _ ar unda moevlinos qveyanas: `gamoutydeboda
sofikoi. fexmZimeda varo.
`Cveni SeTanxmeba me kargad maxsovs,~ arc dafiqrdeba gizoi. `arc
araferi Tqmula amis Sesaxeba. arc migulisxmia me piradada. Sen Tu
igulisxme, Seni saqmea, me nu gamrev mag davidarabaSi. bevric ecado, ar
gaverevi. me Cemi saqme maqvs. borkilad meqceva zedmeti yvelaferi. arc
dafiqrdeba. arc Sewuxdeba. arc gauxardeba, raRa Tqma unda. guls ar
miakarebs odnavadaca~ (59. 169-170).
sofikos saqarTvelodan gadakargvaSi, amerikaSi gamgzavrebaSi
`daexmara~, an sxva ra unda eqna: `Tavis droze qajeTsac aiRebda kaci
qalis gulisTvisa. is sxva dro iyo. wasuliyo. gadakarguliyo. arc
arasodes ar mobrundeboda~ (59. 231). aRasrula dedam uRirsi mamis
ganaCeni: Cvili ar gaCnda.
sainteresod aris mwerlis mier Tikos saxe Cafiqrebuli: TiTqos
Sinaganma naTelma xmam unda gamoarRvios da aRazevos zneobrivi
Rirebulebebi gizos sulSi, magram isev ebindeba naTlisken mimavali gza,
ucnaur sastumroSi dideda guranduxtis naSier TikosTan erTad
moxvedrili gizo korZeli genetikuri kodis karnaxiT Secbeba, SekrTeba
da codvas gamoeqceva. sisxlis aRrevis SiSiT Tavzardacemulma sindisma
didxans ver gaunaTa, mis sulSi kvlav sibnelem daisadgura.
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gizo korZeli sulgayinuli moRalatea, siZulvils daatarebs;
misTvis cxovrebis normad iTvleba: `RmerTi ro SeaZules da sZulda~ (59.
44), `sisavse rom iyo araraobisa~ (59. 667), mkvleli rom aris Tavisave,
daubadebeli Svilisa, fulis sakeTeblad mainc da mainc asurel mamaTa
gza rom airCia, turistuli firma S.p.s. `asureli mamebi~, siwmindeebi rom
airCia uwmindurebisaTvis. (`aCvene da gaaZRe~ _ principiT
gasamdidreblad) (59. 430).
ufali gansacdelebiT wvrTnis adamians, magram gizom RvTis
gangebulobiT miniWebuli ori SemTxveva ver gamoiyena: erTi, roca
TikosTan erTad gamoaqcia im sastumrodan, sadac ukan dasabrunebeli
gza gadauRoba kacis saxemiRebulma satanam, romelsac sasacilod ar eyo
gizos Tavis marTleba: `naTesavebi vyofilvarTo~, da meore _ saSineli
avaria. sikvdilis siaxlovemac ver daanaxa amaoeba wuTisoflisa. mizezi
cxadia: feradi vnebebiT wuTisofels mijaWva `sakuTar TavSi Caketili
da egoisturia; avxorcobas WiayelebiviT mxolod miwaSi, sibneleSi
SeuZlia arseboba da amitom is sulisa da gonebis sinaTles aqrobs.”
fizikaSi arsebobs kanonzomiereba: nivTierebis daSla siTburi
energiis gamoyofas iwyebs. `vnebis siTbo _ es daSlis siTboa, amitom
vnebis bolo _ sikvdilis bindis msgavsi dacarielebaa sulisa~ (2. 27).
aiSesgan gaqceva am dacarielebisgan gaqceva Tu egona gizo korZels;
is iqiTken gaiqca, sadac sabolood moikveTa fesvebi (`saiTac gaviqeci,
iqiT waviqecio~), carieli dabrunda samSobloSi, dabrunda `patronis~
SekveTis Sesasruleblad.
`logikuria gizo korZelis sicocxlis dasasruli. baTums mimavali
`abesalom da eTeris~ sanaxavad ki ara, operis premieraze murmanTan da
murmanebTan mimavali, jarTiTa da morebiT datvirTuli manqanebiT
gadaWedil Caqvis aRmarTze, yvela rom erTmaneTis jobnasa da
gadaswrebas lamobs, iRupeba. kvdeba xorcielad, Torem misi
jarTadqceuli suli didi xania, mkvdaria~ (23. 139).
sesilia-aiSe maxinji vnebaa, zogjer sakuTari saxiT, zogjer _
xelovnuri daxvewilobiT movlinebuli, samoqmedo Jamis momlodine.
dro-sivrcul ganakveTSi `bermudis samkuTxedis~ erT-erT personaJs,
dudas gansakuTrebuli adgili ar uWiravs nawarmoebSi, magram teqstis
xiluli da dafaruli Sreebi STagvagonebs konteqstis interpretacias _
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`fesv Rrma hyo~ procesis kvlevas, radgan `interpretacia mudmivad
moqmedebs sazRvarze dafarulsa da gacxadebuls Soris~ (27. 105).
am konkretul personaJTan dakavSirebiT `gacxadebulia~ misi ojaxis
awmyo: ojaxis wevrebi amerikaSi cxovroben, qalbaton dudas
daqiravebuli qurTi _ xatije uvlis (am quCaze ucxoeTSi gadaxvewilTa
ramdenime carieli saxlia). `daSloda ojaxi. gafantoda ojaxi. ojaxur
garemos veRar Seakowiwebda~ (59. 192) da aseTi daSlil-dafantuli
araerTi ojaxia saqarTveloSi, esec `umadlo Jamis~ niSania. cdilobs
qalbatoni duda ojaxis, ojaxis diasaxlisis iluzia mainc Seqmnas
dacarielebul saxlSi, ar gaeTelvinos sevdas, martoobis dards, asakis
simZimes kidev ufro rom umZafrebs. masTan mdgmurad mosul gizos
vedreba-moTxovnis toniT eubneba: `erTad visadiloT, amasa gTxovT. Tqven
stumari xarT Cemi. sada sadilobT, sada sauzmobT, me ar vici.
uxerxulia, mSieri ar darCebiT raRa Tqma unda, magram stumari xarT
Cemi. me Cemi pasuxismgebloba mawevs. ver davTmob me Cems
pasuxismgeblobasa. es erTi da gardauvali. meore Cemi sisustea. es
damiTmeT. Zalian miyvars kerZebis momzadeba. Tu rogor vamzadeb, Tqven
TviTon darwmundebiT. Zalian miyvars da aRar mixerxdeba. Tu aravis
velodebi, xalisic ara maqvs~ (59. 188-189).
gizo survils usrulebs, iSleba WeSmariti qarTuli sufra,
Rirseuli qarTveli banovanis maspinZlobiT. stumris ganwyobas
gamometyvelebiT ufro rom irwmunebs vidre eniT: `enas Zvali ara aqvso.
saxe Zvlebzea asxmulio~ (59. 190).
stumar-maspinZloba Sedga. darbaiselma qalbatonma roialze
dakvriTac daamSvena sadili da ase meordeboda, magram `male mobezda
gizosa~. maspinZeli cxovrebis xalisis dabrunebas cdilobs, Sinagani
aristokratizmiT mokrZalebas iwvevs, Tvalyurs adevnebs maradmedin
dros; cxovrebis tragizms XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, wuTisofelSi
dapirispirebulobis kanonis dasturad rom qceula da sulieri
asakovnebiT madlcxebuli mSvidad, gulSi Cagubebuli sevdiT elodeba
aRsasruls, romliTac mwerali qarTuli tradiciebisa da zneobrivi
movaleobebisadmi uCveulo, magram Zalian gaCveulebrivebul tkivils
usvams xazs: es Rirseuli qarTveli mandilosani uWirisuflo
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micvalebulad rCeba. qalbaton dudas Svilebi ver Camovidnen; fuli
gamogzavnes, micvalebulis da saxlis patronoba gizos Txoves.
ukanasknel wuTs, momakvdavis sarecelTan erTaderTi Tvistomi da
axlobeli TviTon fesvebs mowyvetili gizo korZeli aRmoCnda, romelsac
qalbatoni duda TxovnasaviT auJRerebs ukanaskneli ZaliT gaxmianebul
frazas: `didi guran... gu... guran... duxti gagigonia?~ (winaprebi gagigonia
da gaxsovso? _ amas Tu mianiSnebda). midis duda amqveynidan da fesvebis
erTgulebis gamgrZeleblis bundovani imediRa mihyveba.
momavlis imedi, didi winapris sulieri memkvidre daxata mweralma
romanSi `TeTr daTvi~, saintereso personaJis, baaduris saxiT. igi xdeba
qomagi bedis anabara darCenili mSobiare qalis, medeasi (avismosurneTa
winaSe WeSmariti qomagis molodinSia medeas samSoblo _ navTobis
gzagasayarad, evropa-amerika-aziis sabazrod gadadebuli).
es personaJi ucnauri xerxiT Semohyavs mwerals, acxadebs: `medea
gamoCndeba _ meTqi.
gamoCndeba.
aseT SemTxvevaSi moulodnelobis xerxs mimarTaven. SeiZleboda mec
gamomeyenebina. magram, ho magram: cxovrebaSi araferia moulodneli da
arc xelovnebas ara sWirdeba martivi xerxebi~ (60. 389).
mwerali agrZelebs gnoseologiur diskurss. xazgasma xdeba
simarTlis maradiulobasa da erTgulebaze. bnelis, borotis uarsobaze:
`msgavsi msgavsisa. ara umsgavsi. maxinjic simarTlea. umsgavsi mxolod
araferia. araraisgan warmosdgeba araraica~ (iqve). am mokle frazebiT
avtorma mkiTxveli filosofiur wiaRsvlebSi moatara, daukonkreta
sikeTe da boroteba, rogorc filosofiuri kategoriebi:
a) `mgavsi msgavss Sobs~ (`simpaTiis kanoni~).
`msgavsi msgavsisa~ (o. CxeiZe).
b) `boroteba ara ars ars~ (petre iberi `areopagetika~).
`umsgavsi mxolod araferia~ (o. CxeiZe).
g) `boroteba sikeTeSi naklulevanebaa~ (petre iberi `areopagetika~)
`boroteba sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara sikeTis uqonloba, sikeTis
damcroba da daknineba srul gaqrobamde~ (34. 42).
`maxinjic simarTlea~ (o. CxeiZe).
mZime erTguleba `msgavsisa~, uWirs Semoqmeds:
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`suli Cemive mSvelis. medea gamoCndebameTqi~ (iqve).
gansakuTrebuli xerxiT misi Semoyvana mizanmimarTulia, mwerali mas
Tavis sulier pirmSodac gvacnobs, radgan suli Svelis, rom gaZlos, ar
daiRalos, medea Semoiyvanos da meore tkivilian epizodsac Segaswros:
qals rom mSobiarobis tkivilma uwia, upatronod darCenils rainduli
patronoba gauwia baadurma, brbo ki mSobiares daesxa Tavs.
mSobiarisa da Cvilis dacva baadurisTvis yvela gadatanil
gansacdelze mZafri da mZime aRmoCnda, `arao, arao, imdeni araferio,
rogorc ro is gaxelebai brboisa, Sobas ro daesxnen Tavsa... grgvinavda
brboi, grgvinavda. qveynis daqceviT imuqreboda, ara Tu sadme
gareubanSio, Tundac ro Zvels naZaladevSio, ara, ara, raRa Tqma unda, _
gulSi qalaqisai, upirvelesni moqalaqenio, sapationio, saCinonio,
`inteleqtualuri potencialio~. `inteleqtualuri potencialio~ _ ai,
Cveni simdidre!~ _ acxadebda saxelmwifos meTauri~ (iqve).
ar aris aucilebeli literaturuli saxeebis mondomebuli amoxsna,
rom XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis sisxliani gadatrialebis suraTi
dagidges Tvalwin. `qalaqis gulSi~ Sobaze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma
`sapationi, saCinoni, inteleqtualuri potencialis~ mier da mere
saxelmwifo meTauris kmayofileba; cxadia, aris, oTar CxeiZis frazas Tu
davesesxebiT, `artistuli gadatrialeba~. erovnuli mTavrobis, pirveli
prezidentis winaaRmdeg (Sesabamisad, `Cvili damoukideblobis~
winaaRmdeg) brZola.
nacvlad uTanxmoebis, ukmayofilebis civiluri formiT gamoxatvisa
da brZolisa, zeimobda `gamocxadebai velurobisa~. yvelas unda, rom
ergos wili mSobiarisa da Cvilis ganadgurebaSi, mospobaSi: `gafliTes
qali da amoacales nayofi da yvelas unda CakbiCos qorfai da ar
gaswvdeba yvelasa da unda daaswron erTimeoresa da daerevian
erTimeoresa~ (59. 391).
mZafria suraTi, magram realuri. amis dasturia trilogiis pirvel
wign, `artistul gadatrialebaSi~, aRwerili zizRiani swrafva pirveli
prezidentis ganadgurebisa, roca is Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad,
Tbilisidan gadioda. mwerali ar saubrobs zviad gamsaxurdias
xelisuflebis Secdomebze, warumatebel cvlilebebze, is aRwers
arakanonzomier, iuridiulad gaumarTlebel, saqciels: daupirispirde
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sakuTar prezidentsa da sakuTar xalxs. im wlebSi, roca es trilogia
iwereboda, naklebad saimedo iyo, rom gaxmiandeboda simarTle, magram
oTar CxeiZem ar uRalata mematianis aRTqmas: STamomavlobisTvis
marTali sityva eTqva, tkiviliani istoriis namdvili viTareba aRewera,
is xom `drois mxardamxar mimyoli mematianea, romlisTvisac Semoqmedis
gamWriax mzerasa da simarTlis umaRlesi mxatvrulobis gadmocemis niWs
arasodes uRalatnia~ (72. 9).
mweralma medeas Sesaxvedrad Seamzada mkiTxveli, magram
baadurisTvis moulodneli da gasaxsenebeli stumari aRmoCnda, mere
gaaxsenda, cxadad molandebas hgavda TiTqos mosuli. movedio, _ Seaxsena
man.
`ramdeni gZebnes!~ _ amoTqva maspinZelma.
arc swyenia, arc gahkvirvebia medeas.
ramdeni mere! mTlad saqarTvelo gadaabrunes. anTu ra mTladao!..
raRa dagvrCenia?!~ (60. 394).
gulis siRrmemde aRwevs medeas mier moyolili gansacdelis, mZime
cxovrebis gancda. `umadlo Jamma~ qals gansakuTrebuli simamace
mosTxova. yvelafers gauZlo, gansacdelma gamoawrTo, daewminda sulieri
mzera da baaduri ipova, raTa madloba eTqva misTvis. `Tqven icodiT, rom
Svela mWirdeboda. Tqven icodiT, rom daviRupebodi upatronoda da
momepatroneT. momepatroneT da mixseniT. patroni rom myoloda, arc
moixedavdiT Cemskena. me Tqven SegeCvieT da Tqven ar mkariT xeli, Tumca
es Tqven lamis sicoclis fasad dagijdaT~ (60. 396).
moyvasisTvis, gansacdelSi myofisTvis uangaro Tavdadeba aris
RvTaebrivi msxverplisunarianoba. baaduri am madliT cxebuli adamiania.
baadurs daZleuli aqvs pirvelqmnili codvidan momdinare
gaudabureba sulisa, mas aqvs siyvarulis, Tavganwirvis niWi. aseTi niWis
gareSe `dedamiwa sul ufro da ufro iqceva sulis udabnod~ (1. 12).
sagulisxmoa, rom medeas sikeTisadmi rwmenas uRviZebs baaduris
keTilSobileba. borotebis oromtrialSi moqceuli deda _ medea,
rainduli Zalmosilebis mfarvelobis qveS aRmoCnda, uflis SewevniT.
baaduri Sobisa da mSobiaris dacviT ers, mis `Cvil
damoukideblobas~ icavs. is im sulieri wyobis adamiania, am misias rom
ver gaeqceva: `raxan mosulxar, ho unda iyo?.. unda iyo erisaTvisa. azri
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esaa Tu ram azri aqvs wuTisofelsa. eria igi saxei bunebisa, nayofi misi,
uSualo nayofi. sxva yvelaferi naxevaria kacTa. naxevaria da sacduria
yvelaferi: civilizacia, politika, _ sacduria, macduria, mteria erisa
yvela da yvelaferi, mteria bunebisa, saxierebisa, buneba mxolod
saxierebaa, mravalsaxeobaa. Taviseburebaa TviT TaviseburebaSica.
gvirgvini esaa bunebisai~ (60. 399).
baadur rikoTelis Sinagani metyvelebiT srulyo mweralma
personaJis fsiqologiuri portreti; is jansaRi kosmopolitizmis
erTguli adamiania. gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom misi eris Tavisufleba
nawilia bunebis kanonzomierebisa, dasturia, rom `buneba saxierebaa~
(RvTiurobis xiluli gamovlinebaa), eris winaaRmdeg brZola TavisTavad
niSnavs bunebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. Tavad Tavisufleba arsis
mamoZravebeli energiaa.
medeas gamoCenis Semdeg iZireba aseT fiqrebSi baadur rikoTeli, is
arc cdilobs daaZalos mas Tavis auditoriaSi msmenelad darCena; `aki
natrobda: gamoCndeso, miematos Cems msmenelebsao. natrobda. SeaCeros.
arao. ar ivargebs. axla wavides. sadRa wava?.. aqve yofila. sad ar
eZebdnen. aqve yofila~ (60. 388).
kanonzomieria: jansaRi energia Tavs Seafarebs eris wiaRSi da roca
amis Jami dadgeba, aRzevdeba (Soba), is daicavs erTarsisgan qmnil
saxierebas _ bunebas da mis mravalsaxeobas _ Taviseburebas TviT
TaviseburebaSi. yoveli eri TavisTavadobiT, arsismieri TviTmyofadobiT
swored bunebis mravalsaxeobis dasturia da sakuTari samSoblos,
erovnuli interesebis dacviT samyaros mTlianobis princips icavs
baaduri. `raxan mosulxar, ho unda iyo?..~ _ sakuTari Tavisadmi am
moTxovniT igi exmianeba didi winapris zogadsakacobrio ideas:
`arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,
iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis arRa izrunos!~ (n. baraTaSvili)
am siRrmiseul wiaRsvlebSi dominirebs personaJTa Sinagani
metyveleba (fiqriT gansja), an dialogi, mwerali naklebad Cans.
gansxvavebulia da gvemiT gamorCeuli baadur rikoTelis gzac.
marTlac feruTvalav samyaros qmnis mwerali realistur romanSi
`TeTri daTvi~. avtoris daxasiaTebiT, es aris nayofi `marTali,
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piruTvneli, dauTmobeli realizmisa~ (60. 2). amitomac arian romanis
personaJebi Zalian axlobelni mkiTxvelisaTvis.
realuri samyaro mxatvrul quraSi gansaxierebuli adamianis sulier
samyaroze zemoqmedebis Zalas iZens da am procesSi mTliandeba mwerali
da mkiTxveli, sityvis ZaliT mwerlis Canafiqri, misgan Seqmnili samyaro.
`TeTri daTvi~ asaxavs gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTul
sinamdviles, erovnul tragedias, gamZvinvarebas rusuli imperializmisa,
eris `moyvare mtrebis~ mier am imperiisadmi TanagrZnobas.
es iyo umZimesi Jami erovnul cnobierebaSi, Jami, roca TareSobda
ganjgonebuloba.
visac sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ xSirad Cauxedavs, ar
unda eucxovos es sityva. `ganjgonebulTa boroti keTili egonos~ _
ganmartavs leqsikoni.
`ganjgonebuloba~ ara marto calkeul pirovnebaTa xvedrs ganagebs,
aramed saerToerovnul-sazogadoebrivsac~ (9. 719-721).
90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi movlenebs ganjgonebulni ganagebdnen.
`teqstis horizontaluri mdinareba droSi xdeba~ (44. 9) da es dro
metad mZime, tkiviliani da tragikuli iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi, roca
qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi arsebiTi asparezi mieca `inteleqtualur
brbos~ da bneli warsulis adamianebs, roca erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
erTgulebas `provinciuli faSizmi~ daerqva.
ganjgonebulebze saubrisas gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mwerlis
msjeloba brbosa da xalxze. `brbo ho mona gaxlda instiqtebisa, _
instinqti da inteleqti upirispirdeboda erTimeoresa, anTu ufro meti:
gamoricxavda erTimeoresa... Turme arao, ar gamoricxavda~ (60. 231).
TiTqos erTgvari daskvnac unda gakeTdes: `arsebobs Tu ara
bolosdabolosa inteleqti, gonebai erTi sityviTa, arsebobs Tu ara
TavisTavada, cxadada, TavisTavada Tu isic instinqtia... viTom cota ro
amaRlebuli, oRond ro mainc mdabalTagani, mainc simdable ro Tavisken
eweva~ (60. 431).
am da sxva mravali kiTxvis pasuxs nawarmoebis sulieri wvdoma
iZleva, radgan `goneba mxolod nawilia sulisa da ara mTeli suli,
nawils ar SeuZlia moicvas mTeli...
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TviTSecnoba, TviTcnobiereba sulis funqciaa da ara gonebisa~ (33.
103). swored es unari aris aucilebeli literaturuli nawarmoebis
interpretaciuli aRqmisTvis, Sedegi ki teqstis danaxvaa vertikalursa
da horizontalur veqtorebze (jvarsaxovneba).
`jvarsaxovnebas Seicavs calkeuli mxatvruli saxe, nawarmoebi,
Semoqmedeba, epoqa~ (44. 9).
bunebrivia, jvarsaxovneba metnaklebad yvela teqstSi aris.
literaturuli nawarmoebis sicocxlisunarianobas suli ganapirobebs.
`TeTri daTvis~ TiToeuli siuJeti uxv masalas gvaZlevs
`jvarsaxovani~ analizisTvis. nawarmoebi iwyeba baadur rikoTelis
SemoyvaniT (vidre medeas gavecnobiT). igi warmogvidgeba mTeli bunebis
nawilad: `mTeli buneba gaxlavs~ (60. 4).
baaduris Tanamedrove Jami borotis zeobisaa.
mwerals sisxldadenil quCebSi gavyavarT, Teatrebidanac uSendneno,
gveubneba da azustebs; mere umayureblo darbazi ukvirdaT da ar
icodneno, rom `sxvadasxva ver iqneboda mayurebeli da xalxi~ (60. 7).
aRwers cixeebs, SimSilobas: `SimSili ufro sastiki omiao~ 60. 11).
arsebobis kanonzomiereba gamxdara: `sikeTes eZieben kacni maradisa...
da maradisa... da maradisa... sikeTes vera, siavesa hpoveben maradisa...~ (60.
31).
am Jamis msxverplia baadur rikoTeli. sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze
myofi, ufro sikvdilisken mzirali, dasaxiCrebuli adamiani, msxverpli
ZmaTa Soris dapirispirebisa, Tumca `gamocxaddeba msxverpli ar ariso;
mTavari es aris _ gamocxaddeba. xmauri Caivlis. mere miiReben
sacxedreSica. xunta. icis, Tavisi icis~ (60. 35). esec Cveulebrivi movlena
iyo: ideur mowinaaRmdegeebs rusuli iaraRiT daarbevdnen, daxocavdnen
(1991 wlis 3 ianvari, didubis metrosTan da a.S.), Semdeg urcxvad
gamoacxadebdnen: `msxverpli ar yofilao~.
`omidan gaukawravi dabrunebulebuliyo. iRupeboda uazroda~, _
gaarkvies.
ase gvacnobs mwerali baadur rikoTelis gvemis gzas,
Wrilobebisagan adamianis saxe rom daukargavs da col-Svilic ver
cnobs, Tumca qeTevani (meuRle) qvelmoqmedebisa da TanagrZnobisTvis
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uvlis gansacdelSi myof moyvass. nino mas ver amsgavsebs mamas, igi
parizSi eguleba da moelis.
baadur rikoTeli mkerdiT dauxvda omsac, xuntis xelketebsac. igi
qarTuli saqarTvelos gulSematkivrobisTvis sasikvdilo sarecelze
wevs, axloblebi ki elodebian, swamT, rom aucileblad dabrundeba. es
siuJeti asociaciurad gvabrunebs vaJas luxumTan, isic omis Semdeg
molodinis, imediani molodinis obieqtia.
marTalia, istoriuli viTareba, epoqis xasiaTi, mtris xati am or
SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba, magram nawarmoebis `vertikaluri
veqtoris~ kvleva uflebas gvaZlevs zogierTi paralelis gavlebisas;
luxumi:
1) omis Semdeg gauCinarda (misi asaval-dasavali aravin icis);
2) misi molodini imeds ukavSirdeba (`eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris
gorze Sadgoma~);
3) idumal gauCinarebaSi myofs esmis zRapari (`Ram-Ram zRaparsac
uambobs...~);
4) luxumi ikurneba bunebis madliT (gvelma dakarga gveluri buneba
da mkurnalad moevlina);
5) ganmartoeba bunebis wiaRSi;
rikoTelis SemTxvevaSi:
1) gauCinareba;
2) ojaxis molodini;
3) zmanebebi (agoniaSi myofs sizmar-cxadi aeria);
4) gankurneba bunebis madliT (medicina uZluria, xalxis wiaRSi
Senaxuli sibrZniT TurmaniZe kurnavs);
5) ganmartoeba pirvelqmnil bunebaSi;
6) imedi _ qeTevanis nayofiereba.
baadur rikoTeli metad rTulsa da mZime gzas gadis... TurmaniZis
mkurnalobiT saaqaosken mobrunebuls sulsa da guls uRrRnis fiqri
arSemdgar saxelmwifoze, enaze, erze, xalxze, brboze...
` _ xalxi rwmenaa da rwmena ar unda daiRalos. Tu daiRala, _
Tavdeba xalxi... rwmena zneobaa da xalxi zneobis sidiadea... xalxi aTi
mcnebaa. mere iwyeba eri... xalxs zneoba ixsnis. eri saxelwifos ixsnis.
saxelmwifo ers ixsnis~ (60. 357).
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wina TavSi Cven visaubreT darRveul struqturaze, rac tragediis
safuZvelia yvela droSi. xalxi da rwmena ganuyofelia. saxelmwifos
myari duRabi swored zneoba da rwmenaa.
oTar CxeiZes sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi gadaaqvs satkivari sulieri
simrTelis rRvevisa. es kanonzomieria, radgan maradiuli Rirebulebis
Sesaxeb saubris amowurva ar SeiZleba.
kacobriobis istoriaSi uzenaesi madlisagan mowyvetiT gamowveuli
ubedurebebis klasifikacia SeiZleba epoqebis mixedviT (wiTeli reJimis
gabatoneba Tundac), magram meore aTaswleulis miwurulSi verjil
nemoianu imowmebs uolker persis: `pirovneba ase xSirad arasodes
darCenila gaSiSvlebuli, daucveli da dabneuli, _ `kosmosSi
dakarguli~ (37. 68).
`kosmosi~ umaRlesi wesrigia, uflis qmnadobis nayofi, misgan
mowyveta ra Tqma unda, sulieri upovarobis nayofia. oTar CxeiZe swored
am zogadadamianuri problemis Wrilidan gviCvenebs XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebis saqarTvelos ubedurebas.
baaduris fiqrTa koriantelSi TiTqos drois wyurvilad, axal
mcnebad yalibdeba `tyavisa Senisa sacodaobiTa ar waibilwo suli
Senio~ (60. 358). es rikoTelis mier gavlili gzis saxeldebad SeiZleba
vigulisxmoT.
uSiSroeba `uyuradRebod~ ar tovebs rikoTels. asec iyo: azrovnebis
sijansaRe idevneboda, maT an apatimrebdnen, an politikuri TavSesafris
Zieba uwevdaT.
erT-erT Cinosans baaduri eubneba: `Tqveni interesebis sfero
farToa, yvelafers moicavs, yovelgvar ubedurebasa, rac ro CvenSi
gavrcelebula, _ brboSi Tu xelisuflebaSi, brbois zedafenad ro
warmogvidgeba~ (60. 366).
saqarTvelos erTguli mxedari, romelsac afxazeTis omidan
genaral-maioris Cinic Camohyolia (Tumca Cins xelisufleba guluxvad
arigebda), ukve Serisxulia, radgan ician devnil prezidentTan, zviad
gamsaxurdiasTan misi Sexvedris Sesaxeb da am SexvedraSi specdavalebebi
da teraqtebis saSiSroebebi elandebaT.
am saSiSroebis gamo uSangs (romelic avTandilisebur megobrobas
uwevs baadur rikoTels) igi qalaqidan gahyavs da mTaSi gamoqvabulSi
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daabinavebs. xuntisgan devnili prezidentic Tavis TanamoazreebTan
erTad, mTas iyo mindobili, misi erTguli rikoTelic mTas unda
Seexiznos.
mTa simboloa simtkicisa, fesvebis erTgulebisa. is cnobili
paradigmuli saxea.
mwerlis Canafiqrs `mkiTxveli aniWebs jvarsaxovnebas, Tumca
jvarsaxovneba maTSi obieqturad aris. es niSnavs, rom isini uCvenodac
wilnayaria sulierebasTan~ (44. 9).
sulierebasTan wilnayarobis TvalsazrisiT, axal samyaros xsnis
oTar CxeiZe nawarmoebis am monakveTSi. baadur rikoTeli mTidan
dascqeroda qveynierebas, tkbeboda bunebis mSvenierebiT: `momxiblavi ro
farulia, idumaliao, mSveniereba idumalebas Sehxamebiao...~ iq is
silamazea `sxvadasxvagvari idumalebiTa, mSvenebiTa da idumalebiTa, _
Tvali momca da macqerinao. ucqire. ucqire. wakiTxvac unda, silamaze ro
srulad Seicno, arsia igi siRrmiseuli, safuZveli mSvenierebisa...~ (60.
434).
mTidan xdeba Secnoba siRrmiseuli arsis _ mSvenierebisa. im
mSvenierebis, romelsac arqimandriti rafaeli ase xsnis: `Zvelma
berZnebna Tqves, rom silamaze gadaarCens samyaros. umaRlesi silamaze
RmerTia, misi anareklia, xati RvTisa _ adamiani. silamazesTan erTad
gaqra siyvarulic da dadga metafizikuri Rame~ (1. 13).
am mSvenieri peizaJis daxatvisas, oTar CxeiZis `mZime~ stili poetur
simsubuqes iZens, mirakrakebs wyobilsityvaoba: `cmukavda, sxltoda
ferebi sxivebzeda, cekvavda sxivebi nairferada, uamrav ferada, uamrav
saxeda...~ (60. 435) da es yovelive aris `wigni idumali, wakiTxva ro unda~
(iqve). bremoniseuli tipologiis mixedviT, aq mwerali pasiuri Txrobis
tips iyenebs (metyvelebs is, vinc ganicdis personaJis moqmedebas).
avtorma Tavisi personaJi gaarida qalaqs, ganjgonebul sazogadoebas
da bunebis wiaRSi gaanapira. aq fiqrobs baadur rikoTeli, aq meti
simZafriT stkiva saxelmwifoebriobadakarguli eri, xalxi, brbo...
baridan mowyvetil am samyofSi ormagi xma wvdeba cnobierebas:
naRvlianica da mxiarulica, `mTebSi gaWedila xmebi barisa~ (60. 437).
blez paskali ambobda: `bunebam yvela saganze amotvifra rogorc
Tavisi, ise Tavisi Semoqmedis xati da TiTqmis yvela sagani bunebis am
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ormagi usasrulobis niSniTaa aRbeWdili~ (38. 232). es usasruloba da
sisavse aZlierebs baadur rikoTels, TiTqos smenac ewmindeba,
uaxlovdeba absolutur smenas: `raRac xma ismis, wminda, wminda, Zlivs
gasarCevi, _ xmai Tu xmebi gamocalkevebuli erTmaneTisagan, sufTa,
Cakmendili, usaTuTesi... aRgavsebs gancdiTa, sikeTis gancdiTa, siaves ro
gadagaviwyebs~ (60. 438) da im ZaliT agavsebs, `sibraluliT ro moekideba
im Tavis inteleqtualur brbosaca, sibraluliTa, simSvidiTa, gansjis
ufro CadinjebiTa~ (iqve). da Zlierdeba survili, SeeSvelos im adamianebs
is idumali wigni rom arc gadauSliaT; uflis wiaRis Suqi Caumcxrali,
gaunelebeli; dausabamo varvareba rom arc mikarebiaT da guls
arsismieri funqcia daukargavs am gulgrilobiT. aq baadur rikoTeli
interpretatorad moiazreba.. saubrobs yovelgvari ironiis gareSe,
radgan igi asaxavs tragikul faqts: politikis saxeliT ZmaTa omi
gaCaRda, organizatorebi is adamianebi arian, romelTa guls siyvarulis
nacvlad ambiciebi amoqmedebs. maTi saxelebi romanis furclebze
daufaravad xmiandeba.
`rkinis guli rad unda gindodes, miwaze rom iRoRialo?!~ (60. 436) _
svams kiTxvas mwerali swored am mSvenierebis wiaRSi da xmiandeba
saxarebiseuli sibrZne: `sasufeveli RvTisa gulsa Sina TqvenTasa ars~,
e.i. guli zesulis samkvidroa da misi gaciveba (`rkinisa~, Tu `yinulisa~)
arsisgan mowyvetaa.
ilia marTlis azriT, guli Tu madls ar axorcielebs (arsismier
funqcias), igi `mxolod parkia, leSia sisxlis aReb-mimcemi
agebulebisaTvis~.
madls guli axorcielebs `Tesli RmrTis sityvisa adamianis gulSi
iTeseba da iq inaxeba, Tu guli igi sufTaa; an waritaceba eSmakis mier,
Tu mas ar ZaluZs da ar icis misi Rirseuli Senaxva~ (33. 81).
biblia guls Semecnebis umaRles organod miiCnevs, is aris Cveni
sulieri cxovrebisa da RvTis Semecnebis centri da roca guli `rkinis~
an `yinulisaa~, am funqcias ver axorcielebs, igi mxolod arsebobas
uzrunvelyofs, `miwaze ro iRoRialo~. es aris teqstis Sina arsSi
gacxadebuli suliereba (rac jvris vertikals Seesabameba).
oTar CxeiZis aRniSnuli trilogia amTlianebs XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebis tragediis sulier safuZvels: `simrTelis rRvevam~ sZlia naTlis
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erTgulebas, guls arsismieri madli daubnelda, siyvaruls Zala
gamoecala _ `yvelaze didi sasjeli siyvarulis daSretaa, gulis
damblaa~ (1. 206). rasac arqimandriti rafaeli `metafizikur Rames~
uwodebs, mweralma `umadlo Jami~ Searqva.
swored am tkivils utrialebs mTaSi myofi baaduris goneba. mTa
aZlierebs, amave dros, imdenad, `sibraluliT ro moekideba im Tavis
inteleqtualur brbosaca~. imsxvreva Sinagani zadi, amitom siZulvili
ver hpovebs adgils, mas sibraluli enacvleba.
sagulisxmoa, rom mTaSi ganmartoebul baadur rikoTels sanTlebi
da locvanic aRmoaCnda.
`locvani gamoirCeoda mxedruliT naweri, uiSviaTesi mxedruliTa,
egeba ro batis frTiTa da melniTa yayaCosi. melnadac ro gamougoniaT,
saTrobeladaca: sikeTisadaca, siavisadaca. sikeTe dahkargvia, siave
SerCenia~ (60. 439).
yayaCos av-kargze msjeloba ukavSirdeba sikeTe-borotebis sakiTxs,
simbolurad axasiaTebs: miuTiTebs, rom sikeTesa da borotebas erTi arsi
aqvs, radgan: `boroteba sikeTeSi naklulevanebaa~, `boroteba ara ars
ars~, `boroteba ara saxierebisgan ars~, gnebavT: `arsni yovelni raodeni
arian, keTil arian da keTilisgan arian~, _ rogorc petre iberi
gvmoZRvravs (40. 525).
e.i. boroteba RmerTis Seqmnili ar aris, misi safuZveli sikeTea,
magram naklulevanebisgan `sikeTe dahkargvia, siave SerCenia~.
siaveSerCenili xalxi iqceva brbod da gamoqvabulSic seravs baadur
rikoTelis guls kiTxva: `xalxi ro brbod iqceva, rogor gardaiqmnas
isev xalxada xalxi. xalxi. eri ar iqneba uxalxoda. saxelmwifo
uxalxoda ar iqneba. xalxi. xalxi. ena. adaTwesebi~ (60. 481).
xalxis zneobriv simtkiceze damkvidrebuli saxelmwifos
mikromodels STaaagonebs mkiTxvels mTidan Camobrunebuli uSangis
ioramTan stumrobis epizodi.
uSangi megzuria am ojaxis stumrisTvis. megobars uCvena mglis
bokveri da cikani, romelTac erTad zrdida iorami.
`fiWa gakawrula. wveTavs. bokveri cikans misCerebia: alokeo, jer
Senao, sTavazobs cikani. mere erTad daewodebian. xalxi!.. amoscdeba
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baadursa. ai, xalxi!.. (60. 428). ase daxata mweralma sasurveli, idealuri
samyaro, sadac `Txa da mgeli erTad Zovdes~.
es erTgvari Sepirispirebis xerxia sasurvelsa da arsebuls Soris,
rac amZafrebs realuris srul gancdas.
am fiqrebs moqmedebis wyurvilic mohyveba, yovelive, rac samkvidrom
bunebis eniT uTxra, unda amoxsnas. `mere, mere, TandaTanobiTa~ da iqve
aimarTeba dabrkoleba _ mteri, romelic moxilul mSvenierebas
saTavisod Tvlis da ar eTmoba, samtrod iyalyeba: `warmoimarTeba daTvi
TeTri, daiRrialebs Semzaravada, daiRrialebs da ebdRvneba ima
suraTovnebasa mSveniersa, ebdRvneba mimourevs, hglejs torebiTa,
eSvebiTa, glejs da dorblavs, glejs da afurTxebs... (60. 442).
`TeTri daTvi~ ar aris Znelad amosaxneli simboluri saxe _ es
ruseTis imperiaa, romelic `TeTr melasTan~ satelefono dialogSi
gadawyvetilad ambobs: `ra qveyana!.. romeli WkuaTmyofeli gamoeTxoveba
aseT qveyanasa, romeli?!!!~ (60. 452).
`TeTri daTvisa~ da `TeTri melas~ igavTmetyveleba calke
msjelobis sagania.
`aseTi qveyana~ _ mis mkvidrTagan sulier mRviZarebas, mamulis
dasacavad Tavdauzogav Rvawls moiTxovs.
oTar CxeiZe mkiTxvels kiTxvis niSans ar utovebs da
saxeldadebulad metyvelebs gzaze, romelic brbos kvlav xalxad aqcevs,
TeTri daTvis agresiisgan daicavs da Rirseul TviTmyofadobas
aRudgens.
es gza aris TeTri giorgis erTguleba. `es TeTri giorgi, mTvaris
giorgi, wminda nu egonebaT...~
mkacrad agrZelebs msjelobas mwerali: `umecreba ho Sesabralisia,
viTom codna miT uaresi!.. inteleqtualuri brbo... es mainc rogorme unda
gaigo: TeTri giorgi axal mTvareze. SoTze. SoTi. SoTa. axal mTvares
ewodebao~ (`TeTri daTvi~, 443).
es umTavresia _ SoTas `vefxistyaosnis~ erTguleba. am poemaSi
gamTlianda qarTveli, rogorc makrokosmosis wevri da saqarTvelos
Svili, am poemiT ikvebeba Cveni erovnuli TviTSegneba, magram meoreco, _
gvafrTxilebs oTar CxeiZe: `mze isev gahkvria uRrublo zecasa, mzei
cincxali, TiTqos es aris esaa Sobilao, mimtknarebula zecai mSobeli,
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mimtknarebula, moqancula, miwynarebula gadatanili mSobiarobis
tkivilTa mere~ (60. 231).
da es meore umTavresia, safuZvelia pirvelisa _ es erTguleba imisa,
visac rusTaveli ase mimarTavs: `vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad~,
erTguleba uflisa.
rac Seexeba mSobiarobis tkivils, es aris zneobrivad dakninebul,
brbod qceul xalxSi Sinagani naTlis aRzevebis wyurvili, pirvelsawyis
sibrZnesTan _ ufalTan dabrunebis cda gamocdebiT da gansacdelebiT.
ostaturad aris mignebuli baadur rikoTelis qalaqSi dabrunebis
epizodi. is RvTismSoblisadmi vedrebiT tovebs gamoqvabuls, sadac
dardTan, sityvasTan, ufalTan ganmartoebaSi gaatara Jami. `Sen mxolod
sanatrel xar Teslebsa Soris qalwulo, rameTu gamogvibrwyina Sengan
naTeli, msxdomareTa bnelsa mas Sina, da gananaTlna sulni Cvenni~ (60.
448) _ loculobs droebiTi meudabnoe, deda RvTisas evedreba
RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveynis moWirnaxule, brundeba imediT, da es
imedic ar gauwbila gangebam. Sin dabrunebuls meuRlem auwya: `bavSvs
velodebi~. `ha?!~ aRmoxdeba baadursa. aRmoxdeba da Sveba dauvlis TaviT
fexamdisa... aRmoxdeba da esec amosdevs: `biWi?!~ amosdevs da imedic
mohyveba: `gvari gadagvirCes egeba!~ (60. 454).
personaJTa Svilierebas literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvari simboluri
datvirTva aqvs, magaliTad:
luarsabisa da darejanis (`kacia adamiani?!~) unayofoba arafrobis
uaryofaa.
bekina samaniSvilisa da elenes nayofiereba (`samaniSvilis
dedinacvali~) platonis mier arCeuli `xsnis eSmakiseuli gzis~ mxileba,
uflis nebis garduvalobis dasturia.
akaki baqraZis azriT, `Teimuraz xevisTavisa da margo yaflaniSvilis
kavSiris Sedegad bavSvi ar gaCnda, e.i. umweo altruizmi da pasiuroba
unayofoa, magram bavSvi daibada margo yaflaniSvilisa da jayo
jivaSvilis Tanayofis rezultatad. e.i. moZalade mizanTropia da
pasiuroba nayofieria, momavali aqvs (9. 384).
Cvens SemTxvevaSi, oTar CxeiZe aSkarad exmareba mkiTxvels,
gaicnobieros rikoTelTa ojaxis nayofierebis arsi. siuJetis
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mdinarebaSi CarTul am ambavs, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi simboluri
datvirTva aqvs.
rikoTelis vaJis molodini miniSnebaa jansaRi erovnuli energiis
gadarCenisa. mweralic adasturebs: `gvari!.. ugvarod eric rom ar iqneba,
raRa Tqma unda, _ unda gadarCes, unda gadarCes. amasac dawera unda.
gvari. nergi keTili~ (60. 454). unda gadarCes gvari, `nergi keTili~, jiSi,
eri, am optimisturi ganwyobiT, naTeli dRis rwmeniT mTavrdeba oTar
CxeiZis romani `TeTri daTvi~.
Tu Cvens mTavar saTqmels davubrundebiT, nawarmoebis siuJetur
ganviTarebas mis jvarsaxovnebas davukavSirebT, baadur rikoTelis
gamoqvabulSi ganmartoebasa da mis barSi dabrunebas, metad saintereso
datvirTa aqvs mkiTxvelis TvalTaxedvidanac; es kanonzomiericaa, radgan
nebismieri siuJeti moiazrebs misaRwev wonasworobas, dasakmayofilebel
moTxovnilebas.
aRniSnul epizodSi wonasworobas eZebs qveynis gulwrfeli
Wirisufali, baadur rikoTeli. danaklisia rwmenagamwirebuli guli,
moTxovnileba ki imedia, romelic kmayofildeba (`gvari dagvirCes egeba!~).
amdenad, sulierebisa da xorcielebis urTierTgadakveTisas
ganxiluli epizodis `vertikalur veqtorze~ cnobierdeba:
a) bunebis gavlena adamianis sulier samyaroze, adamiani kosmiur
mTlianobaSi;
b) ganwmendili fiqri, smena da xedva;
g) borotebis arsi sikeTea (yayaCos saxe);
d) guli zesulis samkvidroa da ara organo, romelic `miwaze
RoRialis~ saSualebas gvaZlevs;
e) gza xsnisa (`TeTri giorgi _ SoTa~, `cincxali mze~, imedi `nergi
keTili~).
jvarsaxovnebis TvalsazrisiT, personaJebze saubars mivyavarT
saintereso movlenamde: mwerali cxovrebis mier mowvdili masalidan,
erTi kerZodan, qmnis zogad saxes. `saintereso literaturuli qmnileba
iZleva nairgvari kiTxvisa da gagebis, kamaTisa da interpretaciis
saSualebas. es romanis gamarjvebaa~ (72. 16.).
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: oTar CxeiZis yvela nawarmoebs aqvs aseTi
gamarjveba.
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romani `amaRleba~ qronologiurad da Tematurad ar ganekuTvneba XX
saukunis 90-iani wlebis amsaxvel trilogias. es nawarmoebi me-16
Txzulebad moazreba rkalidan `matiane qarTlisa~. `amaRlebis~
winasityvaobaSi avtori miuTiTebs, rom daxata e.w. sabWoTa saqarTvelo,
`rac SeiZleboda marTlada, rac SeiZleboda piruTvnelada~, naCvenebia,
rom `Jami idga veragi, ulmobeli, namdvili Jami _ gamanadgurebeli
rwmenisa, zneobisa, adamianobisai~.
erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi eris dakninebisa swored es Jami iyo,
romelic saqarTveloSi ilias mkvlelebma daamkvidres; uRmerTobas
qadagebdnen da qarTul sinamdvileSi pirveli saukunis siRrmidan
naqadagev, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis niSans, qristianobas marqsizmiT
ucvlidnen. nebismieri progresulad moazrovne adamiani miiCnevs, rom
`antireligiuri humanizmi~ saxelSecvlili `matyuara saxeldadebuli~
borotebaa mxolod. tomas elioti ambobda: `Tuki ipovniT antireligiuri
humanizmis nimuSebs, an bolosdabolos, religiuri rwmenisadmi
dapirispirebuls drosa da sivrceSi, maSin amgvari humanizmi pirwmindad
destruqciulia, radganac verasodes hpovebs sanacvlos imisa, rac
daangria~ (48. 114) da saintereso, mravlismetyveli daskvna: `Tuki
gulisxmobT maRali donis suliersa da inteleqtualur SeTanxmebas,
maSin saeWvoa, rom civilizaciam gaZlos ureligiod da religiam
ueklesiod~ (iqve).
sabWoTa reJimis damyarebas Tan mohyva eklesia-monastrebis ngreva. es
iyo xiluli gamovlineba daundobeli brZolisa sulieri naTlis
winaaRmdeg. taZarTa mngrevelni ebrZodnen RmerTs, RvTis rwmenas
adamianTa sulier samyaroSi. am brZolis Sedegi unda yofiliyo uRmerTo
sazogadoebis Seqmna, anu srulqnilebisken mimavali gzis daxSoba, radgan
`qristes jvarcmis mniSvnelobas axali amaRlebuli moralis
Sesaqmnelad, romelsac adamianTa modgma srulqmnilebisaken mihyavs,
aRiareben mnaTobebi kacobriobisa~ (33. 46).
hainrih hainem, romelic Sors iyo eklesiisgan, qristes mowameobriv
sisxls uwoda `kacobriobis WrilobebSi CaRvrili balzami~.
sabWoTa reJimi am balzamisgan ganaridebda adamianebs, risi Sedegic
amdenad naTlad asaxa oTar CxeiZem Tavis nawarmoebSi.
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XX saukunis 70-iani wlebisTvis `qveyanaSi darCeniliyo 1
mitropoliti, 2 episkoposi, 3 aTeuli xucesi da episkoposi, da mxolod
40 moqmedi eklesia _ isic TiTqmis umrevlod datovebuli. oficialurad
ar gamodioda sasuliero Jurnali, risi gamocemis uflebac datovebuli
hqondaT, saeklesio kalendari iyo~ (68. 225).
wiTeli reJimis da am ideologiiT Seqmnili tipi adamianisa,
`sabWoTa adamiani~, sulierad brmaa Rirebulebebis Sesacnobad da
uyoymanod asrulebs partiul davalebebs, angrevs, bilwavs eklesia-
monastrebs.
erT-erTi mravlismetyveli faqti uamravTagan aris is, rom
walenjixis macxovris feriscvalebis saxelobis taZarSi kp raionulma
komitetma marqizm-leninizmis saxalxo universiteti gaxsna. efrem asuris,
bibliuri personaJebis freskebis win marqsisa da engelsis portretebi
dadges. TviT taZris gumbaTidan jvari Camoxsnili iyo.
saubaria taZarze, romlis moxatulobas, freskebsa da warwerebs
mieZRvna inga lorTqifaniZis gamokvleva. naSromSi ganxilulia berZen
da adgilobriv xelovanTa mier ganxorcielebuli xatwera,
paleologiuri xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT.
gamokvlevis avtori walenjixis taZris moxatulobis ferTa saocar
Sexamebasa da xatweris daxvewilobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
Sua saukuneebis am brwyinvale taZarSi, sadac aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi wirva ar aResruleboda, aTeizmis mamaTa (marqsis,
engelsisa da leninis) farTo formatis portretebi WeSmaritebis
dacinvad, `veragi Jamis~ asparezis dasturad aRiqmeboda, vidre RvTis
mgmobelTa portretebi RvTis saxls 1988 wlis Semodgomaze ar moaciles
erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebma (im periodisTvis, e.w.
`araformalebma~).
romani `amaRleba~ asaxavs rwmenis winaaRmdeg marqsistuli brZolis
istorias. xelSesaxebad cxaddeba im epoqis sinamdvile, roca RmerTze,
erovnul TviTSegnebaze saubari mxolod viwro wreSi iyo usafrTxo,
roca pirjvaris gadasaxva riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
oTar CxeiZem nawarmoebis erT-erT mTavar personaJad Semoiyvana
gvaramis da nestanis vaJi da uCvena mkiTxvels, rom mTebSi (siwmindeebSi)
gazrdili yrmisTvis metyveleba iwyeba epoqis satkivariT:
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`ayvavebula mdelo,
ayvavebulan mTebi,
mamulo, sayvarelo,
Sen rosRa ayvavdebi?!~
`Tumca ro laparaki ar icoda.
leqsebi icoda biWma.
mTebi icoda~ (57. 13).
biWis amgvari codna logikur SesaZleblobebze maRla dgas (ar icis
laparaki, icis leqsi, romelmac datyvevebuli sulis satkivari unda
gaaxmianos), `avtorma ase ineba da imitom~ (g. doCanaSvili), magram
logikuria axsna, ratom ar icis bavSvma samSoblo (romelic waarTves):
`mamuli ar icoda biWma. deda ver uhxsnida Tu ra iyo mamuli, Tumca
uhxsnida, mainc ver uhxsnida. anTu veras agebinebda, ro ar gaaCndaT verc
agebinebda~ (57. 14).
samSoblo samebis saxiT mTliandeba: `ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~.
`amaRlebaSi~ daxatul saqarTveloSi dakninebulia ena, gasxvisebulia
mamuli, sarwmunoeba _ gaTelili da dagmobili, amitom gausva mweralma
xazi _ `ar gaaCndaT~.
RvTismgmobelobis istoriis xasiaTs vkiTxulobT romanis erT-erT
monakveTSi, sadac aRwerilia, ramdenad Selaxulia tyviebis naWdevebiT
wminda freskebi.
TviT amaRlebis taZaric STaenTqa ekal-bardebs. hxvTisos gza
taZrisken martoxela moxucma miaswavla, romelmac aRsarebis saTqmelad
igi SearCia da anderZic dautova: `gamoutyda jvari me momangrevineso,
TviTon xatebi dacxrileso mauzerebiTao, SaSxanebiTao, is mawamebso.
aqac es mawamebs da iqac is gamyveba sawamebladao, miSvele rameo...
gamoutyda da sulic ganuteva, suli gatanjuli, gawamebuli~ (57. 22).
saqarTveloSi XI armiis SemosvliT daiwyo brZola Semoqmedis
winaaRmdeg. amaRlebas (adamianis swrafvas uflisken) aTeisturi
cnobierebiTa da rusuli iaraRiT daupirispirdnen. oTar CxeiZe
aRniSnul romanSi qmnis suraTs aTeisturi xelisuflebis pirobebSi
sulier mRviZarebaSi myofi adamianebis xvedris Sesaxeb.
hxvTiso, gvarami da nestani wavidnen `dune cxovrebidan~, daiwyes
macxovris amaRlebis saxelobis taZris aRdgena.
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mwerali Cveuli ostatobiT gadaanaskvavs ZaRvian frazebs da
amTlianebs adamianur, zogadadamianur da religiur wiaRsvlebs. zecis
ciali gaazrebulia fizikur da sulier aspeqtSi.
`da WaxWaxebda cai. savarskvlaveTi, WaxWaxebda, WaxWaxebda.
usazRvroebis simbolod ro warmoedginaT, usazRvroc gaxlda, cai
cxadia, usimboloda. usazRvroebidan modioda ciali, usazRvroeba
eweoda adamiansa, ciali eweoda, macduri ciali, Suamavali cisa da
miwisai~ (????) (57. 103) amave monakveTSi aRwerilia uRmerToTa gaRizianeba.
Ze RvTisas amaRlebis freskis SelaxviT isini uRmerTod aRzevebas
eltvodnen, moswondaT amaRleba mokvdavTa Soris, ambiciur,
Tanamdebobriv ierarqiebze amaRleba. freska amaRlebisa, `ro dums, ufro
bevrsa metyvelebso~ da uxilavad ebrZoda uRmerToTa samyaroSi
gamarjvebul bnels, amitomac daundoblad ebrZodnen dumiliT metyvel
freskebs: `amaRleba ro SeeZlo mxolod Ze RvTisasa, SeeZlo da
amaRlebuliyo... swored es freska daefliTaT yvelaze metada, yvelaze
mozrdili swored es gaxlda, daepyro gumbaTi mTlianada, anTu ro
daepyro, daefliTaT, daecxrilaT tyviiTa, egeba ro aWriliyvnen
kidevaca, CaquCebiTac daecxrilaT, gadarCenodaT ro nafleTebi~ (57. 77).
mwerali midis daskvniT diskursamde, riTac aRwerili barbarosoba
(jvarsaxovnebis horizontaluri veqtori) vertikalur veqtorze
saxeldadebulia; es freska Tavisi SinaarsiT, sulierebiT `mouTxrobda,
STaagonebda, eweoda, eweoda isedac sulwasul adamiansa da daecxrilaT
da daefliTaT~ (57. 104). aq Txroba Tanmimdevrulia, arsad ar gvaqvs
deskriptuli pauza.
Tundac am erTi freskis Tavgadasavali uCvenebs komunisturi reJimis
xasiaTs. misi saxiT movida Zala, romelic qristianobis, rwmenis
uaryofiT TavisTavad aris uarmyofeli sulierebis, mSvenierebis,
xelovnebis progresis, radgan: `kacobrioba, Seqmnili RvTis `xatad da
msgavsad~ mihyveboda gamCen RmerTs da SeuCerebliv qmnida axal
SesaZleblobebs samyarosTvis _ arqiteqturaSi, musikaSi, poeziasa da
filosofiaSi~ (37. 111).
gansakuTrebuli simZafriT aris asaxuli epoqis saxe nestanis
didedis gardacvalebis epizodiT. dideda bednieria imiT, rom nestansa
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da gvarams memkvidreebi hyavT. am SemTxvevaSic Sviliereba jansaRi
momavlis simboloa.
didedas ukanaskneli sityva iyo `sanTeli~: `meti aRarc uTqvams
didedasa, morCa, moaTava yvelaferi am qveyanasTana, erTi sityvaRa
SemorCenoda, sanTelio, gza rom gaenaTebina imas iqiTa~ (57. 238).
dideda valmoxdili wavida, man nestani (araamqyveniuri sibrZne)
SeinarCuna, gaufrTxilda, daafrTiana da am RvawliT naTeli waimZRvara.
oTar CxeiZis `amaRleba~ amaRlebis wyurvilia. gasabWoebuli sulis
sinamdvileSi yofierebis zogadi sqema iyo: `ugulod akeTeben ugulo
saqmesa~ (57. 241), esec arsisgan mowyvetiT ganpirobebuli kninia. `kultura
mniSvnelvani mokavSiris rols asrulebs qmnilebasa da RvTaebrivs
Soris~ (37. 116), magram es kavSiri myardeba mxolod maSin, roca qmnileba
RvTaebrivs mowyvetili (an gaucxovebuli) ar aris.
mematianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli marTlis erTgulebasa da qveynis
satkivariT STagonebis simZafreze, drois uwyvetobaze metyvelebs, rom
`morCilis~, epigrafad `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~ monakveTi
warumZRvarebia mwerals (epigrafebze qvemoT visaubrebT).
Cveulebriv, mTxrobelis diskursiT aris gadmocemuli, Tu ra sWirs
da ratom sWirs qveyanas, rom fesvis erTguli aRaravin darCenila,
`moyvare mters~ mindobian Zveli sadroSos Svilebi: `sadRa viRaa baraTas
jilagisa~, `urdos samsaxurSi Camdgaran cxadliva. rusis urdoSi. Slian.
arRveven. angreven sakuTarsa. angreven. fSxvnian. akiwaweben. da verc
dauSli~ (64. 16).
am romanSi sabaraTiano mxatvruli saxea saqarTvelosi. jambakuri
gulwrfeli Wirisufalia qveynisa, romelic `monobam dasca. dauSrita
sulis simdidrei da mkerdgaReRili daefina dalursmul Ceqmebsa~ (64. 41).
oTar CxeiZe `morCilSi~ axasiaTebs process rusis monobis uRelqveS
sulis TandaTanobiTi dakninebisa, Semgueblobis senis damkvidrebisa
sulier wyobaSi.
mamulis gancda da mamulis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba
moZaladis politikam gaaukuRmarTa. mterma qarTvelis inteleqtualuri
Tu fizikuri SesaZlebloba saTavisod gamoiyena: `sadac ro wesrigs
amyarebda _ Tavis WkuaSi _ isini gaxldnen mowinave mowesrigeni.
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eRupebodaT mamuli sakuTari. isini sxvisas aCanagebdnen. aswavlidnen
morCilebasa rusTa. sxvaTa da sxvaTa~ (64. 94).
am ubedurebaTa mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWvia `matiane qarTlisa~. misi
erT-erTi romani `morCili~ gvixatavs yovelgvari struqtura
saxelmwifoebriobisa rom moSlila da asparezi sxvadasxva saxis
mafiozur klanebs dausakuTrebia. romani am qaosis, rRvevis STambeWdavi
suraTia. qveyanas Wirisufali TiTqos aRar SerCa: `amoewyvitaT. gaeqciaT.
gadaegvarebinaT. anTu visTu aRmohxdomoda suli~ (64. 121).
Tumca qveyanaSi `demokratizmic damyarebuliyo da erTi prezidentic
daemxoT ukve~ (64. 122). Sedegad ki, `mklavebi gadasdes erTimeoresa da
wamovidnen rkalebada. grantiWamiebi. aqedanaca da iqidanaca~ (64. 492).
oTar CxeiZis yvela nawarmoebSi naTeli, mkafio, mtkice Strixi
gadarCenis imedisa xazgasmulia. am romanSi jambakuri dgas warsuli
sijansaRis fuZeze, dgas fxizlad da eZebs gadarCenis gzebs:
`SemorCeniliyo da eZiebda saxls ro veRarao, saZirkvels ro veRara,
nasaZirkvlars mainc eZiebda. Tundac erT qvasa. erT qvas mainc.
dedolods Tu ara, kenWs maincao. rodinis qvas Tu ipovnida _
gascocxlebia viTomc ro mkvdrebio~ (iqve).
saZirkvels hyavs saZirkvlis qomagi, es misiaa, romelic valad iRo
jambakurma da misma ojaxma da swored maT itvirTes umZimesi gansacdeli:
rbeva, kvla, tanjva.
erT-erT interviuSi mwerali ambobda: `romans Tavisi mxatvruli
logika aqvs, raRa Tqma unda, magram Tavisi logika ro dauwesos aRreul
cxovrebasa, yalibi ro daudis simtkicisa da gadarCenisa, esec
movaleobaa romanisa~ (72. 2).
sainteresoa mwerlis mier personaJebisTvis SerCeuli gza, arCeuli
Tavs damtydari ubedurebis Semdeg. gza, romliTac saukuneebSi gamoatara
erma Tavisi arseboba da romelic gamrudda; monobis, uRmerTobis
aTwleulebma, sulieri struqturis rRvevam waSala zRvari
TviTgandidebasa da Tvinierebas Soris da mamuli dagverRva.
`morCilis~ personaJebi _ rodami da maiko (jambakuris da da asuli)
monasterSi midian. maiko Svils kategoriulad eubneba: `Sen ver miatoveb
skolasa~.
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interpretaciuli CaRrmaveba arc sWirdeba, imdenad gamWvirvalea
mwerlis Canafiqri: mamulis gadarCena SesaZlebelia rwmenisa (monasteri)
da codnis (skola) gamTlianebiT. am myari sayrdenis gareSe mteri
yovelTvis ipovis Zalas, endogenuri SuriT dabrmavebul moyvass,
mamulis dasarbevad.
tkivilisa da xsnis imedis es gancda im nawarmoebebSi igrZnoba,
romlebSic gvxvdeba `sityva mwerliseuli, mZime, Tbili, daZarRvuli,
dauZleveli, daumorCilebeli sityva~ (31. 508).
oTar CxeiZis romanebSi sityvas swored is idumali funqcia akisria,
literaturas rom misias aRasrulebinebs da jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebiT
saocari ostatobiT amTlianebs dokumentur sizustes da
saxismetyvelebiT gaxmianebul saTqmels.
jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis sibrtyeze cnobierdeba kerZodan
Seqmnili mxatvrul – dokumenturi saxeebi. kerZo piri horizontalur
veqtorzea, mwerlis mier ganzogadebuli mxatvruli saxe –
vertikalurze.
saxelmwifo struqturaSi yofniTa Tu sxva mdgomareobiT cnobili
da `sawigno~ cxovrebaminiWebuli personaJebis gverdiT oTar CxeiZe
sisxlsavse, amaRelvebel da amaRlebul saxeebs qmnis romanebSi.
jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis mxatvrul sivrceSi oTar CxeiZis
Semoqmedebis kvleva gviCvenebs:
a) personaJTa samyaroSi RvTAebrivsa da adamianurs, amaRlebulsa da
bneliT Zleuls.
simboluri saxeebiT mwerali warmoaCens borotebis
arasubstanciurobas. guls, rogorc zesulis samkvidro adgils.
yovelive es mxatvrul filosofiur sivrceSi jvarsaxovnebiT amyarebs
bunebriv kavSirs epoqis TaviseburebebTan, Rirebulebebsa da
kulturasTan.
b) oTar CxeiZis romanebi sulier-mxatvruli sistemiT myarad
ukavSirdeba jvarsaxovnebiT azrovnebas.
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b) prototipidan personaJamde
msoflio literaturaSi bevri magaliTia personaJisa da prototipis
saintereso urTerTobisa. oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza
imiTac gamoirCeva, rom personaJi xSirad sruli aslia prototipisa,
sagulisxmoa, rom personaJebi umTavresad realuri adamianebi arian.
mweralma icis, sinamdvilis mravalferovani sivrcidan vin daasaxlos
Tavis nawarmoebebSi. TiToeuli maTgani sicocxlisunariania
jvarsaxovnebis horizontalursa da vertikalur veqtorebze
roman `boriaySi~ oTar CxeiZes sakuTari mama-biZebi hyavs mTavari
gmirebis prototipebad.
mwerali Zvel gazeTebSi didi mondomebiT eZebda ojaxis wevrTa
saxelebs. 1924 wlis ianvar-Tebervlis nomrebSi kidec waawyda: revaz
CxeiZe, ermile CxeiZe. male maTi saxsenebli gaaqro sabWoTa
xelisuflebam (TiTqos `politikuri patimari~ sabWoTa sinamdvileSi arc
arsebula).
romanSi aRwerili tradiciuli, erovnuli TviTSegnebiT gamorCeuli
ojaxi itrielebisa asocirdeba mwerlis winaprebTan: `itrielebi oTar
CxeiZis mama-biZani arian. mwerlis bavSvobam da siWabukem maTi tragikuli
saxeebis aCrdilTa SiSian gamocxadebebSi ganvlo~ (75. 94). rostom
itrielis prototipad revaz CxeiZes Tvlian.
sainteresoa, rom leko TaTaSelis saxe bavSvobidan SemoenarCunebina
mwerlis maxsovrobas. `Soreul naTesavad moxvdeboda da araerTxel
unaxavs siymawvilisas sufrasa da lxinSi... kalams mokidebda Tu ara
xels , maSinve gaifiqrebda: sadme es xasiaTic rogor ar gamomadgebao~
(70. 91) da moumarjva kidec mxatvruli sivrce. saxeli ucvleli datova,
gvari ki mcireoden fonetikurad Secvala, `rac saerTodac Cveoda-vidre
ucvleli gvar-saxelebiT Semoiyvanda personaJebs novelebis, ufro ki
romanebis furclebze~ (iqve). ase gaxda leko tatiSvili (leko TaTaSeli)
`boriayis~ mkvidri.
cxovrebidan, realobidan mwerlis gancdasa da maxsovrobas
miaxlebuli kerZo saxeebi mxatvruli transformirebis Semdeg
saintereso personaJebad iqcnen.
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Cven amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT `bermudis samkuTxedis~ erT-erT
mxatvrul-dokumentur saxeze _ goCa esebuaze. mis Semoyvanas romanSi win
uswrebs darbeul-gaCanagebuli saqarTvelos mdgomareobis aRwera:
`modioda imedebi. midioda imedebi....
morebis saqmec airia,
jarTis saqmeca.
mTlad qveyana ro ar airia, is ukvirdaT. an Tu raRaze dgaso~ (59.
194).
TiTqos ambis logikuri gagrZelebaa, rom am qaosSi teraqti
mzaddeba; `unda gadabrunebuliyo yvelaferio~.
teraqtis monawileebi `maleve akrifes~. gasxltda goCa esebua,
`gaaswro. gadaixvewa~. aRmoCnda jixaSkarSi. `iq mohkles zviad
gamsaxurdiai....
goCac iq moiyvana bediswerama. TviTon ver mohkla imas mohklaven”
(2.195).
wignSi `terori Tu reaqcia tiraniaze?~ naTqvamia: `jixaSkaris aqcia
Tavisi gamovleniT, arsiT, ufro samoqalaqo iniciativis ukiduresi,
radikaluri gamovlenaa, vidre terori~ (59. 119).
uamravi publikacia mieZRvna 1998 wlis Tebervlis movlenebs, 31
marts Ss saministros specdaniSnulebis razmebis mier goCa esebuas
mkvlelobas.
gazeTma `aliam“ gamoaqveyna interviu cnobil scenarist suliko
JRentTan (avtori filmebis scenarebisa: `Rimilis biWebi~, `jariskacis
mama” `Wiakokona~ da sxva). man Tqva: es biWi televizorSi vnaxe da Cemze
didi STabeWdileba moaxdiana. mZevali ucxoelebi gadareulebi iyvnen:
meoce saukunis bolos aseTi raindi saidan movidao, Tumca maSindeli
funqcioneri kaxa TargamaZe `wuxda~: `yvela teroristi ratom iqca
erovnul gmirado~ (axali Taoba~ _ #93. 1998).
oTar CxeiZe is mweralia, romelsac sulieri simis Rirebuli
aTrTolebac ar gamorCeba da aqac raRac eqvs-Svid gverdze realuri
adamianis qmedeba, brZola, Tavganwirva, Sinagani Rirebulebebi saocari
sisavsiT uCvena mkiTxvels. mxatvruli qargiT gamostaca dro-sivrces
goCa esebua da Seqmna saxe – `tlu biWi~. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
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leqsikonis mixedviT: `tlu _ 1. utoto xe; 2. marto myofi. martoxela
biWi~ (53. 420).
`tlu biWi~ epiTetis funqciiT JRers romanSi da mwer;lis
daxmarebis gareSe konkretdeba mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi: drom savali
gza Seucvala pirveli prezidentis erTgul jariskacs; martosulia, tyes
da iaraRs damegobrebuli, Zaladobis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli biWi.
`utotoc~ aris: misTvis piradi cxovreba, msxmoiarobaze fiqri damTavrda.
WeSmarit mwerals xelewifeba daupirispirdes drosa da sivrces,
gaxsnas adamianis sulieri samyaro. gviCvenos sulis ZalTa da energiaTa
rRveva- bnelis morCileba, Tu naTlisken swrafva.
`dro adamianis gamocdis velia~ (arqimandriti rafaeli) da am velze
asparezobas xatavs xelovani.
goCa esebuam eorvnuli mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg im moquruSebul
droSi Tqva gadamwyveti sityva _ misma sikvdilma monur fsiqologias
esrola tyvia. samarTlianobisaTvis msxverplisunariani iyo. xuTi wlis
unaxav dedas televiziiT Txovda patiebas: `Cems Tavs ar vekuTvni,
mapatieo~. is dedis `nanaTi~ aRizarda, qristes jvris erTguli iyo.
wuTisofelma dapirispirebis yiameTSi moisrola – simarTlis mxares
dadga da dahqonda cremlad daRvrili guli.
aseTs gvacnobs mwerali goCa esebuas: `firs CarTavs. megruli nana.
itvrens goCai... itvrens. gayuCdeba, gainabeba. cremli awanwkardeba WiqaSi...
cviva marcvlebada. ar ezideba erTimeoresa, ar edRvibeba. ar eTqvifeba.
hyria. cimcimebs yvela TavisTvisa...~ (59. 198.).
cremli naTeli saxismetyvelebiTi simboloa. ioane sinelis
`klemaqsis~ mixedviT. cremli aris didebuli niWi suliwmindisa,
gardamqneli sulTa CvenTa.
“andria kretels Rrmad aqvs Segnebuli cremlis macocxlebeli
Zala. Sua saukuneTa novelebis Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi cremlebi
meored naTlisRebadaa dasaxuli~ (7. 140).
cremlebi kaTarzisis simboloa da mweralma goCa esebuas cremlebi
dagvixasiaTa: (`ar edRvibeba~, `ar eTqvifeba~, `cimcimebs~) dagvikonkreta,
rom igi sisxliani gadatrialebis msxverplia, romelsac `Sin“ waarTves.
vidre moRalate-moZaladis tyvia gangmiravda, mis fiqrebsac agvadevna
mweralma: `arc Sin edgomeboda. gadakargviT sad unda gadakrguliyo, _
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arc amisi varaudi hqonda, aRarc eZiebda... hgrZnobda ro aRar gauSvebdnen
cocxalsa~ (59. 201)
erTaderTi natvraRa SerCenoda: `zurgidan ar damecneno... guli
damicxrilon, guliT Sevakvdeo~ (59. 201)
arc es auxda. `dacxriles, dafliTes, gulaRma verao... daagdes
pirqveda... miscvivdnen mainca. egdo sisxlis tbaSi. curavda sisxlis
tbaSi~ (59. 201).
Tumca ar gauWirda jemal gaxokiZes (operaciis organizators)
televiziiT ganecxadebina: `mTeli operacia usisxlod CavatareTo~ . goCa
esebuas daRupvas `Tavisi ar daiSala~, `Tavisi bralia~ daarqva
mTavrobam, amasTanave kmayofilni acxadebdnen: `demokratiuli
gardaqmnebi aRmavali gziT midiso~.
mxatvrul quraSi gamotarebuli saxe Tavisi misiiT mkvidrdeba
nawarmoebSi. gamosaxvis saSualebaTa kodiT mwerali mas Tavisebur Zalas
aniWebs.
goCa esebua erTi kerZodan Seqmnili zogadi saxea. romanSi aRwerili
urTierToba mZevlebisa da `teroristisa~ arRvevs Cveulebrivobis
zRvars da keTilSobilebis gamovlinebad iqceva. ucxo sityvaTa
leqsikonSi sityva – `terori~ (laT.) ganimarteba, rogorc SiSi.
`politikur da klasobriv mowinaaRmdegesTan angariSis gasworeba
ZaladobiT~ ( mokvliTac ki)~ (50. 484).
teroristi ki individualuri teroris aqtis momxre da monawilea.
ramdenad eTanxmeba teroristis bunebas mZevlebTan urTierTobis is
forma, rac romanSia aRwerili: `sxedan. es sufra ukvirT. es molxena
ukvirT. es ranairi moZaladeni ariano... Svedma konkursi gamoacxada: vin
ufro karg sadRegrZelos ityviso” (59. 198)
goCam gamarjvebulad gamoacxada Cexi: `daaclevina jixvis rqai da
saCuqradac is gadasca. taSs ukravdnen tyveebi. taSs ukravdnen goCas
biWebica~ (59. 198).
Tavad faqti gamonagoni ar gaxlavT, mxatvruli xedviT aris asxmuli
mxolod. mxatvrul-dokumenturi mTlianobisTvis, arc is iqneba
interessmoklebuli, rom goCa esebuas gasvenebas TviT yofili
`mZevlebic~ ar dahklebia. ufro metic _ urugvaelma roland garsiam im
dReebSi SeZenil vaJiSvils goCa daarqva.
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albaT es faqtic kmara imisTvis, rom gaamTliano goCa esebuas saxeSi
Cawnexili mwerlis Canafiqri: WeSmariti Rirebulebebis erTguleba,
moyvasis qristianuli gancda, samarTlianobisTvis brZola, kerZos,
gamonakliss aqcevs zogadad. is xdeba erTgavri Sesakrebeli pirovnuli
Rirsebebisa.
aseTive kerZo – zogadi saxea gia abesaZe romanSi `artistuli
gadatrialeba~.
`kacs Tavi dauwvavs. baraTi daugdia: oRond SerigdiT. msxverpli me
viyo. ukanaskneli me viyo didi ubedurebis molodinSio~ (58. 117).
axsovs es sinamdvile im dReebis simZafres, dapirispirebulobas. gia
abesaZe kelaptariviT aenTo (fizikuri da sulieri aspeqtiT)
ganjgonebul (sabas mixedviT: `boroti keTili egonos~) sazogadoebaSi.
Tavi gaswira, raTa moSuRlar Zmebs erTmaneTis sisxli ar
daeRvaraT, goCa esebuam ki samxedro gadatrialebiT ukve gandevnili
erovnuli mTavrobis kanonierebis aRdgenis moTxovna imqveynad waiRo.
Tavisi personaJebis mimarT mwerals Tbili, mSobliuri
damokidebuleba aqvs. igi aRgviwers ara mxolod maT sulier samyaros
urTules viTarebaSi, aramed gakeTebul arCevansac am viTarebaSi.
mwerlis Rirsebac es aris: `misces mkiTxvels saSualeba, visiT
moixiblos da ratom~ (9. 698).
masala da moTxroba literaturis kritikaSi xSirad ganixileba,
rogorc erTi mTlianoba: realobiT STagonebuli mxatvruli qmnadobis
saxiT.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, ganixilaven momxdar faqtsa da mwerlis fantaziiT
Seqmnils. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi gadmotanilia
momxdari faqti, fabulaSi mwerlis fantaziiT TiTqmis araferia
damatebuli, magram TviT faqtis gadmocemis mxatvruli konstruqcia,
mwerlis daxvewili alRo, sityvaTa TamaSi nawarmoebSi, qmnis,
realobidan Semoyvanili personaJis srulyofil suraTs.
`ramdeni cocxalia mkvdar istoriaSi~, _ ambobs guram rCeuliSvili.
swored kerZo-zogadi saxeebis SeqmniT ubrunebs mwerali STamomavlobas
`cocxlebs~ mkvdari istoriidan, ucocxlebs mas epoqis sunTqvas, xasiaTs.
emsaxureba erovnuli xasiaTis Secnobas, es ki aucilebelia, raTa Tavs
ar movixvioT is, rac ucxo da miuRebelia CvenTvis. arsebiTia, rom
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qarTuli erovnuli xasiaTis umTavresi niSania sulierebisa da
nivTierebis Serwyma _ sulisa da xorcis urTierTltolva. am xasiaTis
nayofia CvenSi gverdigverd arsebuli sikeTe da boroteba, Ralati da
erTguleba, silaCre da mamacoba.
am TvalsazrisiT, oTar CxeiZis romanebis kvleva calke msjelobis
sagania.
jvarsaxovnebis horizontalur veqtorze goCa esebuasa da gia
abesaZis Tavganwirva xedvis sxvadasxva kuTxidan sxvadasxvagvarad
fasdeboda, magram vertikalur veqtorze es aris msxverplisunarianoba,
RvTaebrivi Tviseba.
mwerlis mier daxatuli sinamdvile da am sinamdvilisadmi maTi
damokidebuleba; wyurvili samSoblos gadarCenisa, Rirebulebebis
erTguleba ganawesebs maT mxatvrul saxeebs vertkalur veqtorze.
a) oTarACxeiZis mwerluri ostatobis erT-erTi sfero aris realuri
saxisb
b) mwerali grZnobs mkiTxvelisa da personaJis nervis gatokebas,
amitomac mozomilia TiToeuli fraza. prototipi ki iZens zogadobis
niSans.
g) realuria prototipisagan Seqmnili mxatvruli saxe, radgan
mwerlis mier realoba ganivrcoba (ganzogaddeba), emociuri asociaciebi
ki mis SemoqmedebiT wesrigs emorCileba.
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Tavi IV
E
a) epigrafebisa da igavebis mxatvruli funqcia
oTar CxeiZis `matiane qarTlisai~ gamorCeulia mwerlis mier
Cafiqrebuli Rrma filosofiur-mxatvruli datvirTvis saTaurebiTa da
epigrafebiT.
mwerali agrZelebs da Taviseburad amdidrebs epigrafebis
wamZRvarebis literaturuli tradicias. epigrafis SerCevaSic mJRavndeba
misi ostatoba.
rogorc araerTgzis aRvniSneT, oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebi, `matiane
qarTlisa~, erTi mTliani jaWvia, es aris `epopea, romelSic
Seulamazeblad aris danaxuli sinamdvile, gaanalizebulia Cveni epoqis
socialur-fsiqologiuri suraTi. unda aRiniSnos, rom mwerali erovnuli
tkivilis fonze saerTo adamianur satkivars axmianebs. es gansazRvravs
WeSmariti xelovanis SemoqmedebiT alRos, radgan `adamianis
samSvinvelSi momxdar brZolasa Tu pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas Soris
arsebul yovelgvar konfliqts yoveli droisa da yoveli eris mwerloba
uyurebs saerToadamianurisa da yvela sxva danarCeni movlenis
urTierTdamokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT~ (9. 90).
qarTvelTa tragedia, anu `qarTlis Wiri~ XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebisa, jansaRi cnobierebis SemTxvevaSi ganixileba, rogorc
dapirispireba pirovnulsa da sazogadoebrivs, WeSmarit da yalb
Rirebulebebs, pirovnul Rirsebasa da ampartavnebas, erovnulsa da
Sovinisturs Soris. am rTulma da tkivilianma periodma gaamTliana
adamianuri buneba aviTa da kargiT. swored aseTi istoriuli Jami
moiTxovs Semoqmedisagan gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas, gambedaobas, raTa
simarTle ar gaamrudos, STamomavlobas epoqis realuri suraTi
dauxatos.
“istoriis idealizacia istoriis falsifikacias udris”. istoriis
realur Sefasebasa da gadmocemas xelovanis Sinagani Tavisufleba,
mousyidaoba sWirdeba.
oTar CxeiZis Sinagani Tavisufleba da aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi unari
aris myari duRabi matianisa, romelsac igi mxatvruli nawarmoebebiT
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qmnis. mwerali anatomis gulgrilobiT Cxreks enis sulier wyobas, eZebs
Sinagan mizezs, ramac xeli Seuwyo garegani borotebis aRzevebas.
eris gonebafxizelma Wirisufalma, oTar CxeiZem, trilogiiT:
`artistuli gadatrialeba~, `bermudis samkuTxedi~, `TeTri daTvi~, Seqmna
mxatvruli tilo XX saukunis 90-ian wlebisa _ im periodisa, roca
boroteba kanonierebis saxeliT daTareSobda, xolo mkiTxveli
(WeSmariti mkiTxveli) marTal sityvas elodeboda. mweralma daapura
mowyurebuli mkiTxveli sulis puriT, marTali sityviT. `sulis puris
mowodebac iseTive keTili saqmea, rogorc mwyurvalisTvis wylis motana,
magram es keTili saqme maSin iZens Rirebulebas, roca igi marTalia da
gulwrfeli. sxvanairad mwerloba uqmi saqmea~. (9. 647)
aRniSnuli trilogia rom movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobriv jaWvs, eris
sulier sneulebasa Tu qveynis garSemo gaerTianebul borotebas
WeSmariti ostatis kalmiT asaxavs, am nawarmoebTa epigrafebic
gvarwmunebs.
oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebis matianisebur xasiaTze roca vsaubrobT,
yuradRebas iqcevs epigrafebi, romlebic mkiTxvels erTgvarad amzadeben
romanTan misasvlelad.
`artistuli gadatrialebis~ epigrafia: `naTesavi qarTvelTa orgul
buneba ars pirveliTaganve TuisTa ufalTa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis
istorikosi).
`asre sWirT saqarTvelosas didebulT, gina mcireTa,
azvavdebian, ityvian: `uCemoT vin imRereTa?~
(mefe arCili)
uflis orguloba safuZvelia adamianis mowyvetisa naTlierebisgan.
am codvis arsi gaxmianebulia TviT sityvaSi: `or guli~. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom qarTul leqsikaSi yvela is sityva, romelic gamoxatavs
movlenebisadmi sulier damokidebulebas, guls ukavSirdeba: erTguli,
orguli, gulgrili, gulcivi, gulwrfeli, gulisxmieri, guliTadi,
gulRrZo, gulTbili, gulCvili, gulTmisani.
jer kidev aristotele miuTiTebda, rom zesulis samkvidro adgili
aris guli. saxarebis mixedviT: `sasufeveli RvTisa gulsa Sina TqvenTasa
ars...~ gulisa da adamianis sulieri samyaros gaumijnaobas adasturebs
blez paskali, misi azriT, `gulismieri Semecnebis, intuituri wvdomis
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obieqti, uwinares yovlisa, TviT adamianis Sinagani, sulieri samyaroa~,
(38. 160). amdenad, roca istorikosi miuTiTebTs `orgul bunebaze~,
bunebrivia, es aRiqmeba, rogorc sulieri mankiereba da logikur
gagrZelebad JRers mefe arCilis sityvebic. `azvavdebian~ (mzvaobrobas
eZlevian).
`uCemoT vin imRereTa?~ _ ampartavnebis sulia _ mzvaobrobis
nayofi.
dasaxelebul nawarmoebebSi swored aseTi suli ganagebs movlenebs,
`taxti erTia~ da Suri abrmavebs adamianebs _ taxtis msurvelebs.
sulxan-saba mogvaxsenebs: `Suri ars mwuxareba sxvisa keTilisa
zeda~ (43. 402) da xatavs mwerali Suris boboqrobas: `yofila wewva,
yofila glejva, wyevla-krulvani, ginebani gaugonarni~ (58. 46). partiul
interesebad danakuwda eri, TiToeulis arsebaSi eSmaks jiutad Caenerga
`uCemoT vin imRereTa~ da `assamoci partia aburTavebda samSoblosa,
erTi moedani, erTi burTi da assamoci gundi~ (58. 47)
mwerali saubars agrZelebs am uTanasworo srbolaze _ erT
asparezs 160 partia rom eltvis: adarebs skas, iqac rom uzenaess
garkveuli wesrigi daumkvidrebia, es wesrigi acxrobs SfoTis zuzuns.
skaSi sicocxle amoikveTeba da imas, rac adamianTa sazogadoebaSi xdeba,
`futkaric ver warmoidgens, SxamiT gatenili futkari. SxamiT gatenili.
etyoba kaci uaresi Sxamia, uaresi Jini, vnebai uaresi. as samoci partia,
as samoci lideri, erTs rom gauswria da ver autaniaT... im erTs daeseva
uTuod danarCeni. vneba, Jinia, Wkua rom ver daimorCilebs~ (58. 55).
mtrobis Jins Wkua ver acxrobs, radgan guli aris funqcia-
dakarguli, uflismieri naTeli bnelqmnila am gulebSi _ `orgul buneba
ars~; zesuli samkvidro adgili borotisTvisac dauTmiaT: `mwyemsi
keTili RrublebSi Sehbures angelozebma~ (58. 55).
`orguli bunebis~ moZalebis, ampartavnebisa da Suris Sedegs _ ZmaTa
Soris sisxlian dapirispirebas asaxavs, amis mokle miniSneba aris
swored nawarmoebis epigrafi.
ganxilul SemTxvevaSi, epigrafad oTar CxeiZem istoriuli
wyaroebidan amonaridi gamoiyena, xolo `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ am
funqcias xalxuri andaza asrulebs: `muxam Tqvao: culi me verafers ver
damaklebda, Sig Cemi jiSi rom ar iyos gayriolio~.
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Tu `artistuli gadatrialeba~ gviCvenebs brZolas erovnuli
mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, orad gayofil sazogadoebas, `bermudis
samkuTxedSi~ mkveTrad gamijnuli ori mxare aRarc dgas. aq ukve
darbeul saqarTveloSi piradi gamorCenisaTvis `moRvaweni~ asparezoben.
JRerad saxelebs arqmeven saqmeebs, romlis miRmac mxolod ambiciebisa
da momxveWelobis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas xedaven (magaliTad,
gizo korZelis proeqti aTsamet asurel mamaTa da andria
pirvelwodebulis nakvalevTan dakavSirebiT). am romanSi samxedro
gadatrialebis Sedegebzea saubari; gafurCqnul korufciaze, ususur,
gaTelil Rirebulebebze, pirveli prezidentisa da misi ideebis erTgul
adamianTa tragediaze.
Aandazis muxis Civili yvela epoqis qarTvelTa tragediis
safuZvelia. mterma yovelTvis icoda, rom qarTvelis dasamarcxeblad
aucileblad qarTvelive unda gamoeyenebina da icoda zusti gza
moRalatis sapovnelad _ amqveyniuri didebis, sitkboebis garantia.
`TeTri daTvi~ saxelmwifos daRupvis suraTs gviCvenebs, mis
RirsebaSelaxul, daTrgunul Svilebs xeli rom Cauqnevia `me~-s
eloliavebian, `Cven~ daviwyebiaT. mxatvrul-dokumenturi sizustiT aris
daxatuli ruseTis _ TeTri daTvis saxe, romelic garegani Zalaa
saqarTvelos damcirebisa, Sinagani mizezi ki qarTvelTa Seorgulebaa
ufalTan, WeSmarit RirebulebebTan.
miniSneba am or faqtorze epigrafSive xdeba aristoteles
naazrevisa da qarTlis matianis damowmebiT.
aristoteles mixedviT: `yoveli saxelmwifos daRupvis mizezi an
masSivea, Sinagania, an garegani Tu mas masze Zlieri da boroti
saxelmwifo esazRvreba~.
saqarTvelos daqcevis garegani mizezi-ruseTis imperiuli zraxvebi,
daundobeli simZafriT daxata mweralma: `barciburcoben. barciburcoben.
sisxlSi aqvT: fexi ar moicvalon. arc saqarTveloa advili dasaTmobi,
ara, ara, advili ar aris, isic naTqvamia: daTvi rom Seni batoni iyos,
babai uTxario. babai... babai... orasi weliwadia babais vuZaxiT, gveyofao...~
(60. 166). magram es `barciburca~ `moyvare mteri~ mizans ver miaRwevda isev
qarTvelis Sewevnis gareSe, mweralma amitomac `ufro meti
SeubraleblobiT Tavad warmogvadgina, roca aristoteles sityvebi
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Semdeg ase gaagrZela: `miT uaresi Tu Sinagani da garegani mizezebi
erTad moiyris Tavs~ (58. 116 ).
`boriayis~ epigrafia pavle mociqulis sityvebi: `romeli hqadageb
ara parvasa, iparav? romeli ityv ara mruSebasa, imruSeb? romelsa gZagan
kerpni, sakurTxevelTa sZarcuav?~
miTiTeba naTelia: romani asaxavs `axalmoweseTa~ reJims,
kacTmoyvareobis, humanizmis, Tanasworobis qadagebiT rom moemarTeboda
da daundoblad xocavda adamianebs: gvarisTvis, wodebisTvis, erovnuli
TviTSegnebisTvis. Zarcvavda, anadgurebda eklesiebs.
Tanasworoba mxolod TanamoazreTadmi keTilganwyobad
gaecnoebierebinaT.
`morCilis~ epigrafi `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~ nawyvetia: `da
ecnoba gzaica misvlad, rameTu mis Jamisa kacTagan miuval iyo adgili
igi da mi-rai-vides... friad uxaroda povnai didebulisa mis adgilisai,
rameTu iyo mas Sina nugeSinis sacemeli sulieri da xorcieli~ (64. 3).
romanSi aRwerilia gapartaxebuli mamuli _ sabaraTianos ZirZveli
fesvebi nadgurdeba, axali Jamis `axalmoweseni~ Rirebuls
upirispirdebian, xelyofen.
axali xelisuflebis epoqa arabTa `zedamdgomelobis~ Jams
daemsgavsa, qaosi rom damkvidrebula. sulieri udaburebis
“qalaqmyofelobis” wyurvili aqvs jambakurs: is uvlis sabaraTianos,
aRdgena-ganmtkicebis wyurvils moucavs, magram asparezi sikos, sakos _
farisevel, `ganjgonebul~ adamianebs upyriaT.
dasaxelebuli nawarmoebebis epigrafebi sxvadasxva epoqisa da
avtoris naazrevia, dro-sivrciT daSorebuli, magram mas amTlianebs
mwerlis Canafiqri: STamomavlobas Semounaxos XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebis istoriis furclebi, TanamemamuleT dauxatos Sedegi zneobrivi
gadagvarebisa, Suris galaRebisa. Sinaarsobriv-fsiqologiuri datvirTvis
wanamZRvaria dasaxelebuli romanebis epigrafebi, rac TavisTavad
mxatvrul Strixs sZens Txzulebebs, exmareba mkiTxvels mignebuli
gasaRebiT Seabijos mxatvrul-dokumentur sivrceSi.
oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozis samyaroSi
gansakuTrebuli funqcia akisria igavebsac. igi xSirad aRwerili
sinamdvilis daskvniTi nawilia.
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mwerali mematianis pasuximgeblobiTa da simkacriT asaxavs
sinamdviles mxatvruli sityviT, igi cnobierad ganaxlebuli realizmis
momxre da erTgulia. literaturis ganaxlebis procesis Sedegad
kompozicia daimsxvra, siuJeti daingra,
xolo realizmi, Zala literaturisa, inarCunebda Tavis uflebebs,
Zalas.
realizmi mwerlisagan moiTxovs cxovrebis istoriul gagebas,
xalxurobas, erovnulobas – oTar CxeiZe am Rirebulebebis erTgulia.
amis dasturia bolodroindeli nawarmoebebic, XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebis mxatvrul dokumenturi qronikebi: `artistuli gadatrialeba~,
`TeTri daTvi~, `bermudebis samkuTxedi~.
`bermudis samkuTxedis~ winasityvaobaSi mwerali ambobs: `adamiani
igive iqneba... da egeba amitomac mijobdes mivubrunde gamotovebul
Temebsa Tu ratom gadagvarda qarTveli kaci, Tu rogor gadagvarda. XX
saukuneSi rom gadagvarda, manamdis ise ar gadagvarebula~ (59. 22).
qarTveli kacis zneobrivi gadagvarebis tragedia mweralma
Taviseburi mxatvruli xerxebiT, srulad gansxvavebuli stiliT
gamoxata. aq umTavresi aris mwerlis damokidebuleba movlenebisadmi,
mxileba, marTali sityvis gaxmianeba erovnuli cnobierebis Seryvnisa da
rbevis periodze.
romanis saSualebiT mkiTxvelTan urTierToba gamoirCeva naratiuli
mravalferovnebiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania TvalTaxedvaTa
simravle. `avtoris, mTxrobelebisa da personaJTa, TvalTaxedvaTa
varirebiT mwerali qmnis nawarmoebis rTul kompozicias~ (27. 45).
es SemoqmedebiTi procesi aSkaraa dasaxelebul nawarmoebebSi, aq
mTliandeba Sinagani da garegani TvalTaxedva.
`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ erT-erTi personaJia sabaologi. is
maswavlebelia, romelsac `sibrZne sicruisas~ axali redaqciiT gamocema
ganuzraxavs.
mwerali swored sabaologis alegoriuli metyvelebiT asaxavs
mankierebas eris sulier wyobasa Tu konkretuli politikuri moRvawis
cxovrebaSi.
sagulisxmoa, rom r. siraZis azriT, XVI – XVII saukuneebis
literaturaSi ukve gamoikveTa `arakTa Janris damuSaveba erovnuli
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saxismetyvelebiT, igavuri saxismetyveleba bibliuria, xolo arakTa
saxeebi zRapruli da alegoriuli~ (45. 3.21).
oTar CxeiZe mxatvruli azrovnebis samyaroSi igavebs aniWebs
mkiTxvelTan urTierTobis misias, amZafrebs zemoqmedebis Zalas,
amravalferovnebs mxatvrul sistemas.
igavTmetyveleba saTaves iRebs saxarebidan. maTes saxarebaSi (5. 13.
10:12) macxovars mowafeebi mimarTaven kiTxviT: `raisTvis igaviT ety maT?~
pasuxi ki aseTia: `rame Tu romelsa aqundes mieces da miematos: da
romelsa ara aqundes, da romelRa igi aqus, mo-ve-eRos mas.~
Teofilaqte bulgarelis komentarebis mixedviT: `codna miecema mas,
visac gulmodgineba aqvs da gaumravldeba kidec, xolo visac arc
gulmodgineba aqvs da arc Sesaferisi azrovneba, isic waerTmeva, rac
egona, rom hqonda, anu ukueTu vinmeSi sikeTis mcire naperwkali bJutavs,
isic Cauqreba Tu ki mas suliT ar gaaRvivebs sulieri saqmeebiT ar
daagznebs~ (35. 111).
igavis arsi moiTxovs Sinagani smeniT aRqmasa da gacnobierebas,
rasac adekvaturi reaqcia unda mohyves. saxarebis mixedviT igavi
erTgvarad sajildao qvac aris, is amJRavnebs adamianis sulier samyaros,
Zalas; ganawyobs sikeTis naperwkliT suliT gaRvivebisTvis.
dRemde igavi inarCunebs umTavres niSans: wvdoma, Sinagani smena
sWirdeba; literaturam mas garkveuli adgili daumkvidra. sulxan-saba
ityvis: `igavi ars sityviT magaliTi mosaniSnavi, gina saCuenebeli~ (43.
322), e. i. sityvis ZaliT gaTvalsaCinoeba saTqmelisa, wvrTna. igavis
struqtura TiTqmis ucvlelia JamTa mdinarebaSi, magram yoveli
Semoqmedi mas Tavisebur datvirTvas aZlevs.
oTar CxeiZis romanebSi metyvelebs meigave-sabaologi; `iqneb mwerali
am personaJiT Tavis Tavs Caaxatavs romanis tiloSi ironiuli
StrixebiT. TviTon xom Cveni drois meigavea, marTlac axali formiT,
magram sulxan-sabas suliskveTebiT, rom qadagebs sikeTesa da
siyvarulze: `SeiZleba daiviwyo yvelaferi. yvelaferi. yvelaferi. Sesdge
wixliTa yvelafersa. SeiZleba. adamiani rom xar, es mainc ar unda
daiviwyo~ (83. 103).
oTar CxeiZis proza Seufaravi simarTlea, mwerali simarTlis
misaniSneblad, mxilebisTvis ar iyenebs igavebs. amas saxeldadebiTac
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- - 159
akeTebs. mxatvruli xerxia: igavebiT miwvdili Segoneba bunebrivia,
viTarebis warmosaCeni siuJetebi _ niuansuri da STabeWdilebis
gamZlierebeli.
igavebis mTxrobeli `TeTri daTvSi~ aris maswavlebeli. `kidev
aRmoCnda `sibrZne sicruis~ cnobil xelnawerebSi ro ar SeutaniaTo~,
maswavlebeli am igavebs Cumad ukiTxavda moswavleTa jgufs, `ro arc
maswavleblebi gaswyromodnen, ro arc saministros aetexa xmauri crui~
(59. 57).
am SemTxvevaSi ki igavis Semotanamde romanSi daxatulia
sazogadoebis saxe: siyalbes Seguebulni marTal sityvas SiSiani
gangaSiT xvdebian. TviT igavi aris TeTri daTvis Sesaxeb.
`daTvman TeTrman awvia TaTbiri. da iyo yovlisa borotisa moqmedi~
(iqve).
aRwerilia TaTbiri da moTaTbireni: `mela movidis qaTibiTa
TeTriTa daTvisa TeTrisa saameblad~. ver aama daTvs da aRwerilia vin
rogor `uxrika~ erTmaneTs farisevlurad.
igavis Segonebad, TeTri daTvis (ruseTis) mxilebad JRers TeTri
daTvis survili: `esreT did Semqmnas RmerTman Cemgan meti amqveynad
veravin daetioso~ (iqve). aseTia TviTmpyrobeluri ruseTis madis
alegoriuli gamoxatva.
amave romanSi `babaiad~ qceuli daTvisa da TeTri melis igavia,
magram ukve TeTri meli iTxovs: `saerTaSoriso arbitraJma gaarkvios
mtyuan-marTali~; daTvs aRar moswons melis idumali vizitebi.
aq aRwerili viTareba SevardnaZisa da elcinis politikur
manevrirebebs gadmoscems ukve viTarebaSecvlil sivrceSi. `bermudis
samkuTxedis~ igavTa Soris erT-erTi, sabaseuli `sanTliT saZebari
mouravis~ mcire saxecvlilebaa. es igavi furclad miugdiaT fanjris
rafaze, ganadgurebuli wignis naglejiRaa, gizos moxvdeba xelSi da
CaikiTxavs; Tu rogor uaryves mouravi, `dia kargi kaci~, momdevno samma
mouravma molodini ar gaamarTla; `Seiyarnen kaciT dedakacamdis erTad,
aTsave TiTze sanTlebi dainTes da folorcSi svla iwyes.
ikiTxa mefeman: ras etirebiano?
maT moaxsenes: maSin ro mouravi gavaZeveT, mas veZebT da ver
gvipovniao~ (59. 150).
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- - 160
`bermudis samkuTxedi~ asaxavs struqturadarRveuli mTavrobis
mmarTvelobis Sedegebs da sxva ubedurebaTa Soris gaZarcul,
gaRatakebul, uxelfaso, damSeul mosaxleobas. sabaseuli igavi
SegonebiT mTavrdeba; romanSi Segonebis nacvlad faqtebi metyvelebs. am
igaviT dro da sivrce mTliandeba, sulxan-sabas igaviT ar damTavrebula
qveynisa da xalxis erTguli adamianis winaaRmdeg sastiki brZola,
ciliswameba, gandevna. Jamidan Jamamde movlenebi meordeba da yovelTvis
gviania sinanuli `gandevnili mouravis~ gamo.
`yvelas Tavisi codo uwevso, _ brZanebda mimdevari sulxan-sabasi,~
ase iwyeba erT – erTi igavi `bermudis samkuTxedSi, sadac daxatulia
erTgvari mikromodeli borotebaze, adamianis gawirvaze dafuZnebuli
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis, sadac boroteba axal borotebas
Sobs da daatarebs TviTganadgurebis potencias.
igavis mixedviT, prezidents mebaRem moaxsena: vardze bulbuls bude
gaumarTavso, gaica brZaneba:
` _ ar SerCes bulbuls magisi qmna!~ (59. 440) prezidenti sjis yvelas:
bulbulis bartyebis mWamel gvels, gvelis unebur mkvlel mebaRes;
Semdeg `jalabeur walkotSi~ mlxens, `xadumTa~ mihgvares mebaRe,
romelic xeze imaleboda; prezidentma misi sikvdiliT dasja brZana.
`mebaRem moaxsena: viTa Cven ar SegvrCa brZanebisaebr Senisa, aRarc
Sen SegrCes sikvdili Cemio!
ar uama prezidentsa...~ (59. 441)
usamarTloba badebs borotebas da ryvnis samarTlianobas, swored
aseT sinamdviles asaxavs ganxiluli igavi.
sabaologi maswavlebelia, `sibrZne sicruisas~ axali redaqciis
gamocema rom ganuzraxavs, mas Svidi Tvea xelfasi ar auRia (es im
wlebSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo; anekdotad iqca: xelfasi aviReo da: ra,
axali weliao? imdenad iSviaTi iyo xelfasis gacema terminic
daamkvidres `gayinuli xelfasi~).
urTierTdasjis, `ufskrulze Tokis gadaWris~, ambiciebis
dasakmayofileblad dauokebeli brZolis dro damTavrda: `kitovanic ro
SeumwyvreviaT. jabac ho. gvardiac daSlila. mxedrionica, gadakargulan
zviadistebi. daRavebulan, vinc gadarCenilan, gasdgomia erTi meoresa~
(59. 64).
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- - 161
aseT qveyanaSi Sromisa da Rirsebis damfasebeli vinRaa, `pensias ar
aZlev, _ jer ra pensiaa, xelfass ar aZlev, _ jer ra xelfasia~ (59. 65).
gizo sabaologs arc daexmareba, arc mosZebnis, arc ekiTxeba, arc
edardeba: `TavianTi saqme TviTon ician: Seiyrebian da miadgebian meriasa.
mere parlaments miadgebian. mere saprezidentosa. lozungebiTa.
megafonebiTa. iqac daxvdeba mRebriSvili. iqaca. iqaca. daiSaleTo... Tu ar
damorCildebian `mohxvetavs mere meTaurebsa, gahyris saiTac moafiqrdeba~
(59. 151).
`TeTri melis~ mmarTvelobam arc `moiaraRe inteligencia~ datova
aRtacebuli da dadga Jami sisxliani nakvalevis waSlis mcdelobisa,
WeSmariti Tu farisevluri sinanulisa, `TiTze sanTlebi dainTes~ da
ers kvlav TviTdajerebiT mimarTavdnen teleekranebidan Tu presidan:
`v. goguaZe – axla Cven gamtyunebuli varT gamsaxurdias mimarT da
garkveul wilad bodiSi SemiZlia movuxado amisTvis (75. 488).
`TeTr daTvSi~ mweralma luiza SakiaSvili parlamantSi namdvili
saxeliT Semoiyvana, warmoaCina misi siZulvili zviad gamsaxurdias
mimarT, magram mogvianebiT Tavad SakiaSvilma ganacxada: `iseTi
prezidenti mirCevnia, romelsac jildod Tavis xalxis siyvaruli aqvs.
aseTi prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia iyo. vinc mis patriotizmSi an
erovnulobaSi eWvs Seitans, is adamiani ar aris... Cven avCqardiT da ar
vacaleT mas~ (iqve). g. xoStaria _ `prezidentTan Cemi urTierToba iseTi
sferoa, mec maqvs iq daSvebuli sakmaod mZime Secdomebi, Tu gnebavT
danaSauli.
me dRemde ver vpatiob Cems Tavs, rom Cemdauneburad wiTlebis
xelmeored mosvlas Sevuwyve xeli, Cemi gadametebuli emociuri Tu
inteleqtualuri dapirispirebiT erovnul xelisuflebasTan. mTelma
msofliom rom mapatios, Cems Tavs me mainc ar vapatieb amas~ (iqve).
`dia kargi kaci~ da misi momxreebi gaanadgures;
`gaqceuliyvnen zviadistebi. gadarCenilni Tu darCenilni isxdnen
cixeSi~ (59. 322).
rbevis, ideis devnis, sisxlisRvris Semdeg ainTo sanTeli. romanSi
CarTuli igavi am sinamdvilis winaswarxedvac aris.
romanebSi arakebi alegoriulia. `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ Svidi araki
gvxdeba. ganvixilavT zogierT maTgans.
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- - 162
araki `prezidenti da memarne~. alegoriuli TxrobiT erTgvari
daskvnaa wina gverdebze aRwerili mdgomareobisa: `korufcias davZlevT!..
an me viqnebi, an eg korufcia! Tqva prezidentma, orive iyo janiTa
mrTeliTa, guliTa mxiaruliTa. orive iyo~ (59. 322). simarTlis aseTi
simZafriT gacxadeba oTar CxeiZis kalmis bunebrivi Tvisebaa, kidev ufro
mkveTria momdevno gverdebi: `daundobeli brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg!~
ar daiSlida prezidenti soflis gamgeblidan prezidentamdisa yvela
damdgariyo kontroliorad. yvelas Tavisi jami edga~ (59. 283).
diax, yvelas Tavisi jami edga, TiTqos ebrZodnen korufcias, Sedegad
carieldeboda xazina. SevardnaZis xelisuflebisaTvis arafers niSnavda
puris fulis gareSe darCenili mosaxleoba, gaficuli pedagogebi.
uxelfasobis Tveebi Tveebs misdevda.
sabaologis arakis mixedviT: `prezidenti Sevida maransa Tvissa
naxvad Rvinisa~, naxa qvevrTan jami. memarnem auxsna: `ramdenjer Semoval,
TiTos amiT Rvins Sevsvamo~.
ewyina prezidentsa da egre Tqva: `Cemi Rvino ama kacsa auoxrebia~ (2.
83).
`korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma~ prezidentma mas sxva meTvalyure
dauniSna: `nu asmevo~, magram momdevno misvlaze maranSi ori jami daxvda:
memarnisa da misi zedamxedvelis. amjerad axali meTvalyurec daumata,
ase gagrZelda, vidre maranSi 5 jami ar ixila. `korufciis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad~ isev daumata axali mziri. aq ki sabaologi amTavrebs
araks:
`da Tqva ruqam: kidev ramdeni kaci unda daayenos prezidentma,
wveTic rom aRar darCes maranSio~ (59. 384).
Segonebis arsi gamWvirvalea: korufcia aris is mizez-Sedegobrivi
jaWvi, romlis pirveli rgoli prezidentia, gaRatakebuli marani ki –
gaCanagebuli saqarTvelo.
amjerad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT kidev erT arakze, romelic
romanSi uSualod mohyveba afxazeTis tragediis, qarTvelTa genocidis,
ruseT-afxazeTTan wagebuli omis Sesaxeb Txrobas. tkivils, rom ar aris
saxeldarqmeuli imperiis dapyrobiTi politika, genocidi qarTveli erisa
rusTa mier da rom jerac ver gaaxmianes qarTvelma politikosebma
WeSmariteba saerTaSoriso asparezze: cxinvalisa da soxumis garemoSi
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- - 163
eTnokonfliqtebi ki ar iyo, imperiulma ruseTma saqarTvelos mTlianoba
xelhyo.
sabaologis mier moyolili `ku da morielis~ alegoriul arss
romanis siuJetebTan mimarTebaSi, amZafrebs originaluri variantis
dasasrulis oTar CxeiZiseuli interpretacia: ku ganibans gesls: `Tu Cemi
gvari geslian xorcs ar gaibans, gausivdeba da mokvdebao~.
morielma uTxra: `im gvarman Wiri mogWamao. Jamia aw tolerantobisa,
me Tu gamwirav, saxels gaitexo~ (59. .245).
morieli mteria, igi kus geslis moSorebas (mtrisgan Tavdacvas)
tolerantobis saxeliT uSlis, `saxels gaitexo~.
es aris xazgasma movlenebisadmi araswori damokidebulebisa
tolerantoba aris Semwynarebloba da ara moZalade mtrisTvis asparezis
daTmoba. am WeSmaritebis uaryofa aris safuZveli qveynis ganadgurebis,
darbevis. waqezebulma kum marTlac daircxvina, morieli napirze gasva
da mxolod mere Caiyuryumelava tbaSi. Sedegi: tba daSra. mkbenarman
imata. mteri da mokeTe geslad iqca. yvelaya daesxa kus.
kum uTxra mokeTes: Sen raRa Zmao?
mokeTeman: mters vaamo, mtersa Cemsa vukmio sarkmeveli~ (59. .245).
zusti alegoriuli saxeebia XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTuli
sinamdvilisa, sadac `mkbenarman imata~, mokeTec mtrad eqca: `mters
vaamoo~.
sabaologis mier daxatuli cru tolerantobis: `mtersa Cems vukmio
gundrukis~ Sedegia gasxvisebuli samkvidro – afxazeTi. `gvari~, anu
erovnuloba, mtris maamebelTaTvis gadafasebuli Rirebulebaa,
momxvdurs asparezs uclian (`rac mwared gvemaxsovreba~: ganiaraRebuli
qarTuli jari rusis teqnikis winaaRmdeg afxazeTSi) da mkbenardaseuli
tba – sulierad dakninebuli, mtermoZalebuli saqarTvelo;
CrdiloeTidan momavali, Casafrebuli ubedureba _ `genialuri ganWvreta
leninur-stalinuri: soxumi – baTumi – cxinvali. sami wertili.
bedisweris samkuTxedi~ (59. .397). gagrZelebac am politikis: `mometebulad
unda daeSalaT saqarTveloi: megrelTa, svanTa, berZenTa, TaTarTa,
javaxTa, samxreT CeCenTa, samxreT inguSTa, samxreT daRestnis
avtonomiebada. samxreT oseTi aRar yofnidaT. xurjinebi kavkasionze~ (59.
.397).
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`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ erT-erTi araki wuTisofels axasiaTebs. es
aris sabaseuli `lodis damgoreblis~ mxatvrul – filosofiuri
interpretacia. sabaologis axali redaqciiT araki unda Sewydes am
monakveTze. `amotanaSi xvneSodis da, ra daagoris lodi, icinodis...
cxovreba ho oriveao. SeWirvebaca da siamecao. tanjvac iq aris.
amaoebaca, dacinvacaa amaoebisao~ (59. 429).
am sityvebiT aris gamoxatuli mwerlis mier wuTisoflis
dapirispirebulobis kanoni. siame da tanjva mzisqveSeTSi iyo, aris da
iqneba, magram am yovelives sulieri mzeriT moxilva amaoebis dacinvaa.
WeSmaritad Rirebulia mxatvruli nawarmoebi `roca iseve Wvret
cxovrebas, TiTqos saguldagulod gaprialebul lupaSi Cagexedos, _
diax, cxovrebas ki xedav, magram TviT wigns verc amCnev~ (59. 54). swored
am sisavsiTa da ostatobiT moaqvs mkiTxvelTan cxovreba – wuTisofeli
oTar CxeiZes.
ganxiluli igavebic cxadhyofs oTar CxeiZis mier daxatuli
mxatvruli samyaros uSualo, ostatur kavSirs sinamdvilesTan.
aRniSnuli romaniT mwerali amTlianebs realizmis daxvewil,
klasikur esTetikur normebs da aseve qmnis misi gamoxatvis axal
formebs, aq erTmaneTs erwymis Seufaravi sinamdvile da xatovani
azrovneba.
akaki baqraZe brZanebda: `didi Wkua ar sWirdebia imis mixvedras –
romeli gza unda airCios mwerlobam, Tu ar surs dakargos funqcia~ (9.
130).
am gzis arCevaSi oTar CxeiZisTana zneobis mwerlebi ar uSveben
Secdomas.
mxatvrul-dokumentur prozas SeeTvisa oTar CxeiZis mier ostaturad
CarTuli arakebi, misi funqciaa:
a) mamxilebluri tonis gamZafreba.
b) mxilebuli mankierebis konkretulad warmoCena (korufcia, cru
tolerantoba, borotebiT asparezis damkvidreba).
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b) saxelebis mxatvruli funqcia
oTar CxeiZis prozaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
personaJTa saxelebsac. mwerals yoveli personaJi marjve siuJeturi
qargiT Semohyavs da saxelsac ostaturad urCevs.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis amsaxvel trilogiaSi im movlenebis
mTavari pirebi sakuTari saxelebiT iqcnen romanebis personaJebad.
`Tavidanve saxelebs rom ar davebrkolebine, sakuTari saxelebiTve
Cavwere nawarmoebSi, gadamuSavebisas, meore variantSi ufro damSvidebiT
Sevucvli saxelebs-meTqi. Cveulebriv, pirvel variants arca vbeWdav...
gadamuSavebis dros sxva saxelebi aRar moixdina”, _ ambobs mwerali da
gvikonkretebs Janrobrivi specifikis wilsac saxelebTan mimarTebaSi,
rom trilogia `dokumenturobasTan erTad istoriulobis wodebasac
SeiZens da aw cocxali, moqmedi gmirebi istoriuli romanis personaJebad
iqcevian. xolo istoriul romanebSi istoriuli gmirebi sakuTari
saxelebiT Sedian (70. 778). saxelebisadmi aseT damokidebulebas mwerali
viTarebebiT nakarnaxev stilistikasac uwodebs.
ufro adrindel nawarmoebebSi saxels Semoqmedi sxva principiT
arCevda. zogadad, cnobili politikosebis nacnobi saxelebis gverdiT
mizanmimarTulad aris SerCeuli mxatvruli CanafiqriT xorcSesxmul
personaJTa saxelebic.
oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebis kiTxvisas `grZnob, Turme rogor
mogSiebia, mogwyurebia, mognatrebia qarTuli sityvis surneli. mwerali
ki enis gatlanqebas Civis, iqneb imitomac, rom amaRlebuloba da
suliereba gaqra Cveni cxovrebidan~ (83. 97). sulieri velis gamJRavnebis
funqcia mis mxatvrul samyaroSi personaJTa saxelebsac ekisrebaT. igi
saocrad metyveli da simboluri datvirTvisaa. gansakuTrebul interess
iwvevs saxismetyvelebiT-etimologiuri datvirTva. saxelebs aqvT
aluziis, ironiis, litosisis funqcia.
werilSi, `saxelebis magia~, valerian gafrindaSvili ambobs: `saxeli
da sityva erTad izrdebian, Semdeg saxeli gauswrebs zrdaSi sityvas da
maRla aagdebs tans, rogorc romelime gmiri hqmnis legendas, ise saxeli
pirveli aSrialebis Semdeg hqmnis Tavis fantastikas~ (16. 528).
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- - 166
saxelis mier Seqmnili `fantastika~ qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis
araerT nimuSSi gvxvdeba. mecnieruli interesiTa da simboliuri
datvirTviT am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `vefxistyaosnis~
personaJTa saxelebis etimologia. swored am etimologiuri saidumlos
gaxsniT xdeba sacnauri saxismetyvelebiTi datvirTva sami raindis
(tarieli, avTandili, fridoni) mier qajeTis cixis ganadgurebisa da
nestanis gaTavisuflebisa, rac am TvalsazrisiT moiazreba, rogorc
kosmiuri bnelis damarcxeba da erTgvari iniciacia.
oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul samyaroSi `umadlo Jams~ daukninebia nestan-
darejani da TinaTini (`artistuli gadatrialeba~). es saxelebi qarTul
sinamdvileSi asocirdeba `vefxistyaosnis~ personaJebTan. poemaSi isini
naTelmosili saxeebi arian. saxelebis etimologiac miuTiTebs maT
gansakuTrebul funqciaze.
nestan-darejani poemaSi iniciaciis (saRvTo sibrZnesTan ziarebis)
simboloa. saxelis arabuli etimologia `nesT andare jehan~ _ `ar aris
qveynad~, migviTiTebs nestanis misiaze; is araamqveyniuri sibrZnea.
`iniciacia aris gza ganRmrTobisken, cxovrebis xis Zalebis kvlav
mopovebisken (13. 332)~, sami raindi: tarieli, avTandili da fridoni yvela
amqveyniur dabrkolebas umklavdeba saRvTo sibrZnesTan ziarebis gzaze.
am procesis maorganizebeli Zala (avTandilisaTvis davaleba ucxo
moymis Ziebisa, waqezeba moaZebninos tariels gadakarguli mijnuri), aris
TinaTini. sagulisxmoa, rom `TinaTinis~ literaturuli formaa
`aTinaTi~, rac niSnavs sinaTlis cimcims, naTebas, agreTve, sabaseuli
ganmartebiT, `sarkiT anu misTanaTa raTme mzis Suqis kedelze cials~.
e.i. es sityva sinaTlis sarkiseul anareklsac niSnavs, xolo sarke
rogorc antikur, ise Suasaukuneobriv filosofiaSi, sayovelTao
cnobili simboloa gonebisa~ (13. 249). zviad gamsaxurdia askvnis, rom
`vefxistyaosanSi~ TinaTini, gonebis personifikacia, aris iniciatori
Semecnebisa~ (13. 256).
rusTveliseuli nestani da TinaTini gamoirCevian manaTobeli
garegnobiT: `TinaTin mzesa swunobda, magram mze TinaTinobda~. nestanis
brwyinvalebas Cveulebrivi mzera ver uZlebs, fatmani mis gamoCenas ase
ixsenebs: `daviwuxen Tvalni, yola ver Sevagen viTa mzesa~.
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- - 167
am nestansa da TinaTins cud anarekladac ar ekadrebian `artistuli
gadatrialebis~ sexniebi.
`nestan-darejani, gamxdari qali, wvrili yeli da wawvetebuli nikapi
ro hqonda, amasTan: gasCaCxoda Zvlebi saybeuri~ (58. 162).
`gamoebereba da daeCuteba patara, patara Rababi TinaTinsa.
gamoebereba da daeCuteba~ (58. 164).
garegnuli kontrastis gagrZelebaa cnobierebis daknineba, rasac
adasturebs maTi msjeloba pirvel prezidentze. aq arc naTeli rwmenaa
da arc araamqveyniuri madliT cxebuli goneba. aq kamaToben imaze,
abdRvnida Tu ara sami wlis zviad gamsaxurdia farSevangs kuds.
oTar CxeiZem es mZafri ironia epoqis sulis dasaxasiaTeblad
gamoiyena. Tu poemis TinaTini `mzeebr Wvrets yovelTa, cnobiTa mis
mxedveliTa~, aq misi `gonebis salesi~ saubaria, ymawvili zviad
gamsaxurdia farSevangebs kuds aglejdao. msjelobis logikuroba
nestanTan kamaTisas ubralod saR azrovnebas moklebulia, TviT nestan-
darejanic ver avlens SesaSur Rirsebas (`kapkapebs~).
`umadlo Jams~ daukninebia nestan-darejani da TinaTini.
es banovanebi da maTi Tanameinaxeebi darwmunebulni arian: `vis
gauWirdeba Cveni daqcevao, moskovs wkipurti daezareba CvenTvisao~ (58.
162). es is periodia, roca `beteerebi dascqeroda rusTavelsa
Savnabadidana~ (58. 167), xolo `qarTvlis dedai dabRverili iseve
dascqeroda imave moedansa, imave maxviliTa, imave jamiTa. maxvilisa
aravis eSinoda, jams yvela hxapavda. hxapavda~ (58. 168).
nestani nestani aRar aris, TinaTini _ TinaTini, qarTvlis dedobis
suli dakninda, aRarc naSierni modian madliT `rom win gauZRves
WeSmariteba, ukan hrCes kvali, ganaTebuli~ da funqcia daukargavs
qarTvlis dedis maxvils, radgan TviT misi Svilni daTiTokacebulan,
dapirispirebulan.
`amaRleba~ meTeqvsmete Txzulebaa romanebis rkalisa `matiane
qarTlisa~. aq mwerali, Cveulebriv, amxels sabWoTa reJims, `viTom ro
yvelas ekuTvnoda yvelaferi, viTomao. viTomao, sinamdvileSi ro
aRaraferi SerCenoda aRaravisa gawamebuli sulis garda, gawamebulisa,
gawamebulisa. erTi xeli samosic SerCenoda. Tu ar gahxdidnen ra Tqma
unda~ (57. 50), roca `sZuldaT yvelaferi Zveli, aZulebdnen da sZuldaT,
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- - 168
sZuldaT; akvanSive CasZaxodnen siZulvilsa, mTlad akvanSi Tu ara,
oqtombrelobaSi, pionerobaSi, komkavSirlobaSi, amas CasZaxodnen
mxolod ro amasa. da izrdeboda Taobebi siZulviliTa, Zveli ro sZulda
da ro sZulda yvelaferi winaprisa~ (57. 67).
am `umadlo Jamsac~ hyavs romanSi Tavisi naTelmosili personaJebi:
gvarami, hxvTiso, nestani, nestanis dideda (keTilSobili genis Zlieri
fesvi). sagulisxmoa, rom avtori gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs
saxelebis SerCevas.
saxeli gurami (gvarami) sparsuli `baramis~ qarTuli formaa da
gamarjvebis genias niSnavs. gvarami etimologiur kavSirSia saxelTan
`baram”. miRebulia mravalsafexuriani gardaqmnis gziT avesturi
“vereTragnasagan”. es aris saxeli gamarjvebis RvTaebisa, romelmac
daamarcxa boroti demoni vereTra~ (78. 325).
hxvTiso _ saxecvlili formaa ZvelqarTuli saxelisa RvTisavari,
RvTiso, rac ufalTan ziarebas moiazrebs. gurami da hxvTiso mzad arian
gaeridon am sulgayinul sinamdviles da gavidnen tyeSi, aRadginon
taZari, simarTlisa da siyvarulis mikrosamyaro Seiqmnan. dabrkoleba
mxolod unestanobaa da isic uyoymanod midis am mikrosamyaros
SemqmnelebTan, ipova gvaramma `sufTa asuli. xalasi, naTeli, wminda,
erTguli, uyoymano, meuRle Tvisi~ (57. 39).
`amaRlebis~ nestani amarTlebs Tavisi saxelis etimologias. misi
silamaze `Tuali sulisaÁT~ aRiqmeba, mxolod RirebuliT SeuZlia
dakmayofileba da RirebulisTvis surs gaxarjva. man icis ra misiac
airCia gvaramTan dauRlebiT: `eSmaki wylisferiao, yvelaferic
gawyalebula da yvelganac wamoskupebula eSmaki... auklia aq yvelaferi
moumusria, mounareklebia, mouTavebia saqmei Tvisi, mouklavs Jini. axla
aq isev RvTis Tvali trialebs, Cvenc albaT RvTis Tvals movuwvevivarT,
Cvenc aRvidgenT warsulsa Cvensa da aRvidgenT Tavsa Cvensa. RmerTsac
meti raiRa ZaluZs: gviCvenos gzai!.. da ai gzai: aRvadginoT warsuli
Cveni...~ (57. 233).
myaria nestanis gadawyvetileba: `nu geeWveba!.. uecrad ar
gadamiwyvetia, arc gadavTqvam ro uecrada~ (iqve).
`amaRlebis~ nestani swored naTlis erTgulebis, misi gadarCenis
Cumi RvawliT moevlina samyaros, qveyanas, romelic RvTismgmobelTa
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- - 169
xelSi Cavardniliyo. wiTel reJims garidebuli nestanis mSoblebi
mZafrma nostalgiam daabruna samSobloSi, ar undodaT bavSvi ucxoeTSi
dabadebuliyo, `ahyvnen amasa, ahyvnen, Camohyvnen, anTu iTqmis ro:
Camouswres, _ aerodromidan samSobiaroSi gaaqanes... daibada bavSvi,
nestani daibada~ (57. 126). am SemTxvevaSi, nestani qajebma ki ar moitaces
(araamqveyniuri sibrZne borotma Zalam ki ar daatyveva, rogorc
`vefxistyaosanSi~ xdeba), nestani sulac qajeTSi daibada (is daibada
qveyanaSi, sadac RvTis rwmena sastikad idevneboda, e.i. bnelSi, radgan
naTeli RmerTis saxelia). `hxravda saxelmwifo xorcsaca, sulsaca,
yvelafers hxravda. gaZRoma ro veRar gaego~ (57. 129).
CrdiloeTidan motanili socializmi devnida jansaR energias,
genetikur simrTeles vinc daatarebda, yvelas. `daepatimrebinaT papai
nestanisa, mSoblebi nestanisa...~ (57. 136). nestani SiSiTa da dardiT
gaTanguli didedis imedad darCa. dideda fesvmagar muxad idga da
zeciurs avedrebda mas. `aRanTebda sanTelsa da moiyrida muxlsa
RvTismSoblis winaSe: Sen gevedrebi, Sen daifareo... ho aRarc undoda aq
yofnai, ho mxolod nestanis dardiRa ayovnebda~ (57. 137). locva, sanTel-
sakmeveli iyo maTi imedi, magram bebia frTxilobda, nestans ar unda
gamoevlina rwmena, radgan `skola daWimuliyo, skola yalxze idga,
rwmena arsaidan ar Semogveparoso, namdvili rwmenao, Torem crus ho
qadagebda dReniadaga, TavgamodebiTa hgadagebda. sicrue batonobda da
Tvalebi daeWyita sicruesa...~ (57. 141).
sicruis, aTeizmis batonobisas nestani uCveulo movlenaa, is ar
iSlis pirjvris gadasaxvas, TiTebi uneblieT wauvidoda xelme. ra Tqma
unda, SeumCneveli ar darCaT, daucacxanes, ganmarteba mosTxoves. dideda
daibares. mas klasis xelmZRvanelma SiSiT, CurCuliT auxsna: `aSkarad
mainc ar unda etyobodes... ho iciT, ra dReSi varT!~ (57. 142)
mZime iyo bebiisa da SviliSvilisTvis uRmerTo sazogadoebaSi yofna,
magram mainc gadarCeniliyvnen adamianuri adamianebic; isini
SeaSvelebdnen xels gaZlebaSi... `gadarCnen; nestani mainc ro moisusxa, ar
daazro yinvama, ara, ara, mainc ayvavda, gaifurCqna mainca, buneba ro
mainc Tavisas sCadis, mkacr zamTars ro laRi gazafxuli mohyveba~ (57.
143). nestani _ araamqveyniuri sibrZne, mainc ayvavda, radgan borotebas
misi dabrkoleba SeuZlia, ganadgureba _ ara.
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- - 170
rwmena adamianobis niSania. sainteresoa, rom genialuri eqimi-
humanisti n.i. pirogovi, romlis naSromebic rogorc medicinis, ise
pedagogikis sferoSi dRemde klasikur nimuSebad rCeba, ambobda: `rwmenas
miviCnev adamianis fsiqikur unarad, romelic mas cxovelisgan yvelaze
metad ganasxvavebs~ (39. 168).
sabWoTa ideologia adamianurobis swored am umTavres niSans
ebrZoda, radgan mis saxelmwifoebriv struqturas individualuri
niSnebiT madlcxebuli adamiani ar sWirdeboda.
aTeizmis _ siyvarulis (`siyvarulia RmerTi~) uaryofis epoqaSi
nestanis dabadeba gadarCenis imedi iyo. mSvidi da mxiaruli naTliT
brwyindeba suli adamianisa, romelic dReniadag siyvarulisa da
mowyalebis saqmeebs akeTebs, rogorc ki mas madli RmrTisa moefineba da
Seexeba. am energias daatarebs nestani da mTeli ZaliT avlens mas
gvaramTan da hxvTisosTan SeziarebiT saRvTo saqmeSi.
tkiviliani warsulidan modian hxvTiso da gvaramic, isini saTno
deida salomem gazarda, mSoblebi Jamis siveragem, wiTelma reJimma
Seiwira.
samive erTi niSniT dadaRuli suliT daiareba `dune sinamdvileSi~
da am sinamdvilidan gaqceva undaT. nestani gvarams gamoutyda: `damtanja
dune sicocxlema... mainc ho Sen mogekowiwe... Sen gamorCeuliyav Cems
TvalSia, Sen gepovna biliki Seni da aRarc gaxsovda sxva araferi, verc
ro migetovebina isini, ubilikoni, dabneulni...~ (57. 224)
aTeistur, RvTisgmobel saxelmwifoSi adamianebma dakarges gza (`me
var gza da me var WeSmaritebai da cxovrebaÁ, aravin movides mamisa, garna
Cems mier~. (5. 14. 6:7).
macxovris mraval saxelTa Soris: naTeli, saxiereba, tarigi, mwyemsi
keTili, mdogvis marcvali, lodi, marili, mze simarTlisa, erT-erTi aris
`gza~.
uRmerTo sazogadoebas dakarguli aqvs biliki (biliki xom gzaze
gadis). WeSmariti gzidan, naTlierebisagan mowyveta mtkivneulia
sulisTvis. V saukunis cnobili RvTismetyveli netari avgustine ufals
mimarTavda: `ra var uSenod, Tu ara megzuri, ufskrulisken rom miuZRvis
sakuTar Tavs?~ (34. 56).
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amaRlebis taZris aRdgena ar aris mxolod garideba `dune
cxovrebisgan~, es `ubilikoTaTvis~, ufskrulisken mavalTaTvis uxilavi,
naTeli gzis gakvalvis uZlieresi survilicaa.
hxvTisoc qveynis tkiviliT suldamZimebulia. nestanma gadawyvita:
misi biliki gvaramis biliks SeuerTda, gamokveTili iyo mizani _ `gandge
da aRadgino rac ro Sebilwa brboma, xelisuflebisagan waqezebulma
brboma~ (57. 228).
amaRlebis taZari brbom ara, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma
daarbies, kanonisa da qveynis samsaxuris saxeliT.
`rbeva amaRlebis eklesiis midamoebisa iseTive STambeWdaobiTaa
warmosaxuli, rogorc oTar CxeiZis sxva romanebis _ `boriayi~ da
`cxrawyaro~ _ finaluri scenebi, apokalifsur suraTebs rom mogvagonebs
Sinagani tragizmiTa da mZafri eqspresiiT~ (68. 220).
amaRlebis taZris aRdgenis mizniT Cveulebrivi yofierebisgan,
qalaqisgan garideba arsiT `udabnos qalaqyofis~ mikromodelia, radgan
aq mxolod fizikuri taZari ar aris zrunvis sagani. umTavresi mizani
`dune cxovrebisgan~ gaqcevaa, taZari erTgvarad gzac aris da
saSualebac RvTisken swrafvis, erovnulisadmi imperiul-sabWouri
mtrobis dapirispirebis Jams: `warsuli ro awmyoa, imitom unda
gavacocxloT warsuli, imitoma, imitoma. awmyo imitoma gvaqvs, warsuli
ro gvaqvs da imitomac unda mogvispon warsuli, awmyo ro mogvispon.
awmyo sZulT Cveni, awmyo sZulT da warsuls imitomac gadahkidebian~ (57.
232) _ ase gamoxata mweralma sam sxeulSi damkvidrebuli erTi
STagonebis sulTa swrafva, savali biliki da misi safuZveli. awmyosa da
warsulis gamTlianeba mizez-Sedegobriv jaWvSi mxatvruli xerxic aris
da TviTmyofadobis formulac, romelsac momdevno gverdebze azustebs
mwerali nestanis piriT: `gaZlebac es aris, istorias ro ar davkargavT,
gadarCenac es aris, sicocxlec es aris~ (57. 235)
marTlac, nayofieri aRmoCnda es Rvawli. gvarami da nestani
SeemTliannen erTmaneTs, `ori vaJi ezrdebodaT... uReli miiwevda
gawonasworebuli~ (57. 239).
tyeSi dabanakebulebi uvlidnen taZars, wmendnen garemos da Tavis
sarCenad hqondaT meurneoba (qalaqTan TiTqmis gawyvetili hqondaT
kavSiri). es ar apaties `Teoretikosebma~, `ro maRldebodnen da
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maRldebodnen, iZendnen xarisxebsa, wodebebsa, jildoebsa ho nuRar
ikiTxav...~ am `simaRlis~ trfialT amaRlebis taZris qomagni damnaSaved
CaTvales. `meudabnoeni~ gamorCeuli individebi iyvnen: `individualizmi
nacionalizmis saburvelica yofila, orive erTad dauZinebeli mteri
saxelmwifosi. saxelmwifos mizanic ro is unda yofiliyo, orive ro
moeSTo erTdroulada. erTdroulada. erTdrulada~ (57. 282).
`individualizmisa da nacionalizmis~ mters maspinZlis amtanobiT
dauxvda nestani: `idga maspinZlis movaleobiTa, movaleoba ro amtanobaa,
idga, itanda~ (57. 311). daupatiJebel stumrebs mohyva uamravi usiamovneba
da bolos: Seqmnili walkotis darbeva, momxvduri verasodes gaigebda,
rom gvaramisTvis `Tavdeboda yvelaferi gumbaTis qveSa, ro Tavdeboda
miwieri, RvTaebrivi ro iwyeboda~ (57. 328).
`amaRleba~ iwyeba nestanis SiSiT gvelis gamoCenis gamo, romelmac
kinaRam bavSvi dagesla, magram hxvTisom moaswro, layuCebSi staca xeli
da daamarcxa (`veeba ram gaxldaT is verani...~)
gvaramis, hxvTisosa da nestanisTvis yvelaze mZime wuTebSic es
`uxsenebeli~ TiTqmis personaJi xdeba, nestani ver umklavdeba SiSs,
cdilobs gvaramis darwmunebas, rom gvels gaeridon, gvarami amSvidebs:
`_ ras izam, cxovreba ho magasTan erTad daiwyo adamianma, _ modian
mas mere, erTad modian~.
` _ gaveclebi.~
_ ha, ha, ha... sad gaeclebi?!~
_ sadac ar arian...~
_ sad ar arian?!~
_ sadac bevri adamiania, iq magaTi sinsilac ar aris...
_ aris. TviT adamianebSi Cabudebulan. adamiani qmnila sulisada da
saxisada magisi. adamiani!~
_ mainc adamiania...~
` _ raRa adamiania? anTu rac aris ufro saSiSia, amas gaiclebi da
moiSoreb...~
` _ adamiansac gaeclebi da moiSoreb...~
` _ hxedav, igivea!~ (57. 324-325)
nestanis SiSi bavSvis safrTxes ukavSirdeba. mis Tvalwin kinaRam
dagesla biWi gvelma. dedisTvis umTavresia Svilis gadarCena, Tundac
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garidebis gziT. ukve umTavresi bavSvis usafrTxoebaa da ara amaRlebis
gumbaTi.
mweralma kanonzomieri gadawyvetileba miaRebina personaJs.
mxatvruli literaturis samyaroSi bavSvi momavalia, Tu bavSvi iRupeba,
xdeba `antidabadeba~. Cvens SemTxvevaSi es bavSvi (gvaramisa da nestanis
SemTlianebis nayofi), zeciuri sibrZnisa (nestanis) da qveynis
gulwrfeli Wirisufalis, gamarjvebis geniis (gvaramis) xvalindeli
dRea. vidre Jami aqvs `boroteba Tavs ar dasTmobs dasaTrgunavad~,
amitom ganmtkiceba-gaZlierebamde garideba sjobs.
saxismetyvelebiT azrovnebaSi mdgradi paradigmuli saxea gveli. igi
arcTu ise iSviaTad figurirebs bibliaSi Sedarebis sagnad: `aRleses
enaÁ maTi, viTarca guelisai, da gesli aspitTa bageTTa maTTa~ (5. 139. 4),
`guliswyroma maTi msgavs ars guelisasa da viTarca aspitsa yrusa,
romelsa daeyunian yurni~ (5. 57. 5).
swored am gesls, aspits unda gaaridos nestanma vaJi _ imedi,
WeSmaritebisa da warsulis erTgulebis msxmoiarobis dasturi; `nestanis
jiSisad modis Tu gvaramis gvarisada Tu orive SenivTebula, ro verc
gamoarCev erTmaneTisgana~ (57. 359). es patara am warmomavlobis gamo
Tavisi misiiT movida, `naRveliT iwyebda biWi cxovrebasa~, TviTon
iswavla leqsi `me patara qarTveli var, kavkasiis mTebis Svili~, mTebi
uyvars, taZari da freskebic, misi mSoblebi Tavs rom evlebian da jer ar
icis sakuTari samSoblos ubedureba, Tavs rom moaxvies: `mze
CrdiloeTidan amodiso~, CrdiloeTs Tavisi mizani hqonda, `tramalis
vneba mTagrexilebs ver moiTmenda... istorias iparavdnen, miwebs
iparavdnen, momavals iparavdnen...~ gvelisa iyo asparezi da samomavlo
xsnis umTavresi piroba movlenili sijansaRis (nestanisa da gvaramis
Svilis) misgan dacva iyo.
gansacdelebma da amao fusfusisgan garidebam sabolood
gaucxovela `Tuali sulisaÁ~ gvarams. igi suliT xatavda, funji
davalebas asrulebda da ixveweboda freskebi: `saxierdeboda da
saxiereba igi sinaTle gaxlda, anTu raim sxva naTeli igive sinaTleSi,
uxilavi avTa TvalisTvisa, sikeTisaTvis saxilveli, mxolod
sikeTisTvisa~ (57. 366) da roca gamoaZeves Seqmnili samyarodan, roca
hxvTiso moZaladeebs TvalTagan gauqra da mis Sesaxeb araferi icis,
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gvarami `cocxladac ro aRar iTqmoda, jer mkvdradac ro ver
gamoacxadebdnen~ (57. 260), is `dune cxovrebas~ ver gaiCveulebrivebda,
amaRlebis gumbaTisa da Sinagani simaRlis gareSe ver gaZlebda da isev
moikriba nestanma Zala: `gavbrundeT...~
nawarmoebi simbolurad mTavrdeba: `kavkasionis mwvervalebTanac
aRmoaCines Tovlis kacio~, gazeTSi dabeWdil ucnaur suraTs biWma TiTi
daabjina da dabejiTebiT warmoTqva:
`Zia hxvTiso!~
nestanisa da gvaramis vaJma Taviseburi interpretaciiT daxata is
suraTi, kedelze gaakra da mtkiced ganacxada: `Zia hxvTiso!~
`Tvalebi daxuWvoda gvaramsa, ucnauri ram Cvenebani amohfenoda,
ucnauri, aburduli, gaurkveveli, oRond etyoboda, ro gamoirkveoda,
gamoirkveoda da gamoerkveoda~ (57. 395)
simboluri dasawyisidan _ gvelisagan bavSvis (momavlis) dacva,
logikur daskvnamde mivediT: borotTan (gvelTan) brZola rTuli,
momqancveli da mZimea, magram madli araamqveyniuri sibrZnis SenarCunebiT
(nestani), Sinagani naTliT gasxivosnebuli qmnadobiT (gvarami), utyvi
erTgulebis molodiniTa (hxvTiso) da momavlis (bavSvi) gadarCeniT
vlindeba.
mxatvrul-Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT didi mniSvneloba aqvs hxvTisos
savaraudo yofnas kavkasiis mTebSi. is mTebSia _ es sjera bavSvs
(momavals). `mTebi suls maradisobas axseneben, borot Zalas, romelsac
RvTisgan sulTa moSoreba unda, taZrebis ganadgureba, wmida wignebis
dawva SeuZlia, magram mTebis _ maradisobis am sagaloblis dangrevas igi
ver SeZlebs~, _ brZanebs arqimandriti rafaeli, misive sityvebiT, `saxeli
kavkasioni `RvTaebriobis taxts~ niSnavs~ (2. 137).
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom nestani (nesT handar jane), hxvTiso (RvTis
ariso) da gvarami (gamarjvebis genia) amaRlebis taZars Seexiznen, mas
daudgnen qomagad. lukas saxarebis mixedviT, macxovarma mkvdreTiT
aRdgomis me-40 dRes Tavis mociqulebs misca ukanaskneli darigeba,
aRuTqva nugeSinismcemlis movlineba, akurTxa isini da amaRlda zecad.
qristes mociqulebi `darCnen sofelsa Sina garemoculni mravalTa
mterTa da gansacdelTa mier, maT uTuod ar daaviwydaT sityva
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macxovrisa, romel igini darCebian, viTarca cxovarni winaSe mgelTa~ (52.
273).
gvaramisa da hxvTisos gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas mxolod
unestanoba abrkolebda, nestanis Tanxmobac male miiRes, `vinc aq
dagelodeba, iqac wamogyvebao~ da amaRlebis madls miendvnen `cxovarni~,
`mgelTa~ Soris yofniT daRlilni `mglur~ epoqaSi.
gansakuTrebuli migneba ar sWirdeba imas, ratom SearCia mweralma am
gziT mavali personaJebisaTvis es saxelebi (nestani, hxvTiso, gvarami).
jvarsaxovnebis TvalsazrisiT, aranakleb mniSvnelovania medeas saxe
romanSi `TeTri daTvi~. saxismetyvelebiT azrovnebaSi qali ganasaxierebs
qveyanas, ers. `didostaturi xelweriT xatavs mwerali medeas portrets _
qalsa da dedas, RvTis anabara darCenili axalgazrda qvrivis
gansacdels. SimSilobisa da gaWirvebis Jams, axaldabadebuli bavSviT
sruliad umweo qalis amay xasiaTs mkveTri ferebiT, sulismieri
dialogebiT CamonakvTavs~ (75. 93)
borotebis TareSis Jams medeas uWirs Secnoba WeSmariti sikeTisa,
keTilSobilebisa. `maSin yvelaferi waRma-ukuRma meCvenebodao~, _ ambobs
baadurTan saubarSi.
medeas Sinagani aRdgoma, `Tuali sulisaÁs~ axela ukavSirdeba
cremlebs (ioane klemaqsis mixedviT xom `sinanulis cremlebs
naTlisRebis madli aqvs~) Sinagani mzeriT gacnobierebul sikeTes
mohyveba `RvarTqafi cremlisa~.
`sikeTe vixile!.. sikeTei gamocxadebuli. sikeTei srulis siSiSvliTa,
_ uangarobiTa, siwmindiTa. vixile. da. momicva TrTolvama ganucdelma,
dauokebelma, araamqveyniurma. namdvilad, namdvilad ro araamqveyniurma.
cremlic Tan mohyva, RvarTqafi cremlisa~ (59. 391).
ase uTbeba guli qals, romelmac mSobiarobis tkivilebi da
mSobiarobaze avismosurneTa Tavdasxmis tragedia erTad itvirTa.
mSobiarobaze Tavdasxmis epizodi jvarsaxovnebis vertikalsa da
horizontze amTlianebs uaxlesi istoriis sisxlian dReebs, roca
axladSobil erovnul saxelmwifos TviTmyofadobis mteri iaraRiT
daupirispirda, amazrzeni iyo _ `gaxelebai brbosi, Sobas ro daesxnen
Tavsa... gvrgvinavda brboi, gvrgvinavda. qveynis daqceviT imuqreboda~ (59.
391).
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daundobelia dapirispireba mSobiaresa da misi nayofisadmi:
`gafliTes qali da amoacales nayofi da yvelas unda CakbiCos qorfai da
ar gaswvdeba yvelasa da unda daaswron erTimeoresa daerevian
erTimeoresa, ixelTebs dedai drosa da gaitacebs nayofsa Tavisasa da
garbis da miarbeninebs...~ (iqve).
saocrad hgavs am qalisa da misi qveynis xvedri: ltolviloba,
usaxlkaroba, qvrivoba. misi qomagi da gadamrCeni aris baaduri. saxeli
monRoluri warmoSobisad iTvleba. igi osurSi Sevida `bayaTar~ formiT,
romlis qarTuli variantia `baRaTera~, sparsulSi Sevida bahadur
formiT, iqidan ki qarTulSi _ `baaduri~, rac niSnavs mamakacs, gmirs,
goliaTs.
`TeTri daTvis~ personaJi baaduri namdvilad gmiri da mamacia.
umZimesi, xifaTiani gza gaiara, sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarzec iyo, magram
WeSmaritebisTvis, darbeuli samSoblosTvis, naTeli ideisTvis ar
uRalatia.
pirveli prezidentis erTgulebisTvis, saqarTvelos erTianobisTvis
brZolaSi (afxazeTSi) sikvdils Caxeda TvalebSi. Wrilobebisgan
dasaxiCrebuls col-Svilic ver scnobda.
XX saukunis 90-ani wlebis borotebamoZalebul saqarTveloSi
baadur rikoTeli sakuTari principis erTgulebiT cxovrobs: `tyavisa
Senisa sacodaobiTa ar waibilwo suli Seni~ (59. 358)
Wrilobebisgan momjobinebuli baaduri mTas Seexizna sulis
gansamtkiceblad. is RvTismSoblisadmi vedrebiT tovebs gamoqvabuls,
avedrebs samkvidros. berTa uZveles senakSi misi ganmartoeba, kosmiuri
mTlianobis nawilad sakuTari Tavis gancda aris gansulierebuli
realoba. mwerali SemTxveviT ar gviCvenebs svetze dayrdnobil
locvansac froidis TeoriebiT suldajijgnil epoqaSi.
mTidan dabrunebul baadurs meuRle axarebs: `bavSvi gveyoleba~. es
simboluri miniSneba ki ara, xmamaRla RaRadia naTeli imedisa: gmiroba
da mamacoba gadarCeba.
saqarTvelos sulierebas aqvs momavali! jansaRni da momavlis
momlodineni arian: baaduri, qeTevani, nino, gvarami, nestani, hxvTiso. amis
saTqmelad iRvawa oTar CxeiZem. ase rom:
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a) oTar CxeiZis mier Seqmnil mxatvrul samyaroSi personaJTa
saxelebsac gansakuTrebuli funqcia aqvT;
b) oTar CxeiZis prozaSi saxeli avtoris mier winaswar gaazrebulia,
gansakuTrebuli mxatvrul-fsiqologiuri datvirTva aqvs.
g) mxatvrul - dokumenturi qronikebSi moqmedi pirebi wignur
cxovrebas iZenen TavianTi namdvili saxelebiTac, es mwerlis xerxic
aris da stilic.
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V Tavi
naratiuli mravalferovneba
a) realizmis variaciebi
oTar CxeiZe kritikuli realizmis tradiciebis gamgrZelebeli da
ganmaaxlebelia. man gamoxatvis axali forma da stili moZebna simarTlis
gasaxmianeblad. igi Tanaziari iyo Tavisi qveynis tkivilebisa, arsismieri
gancdiT daatarebda dapyrobili samSoblos dakninebis (fizikur da
sulier aspeqtSi) tkivils. am tkivilTan SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis SerwymiT
Seiqmna misi mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza, `matiane qarTlisa~.
mixeil javaxiSvili ambobda: `xelovneba miwis wveniT sazrdoobs da
sinamdvilis dakvirvebidan gamodiso~ (82. 72). WeSmariti mwerali am
dakvirvebidan qmnis mxatvrul nawarmoebs da is gzas ikvlevs
mkiTxvelamde, roca Semoqmedi simarTlisa da kalmis erTgulebiT aris
madlcxebuli.
d. guramiSvilis `miwis wveniT~ nasazrdoebi `qarTlis Wirsa vervin
mosTvlis~, _ realobis asaxvaa, d. guramiSvilamde Tu misi Semdgomi
epoqebisTvis. es `Wiri~ ar dawyebula XVIII s.-Si da ar damTavrebula iqve.
`brZeni, enamWevri~ ametyvelebda mas yvela droSi. XX saukunes hyavs
`enamWevri brZeni~ da gvaqvs 22 wignad Sekruli, wvrilad aRnusxuli
qarTlis Wiri alag-alag lxingareuli. `matiane qarTlisa~ _ Cveni drois
matiane~ (83. 93). am qronikebis mTavari personaJi Cveni droa, Cveni drois
adamianebiTa da problemebiT.
realizmi, rogorc qarTuli literaturis esTetikuri mrwamsi,
uZvelesi droidan dRemde sicocxlisunariania, rogorc mwerlobis
uberebeli RerZi. axali epoqa mas Tavis iers matebs mxolod, radgan
`realizmi mTavari Stoa, danarCeni misi totebia~ (81. 32). TiToeuli toti
sinTezirdeba mTavar StosTan `arsebulis sruli gamoyenebiT da axlis
frTxili SemoSvebiT~ (82. 73).
klasikur memkvidreobasTan mtkice kavSiriTa da axlis daxvewiT
yalibdeboda neorealizmi, romlis literaturuli manifesti
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Camoyalibda m.javaxiSvilis werilSi `arifioni anu saliteraturo
gancxadeba~.
`neorealizms safuZvlad udevs igive klasikuri realizmi Semdegi
ganmeorebiT, damatebiTa da ganmartebiT: Seswavla maxlobel da Soreul
kulturuli warsulisa da misi mxatvruli gamoyeneba dRevandeli
adamianis gemovnebis mixedviT...
SegrZnoba da Segneba axali epoqis sulisa da misi mxatvruli
asaxva~ (82. 72).
roca Semoqmedis madlcxebaze vsaubrobT, swored es iSviaTi
gamTlianeba moiazreba: `SegrZneba da Segneba~, `SegrZneoba~ grZnobadi
samyaros anareklia, `SegnebaSi~ ki grZnobebeTan erTad Zlieri goneba
unda monawileobdes. `guli, grZnoba da goneba erTmaneTzeda hkidian~
(rusTaveli). arsebiTi aris dawmendili guli da suliwmidis madliT
STagonebuli goneba.
eris samsaxurisTvis aseTi `SegrZneba da Segneba~ moemadla ilia
marTals (ilia WavWavaZes). mas unda Seesrulebina saqarTvelos bedis
mZebnelis didi misia, unda scodnoda Cveni xalxis warsuli, awmyo,
sulieri wyoba da gonebrivi avladideba.
`fanatikosis siyvaruliT da daundoblobiT unda gaesinja,
gaeCxrika, aewon-daewona yovelive. asec moiqca. anatomis gulgrilobiT
dado saoperacio sarecelze saqarTvelos erovnuli sxeuli. ar
dautovebia kunWulic ki Seumowmebeli da dasva Tavzardamcemi diagnozi:
`CvenisTana bednieri
gana aris sadme eri?!
yvela unji,
yvela munji,
gulCvili da lmobieri;
Tvalabmuli,
Tavakruli,
pirs lagami zomieri...~ (9. 76)
dasmuli diagnozi `arafrobis uaryofaa~ _ sizarmaciT,
cruaqtiurobiT, crusaqmianobiT, baqiaobiT, pirferobiT, RormucelobiT,
rom vlindeba da mweralma luarsab TaTqariZis simboluri saxiT
gviCvena.
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sizarmace mravalsaxiania; crusaqmianoba da cruaqtiurobac misi
gamovlenaa. TaTqariZeebis cxovrebis wesis Sedegi sruli unayofobaa.
maTi uSviloba yovelgvar unayofobas gulisxmobs.
`ilias azriT, yoveli pirovnebis xsna mtkiced ukavSirdeba
RmerTmimsgavsebulobis problemas” (9. 90), radgan eri pirovnebas hgavs,
keTili sulis gverdiT yovelTvis aris TavSefarebuli boroti sulic.
damonebul, ganviTarebis kanonzomier gzas mowyvetil ers, eZaleba
boroti suli, aaRorZinebs eris mankierebas, aqveiTebs zneobas. mxilebis
Sedegi sakuTari ubedurebisaTvis _ zneobrivi dakninebisaTvis Tvalis
gasworeba unda iyos, rac TavisTavad ganapirobebs znesrulobisaken
swrafvas. `es rom moxdes, erma yvelaferi unda icodes Tavisi Tavis
Sesaxeb, xolo igi, vinc eris samsaxurSi Camdgara da mowodebad
qveynisaTvis Rvawli miuCnevia, piruTvnelad unda ambobdes simarTles, ra
rig mZimec unda iyos am tvirTis tareba” (9. 75).
am misias Seewira ilia marTali.
`piruTvneli simarTliT~ metyvelebs mixeil javaxiSvilis
Semoqmedeba. Tu ilia WavWavaZem TaTqariZeoba rogorc seni, pasiurobiT
gamoavlina. jayoobis batonoba niSnavs warsulis gayidvas, tanjul
awmyos, bnel da gaurkvevel momavals.
jayo mtaceblurad sargeblobs Teimurazis `mouxmarebeli
TavisuflebiT~ da eufleba yovelives.
mixeil javaxiSvili gviCvenebs, rom `moZalade mizanTrops (jayos)
surs SeiniRbos, keTilSobilis saxiT mogvevlinos. jayo Txovs Teimuraz
xevisTavs: `modi, saqmes ise gagakeTebde rom am patara jayos xevisTavi
dagarqmevde, ha, ras ityode?~ Teimurazi Tanaxmaa.
jayo xevisTavi ase iniRbeba mizanTropi altruizmiT momavalSi da
ukve veRar gaarkvev, sad aris keTili da sad _ boroti. amitom
daundoblad unda iqnes mxilebuli jayo da jayooba~ (9. 384).
mxilebis am misias emsaxureba oTar CxeiZe. mankierebas, ubedurebas
gamovlenisTanave arqmevs saxels, Tumca swored es wamouyenes mas erT-
erT braldebad. `SeSfoTda mweralTa kavSiri. gulmodgined namzadi
yriloba moiwvia da ori braldeba wauyena `artistul gadatrialebasa~: I
_ movlenis Semdeg didi dro ar gasula da ar SeiZleba romanis dawera
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ase mokle droSio da II _ wigni kerZo gamomcemlobam gamoscao. ai,
mweralTa kavSiri, ai, yriloba, ai, problemebi!~ (83. 99).
sabednierod, mwerals arasodes abrkolebda mZafrad Tu SedarebiT
rbilad gamoTqmuli winaaRmdegobebi da arc XX s.-is 90-ian wlebis
movlenebi datova Cveuli yuradRebis gareSe, asaxa Cveni drois `WirTa~
xasiaTi, procesi misi moZalebisa. mis nawarmoebebSi `Cveni
Tanamedrovenic gvxvdebian _ kargad nacnobi presidan Tu televiziidan,
vinc qmnis Tu Slis dRevandel politikas, ekonomikas, sazogadoebriv
yofasa Tu kulturas...
mwerali gulis TvalebiT xedavs da xatavs, misi ironia da satirac
cremlgareulia. ai,rom ityvian simwrisagan ecinebao~ (83. 100).
`Seufaravi realizmiT~ STagonebuli personaJebi oTar CxeiZis
SemoqmedebaSi qarTuli klasikuri literaturisTvis cnobil personaJebs
enaTesavebian sulierad, magram Tavisi epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
TvisebebiT TiTqos gansxvavdebian kidec.
erT-erTi aseTi saxe aris luarsabi. romanSi `artistuli
gadatrialeba~ vkiTxulobT: `esec luarsabia, sexnia Rirseuli, saxeli
iSviaTi, gaiSviaTebuli ilias Semdgoma, ise ro gaamasxra, ise ro aigdo,
ise ro iTakilos, _ viRa daarqmevda?.. dedam daarqva, mainc daarqva,
mosaxele da wamebuli mefe luarsabia. es mainc aqeTaa, iliaskena~ (58. 24).
nebeloba uflisgan boZebuli, miidrika uarsobisaken. luo
SeiZleboda simarTlisTvis, RirebulebisTvis mebrZolTa Soris
uangarod Camdgariyo, magram es ar moxda. mwerali gvevlineba avtor-
mTxrobelis rolSi, mTeli es monologi agebulia anaqroniaze
(prolefsis_analefsisi), riTac gviCvenebs luos (luarsabis) mankierebis
Zvel fesvebs (`ar axalia~ qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis) da axal miznebs:
`luarsabic rao, _ unaRvlo iyo da meti araferi~ (58. 24).
am `unaRvlosac~ areul qveyanaSi mizani gamohkveTia: `miraJia, rac
unda iyos Rirs ro aq Cajdes da Caijibos Tbilisi, _ maneTi ar uWyavis,
Tbilisi Caijibos, miraJia. mtveria Yyvelaferi~ (58. 25).
ZmaTa dapirispirebis suraTs isev SeaSvelebs mwerali aluziur
frazebs, Tavis personaJze ambobs: `waRma ukuRma mohqcevia, ukuRma _
waRma~ da agrZelebs, `kaxelebis aRma xnuli, qarTlelebma daRma
farcxeso~, albaT maSinac mxari moeqcaT~ (58. 25).
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luo Tbiliselia, magram gdidSi damkvidrda, iq Seqmna mesame ojaxi,
iqaur TeatrSi `artistobda~; axla Tbilisisken wamosuls, axali miznebi
gadaeSala: `aRar dabrundeba. morCa. iZaxon. sxvebi qveyanas angreven , _
vis gaukvirdeba“ (58. 26).
luo cxovrobda simamris kmayofaze, Svilebs fxizeli TiTqmis ar
axsovT. Tbilisidan wamosvlis Semdeg, arc dabrunebula, `iqneb dedamac
ver icnos~, magram icis ra unda: `salonebi unda daipyros,
sammarTveloebi unda daipyros, adgili unda daimkvidros warCinebul
sazogadoebaSi, unda amaRldes~ (58. 26). am surviliT igi uswrebs sexnias
da iZens Tavisi epoqis Tvisebas.
`artistuli gadatrialeba~ sexniaTa Soris msgavsebas xazs usvams
`unaRvlobis~, cru aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT, xolo `bermudis
samkuTxedSi~ ramdenime fraziT naTlad aris warmoCenili damRupveli
seni _ Semguebloba: ilias luarsabi sicrueze agebul qorwinebas Seegua,
saqarTvelo _ ruseTis cru megobrobas.
ilias luarsabi motyuebiT daqorwinebas Seegua. Sepirebuli
mzeTunaxavis nacvlad maxinji darejani SerTes, magram `Sublzed eg
mwerebulao~ da gaCumda. zogadad, TaTqariZeoba tyuilze agebuli
arsebobaa, amitom ar mohyveba am miuRebel sicrues adekvaturi reaqcia;
es aRSfoTebasa da protests unda iwvevdes, `magram TaTqariZeobis
paradoqsi is aris, rom ama Tu im process logikuri Sedegi ar mosdevs.
piriqiT, alogikuri rezultatia misTvis bunebrivi. amjeradac ase moxda:
protestis magier sruli kmayofileba daibada~. (9. 86).
erovnul sulSi dabudebuli alogikuri kmayofileba iyo sabWoTa
ruseTis uRelTan Segueba: `qorwili qorwilia. iq ar iyo adgili
pirumtkicobisa, motyuebac ar SeiZleboda. is erTxel mohxda, _ erTxela,
erTxela, _ erTxel mohxda, luarsabi ro moatyues, magram ho _ magram
kidev sxva vin gagigonia imaTze bednieri wyvili?!... vina?!. vina?! egera
dasavleTi, eger aRmosavleTi, eger. egera eg moZalebuli da
mouSorebeli Wiri CrdiloeTisai~ (59. 361).
paraleli cxadia: XI armiis xiStiT Semdgari `qorwinebiT~
mouSorebeli Wiri daesena saqarTvelos. `mere ho aRarc iyo. qarTuli.
rusuli gaxlda. ruseTisa gaxlda~. am uRlis Semgueblobis, monobis
fasad miRebuli aRzevebis, renegatis xvedris sitkboebiT iyo nakvebi
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erovnuli mTavrobis, pirveli prezidentis mimarT zizRi da
winaaRmdegobac.
ruseTis batonobis Senobas zviad gamsaxurdiam kedlebi daungria,
`sxva veraferi ver daaklo, anTu aRar daacades: aRara. da darCa igi
xeluxlebeli. darCa. da. darCa. kedlebic ro aRar undoda. erT SenobaSi
ro verc daeteoda. yvelgan iyo da yvelgan darCa“ (59. 423). axali
luarsabebi da axali jayoebi `axal ruseTs~ _ dsT-s mietmasnen.
`da mostiroda iliaca: `CvenisTana bednieri gana aris sadme eri?!
mtris ar mcnobi, moyvris mgmobi, gareT mxdali, Sin Zlieri~. mosdevda,
mostiroda da SesZaxoda aRzevebulTa: `vai, Tqvens xelSi Cvens
saqarTvelos~ (60. 388). aRzevebulni axali jayoebi arian xatebacvlilni,
magram axal qurqSi igive suliT _ keTilSobilebis niRbiT movlenilni,
mizanTropebi; momxveWelobis, keTildReobis mopovebis gzaze maTTvis
adamians rom Rirebuleba daukargavs da `erTgulia mxolod Tavs
asgulobaSi~ (81. 126).
TiTqos axalma siom dahqrola: `privatizaciao. vinc ras moaswrebs,
axla Tu moaswrebs, mere unda iaros gudamSiermao~ (59. 12)
sazogadoebac or mkveTrad gansxvavebul fenad daiyo: `brialebda,
grialebda Seraton-metexi-palasi~. rogorc ki acivdeboda, `aiZeZgeboda
Tbilisi. Sioda ATbilissa~ (59. 41). axal `ruseTumeeebs~ axali argumenti
aqvT: `rogor Tu vaio. aRarc mamulio. derefanio. derefanSi iliacao~
(59. 388). es derefan-gvirabi saxelmwifos meTauris politikaa, Sedegad ki:
`ilia derefanSi~.
bnela baaduris binaSi.
daxvewili mxatvruli qsovilia: kritikuli realizmi da `Seufaravi
realizmi” erT SemoqmedebiT yalibSi sunTqvas aZleven axali epoqis,
axali formiT gamoxatul tkivilebs.
ilias bednieri eris tragizmidan axal `ruseTumeebamde~ gadebulia
jaWvuri funqciebis jgufi _ sxartad da mignebulad. elefsisiT `bnela
baaduris binaSi~, xdeba gadasvla, romelic mTavari personaJis _ baadur
rikoTelis moqmedebis logikas gamoxatavs.
rikoTels Tavisi auditoriis Sekreba gadauwyvetia dabnelebul
saqarTveloSi. igi suliT ilias gzis mimdevaria da roca `bnela ilias
derefanSi~, bnela mis binaSic.
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ikribebian rikoTelis binaSi `sxvanica, sxvanica, ro arc ecnoba. xma
gasula qalaqSi, modian, modian... raRas daitevs patara binai baadurisa,
mTlad Senobis derefnebic veRar daiteven. bnela derefnebSi~ (59. 389).
am bnelidan mistikur naTelSi gadasvla saocari mignebiT aisaxa
romanSi, razec saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT ukve gavamaxvileT
yuradReba.
roca saxelmwifos meTauri gzad `bnel derefans irCevs, erT Wirs
moiSoreb, meore modis, anTu imas ras moiSoreb???!!! Wiri ho
mouSorebelia, erTi Tu agityda, erTi Tu SemogiCnda, _ mouSorebelia,
mouSorebeliao~ (60. 226).
es Wiri ki, modis `sitlanqiTa da usaSvelobiT. ulmobelobiTa
satanuriTa. modis da asworebs yvelafersa Tavisebursa, Senebursa,
gamorCeulsa, Seudarebelsa~ (iqve).
siuJetis ganviTarebaSi aseTi gadasvlebi, saubari Sinagani Tu
garegani TvalTaxedviT, romans polifoniur xasiaTs aniWebs
(gansxvavebiT `homofoniur~ anu yovlismcodne avtoris poziciiT
daweril romanisagan).
naratiuli mravalferovneba nawarmoebs gansakuTebul Zalas sZens,
aseve mniSvnelovania mxatvruli saxis Seqmna, misi gamoZerwva realobidan.
am SemoqmedebiT sirTules saocari ostatobiT gaarTva Tavi oTar
CxeiZem. misi personaJebi qarTveli eris yoveldRiurobidan, politikuri
cxovrebis simZafridan gadavidnen nawarmoebebSi. arian saxelebi,
romlebic istoriis furclebs SemorCnen, avad Tu kargad. xSir
SemTxvevaSi, mwerals isini ucvleli saxeliT Semohyavs Tavis samyaroSi,
zogierTi arc aRiqmeba politikuri sivrcidan Semoyvanil pirovnebad,
aramed mxatvruli saxea, romelsac meti SemoqmedebiT-Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTva aqvs, vidre erT pirovnebas, Tundac did politikoss.
cocxali saxidan mxatvruli saxis Seqmna mwerlisaTvis erTgvari
`sajildao qvaa~. m. javaxiSvili ambobda: `prototipi Zlier exmareba
mwerals. Tu mas Tvalwin cocxali nacnobi saxe udgia, misi tipic
cocxali gamova, magram portretis daxatva ara kmara. mwerali mas
Taviseburad gardaqmnis, zog rames miumatebs, zogsac daaklebs da iseT
vinmes gamoiyvans, romelic kideca hgavs dedans da arc hgavs: ase iqmneba
sinteturi tipi~ (81. 93), romelmac mkiTxvelis sulier mRviZarebas unda
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Seuwyos xeli. am misias asrulebs mwerloba Sinagani Tavisuflebisa da
SemoqmedebiTi madlis SeuRlebiT. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania droTa
gamTlianeba: warsuls mowyvetili awmyo cnobierebisTvis unayofo
sazrdoa, momavlisTvis _ mWle fesvebi, amitom urCevda mwerlebs m.
javaxiSvili: `mweralo, erTi xeli warsuls gauwode, meore myoobads
CasWide. arc erTi ar gauSva, Torem daiRupebi~ (81. 114).
warsulis, awmyosa da momavlisadmi SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba:
adamianis arsis warmoCena misi bneli da naTeli mxareebiT, mxileba
mxatvruli saxeebiT romelime erTi epoqis migneba da damsaxureba ar
aris: “es zogadi xasiaTia mwerlobisa, radgan adamianis `arsi~ erTia
yvelgan da yovelTvis, xolo `saxe~ maTi _ nairnairi~ (41. 78).
oTar CxeiZis prozis STamagonebeli Zala simarTlis erTgulebaa. am
TvalsazrisiT kvleva naTlad gviCvenebs:
a) mwerlis erTgulebas realizmis tradiciebisadmi.
b) mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozis sivrceSi oTar CxeiZem saxeli
daarqva Rirebulis winaaRmdeg renegatTa brZolas, ruseTis
imperialistur suls.
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b) sxvadasxva diskursis monacvleoba mxatvruli efeqtisaTvis
oTar CxeiZis mravalmxriv saintereso prozaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs
naratologiuri mravalferovneba.
Tanamedrove naratologia did yuradRebas aqcevs iseT cnebas,
rogoricaa `Tema~, rac naratiul struqturaTa garkveul tipebs Soris
naTesaobas gulisxmobs.
mxatvruli nawarmoebis kvlevisas pirvel rigSi ganixileba siuJeti
da fabula, Txroba, istoria da diskursi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom oTar CxeiZis aRniSnul trilogiaSi fabula da
siuJeti Zalian axlos dgas erTmaneTTan. narativi dokumentur
sinamdviles TiTqmis ar cvlis, magram mwerali qmnis im mxatvrul qargas,
riTac dokumenturi realoba mxatvrul qmnilebad iqceva, Tumca diskursi
ar aris erTi sworxazovani da monacvleobs: `mwerlis imwamieri
diskursi~, ukiduresad dawmendili; xan erTi, xan meore gmiris Sinagani
diskursi. umTavresi ki is aris, rom ar irRveva struqturuli mTlianoba.
roman `artistuli gadatrialebis~ pirveli Tavi ase iwyeba: `aRelda
xalxi, aforiaqda da aforiaqda eseca.
eseca - meTqi _ saxels axlave nu moiTxov. Txrobas mohyveba. yvela
Cajdeba Tavis adgilasa.
aforiaqda.
ukmayofilo yovelTvis iyo, aforiaqebuli ara. aforiaqebuli xalxi
iWedeboda avtobusSia da SeiWeda eseca” (58. 3).
am aforiaqebul Jams isev mTxrobelis diskursi axasiaTebs, qveyana
qaoss moucavs, mzisqveSeTis scenaze dapirispirebuleba gamZafrebula,
`eSmakebi~ scenaze arian: `Sejibrebulan eSmakebi, reJisorebi sxvadasxva
samyaroTa. Sejibrebulan. gajibrebulan. im erTis winaSe. mayurebeli ro
mxolod isaa, xolo eSmaki uamravia. uamravi. uamravi~ (58. 6).
viTarebis daxasiaTebisTvis oTar CxeiZe ostaturad iyenebs aluziur
_ ironiul frazebsac: `mieci niWsa gza farTo. mieci. mieci. Tu niWia
raRa Tqma unda, Tu ara Suri, Tu ara sibrZne; Sendoba ara aqvs Sinaur
mRvdelsao. Tbilisuri andazaao, erTmaneTi ro ver autaniaTo.
bagrationebi ver aitanes voroncovebs eTayvanneno... prezidentic ar
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undaT Tbiliseli. da raionebs ixmobs prezidenti: miSveleT, mixseniT am
gaavebuli Tbiliselbisaganao~ (58. 27).
diskursi erTgvari Tematuri monacvleobiT grZeldeba: jer
aforiaqebuli xalxi gamoCnda, mere erTguli xalxis momlodine
prezidenti da TiTqos sasxvaTaSorisod CarTuli msjeloba `uamrav
erTze~, `endogenur Surze~ XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi damangrevel
Zalad rom msxmoiarobs: `da es erCivnaT: CaZiruliyvnen, oRond aravin
gaeSvaT wina, oRond pirveli TviTon yofiliyvnen. pirveli, pirveli.
uamravi pirveli yvela pirveli.ubedurebaa. pirveli ro erTi yofila, _
rogor iqneba uamravi erTi. yvela erTi rogor iqneba. gauWirdebaT amisi
damtkiceba maTematikosebsa, logikosebsac gauWirdebaT. Tu imaT SesZles,
RmerTi mainc ar iyabulebs. eSmaki iyabulebs~ (58. 28).
RvTismSoblis wilxvdomilobis Sexsenebad JRers deda RvTisas
aluziuri xseneba: `iqiT dasavleTia, aqeT aRmosavleTi, mainc erTia,
erTi kalTaa, aburcul _ daburculi, danaoWebuli. aqarebuli.
atalRebuli, aboboqrebuli. qari ro awydeba, qari ro itacebs. lamis ro
gaglijos RvTismSobelsa~ (58. 30).
`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ mwerlis monologi CaerTvis siuJetis
mdinarebaSi: `xeli aRar memorCileba. Tvalic aRar memorCileba. Tvalic
mimirbis. axlosac veRaraferi gamirCevia, xelebs vaceceb, dasasruli
momtanebia: Cemica, ambavisaca. nela!.. nela!... es unda movaswro. aCqarebiTa
sofeli aravis mouWamiao _ viTom sidinjiT moeWamos vinmesa!.. (59. 16).
`bermudis samkuTxedi~ Zalad mosuli mTavrobis Jamia. aforiaqebis,
`Zmam moudva Zmasi yistis~ nayofia da kvlav grZeldeba brZola
savarZlebisTvis: `msaxiobobdnen, politikosobdnen ro Tanaca,
gadareuliyvnen politikiTa, oRond gaeRwiaT parlamentSi, mTavrobaSi
gaeRwiaT, mTavrobaSi gaeRwiaT egeba, aaSenebdnen qveyanasa, aayvavebdnen,
gafurCqnidnen, daasxmevinebdnen nayofsa uamravsa. oqros nayofs
daasxmevinebdnen~ (59. 25). ai, ironiuli diskursi ufro metyveli, vidre
TiToeuli sityva cal-calke.
oTar CxeiZis `TeTri daTvi“ saTauridanve metyvelebs mTavar
saTqmelze: TeTri daTvis _ ruseTis saxe, misi damokidebuleba
garemomcvelo samyarosadmi. `CaSavebuli yinuleTi Crdilouri,
CaSavebuliyo, hzaravda siciviTa da sibneliTa. arc ra icvleboda. marad
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igive. laibnici `monaTlul daTvebs~ uwodebda iq mobinadreTa...
laibnicamde jer ver mieRwia daTvis torebsa, TeTri DdaTvis torebsa,
TeTri daTvisa Savi dingiTa, anTu egeb ro exila kidevaca, _ ecineboda:
monaTluli daTvebio~ (60. 327).
am `monaTluli daTvebis~ `megobrobaze~ saubari swored naratiuli
mravalferovnebiT xdeba, sadac gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs
personaJis TvalTaxedva, dro, fokalizacia.
gansaxilveli nawarmoebis mravalplanianobis erT-erTi
ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris TvalTaxedvaTa mravalferovneba.
ZiriTadad personaJis TvalTaxedviT gadmoicema qveynis satkivari;
afxazeTis omis xasiaTi (`is ra omia Tu winaswar ici, wagebulia~),
xelisuflebis saxeliT mosulTa suliskveTeba, ruseTis imperiuli
zraxvebi.
epoqis suls, Suris SxamiT dabrmavebulTa asparezs xatavs mwerali
uSiSroebis ministrisa da baadur rikoTelis SexvedriT. aq saTqmeli
mTlianad mindobilia personaJis TvalTaxedvas, romelic miemarTeba
mkiTxvels.
Sexvedra mZafri dialogiT iwyeba: `Tqvensas ar iSliT?!
_ momexseneba... Tqveni satelevizio gamosvla movismine amaswinaTa.
Tqveni `interesebis sfero `farToa: yvelafers moicavs, yovelgvar
ubedurebasa, rac ro CvenSi gavrcelebula, _ brboSi Tu xelisuflebaSi,
brbois zeda fenad ro warmogvidgeba... me araferi ar Semexeba: arc
`korufcia“ arc `mafia“, arc `reketi~, arc sawvavisa Tu Aarc
alkoholisa Tu arc narkotikebis `biznesi~... araferi erTi sityviTa...
_ arc zviad gamsaxurdias SexvedrixarT?!. zeimobs. Tvalebi TiTqos
mSvildebia da styorcnis isrebsa, mowamlul isrebsao.
_ `Sevxvedrivar~ udasturebs baaduri, Sehxvedria da udasturebs
ubraloda. ro ar miaCnia ucnaurobada, ro arc codvadac ar miaCnia~ (60.
366)
ministri dainteresebulia saubris SinaarsiT. man mteri unda
amxilos, pirveli prezidentis Tanamoazre unda gaamJRavnos, rom
baadurma misgan davaleba miiRo. amiT valmoxdili ministri vin icis ra
waqezebas moelis. baaduris pasuxebi ar akmayofilebs da kidev ufro
isusxeba:
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` _ da Tqven ggoniaT me aq aseTi zogadi saubrisaTvis gixmeT?!
_ ara mgonia !...
_ maS, ra ggoniaT?!
_ gnebavT Tavs momaxvioT raRac iseTi, me rom ar vici, arc gamegeba...
_ e.i. Tqven aRiarebT, ro davaleba miiReT eqsprezidentisagan!~...
zeimobs ministri, brwyinavs ministri~ (60. 367).
male saboloo mizanic gamoikveTa: `me mainc girCevT axlave aRiaroT:
Tqven miiReT davaleba _ moawyoT gansakuTrebuli teraqti~ (iqve)
ministri winaswar zeimobs gamarjvebas da Seaxsenebs rikoTels
Tavisi struqturis specifikas: `mosvlac Cveni neba iyo, wasvlac Cveni
neba gaxlavT!~ amitom rikoTelma unda daadasturos, rom
gansakuTRebuli teraqti saxelmwifos meTauris winaaRmdeg igegmeboda,
mokavSireebic eqsprezidentma dausaxela. `es sia CvenTanaa~. saqaRaldes
axdis. dahxuravs. `Tqven isRa dagrCeniaT dagvidasturoT“ (iqve).s
ministris sulieri simaxinje uSualod exeba baadur rikoTels,
magram personaJis mzeriT moxiluli da misi smeniT aRqmuli sinamdvile
zogadqarTuli Wiria.
erovnuli mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg `zviadistebis~ devna-
ganadgureba xelisuflebis upirvelesi mizani iyo. `ubedurebas veliT
mxolod zviadistebisagana. Tqveni daxmarebis imedi gvaqvs. exla es aris
movaleoba yvela WeSmariti mamuliSvilisao~ (60. 371).
parlamentis sxdomis scenis Semotanas mxatvruli gaazrebiT
gansakuTrebul datvirTvas aZlevs mwerali romanebSi. aq monacvleobs
personaJisa da avtoris TvalTaxedva. Txrobis fokuss gansazRvravs
dokumenturi sinamdvile, rac cnobilia avtorisTvisac da
personaJisTvisac.
parlamentis sxdomis monawileni realuri adamianebi arian,
satkivaric danakuwebuli saqarTvelos wylulia, magram parlamenti
pirovnuli dapirispirebis, aRzevebis samizned qceula; qveyanas ki ase ver
eSveleba. am daskvnas gaakeTebs yvela drois mkiTxveli, roca waikiTxavs
trilogiis im gverdebs, sadac aRwerilia parlamentis sxdomebi.
erTmaneTs dapirispirebian Zveli TanamebrZolebi. maT zviad
gamsaxurdias siZulvili aerTianebda, gamarjvebulebs savarZlis
siyvaruli aTiTokacebs.
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`danavsuli iyo es sagadasaxado kodeqsi. danavsuliyo arada amaze
damokidebuliyo saxelmwifo safinanso saqmianobai, biujeti amaze
damokidebuli iyo... biujeti vera sruldeboda. pensiebi ver gaecaT,
xelfasi ver gaecaT. daxmarebani _ vera. izrdeboda saSinao vali,
sagareos ho nuRar ikiTxav~ (59. 77).
mZime mdgomareobis gadmosacemad aq aqcentirebulia TxrobiTi xma.
igi mkiTxvels miemarTeba sapasuxo reaqciis imediT da es reaqcia, ra
Tqma unda, Tavisufalia, mkiTxvelis gadasawyvetia, daaskvnas: ra xdeba,
rogor patronoben saqarTvelos.
naratiul mravalferovnebaze saubrisas, ar SeiZleba yuradRebis
miRma dagvrCes `xma~ (cneba Semoitana baxtinma, ganaviTares p. rikiorma,
u. batma) _ is iZleva pasuxs kiTxvaze, vin laparakobs. zogadad ki xma
dakavSirebulia komunikaciasTan, romelSic Txroba monawileobs (27. 209).
trilogiaSi avtori xSirad laparakobs sakuTari xmiTa Tu
personaJis piriT. gamoyenebulia TxrobiTi forma _ `panoramuli
mimoxilva“. mweralma icis Tavis personaJis Sesaxeb yvelaferi,
kritikuli TvaliT `uyurebs“. luos (`artistuli gadatrialeba“), gizo
korZels (`bermudis samkuTxedi~), baadur rikoTels (`TeTri daTvi“).
mwerali am nawarmoebSi mimarTavs diegerziss (Txrobis diskursiuli
aspeqti) da mimesiss (vizualuri aspeqti).
es personaJebi saintereso xdebian rogorc naratologiuri, ise.
jvarsaxovani azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT.
naratologia ganixilavs e. w. `drosTan TamaSs~. zogadad `dro~ da
droiTi struqtura TxrobiT teqstSi gulisxmobs urTierTobis urTules
problemas, magram `drosTan TamaSi“ moiazrebs TxrobaSi movlenaTa
wesrigs, gangrZobiTobas, gameorebas, Tu rogor aRadgenen realuri
cxovrebis movlenebs, ubralo mimeturi xerxebiT Tu Txrobis
gansakuTrebuli droiT.
oTar CxeiZis romanebisTvis ufro niSandoblivia Txrobis
gansakuTrebuli dro, romelic uSualod miemarTeba adamianis drosTan
damokidebulebis niSnebs.
naratologiuri TvalTaxedviT, sainteresoa `Txrobis droiTi
logikis rTuli modeli da droiTi Tanmimdevrobebis darRvevis xerxebi.
(anaqroniis literaturuli xerxebi). Cven davinteresdiT mwerlis
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damokidebulebiT droisadmi _ rogorc filosofiuri kategoriisadmi.
aranakleb sainteresoa naratologiuri dro.
`iyo aseTi drocao, ityvian, ra saTqmelia!...dros arc namyo aqvs,
arc myoobadi, dro mxolod awmyoa. dro aris, ari, aris.” (58. 10). am
diskursiT gamoaqvs mwerals sinaTleze adamianebis damokidebuleba
droisadmi, drois mkvidrTadmi: `yvela Tavisasa TamaSobs igivesa
TamaSobs yvelai. igivesa. igivesa. igivesa. esec egeb ro maradiulia:
Teatri. droi. cvalebadi da maradiuli. ucvalebeli da maradiuli~ (58.
11).
luos mamxilebeli saxea Tea _ qaosuri Jamis RviZli Svili, misi
damokidebuleba droisadmi avlens maxasiaTebel niSans, garegnulad
dafaruls.
`dro Cven ho saSineleba gvgonia da ro arc aris, ver gagvigia. aris
raca kvdeba, arc aris da kvdeba, rac ara kvdeba, arc aris da arc
SeiZleba ro iyos. dro mxolod Cveni saTvalavia da mec SemeZlo
gadameTvala, rogorc meneba. vdgavar cdunebis winaSeca, raRa Tqma unda.
sikeTe brZane, Torem maxe ho yovel nabijzea dagebuli yovel nabijze.
yvela kuTxidan eSmaki gviTvalTvalebs“ (58. 210).
eSmaks minebda Tea, romlisTvisac dro mxolod saTvalavia da ara
`maradisobis mucladyofnis periodi~ (arqimandriti rafaeli), amitom ar
aSfoTebs codvis gancda. mkiTxavma uwinaswarmetyvela `qaliSvilobas
gamoeTxovebi ocdaori wlisao~ da mas Semdeg drois gancda imas
ukavSirdeboda, rodis gaxdeboda 22 wlisa _ `vwuxdi. vwuxdi. maSin
Tormeti wlisa viyavi~.
aRisrula sawadi, gaSmagebuli alersiTa da `unda wavide... unda...
unda... albaT meZeben. meZeben!.. meZeben!.. aq Tu momagnes, Seni ubedurebac
albaT es iqnebao~, _ am fraziT gahqra im dilidan da luos binidan.
`drosTan TamaSis~ sxvagvari kombinacia gvxvdeba `TeTri daTvis~
tragikul epizodSi, roca afxazeTidan devnili mosaxleoba svaneTis
mTebiT moemarTeba: `amaT araferi ar ician. miatoves. gaiqcnen. garbian.
isini uswreben. dahyares bedis anabarada. vah, sofelo, raSigan xaro,
netavi is raRas moTqvamda?! albaT es Jami Tu atirebda~ (58. 103).
saukuneebs gahyveba es tragedia tkiviliT danaRmuli, frazaSi Cawnexili
dro-Jami, amitomac moicavs aRzevebisa (XII s.) da tragediis
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gamamTlianebel dro-sivrces (1993 wlis seqtemberi) `raxan dro wuTia,
saukunec ho wuTi iqneba da imis mere rva wuTi gavidoda, rva wuTi da
raRac wamebi, _ es Tu atirebda~ (iqve). rusTavelis epoqac iqneb winaswar
godebda am sinamdviles: `qarTuli miwidan saqarTvelos erekebian~ (60.
105). aq droTa Soris TiTqos mistikuri kavSiria, romelsac sulisa da
gonebis TvaliT gaazreba sWirdeba.
nawarmoebis naratologiuri kvlevisas yuradReba maxvildeba
fiqcionalurobaze. Teoretikosebis azriT, xelovnebaSi fiqcia
komunikaciis gansakuTrebuli formaa. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania
damokidebuleba nawarmoebsa da recipients Soris. xelovnebis qmnilebis
daniSnuleba aris ara mxolod misiT tkboba, aramed is, rac recefciis _
gamocdilebis miRebisa da axlis SeZenis _ procesSi xdeba. amas
komunikacia ganapirobebs.
am misias gansakuTrebiT nayofierad asrulebs mxatvrul-
_dokumenturi qronikebi, mas axasiaTebs yvelaze metad realuri da
fiqciuri sakomunikacio situaciebi.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelos realuri suraTi Seiqmna
oTar CxeiZis trilogiaSi, sadac komunikacia nawarmoebsa da recipients
Soris Sobs daskvnas epoqis xasiaTze, im periodis politikaSi
moasparezeTa zneobriv saxeze. es aris `Setyobineba“, romelic
mizanmimarTulia mwerlis enobrivi qmedebiT.
nawarmoebis fiqcionalobas qmnis avtorisa da mkiTxvelis
TanamSromloba, radgan nawarmoebi fiqcionaluria, Tu adamianebi mas
rekvizitad iyeneben. vTvliT, rom nawarmoebis aRqma komunikaciis
saSualebad (mediumad) ar gamoricxavs zemoT naTqvams, rom nawarmoebi
aris `Setyobineba~.
oTar CxeiZis `TeTri daTvi~ mTxrobelis piriT (kategoria `xma~)
gveubneba: `gaero TviTona xuWavs Tvalebsa, oRond DdaTvi ar
gagvibrazdeso. is SiSi mosdevT, isev isa, _ stalinis droindeli.
frTxiloben iseve: `daTvi vaTamaSoTo”...
`TviTonve TamaSobs daTvi, anTu aTamaSebs aq afsuebsa, iq osebsa da
moaqvs Tavi CagrulTa mosarCleda. politika!... ra Rirseuli ram aris
RirseulTa xelSi da ra sibilwea bilwTa xelSi~ (60. 185).
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mocemul SemTxvevaSi fiqcionaluri teqsti signifikatis (Sinaarsis)
mixedviT aRiqmeba.
mxatvruli nawarmoebi mTlianobas qmnis gamomsaxvelobisa da
STabeWdilebis gamowvevis ZaliT, rasac xels uwyobs personaJTa
saxeebisa da naratologiuri kategoriebis ostaturi gamoyeneba.
oTar CxeiZis romanebi cxadyofs naratologiur kategoriaTa siuxves,
maT SemoqmedebiT gamoyenebas mxatvruli qmnilebebis formisa da
Sinaarsis daxvewilobisTvis.
amgvarad, oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumentur prozaSi ikveTeba
Semdegi naratologiuri Taviseburebebi:
a) sxvasdasxva diskursis monacvleoba (anonimi avtori, personaJi,
Tematuri monacvleoba, ironiuli diskursi);
b) TxrobiTi xmis monacvleoba;
g) anaqroniis, diegerzisis, mimesisis funqcia narativSi;
d) drois filosofiuri da naratiologiuri kategoria.
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daskvna
oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza warmodgeba, rogorc XX
saukunis saqarTvelos sulier-materialuri cxovrebis piruTvneli
matiane.
maradiul SekiTxvaze: `ra unda qnas mweralma, TavisTvis dajdes da
ganagrZos Zveleburad wera?~ Semoqmedma vrcel pasuxSi konkretulad da
dabejiTebiT miuTiTa: `mwerali upirveles yovlisa xelovania, magram
sxva movaleobac dahkisrebia, JamTaRmwerelia piruTvneli da Seupovario:
_ sxva riTi aRvadginoT Tunda es axlo warsulis bneli wlebi,
bneli ukuni da kidev ufro Caluskumebuli istorikosebis,
publicistebis, Jurnalistebis, kritikosebis da aTasi juris mosyiduli
propagandistebisagana, _ riTi?.. riTi?... Tu ara isev mwerlobis meoxebiTa,
devnili, Seuracxyofili da gawamebuli mwerlobis meoxebiTa~ (70. 770).
oTar CxeiZisaTvis JamTaaRmwerelis misia aris simarTlis warmoCena
da sikeTis gadarCena: `madloba RmerTsa xalxi ro darCa isev xalxada,
mwerali – mwerlada, da isev ro erTada dganan da isev ro erTad
iRvwian kvlavac simarTlis gadasarCenada, simarTlisa da sikeTisai,
orive ro erTia da orive gadasarCenia~ (iqve).
mxolod madliT cxebuli kalami da rainduli, utexi neba itvirTavs
am misias. `matiane qarTlisa~ swored aseTi xelovanis Semoqmedebis
nayofia.
1) oTar CxeiZis trilogiis mxatvrul samyaroSi gansaxovnda
saqarTvelos XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis epoqaluri movlenebi.
imavdroulad, am romanebiT mwerali daupirispirda aTasgvarad movlenil
da aRzevebul borotebas.
trilogiis pirveli wigni `artistuli gadatrialeba~ mematianis
sizustiT gadmoscems movlenebis arss, Taviseburebas, amxels tragediis
organizatorebs Tu Semsruleblebs. TviT romanis saxelwodeba SesaSuri
mignebaa: `orador sityvaSi Cawuruli sabediswero Jami, umwvavesi
erovnul-politikuri movlenebis ukiduresi lakonizmiT warmosaxva~ (70.
768).
mwerlis SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi umTavresi svegamwarebuli qveyana da
misi satkivaria, Seupovari xelovani ar dabrkoldeba imiT, rom
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sisxliani gadatrialebis kvalze mosulni xelisuflebaSi ganlagebulan,
rom es Zala `ver moiTmenda yvelafrisaTvis im saxelis darqmevas,
sinamdvileSi rogorc iyo; ver moiTmenda propagandistuli saburvelis
Semofxrewvas; ver moiTmenda simarTles, Tanac aseTi eqspresiiT
warmosaxuls~ (iqve).
`artistuli gadatrialeba~ `1993 wels iwereboda, 1994-Si gamovida.
wina zamTris ambebi marTlac ise cocxali, ise axlobeli gaxldaT, is
adamianebi isev ise da imgvarada brdRvnavdnen, sxva saxelebi rogor,
ranairad momexvia amaTTvisa?! “ (70. 779).
im periodis apokalifsuri movlenebi foni iyo, literaturuli
qmnileba ki gviCvenebs personaJebs, romlebic am fonze mkvidroben, xatavs
maT urTierTdamokidebulebas, sulier samyaros, maT bedisweras. `romanze
msjeloba aqedan unda daiwyoso _ Seagonebda mwerali yvelas,
profesionalsac da araprofesionalsac~ (70. 775).
2) trilogiis meore wignic, `TeTri daTvi~, Seqmnilia dokumenturi
masalebis safuZvelze; aqac sakuTari gvar-saxeliT gvxvdebian 90-iani
wlebis mTavari moqmedi pirebi. es mwerlis arCevani da mxatvruli xerxia.
zogadad, saxelebi oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul qargaSi gansakuTrebul
funqcias asruleben, magram mxatvrul-dokumentur qmnilebaSi Janrobriv
specifikasac qmnian. o. CxeiZe ambobs: `cocxal movlenebTan rom mqonda
saqme, cocxali adamianebica moqmedebdnen. Zveli saliteraturo
gamocdilebis mixedviT, eseni prototipebi unda yofiliyvnen da amaTi
mixedviT me unda Semeqmna axali saxeebi. axal saxeebs axali saxelebi
sWirdeboda. saxelebis Serqmeva arc ise advilia. mSoblebsac uWirT.
avtorsac uWirs, miTumetes, bevri nawarmoebi Tu dauweria” (70. 777).
mwerals saxelebis Secvla Cafiqrebuli hqonia saboloo variantisTvis,
magram darwmunda: `aRar moixdinao~.
Zlieri da boroti saxelmwifos mosazRvreobas usvams xazs `TeTri
daTvi~. mas Tavdapirvelad ufro grZeli saTauri hqonda `TeTri daTvi,
TeTri mela da ruxi mgeli~. `yvela simbolo Tu miniSneba gamWvirvalea –
TeTri mela, cxadia, eduard SevardnaZea da ruxi mgeli – johar
dudaevi~ (70. 789).
3) `bermudis samkuTxedi~ _ arc am romanis saxelwodebaa SemTxveviTi.
mweralma aq xazi gausva 90-ani wlebis tragediis safuZvels XX saukunis
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dasawyisSi, roca wiTelma ruseTma avtonomiebi Cawnexa qarTul
sivrceSi; mas Semdeg, am avtonomiebis misia aris saqarTvelos daTrgunva-
daqucmaceba. saTauri gadawyda bermudis samkuTxedis Teoriis arsis Rrma
Seswavlis Semdeg, es `sWirdeboda xedvis kuTxis SerCevisa da
ganaTebisaTvis~ (70. 794)
4) oTar CxeiZis romanebis istoriuli sicxade, `Seufaravi realizmi~
erwymis literaturul-saxismetyvelebiTi qargis ostatur ganfenas da
mkiTxvels axal-axal saxesa Tu simbolos awvdis jvarsaxovnebiT
sivrceSi. mwerali Taviseburi stiliT, sityvisadmi gansakuTrebuli
damokidebulebiT amZafrebs mkiTxvelTan TanamSromlobis process.
mkiTxvelis funqcia is aris, rom `adresatis SerCevaSi xdeba avtoris
sinamdvilisadmi damokidebulebis realizacia. adresati, rogorc
avtoris cnobierebaSi arsebuli mkiTxvelis saxe, uwinares yovlisa
warmoadgens erT-erT im `formas~, romelSic avtori axdens istoriuli
sinamdvilisadmi saerTod da masSi moqmedi sazogadoebrivi Zalebisadmi
Tavisi damokidebulebis realizacias~ (54. 56).
vfiqrobT, umTavresi adresati oTar CxeiZis qmnilebebisa aris
Tanamedrove mkiTxveli, magram, imavdroulad, momavalic, radgan
movlenebi daxatulia ara mxolod dRevandelobis, aramed maradisobis
gadasaxedidan. qveynis av-kargis moyuriade, marTalma mweralma
STamomavlobas auwya, rogor SeiZleba qveyana daZabundes da rogor
irRveva sulier-saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura, qveynis samtrod garegan-
Sinagani mizezebis gamTlianebisas.
es aris mxileba, pirvel rigSi, qveynis gadarCenisaken mimarTuli;
adresati ki orive mxarea: mxilebulic da simarTles mowyurebuli
mkiTxvelic.
5) sityva oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebSi zogjer personaJic aris,
madlic da Zalac, amitom mTliandeba drosivrcul mikromodelad.
naSromSi gamokveTilia enis mistikuri funqcia, `adamianobis niSani~. am
niSanTan mimarTeba amJRavnebs mTavrobisa Tu personaJTa sulier wyobas,
struqturis simrTeles.
mxatvrul-dokumenturi proziT mweralma mravlismetyveli daskvna
dagvitova, rom yovelgvari ubedurebis saTavea simrTelis rRveva. am
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arakanonzomier safuZvelze damkvidrebuli saxelmwifo struqtura
darRveulia xiluli Tu uxilavi aspeqtiT.
6) mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi salaro amouwuravia ostaturi mignebiT,
xelovanis xedviT akinZuli pasaJebiT, mxatvruli gaazrebis
ganumeoreblobiT. am mxriv, yuradReba gavamaxvileT epigrafebis, igavebis,
saxelebis funqciaze oTar CxeiZis romanebSi.
7) saintereso paralelebi iSleba jvarsaxovnebiTi veqtorebis
kvlevisas, rac gansakuTrebul Rirsebas, mxatvrul-filosofiur siRrmes
aniWebs oTar CxeiZis prozas. misi Semoqmedeba Tanamedrove mkiTxvels
gamocdilebis fsiqologiuri kodiT miizidavs. `es kodi gulisxmobs, rom
mkiTxvels sakuTari gamocdilebiT aqvs gancdili nawarmoebSi
warmodgenili movlenebi da rom is SeZlebs kiTxvis procesSi am
gamocdilebis aqtualizacias”. (54. 126). aqtualizaciis xarisxi
damokidebulia mkiTxvelis sulier wyobaze.
oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza kidev ufro
mravlismetyveli da siRrmiseuli interesis obieqti iqneba xvalindeli
mkiTxvelisTvis, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis, XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebis tragediis arsiTa da SedegebiT, an wiTeli reJimis pyrobilebaSi
myofi saqarTvelos xvedriT rom dainteresdeba.
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gamoyenebuli literatura
1. arqimanditi rafaeli (karelini), ,,sulis udabno~, Targmna irine
bibilaurma, Tb., 2006.
2. arqimanditi rafaeli (karelini), ,,risTvis gviTmens ufali?~,
Targmna nino guliaSvilma, _Tb., 2006.
3. arqimanditi rafaeli (karelini), ,,saubrebi marTlmadideblobaze~,
Targmna rusudan buaCiZem. Tb., literaturuli gaerTianeba
`mTargmneli~, 1991.
4. arqimanditi vasili (aTonis iverTa monastris iRumini), ,,igavi
uZRebi Svilisa~ _ Tb., 2005.
5. axali aRTqumaÁ, mecnierulad dadgenili teqsti wmida eqvTime da
giorgi mTawmidelTa redaqciebisa _ ierusalimi, 2003.
6. alxaziSvili g., ,,romani-matiane~ (o. CxeiZe ,,artistuli
gadatrialeba~). Tb., `lomisi~, 2002.
7. amirxanaSvili iv., ,,istoriis Ria kompozicia~. Tb., 1998.
8. asaTiani g., ,,saukunis poetebi~ _ Tb., `merani~, 1988.
9. baqraZe ak., ,,mwerlobis moTviniereba~ t. III, Tb., `nekeri~- `lomisi~,
2004.
10. baqraZe ak., ,,rwmena~ _ Tb., `merani~, 1990.
11. ,,brZola totalitarul atavizmsa da ganaxlebis wyurvils
Soris. erTi diskusiis masalebi~, Jurnali ,,afra~. #6, _ Tb., 1998.
12. gamsaxurdia k., ,,Ria werili ulianov leninisadmi~ _ ,,oqros
sawmisi~ #2, Tb., 1975.
13. gamsaxurdia z., ,,vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyveleba, Tb., `mecniereba~
1991.
14. gamsaxurdia z., ,,werilebi, essebi~ _ Tb., `xelovneba~, 1991.
15. gamsaxurdia k. z., ,,werilebi ucxoeTidan~, _ Tb., `saari~, 2006.
16. gafrindaSvili v., leqsebi. poema. Targmanebi. esseebi. werilebi.
mwerlis arqividan. Tb., `merani~, 1990.
17. gverdwiTeli g., ,,qarTuli moZraobis av-kargi~ (literaturuli
narkvevebi, portretebi, polemika), _ Tb., `merani~, 2005.
18. grigalaSvili n., ,,Cemi dardi da ironia~, _ Tb., 2003.
19. zaqaraia m., ,,terori, Tu reaqcia tiraniaze?~, Tb., 1998.
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20. TiTmeria j., ,,sanitaruli dRe, werilebi, esseebi~ _ Tb., `~ 1991.
21. klimenti aleqsandrieli, ,,codnis Sesaxeb~ _ Jurnali ,,gza
sameufeo~ #2, Tb., 1994.
22. kveselava i., saqarTvelos istoris qronikebi (II nawili), zviad
gamsaxurdia, disidenti. prezidenti, mowame, _ Tb., 2008.
23. kuxianiZe l., ,,mwerali da sazogadoeba~ (oTar CxeiZis prozis
ramdenime aspeqti) _ `sagamomcemlo centri quTaisi~, 2005.
24. kostava m., ,,fiqrebi saqarTvelos missiaze~ _ Tb., `saqarTvelo~,
1991.
25. kostava m., guram rCeuliSvili, ,,oqros sawmisi #1, Tb., 1975.
26. losevi a. ,,sazrisis ZiebaSi~ (saubari viqtor erofeevTan), Jurnali
,,kritika~ #4, _ Tb., 1986.
27. literaturis Teoria (XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri
koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi), _ Tb., `literaturis institutis
gamomcemloba~, 2008.
28. mamardaSvili m., saubrebi filosofiaze~, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1992.
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sarCevi
Sesavali ........................................................................................ 2-11
Tavi I
a) sityva, rogorc drosivrculi mikromodeli ---------------- 12-33
b) realobis transformacia mxatvrul teqstSi --------------- 34-59
Tavi II
a) erovnuli sulis struqturis rRveva ------------------------- 60-93
b) mxatvruli realoba politikuri konteqstiT ------------- 94-112
Tavi III
jvarsaxovneba oTar CxeiZis trilogiaSi
a) jvris horizontsa da vertikalze gaazrebuli personaJebi 113-145
b) prototipidan personaJamde ----------------------------------------- 146-151
Tavi IV
a) epigrafebisa da igavebis mxatvruli funqcia -------------- 152-164
b) saxelebis mxatvruli funqcia -------------------------------------- 165-177
Tavi V
naratiuli mravalferovneba
a) realizmis variaciebi ----------------------------------------------------- 178-185
b) sxvadasxva diskursis monacvleoba ------------------------------ 186-193
naSromis daskvnebi --------------------------------------------------------------- 194-197
gamoyenebuli literatura --------------------------------------------198-202
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