avtoris stili daculiapress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/Disertaciebi/nestan...cxovrebis istoria aravis ecodineboda, kacTa vnebas veravin Caswvdeboda, sicocxlis azrs veravin gaigebda,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli literatura

nestan fifia

oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul _ dokumenturi proza

(XX saukunis 90-ini wlebi)

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, filologiis doqtori Tamar paiWaZefilologiis doqtori maia jaliaSvili

Tbilisi 2009

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- - 2

Sesavali

oTar CxeiZem sityvasTan sakraluri kavSiriT, simarTlismoyvareobiTa

da misi qomagobis madliT drois `tyveobas~ gauZlo, gaeqca

`moTvinierebuli mwerlobis~ CarCoebs, sakuTari marTali gza gakafa da

WeSmaritebas uerTgula. mas arasdros gauwevia angariSi partiul-

klasobrivi interesebisaTvis.

mwerlis Sinagani Tavisufleba da aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi unari aris

myari duRabi matianisa, romlis Seqmnac man SeZlo Tavisi romanebis

rkaliT _ 22 wignad Sekruli mxatvruli cikliT.

sabWoTa reJimis sinamdvileSi marTali istoriis warmoCena,

qeduxreloba _ msxverplisunarianobis tolfasi iyo, am sulieri

RirsebiT iqmneboda misi nawarmoebebi da amitomac daimkvidra saxeli

marTali mwerlisa.

oTar CxeiZe erovnuli TviTSegnebisa da TviTmyofadobisTvis

brZolaSi `sulis puris~ baraqiani momkelia. mZime da rTuli iyo es

misia. rogorc ki gamoCnda asparezze mwerali, maSinve daiwyo wiTeli

kritikis Tavdasxmebi, dauwunes ideur-mxatvruli koncefcia, stili.

XIX saukuneSi Tu kidev SeiZleboda Tanadrouli cxovrebis

ukuRmarTobis mxileba, komunisturi reJimi misTvis miuRebeli simarTlis

Tqmas krZalavda, roca aseTi suliskveTebis Semoqmedi gamoCndeboda,

sabWoTa ideologiis mesveurni yalyze dgebodnen da Tavs esxmodnen

`mdare gemovnebis~, `mcdar gzaze~ damdgar mwerlebs. XX s.-is ociani

wlebidan ideuri niSniT dawyebuli devna periodulad mZafrdeboda da

represiebis xasiaTsac iRebda.

oTar CxeiZis gamoCenam erTgvarad daarRvia sabWoTa myudroeba

saqarTveloSi. jer kidev 1947 wels werdnen masze: `savsebiT

Seuwynarebelia, rom axalgazrda mwerali ar uwevs angariSs kritikasa

da sazogadoebriv azrs da jiutad ganagrZobs mcdari gziT siaruls~

(69. 303).

oTar CxeiZe `xeldasxmuli~ iyo enis Wirisuflad da simarTles ver

uRalatebda, gzas veravin Seacvlevinebda `mozRvavebulis aviTa~.

`burusi~, `meCeCi~ da sxva romanebi _mainc amxeldnen sabWouri reJimis

namdvil saxes.




- - 3

oTar CxeiZe ilia WavWavaZis sulieri memkvidre iyo, amitom ver gaeqca

marTal sityvas maSin, roca socialisturi ideologia sulier

udaburebas amkvidrebda RvTismSoblis wilxvedr saqarTveloSi.

suliT, mrwamsiT ilias ideebis erTgulma (`Cveni Tavi Cvenadve

gveyudnodes~) mweralma `qarTlis matiane~ gaagrZela iqidan, sadac

SeCerda didi mwerali da mematiane vasil barnovi. Tu vasil barnovma XX

sukunis 20-iani wlebidan Tavisi SemoqmedebiT gviCvena `rani viyaviT~,

oTar CxeiZem _ `rani varT~, romelSic vlindeba `rani viqnebiT~ (72. 9.),

misi rwmeniT, Tu eri ver uerTgulebs am sam hipostass (`mamuli, ena,

sarwmunoeba~), erovnul mTlianobas rom ganapirobebs, daiRupeba.

`qarTlis matianis~ romanebis rkali erovnuli narativiT iqmneboda.

cxadia, es ar niSnavs literaturis, mxatvruli sityvis mSral

ideologizacias, aramed xazs usvams mis zepolitikur Sinaarss. mwerali

amgvarad eris istoriuli daniSnulebis erTgvar mesianistur ideas

warmoaCenda.

oTar CxeiZis interesis sfero mxolod konkretuli politikuri

moRvaweebi an movlenebi ar aris. mwerali eris sulierebisa da

yofierebis modarajea da sijansaRisaTvis brZola moiTxovs realobis

asaxvas. aRsaniSnavia, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi erovnuli narativis

Tanmimdevroba aseTia: awmyos mxileba momavlis sijansaRisaTvis,

warsulTan paraleli awmyos tragizmis xazgasasmelad da am

struqturaSi Wirisuflis tkivilis gamomxatveli sarkazmi.

literaturul samyaroSi `qarTuli erovnuli naraciis~ yvelaze

farTomasStabian versiad iTvleba ilia WavWavaZiseuli naraciis

redaqcia.

sagulisxmoa, rom eris mesityves gansakuTrebuli misia akisria

saxelmwifoebrivi ideologiis bazisis SeqmnaSi.

saxelmwifoebriobadarRveul qveyanaSi, sadac dakninebulia erovnuli

Rirebulebebi da erTmorwmune ruseTis imperiam Selaxa qarTuli

eklesiis avtokefalia, uZvelesi freskebic `gadaaTeTra~,ilia WavWavaZis

winaSe idga amocana: qarTuli kulturuli mexsierebis

sicocxlisunarianobis xelSewyobisa.




- - 4

am TvalsazrisiT, oTar CxeiZe Tavisi Semoqmedebis arsiT, ilia

marTlis tradiciis gamgrZelebelia, mxolod, weris arsebiTad

gansxvavebuli stiliT.

mweralma sulieri simtkice da erovnuli satkivari dauxvedra farad

literaturuli kritikis saxeliT mis winaaRmdeg gaSlil demagogias.

`meCeCis~ Sesaxeb b. JRenti ambobda: ès ar aris marTali suraTi Cveni

sinamdvilisa, igi ar xatavs Cveni cxovrebis simarTles da ar

iTvaliswinebs mis perspeqtivas. misi ideuri koncefcia ar aris swori~

(11. 244). aseTi `SemoqmedebiTi Tanadgoma~ arasodes dahklebia mwerals.

sabWoTa cenzura gaafTrebiT ebrZoda mis nawarmoebebs, kvecavda pasaJebs,

romlebic gmirul istorias acocxlebdnen, erovnul TviTSegnebas

aRvivebdnen. oTar CxeiZis romanebis dabeWdva amitomac xSirad

aTwleulobiTac ki brkoldeboda.

Sinagani patiosnebiT gamorCeuli mwerlis, mematianis simkacriTa da

simarTliT daupirispirda oTar CxeiZe warmaval RirebulebaTa

aRmazavebel dros. man mTeli XX saukune asaxa Tavis romanebSi; asaxa

iseTi, rogoric iyo: 1924 wlis miCqmaluli ajanyebiT, 1937 wlis

sisxliani represiebis SedegebiT, koleqtivizaciis moCvenebiTi

silaRiTaA da bednierebiT.

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis movlenebisadmi miZRvnilma trilogiam ki

(àrtistuli gadatrialeba~, `TeTri daTvi~, `bermudis samkuTxedi~)

gviCvena samocdaaTwliani komunisturi reJimis Semdeg aboboqrebuli

erovnuli moZraoba, pirveli erovnuli mTavrobis mosvla

xelisuflebaSi, xalxis arCeuli prezidenti da codvis kalo

saqarTveloSi (guramiSviliseuli `Zmam moudva Zmasa yisti”).

es periodi erT-erTi tragikuli furcelia qarTveli eris istoriaSi.

mas hyavs da eyoleba gansxvavebuli Semfasebeli. es iyo Jami, roca

erovnuli TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis process borotebis manqana

daupirispirda. am Zalas saxeli sxvadasxvanairad daerqva, magram Ziri

erTi hqonda, swored Semoqmedi ganarCevs maT erTmaneTisgan da

faseulobaTa aRrevis Jams WeSmaritis arCevaSi exmareba mkiTxvels.

qarTvelTa tragedia, anu `qarTlis Wiri~ XX s-is 90-iani wlebisa,

jansaRi cnobierebis SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc dapirispireba

pirovnulsa da sazogadoebrivs, WeSmaritsa da yalb Rirebulebebs Soris,




- - 5

pirovnul Rirsebasa da ampartavnebas, erovnulsa da Sovinisturs Soris.

am rTulma da tkivilianma periodma gamokveTaA adamianuri buneba aviTa

da kargiT. swored aseTi istoriuli Jami moiTxovs Semoqmedisagan

gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas, gambedaobas, raTa simarTle ar gaamrudos,

STamomavlobas epoqis realuri suraTi dauxatos.

qarTuli literaturis istorias aqvs tradicia simarTlis

ùtyuvnelad~ gadmocemisa (hagiografia), `marTlis Tqmis principisa~

(aRorZinebis periodi), `sazogado Wirzed werisa~, kritikuli realizmisa

(`Tergdaleulebi~). madlcxebiT gamorCeuli mwerlebi gahyvnen am gzas.

qarTvel mweralTa im Taobas, romelmac axal istoriul pirobebSi

gaagrZela da ganaviTara qarTuli kritikuli realizmis tradiciebi,

mWidrod daukavSira mas XXs-is literaturis saTaveebi, ekuTvnis _

mixeil javaxiSvili, konstantine gamsaxurdia, niko lorTqifaniZe, leo

qiaCeli, grigol robaqiZe, demna Sengelaia.

axal istoriul viTarebas, romelic imperiis batonobam Seqmna, 1924

wels m. javaxiSvili ase axasiaTebda: `dRevandeli qarTuli mwerloba,

xelovneba da mecnierebac, metad mcire gamonaklisis garda, moskovis

nabuSaria. sakuTari qarTuli suli iSviaTad mosCans sadme. mxolod

srul Tavisuflebas SeuZlian es ucxo sisxli mogvaSoros. mxolod

qarTulis foladur romantikas SeuZlian savsebiT gangvkurnos, magram

amisaTvis saWiroa, rom Cvens irgvliv da Cvens sulier-fizikur

cxovrebaSic namdvili gamajansaRebeli kataklizmi moxdes. Cven ki _ `Cven

Cvens Tavs ar veyudniT~ da amitom molodinis meti aRara dagvrCenia ra~

(81. 45).

m. javaxiSvilis Semoqmedeba dro-sivrculi struqturiT agebuli

siuJetia am ubedurebisa.

oTar CxeiZe sakuTari xelweriT movida realizmis tradiciebiT nakveb

istoriuli Janris mwerlobaSi. ufro konkretulad, es aris mxatvruli

sityviT Seqmnili matiane, drois mxardamxar Seqmnili mxatvrul-

dokumenturi proza, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs ara monur

mliqvnelobas istoriisadmi, aramed ganmartebas am istoriuli aqtisa

(movlenisa) da am aqtis (movlenis) SemoqmedTa qmedebisa da unarebis

siRrmiseul warmoCenas.




- - 6

TviT mwerali ar eTanxmeboda mosazrebas, rom cxel kvalze

movlenebis Sesaxeb ar unda iwerebodes.

oTar CxeiZis azriT, Tu mwerali simarTles ascda, sulieri mzeriT

ar moixila movlenebi, ver Seqmnis Rirebul nawarmoebs, miT ufro –

mxatvrul-dokumenturs, àvtoris simtkice simarTle gaxlavT~.

Tu qveynis ubedureba Sinagani da garegani mizezebis gamTlianebis

Sedegia, asparezss renegatebi ikaveben, isini ki simarTles arasodes

etyvian ers.

gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebs swored es sWirda da mweralma drois

kvaldakval Seqmna mxatvrul-dokumenturi qronikebi, radgan `gmirebi

droisa cruobdnen, ityuebodnen, Tvals uxvevdnen xalxsa da

gulmodgined Cqmalavdnen ro ra ro gvWirda, moskovisagana gvWirda da

TviTonac Sig eriaT xeli~ (72. 2).

`Cveni mwerlobisaTvis~ micemul interviuSi oTar CxeiZe akonkretebs,

rom mwerali ver daelodeba dros, nawarmoebi movlenebis kvaldakval

unda Seiqmnas. ufro sarwmunoa, rasac xedav, rac Seni cxovrebis nawilia,

garda amisa, istorias, mecnierul kvlevas mindobili movlenebi

aRsadgenia, is ver moicavs ambavs (fabulas) iseTi sisavsiT, rogoric iyo.

nakleb sarwmunoa dokumenturi masala iyos Seqmnili: `rogor momzadda

okupacia cxinvalisa da soxumisa, moskovSi ra Tanxebi gamoiyo, ra

daixarja, ra amonagebsa varaudobdnen... rogor Seamzades Sinagani

Ralati, ra moulodneli winaaRmdegobebi gamouCndaT, ra mzakvrobiT

gadalaxes, ra muxanaTobiTa~ (72. 2).

bnel asparezze myofni mamxilebel dokumentebs iSviaTad toveben,

mweral-mematiane ki movlenebis kvaldakval simarTles aRwers. momaval

Taobebs utovebs mxatvrul qronikebs, romlebic Tavad SeeSvelebian

istorikosebs, filosofosebs am movlenis, tragediis Tu arsis

gamokvlevaSi.

darwmunebuli iyo oTar CxeiZe, ùmwerlod cxovreba daikargeboda,

cxovrebis istoria aravis ecodineboda, kacTa vnebas veravin Caswvdeboda,

sicocxlis azrs veravin gaigebda, simarTles veravin miikvlevda,

xasiaTebs veravin gaarCevda~ (61. 179) da eSureboda, samkals mkida

romanebis rkalidan `matiane qarTlisa~. es iyo realisturi tradiciebis

logikuri gagrZeleba XX saukunis mematianis mier.




- - 7

simarTlis asaxvis gamo mwerals `savalalo SemoqmedebiT marcxSi~

amxeldnen partiuli davalebis aRmsrulebeli mwerlebi. isini Tavs

esxmodnen ara mxolod ìdeuri naklovanebebis~, aramed stilis gamoc.

akaki beliaSvili sadavod miiCnevs mwerlis Txrobis maneras.

aRniSnavs, rom avtori warmoudgenlad aWianurebs frazas, tvirTavs mas

sinonimebiT da tavtologiuri winadadebebiT, weris aseTi manera ki

aZnelebs kiTxvas da `gaugebars xdis nawarmoebis Sinaarsis

Tanmimdevrobas~ (11. 243).

cxadia, kritikas `zemodan~ hqonda davalebuli gaemaTraxebina yvela

ùrCi~ Semoqmedi da am SekveTas met-naklebi mondomebiT asrulebdnen

adamianebi, TavianTi sulieri wyobis Sesabamisad.

oTar CxeiZes uwunebdnen imas, rom `gmirebisa da avtoriseuli ena

struqturulad ar iyo erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli~ (iqve).

es braldebac mwerlis samyaros ver an ardanaxviT iyo gamowveuli da

sabWoTa sinamdvileSi, ra Tqma unda, Tavdasxmis sababs warmoadgenda.

oTar CxeiZes Tavisi mkiTxveli (misi nawarmoebebis `gadamkiTxveloba~

gamoricxulia) hyavs da es aris yvela is adamiani, visac awuxebs: `rani

viyaviT? rani varT? rani viqnebiT?..~

Tanamedrove mkiTxvelic uRrmavdeba oTar CxeiZis stils, sadac TviT

wertilic ki, nebismieri pauza, Txrobis saxeobaTa monacvleoba

gamiznulia mxatvrul-fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebisaTvis. mwerali

xalxmraval auditorias ki ar eZebs, aramed qarTuli sinamdvilis Wiris

Tanaziars, rogorc matianis Wirisufali da gamgrZelebeli. is

`TergdaleulTa~ ideuri memkvidrea _ èris wyluli maCndes wylulado~

_ da am wyluls Taviseburi mxatvruli sistemiT xatavs.

oTar CxeiZis stilis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo werilebia gamoqveynebuli.

ivane amirxanaSvili da maia jaliaSvili xazs usvamen yvela elements,

romlebic ki SeiZleba monawileobdnen teqstis agebaSi: àrc erTi

elementi ar aris zedmeti; yovelive saboloo jamSi miemarTeba erTisken,

romelic aris msoflxedva mwerlisa, anu TviT mwerali~ (7.74).

mTlianobiT ganpirobebuli stiluri Tavisebureba m. jaliaSvils

drosivrcul arealSi gadaaqvs da ambobs: òTar CxeiZis stiliT

Seqmnili teqstebi erTdroulad Semcvelia warmavlisa da waruvalisa,

maradiulisa, TiTqos xelidan gisxlteba STabeWdileba, Tanve mkvidrad




- - 8

Caewereba warmosaxvaSi. cxovrebis nerviuli ritmi, aZagZagebuli

pulsacia yofisa da klasikuri simSvide erTdroulad warmoCndeba~ (83.

102).

mwerali mkiTxvels gaiyoliebs da xan panoramulad gadauSlis

saTqmels, xanac personaJis pirispir tovebs. konteqstur sinonimebs

mkiTxvelTan `TanamSromlobis~ funqcia akisria, iseve rogorc garkveuli

Sinagani kamertoniT mowesrigebul mTlian kompozicias. Tu es

`TanamSromloba~ dairRva, mxolod maSin `Zneldeba~ teqsti.

`parizis RvTismSoblis taZris~ merve gamocemaSi viqtor hiugo

mkiTxvels aqezebda: ìqneba gamoCndes iseTi vinme, vinc Caswvdeba

esTetikursa da filosofiur mrwamss avtorisas; iseTi vinme, vinc

ganWvrets romanis saburvelSi sistemas istorikosisas, mizans

mxatvrisao~ (61. 127).

1831 wlis martidan 1832 wlis oqtombramde wigni rvajer gamocemula,

`mainc guls hklebia, mainc mkiTxvelis natruli yofila, gamgebi

mkiTxvelisa~, es aris mwerlisa da mkiTxvelis kanonzomieri

urTierTdamokidebuleba, radgan WeSmariti literatura

sulismcodneobaa, amitom aris igi amouwuravi da maradaxali, maradmedin

dros daumorCilebeli. Rirebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebi kvlevis axal-

axal aspeqts sTavazobs suliT miaxlebul mkiTxvels.

oTar CxeiZis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb bolo dros Seqmnili

gamokvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia lia kuxianiZis `mwerali da sazogadoeba

(oTar CxeiZis prozis ramdenime aspeqti)~.

mkvlevars ainteresebs qarTveli, istoriulad ganpirobebuli

qartexilebisa da rusuli pyrobilebis usastikesi 70 weli, oTar CxeiZe

`cxrawyaroSi~ ase rom aRwers: `cxovreba airia, dadgenili wesi airia Tu

gadalagda... jvari moangria eklesias, zari Camowyvita, kari daagdo~ (23.

289).

oTar CxeiZis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb mravali werili Tu gamokvleva

arsebobs: lia wereTlis `folklori oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi~, maka

joxaZis `qalTa saxeebi oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi~, nona kupreiSvilis

werili oTar CxeiZis eseistur krebulze `rkali~, naira gelaSvilis

`vendoT mematianes~ da sxva.




- - 9

2008 wels gamoica rostom CxeiZis biografiuli romani àgvistos

Svilebi~ (mamaCemi oTar CxeiZe). misi winasityvaoba gvamcnobs: `romanis

gacnobisas mkiTxveli moulodnelad aRmoaCens, rom XX saukunis

sazogadoebriv-politikuri da saliteraturo cxovrebis istoria, rac

mis cnobierebaSi aqamde daleqiliyo, gansxvavebulad warmodgeba~ (70. 2).

am yofiT-literaturul sivrces asaxavs oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebiTi da

moqalaqeobrivi poziciis gadmocema mravalmxrivi aspeqtiT.

winamdebare naSromSi aris mcdeloba oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-

dokumenturi prozis struqturuli Taviseburebis, mxatvruli qargis,

SemoqmedebiTi mignebebis, sityvisadmi damokidebulebis, Semoqmedis mier

epoqis sulis gamoxatvis kvlevisa.

naSromi Sedgeba xuTi Tavisagan (TiToeuls aqvs Tavisi qveTavi).

pirveli Tavi ori qveTavisagan Sedgeba: a) sityva, rogorc

drosivrculi mikromodeli da b) realobis mxatvruli transformacia.

oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi sityva personaJia, mwerali moqmedi piris

metyvelebiT, sityvisadmi damokidebulebiT axasiaTebs personaJs,

sazogadoebisa da mTavrobis damokidebulebas WeSmariti

Rirebulebebisadmi. am mxriv, yuradRebis gamaxvileba gvarwmunebs, rom

oTar CxeiZisaTvis èna sulierebis samSobloa~ (jemal qarCxaZe).

`realobis mxatvruli transformacia~ ganixilavs `sulierebis

samSoblosa~ da fizikuri samSoblos mdgomareobas imperialisturi

cnobierebis `moyvare mtris~, ruseTis pyrobilebis rTul epoqebSi.

meore Tavis pirveli qveTavi aris èrovnuli struqturis rRveva~,

romelSic mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi ganixileba zneobrivi dakanonebiT

gamowveuli uZlureba, borotebis aRzeveba da misi asparezobiT nakvebi

erovnuli ubedureba, qveynis gaCanageba.

amave Tavis meore qveTavi `mxatvruli realoba politikuri

konteqstiT~, akonkretebs mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozis specifikas,

istoriul simarTles qomagad movlenili mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi.

mesame TavSi `jvarsaxovneba, rogorc ideur-politikuri sayrdeni~,

klasikuri (saxismetyvelebiTi) da Tanamedrove (hermenevtikuli) kvlevis

meTodi gamTlianebulia, rac warmoaCens mwerlis Tematur-ideur

Canafiqrs.




- - 10

interpretacia dafuZnebulia teqstis aRqmis jvarsaxovnebiTi

azrovnebis horizontalursa da vertikalur veqtorebze (revaz siraZis

TvalTaxedvis mixedviT).

`prototipidan personaJamde~ (II qveTavi) asaxavs personaJebis Seqmnis

oTar CxeiZiseul arCevans. aq SemoqmedebiTi daxvewilobiT ganzogaddeba

realuri pirovnebebis saxe; mwerali gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT

SearCevs maT saxelebs.

meoTxe Tavi eZRvneba epigrafebis, igavebisa da saxelebis mxatvruli

funqciis kvlevas.

mwerali interviuebSi saubrobda Tavis SemoqmedebiT laboratoriaze

da miuTiTebda, rom mweralma mkiTxvels saTaurebis, personaJTa

saxelebis, epigrafebis saxiT mignebuli da saintereso gasaRebebi misca;

igavi ki met Sinaarsobriv-fsiqologiur, erTgvarad daskvniT funqciasac

asrulebs, rac romanebis mravalniSna modelSi àxdens erTniSna

modulirebas~ (54. 42).

mexuTe Tavi `naratiuli mravalferovneba~ ori qveTaviT: a) realizmis

variaciebi, b) sxvadasxva diskursis monacvleoba, mwerlis SemoqmedebiT

principebze, qmnadobis procesSi mxatvruli xerxebiT saTqmelis akinZvaze

msjelobaa.

oTar CxeiZe `Seufaravi realizmis~ erTgulebiT klasikuri realizmis

gamgrZelebelia, ilias gzis mimdevaria _ mxilebis principiTa da qveynis

WirisuflobiT.

Cveni kvlevis arealSia mwerlis mxatvrul-esTetikuri samyaro,

`marTlis Tqmis principi~ da am principiT weris originaluri xelwera.

oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi qronikebis kvleviT (trilogiis

mixedviT) miznad visaxavT warmovaCinoT mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi da

moqalaqeobrivi pozicia, gamovkveToT mxatvruli samyaros Seqmnis

procesi, romelic trilogiaSi aRwerili movlenebis Tanadroulia.

yovelgvari kvleva mxatvruli matianis avtoris nawarmoebebisa, aris

mimyvanebeli enis salarosTan, romelsac gansakuTrebiT Wirisuflobs

mwerali. swored am TvalsazrisiT dafiqrebam gamokveTa mis

nawarmoebebSi aRwerili `galizRebuli~ sityvis fenomeni, rac aris

Sedegi monobaSi myofi eris sulieri dawaxnagebisa. Tavis mxriv, interess




- - 11

iwvevs: epoqa da sityva, adamianTa sazogadoeba, romelic moswyda enis

madls (mxolod pragmatuli cnobierebiT cxovrebis gamo).

enisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis ganxilvis safuZveli gaxda

mwerlis mier daxatuli `moyvare mtris~, ruseTis, veraguli politikis

Sedegi – gaucxoebuli ena da cnobiereba.

dampyroblis mizani yvela droSi iyo mowinaaRmdegis sulieri

dauZlureba. am mdgomareobaSi myofi eris (jer imperiuli, mere sabWoTa

ruseTi) Sinagani da garegani mizezebiT sulieri simrTelis rRvevis

procesi saocari wvdomiT aisaxa oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebSi.

winamdebare naSromi yofierebisa da sulierebis mizez-Sedegobriv

jaWvs axasiaTebs. oTar CxeiZis romanebis mixedviT am mTlianobis

asaxsnelad mignebuli gza aris hermenevtika, rogorc literaturuli

meTodi (teqstis gagebisa da interpretaciis Teoria). interpretacia,

Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs teqstis aRqmas jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis

horizontalursa da vertikalur veqtorebze.

sagangebodaa yuradReba gamaxvilebuli mwerlis mxatvrul-esTetikur

samyaroze, mis erTgulebaze tradiciuli `marTlis Tqmis principisadmi~

da am principiT weris sakuTari gzaze, originalur xelwerasa da

SemoqmedebiTi kredoze: `droze maSin iTqmis, roca gikrZalaven~.




- - 12

Tavi I

a) sityva, rogorc drosivrculi mikromodeli

sityvas oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi, zogadad, da mxatvrul-

dokumentur qronikebSi, konkretulad, upirvelesi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

igi aris erTgvari drosivrculi mikromodeli. mwerlis romanebi

gvidasturebs, rom àdamiani cxovrobs sam ganzomilebaSi: droSi,

sivrcesa da enaSi~ (85), ese igi, ena Tavad aris ganzomileba, dro da

sivrce xasiaTdeba masTan mimarTebaSi.

mwerali erT-erT interviuSi sityvebs ase axasiaTebs: `sityvebi

TiTqos yvavilobaa, aferadebuli vel-mindori abibinebuli niavis

frTebze, Tanac futkari zed rom dahbzuis~ (72. 2).

aq gamoxatvis poetur formaSi winaprebisgan naanderZevi

pasuxismgeblobis gancda da TanamedroveTa mimarT moTxovnac igrZnoba,

mwerali mravalmniSvnelovnad amTavrebs: `Caawye yvavilebSi, ferebSi

Caawye cxovrebis naglejebi, aadevne bzuils futkrisa~ (iqve).

futkari aq usaTuod metaforaa Semoqmedisa, romlis qmnadobis

Zalac sityvaSia (`yvavilebSi Caawye cxovrebis naglejebi~). futkari

bzuiliTa da garjiT uflis Sesawiravs, sanTels qmnis. mweralsac

moeTxoveba sityvis erTgulebiT RvTisgan kurTxeuli SemoqmedebiTi

cxovrebis samsaxuri.

sityvasa da oTar CxeiZes Soris mistikuri kavSiria. mwerali

madliani qarTuliT Wirisuflobs samSoblos. misi qarTuli ki Zalian

Taviseburia da moiazrebs: èmfatikur a-s, tavtologias, grZnobadi,

azrobrivi Tu ritmuli niuansebis gamosaxvis urTules meTodikas...

arqaizaciiT Seferili stilistika arcTu iSviaTad amJRavnebs enasTan

mwerlis TamaSis amouwurav survils da am TamaSSi arsebobs

maradadgilmonacvle zRvari parodiasa da tragedias, TviTironiasa da

dafarul sevdas Soris~ (6. 422)

sityvadqmnadobiT xelovnebisa (literaturis) da simarTlis

msaxureba rCeulTa xvedria, maTi misiaa epoqisa da istoriis winaSe.

aseTi misia itvirTa `suliT mxedarma~ oTar CxeiZem.




- - 13

wignSi `Sewyvetili fiqrebi~ merab kostava wers: `wminda giorgis

mxedrebma Seqmnes Cveni erovnuli mwerloba (Cveni damwerlobis erT

Stosac xom mxedruli damwerloba ewodeba). sagulisxmoa, rom qarTul

mwerlobaSi verc erTi mxdali da orpiri ver gascilda saSualoebis

mijnas... mxolod suliT mxedrebs Tu xelewifebaT miaxleba qarTul

mwerlobasTan, rameTu yvelaze Zalumad enis stiqiaSi cxaddeba eris

suli da mimarTeba sityvaTa sityvasTan, logosTan~ (25. 168).

oTar CxeiZis Semoqmedeba swored `sityvaTa sityvas~ miemarTeba,

mwerali eris sulier wyobas ikvlevs, mis sijansaRes emsaxureba.

mematianis gulisyuriT, rom erovnuli struqturis rRvevis pirobebSi

mkiTxveli daafiqros, `suli Tualisaჲ~ auxilos da `simrTelis~

wyurvili gauRvivos.

sityvasTan mwerlis mimarTebis kvlevisas mniSvnelovania kulturis

kodis gaTvaliswineba: sityvis arsze dafiqreba, sityvis gaazreba rogorc

mistikuri erTeulisa, sityvisa da qarTuli sulierebis kavSiri, radgan

ènaSi xalxisa da epoqis sulieri potencia aisaxeba~ (3. 80).

enis, erovnuli sulisa da mistikuri saidumlos mTlianoba gacxadda

ioane zosimes himnSi `qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai~.

`nislovania himnis konkretuli mxatvruli saxeebi, Torem misi

saerTo Sinaarsi da mizandasaxuloba naTelia: qarTuli ena uflis enaa,

sxva enebze aRmatebuli da ukeTesi, gankiTxvis dRes mesia qarTulad

imetyvelebs~ (9. 409).

oTar CxeiZisTvis sityva `saxierebaa~, amitom ar erideba mxilebis

simZafres, roca sityvas ar ufrTxildebian, ilaxeba misi sijansaRe.

ioane zosimes himnis gamokvlevas mieZRvna mravali mecnieruli

werili. amjerad Cven gvainteresebs erTi aspeqti: ena da erovnuli suli.

es sakiTxi ar exeba mxolod maradmedin dros, radganac swored igi

asaxavs xalxis yofas da misi mesityve aris mwerali. ènisa da da

mwerlobis beds ver gavyofT. anbanis, damwerlobis gziT xdeba ena

kulturis, ganaTlebis, mwignobrobis, mmarTvelobis iaraRi. damwerlobis,

anbanis uqonloba iZleva swored enis daknineba-daCagvris utyuar suraTs,

amitom gansazRvravs damwerlobis, anbanis bedi enis yismaTs~ (9. 429).




- - 14

himnSi mravali simboluri saxe, saxeli gvxvdeba, romlebic

sulierebis istorias ukavSirdebian. aseTi saxelebia: nino, elene, mariam,

marTa, lazare...

`da ese ena mZinare ars dResamomde (=dRemde), da saxarebasa Sina amas

enasa lazare hrqvn~ (9. 410).

mkvlevarTa Soris TiTqmis Tanxmobaa imis Taobaze, rom raki himnSi

qarTul enas lazare hqvia, es aris naTeli dasturi, rom mkvdari

lazares aRdginebiT moiazreba aRdgomis saerTo idea. àdamianma, erma,

kacobriobam tanjva-vaebis gziT iaros (qristes vnebani), magram aRdgomis

ZaliT igi RvTis wiaRSi mohyveba (qristes aRdgoma-amaRleba). iq mxolod

keTili sufevs, iq aRar aris boroti. aRar arsebobs dabali da

dawunebuli arc adamiani, arc eri, arc ena. miT umetes... qristianobis

Tanaxmad, yvela ena Tanaswori da Tanabaruflebiania~ (9. 431).

aq gaxmianebuli mesianisturi idea, rac enis TviTganmtkicebas,

rwmenas, Zlierebas uwyobs xels, ebrZvis erovnul sasowarkveTilebas. es

idea erTgvarad myardeba istoriuli faqtebiTac. VI saukuneSi, roca

asureli mamebi CamobrZandnen saqarTveloSi, kaTolikos evlavioss

qarTulad daelaparaka maTi Tavkaci ioane, Tumca mas qarTuli àrca

odes asmioda, ar Tu eswava~ (9. 433). es saswauli qristes madliT

ganxorcielda (iseve rogorc sxva asurel mamaTa moRvaweobisas).

logikuria, berZnulis gavleniT, misi daviwyebis Semdeg, eqvTime

mTawmindelis qarTulad ametyveleba, RvTismSoblis kurTxeviT.

àRniSnul epizodSi imdroindeli saxismetyvelebis kvalobaze

gamoxatulia azri, rom adamianSi misi wilxvedri logosi arsebobs

mSobliuri enis wyalobiT, rom ena mxolod sulieri Zala ki araa,

aramed xorcieli bunebis masuldgmulebelicaa, e.i. adamianis suliT-

xorcieli simrTelis safuZvelia~ (45. 59).

oTar CxeiZis romanebi gviCvenebs arsismier brZolas, aRzevebuli,

Jamieri boroteba logoss rom dapirispirebia samkvdro-sasicocxlod.

qarTuli sityvis Zalas, mxatvruli xerxebis mravlismetyvelebas

mizanmimarTulad usvams mwerali xazs Tavisi qmnilebebiT. `boriaySi~

fanielebis ojaxis daxasiaTebisas ambobs: `saxe hqondaT sasoebiTi,

msgavsi erTmaneTisa, Tvali aRsavse TanagrZnobiTa, guli mfeTqavi

sikeTiTa...~ (63. 301).




- - 15

feriscvalebis dResaswaulze stumris molodinic gansakuTrebuli

hqondaT: ìs dRe sxva gaxldaT, is dRe stumrisa iyo, sastumrodac

gadahxsnodaT guli, wynarada, mSvidada, mdumare sixaruliTa~ (iqve).

am striqonebis wakiTxva TiTqos Zvel qarTulis uxilav surnelsac

gvagrZnobinebs da saTqmels mTeli sisavsiT aRgvaqmevinebs.

es siTbo da silbo sakuTriv qarTuli enis Tvisebaa, madlia

saxeldaurqmeveli. aseTi madlis dasturia Tundac sityva `genacvale~,

romelsac àrc erT enaze eqvivalenti ar aqvs da golgoTis misterias

gamoxatavs” (24. 54).

gansaxilveli romanebi amas naTlad adastureben. mwerali erovnul

yofierebasa da sulier simtkices enas ukavSirebs.

`ramdenadac enebs identuri, saerTo organoebi aqvT, imdenad eri

saerTo cnebas warmoadgens, ramdenadac es organoebi gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisagan, TavisTavad, imdenad ers aqvs Tavisi individualoba~ (10.

106). am individualobis gamomxatveli gansxvavebuli òrgano~ erisa aris

ena. tartis azriT, eri aris èrTi sazogadoeba yvela Tavisi

organoebiTa, eniTa, sarwmunoebiTa, mecnierebiTa, zneobiT, xelovnebiTa,

simarTliTa da politikiTa, _ sazogadoeba gansakuTrebuli istoriiTa,

tipiTa da TviTSegnebiTa, srulis individualobiTa~ (10. 106). am

individualobas kargavs CamonaTvalTagan erT-erTi niSnis dakninebiTac.

sawyisi individualobisa ki aris ena.

dampyroblebi enis uxilav Zalas amitom ebrZvian iaraRiT dapyrobil

qveynebSi. amis dasturad uamravi mtkivneuli faqti arsebobs, Tundac

ruseTis monobis 200 wlian istoriaSi.

1917 wels, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis aRsaniSnav

Sexvedraze meufe antonma ganacxada: ìveriis jvarmosili eklesia mtkice

rwmenas gamosTqvams, rom sarwmunoebiTa da sulieri miswrafebiT

monaTesave ori eklesia amieridan Sexmatkbilebulad, mWidro kavSiriT

da urTierTsiyvaruliT icxovrebs, erT guliT, Tumca ara erTi eniT~ (49.

204).

bunebrivia, roca erTmorwmuneobis safuZveli ver aRmoCnda Rirseuli

urTierTobis garanti, asparezze mosuli aTeisturi xelisufleba ver

daafasebda da kanonzomier urTierTobas ver daamyarebda

saqarTvelosTan, qarTul enasTan.




- - 16

asec moxda.

sabWoTa reJimi sxvadasxva niRbiT ebrZoda enasa da tradicias.

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi is periodia, roca erovnuli sulis

damcirebas enis dakninebac uwyobda xels. es epoqa oTar CxeiZis azriT,

upatiurad eqceva sityvas (e.i. logoss). `misdgomian da atyaveben. sityvebs

atyaveben. mere sityva ro fsiqologiaa, istoriaa. arqeologiaa.

eTnografiaca _ gatyavebuli raRa ra iqneba?~ (64. 335). es amonaridi

romanidan `morCili~ adasturebs merab kostavas sityvebs: `yvelaze

Zalumad enis stiqiaSi cxaddeba eris suli~ (24. 117).

`sityvas atyaveben~ _ ara mxolod sityvisadmi upatiur

damokidebulebas warmoaCens, aramed im tkivilsac, aseTi damokidebuleba

mizez-Sedegobrivad rom ganapirobebs da avlens epoqis sulier

portrets.

sityvis dakninebiT Tu rogor knindeba Cveni suliereba da

Sesabamisad yvelaferi _ fsiqologia, istoria, arqeologia, eTnografia,

_ amas xedavs da aRwers mwerali Tavis nawarmoebebSi.

àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ cxadyofs, rogor mozRvavebula

siZulvili, rogor aviwydebaT titulebi, wodebani, TavdaWeris

movaleobebi: ìginebodnen mere Sofrebze uaresada, mamakacebi raRa Tqma

unda, araferi ro aviwydebodaT, yvelgan ro ase iginebodnen, Sina Tu

gareTa, gabrazebulni Tu damSvidebulni, Tavsac iwonebdnen axal-axali

metaforebiTa, uxamsiTa raRa Tqma unda. iginebodnen, iwyevlebodnen~ (58.

69).

mwerali ar gvixasiaTebs urTierTobebs, adamianTa ganwyobas, es aris

enobrivi sistemis ostaturi qarga movlenis, xasiaTebis gamosaxatavad.

erTi magaliTic: ènac moqargula, aSvebula moqarguli enai, eSmakis ena

aSvebula, qargavs siavesa, simaxinjesa qargavs~ (.58. 101). am striqonSic

miTiTebulia enis Zalisa da qmedebis mizani.

SuriT gamokvebili siZulvilis sapirispiro damokidebuleba

prezidentma ase gamoxata:

ìsini Cven tyviebs gvesvrian... Cven imaT yvavilebi davuSinoT...

ambobs.

mouwodebs.




- - 17

da erTica vnaxoT, moimzRvleva es amdeni xalxi, moimzRvleva da

wamova, anTu seria yvavilovanio~ (58. 101).

ganxilul monakveTebSi mTliandeba aRmniSvneli (mwerali) da

aRsaniSni (movlena). cxaddeba dapirispirebis xasiaTi, magram Semfasebeli

mwerali ki ara, mkiTxvelia.

oTar CxeiZis romanebSi yuradRebas ipyrobs ara mxolod sityvis

funqcia, aramed mwerlis sityvisadmi, enisadmi, rogorc faseulobaTa

sistemisadmi damokidebuleba.

romanSi `TeTri daTvi~ mwerlis diskursi variaciulia. avtori

mimarTavs vrcel deskriptul pauzas, aRwers, rogor mieZala

`perestroikis~ moskovi ucxo sityvebs, magram `moskovi aitanda,

gadaitanda, gadaxarSavda, sqelia tyavi ruseTisao... xolo vai, Sen

saqarTveloo, patara ro xar, tvirTi ro didi dagkisrebia, didze didi,

uzarmazario...~ (60. 172)

mwerlis TvalsazrisiT, `saxelmwifo mxolod enaa~, vrcel

msjelobaSi amxels mematiane eris bedsa da enaze pasuxismgebelT: `xalxi

enas gaafuWebda, xolo parlamenti TviTonve Tu afrqvevs, usircxvilod

Tu afrqvevs, amayadac Tu afrqvevs, auracxel ucxo sityvasa, umecradac

Tu afrqvevs: es optimalurio, is parametrebio, es Souo, is stagnaciao,

anTu raRao da raRa arao: restruqturizacia, problemebi, fizikurad,

simptomaturi, konstruqciuli, konseptualuri, regulireba, dafiqsireba,

sponsori, kotireba, lobireba, komunikabeluri, novaciebi, panacea,

terminali... (60. 173). grZeldeba CamoTvla ucxo sityvaTa im niaRvrisa, ase

rom SemoeCvia Cvens yoveldRiurobas da yurs rom Wris qarTulis qomags.

esec mwerliseul mxatvrul xerxad Cans: mkiTxvels problemis simwvave

daanaxos Rvarad dadenili barbarizmebiT, rac leqsikur normad miuRiaT

ampartavanT.

amave romanSi: enas is argebs, `mcire ram sircxvilis grZnoba

sufevdes parlamentSia. mcire ram, sul mcirei~ (60. 174)

nawarmoebSi mravalmxrivad aris daxasiaTebuli xalxisa da enis

urTierToba enobriv fesvebs mowyvetili parlamentis, presis, televiziis

fonze: `xalxma ra gaigos Tu ar miaCvia yuri, Tu ar gaimeora, Tu ar

waaxdina Tu ar gaxrwna enai Tavisi... Tu ar daiviwya sityvari Tavisi,




- - 18

Tavisi gamoTqmani, Sinaarsiani gamoTqmani, gulSi Camwvdomni, sulSi

Cawnulni, _ raRa gaigos?!~ (60. 174)

ase aris mxilebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWvi: saxelmwifo, mTavroba

enis sicocxlisunarianobiT rom ar aris dainteresebuli da Sedegic

saxezea.

èna!.. enai!.. sxva enis saxelmwifo sxvisi iqneba~ (iqve). ènas ro

dahkargav, dahkargav Tavsaca da vikargebiT da vinTqmebiT da

vyuryumelaobT da vawydebiT da vigrixebiT da vizilebiT da

viWylitebiT...~ (60. 175)

ena Tu rwmeniT cnobierebaze damkvidrebul erovnul TviTSegnebas

ar Seefareba, gaiwireba, àilufxeba~ dadarajebul `moyvrad mosul~

mterTa leqsikaSi.

mwerals ena miaCnia saxelmwifoebriobis safuZvlad. am mxriv, is

agrZelebs qarTul literaturul tradicias:

`ra ena waxdes,

eri daeces,

waecxos Cirqi

taZarsa wmidas~ (grigol orbeliani).

enisa da eris mistikur kavSirze roca vsaubrobT, sainteresoa

arqimandrit rafaelis (karelini) qadageba `Zveli enebis Sesaxeb~, sadac

saubaria imaze, rom qristianebisaTvis enas gacilebiT meti datvirTva

aqvs, vidre mxolod informaciis gadacemis unars: ès aris movlenebisa

da sagnebis arsis uSualo wvdomis, maTSi Cadebuli RvTaebrivi azris

Wvretis unari~ (3. 77).

sityvebiT saxeldeba adamma samoTxeSi daiwyo. igi yvelafers

xiluls saxels arqmevda, e.i. Wvretda arss da Sesabamisad gamoxatavda

mas. `codviT dacemiT ki logosi daibinda~ (iqve).

mSobliuri enisagan mowyveta bunebrivi, Tanamdevi arsisgan garidebaa.

cnobierebisa da sulierebis bnel velze moqcevis tolfasia, rodesac

azri da sityva erTmaneTs garidebia, dacalkevebula. sagulisxmoa, rom,

arqimandrit rafaelis azriT, Sinagani logosi, mistikuri sityva, anu

endeoteturi ena, rogorc sulis Tviseba (movlenebisa da sagnebis arsis

wvdoma) Tvisobriobas icvlis codviT damZimebul samyaroSi da xdeba

proforistuli (garegnuli) ena.




- - 19

sityvis, rogorc drosivrculi mikromodelis daxasiaTebisas,

swored es arsobrivi damokidebuleba iqcevs yuradRebas oTar CxeiZis

SemoqmedebaSi. `galizRebuli sityva~ azrTan veRar Tanaxmierobs: àzri

sul sxvaganaa, sityvaTa miRmaa, miRma da miRma, azri igive WeSmaritebaa,

miuwvdomeli, uxilavi, warmousaxavi, rameTu sityvaa igive saSualeba

warmosaxvisaca, wvdomisac sityvaa, xilvisaca, sityvaa oden saSualebai,

da uRonoa saSualebai igi, uniaTo, umweoa...~ (62. 224).

sityva borotebis msaxurebam gaxada uniaTo, umweo. (`sityva

mfarvelobs zraxvaTa avTa, avTa naqmnarsac sityva mfarvelobs~ (iqve),

daakargvina arsis Wvretis unari (azri) da mxolod garegnul

gamoxatulebad iqca.

am SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebSi mesame piri metyvelebs (personaJi) da

cxadad igrZnoba TviTon mwerali, sityvis daknineba saqarTvelos

damcrobis xilul dasturad rom miuCnevia.

sagulisxmoa `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ aRwerili XX saukunis 70-80-

iani wlebis sinamdvile: sabWoTa reJimiT momravlebul rusul skolebSi

qarTveli bavSvebi da amgvari swavlebis Sedegi. mSobliur enas

gaucxoebulebi samkvidrosac ucxos mzeras miapyroben, Sinagan sicives

mSobliurobis gancda rom dauTrgunavs. erovnuli cnobierebis

ganmtkiceba mxolod mSobliur enas SeuZlia. am mxriv, niSandoblivia

leonti mrovelis gadmocema: aleqsandre makedonelis mier dapyrobil

saqarTvelos gangebam mxsnelad mouvlina farnavazi. man gaaTavisufla

qveyana da Semdeg àrRara izraxeboda sxua enai qarTlsa Sina Tvinier

qarTulisa da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~ (qarTuli mwerloba, t. I

gv.58 )

am sakiTxze msjelobisas akaki baqraZe imowmebs ingliseli

istorikosisa da filosofosis robin jorj kolingvudis naazrevs: ìm

dros Cveulebrivi gaxda barbarosTa elinad moqceva. barbarosTa

grecizacia berZnulad iwodeba elinizmad (sityva èlleniZein~ niSnavs

berZnulad laparaks. ufro farTo azriT, berZnuli zne-Cveulebis

miRebas), xolo elinuri periodi aris Jami, roca barbarosebma aiTvises

berZnuli zne-Cveulebani. ase rom, berZnuli istoriuli Segneba Tu adre,

herodotesaTvis, upirvelesad iyo berZnebisa da barbarosTa Soris

mtrobis Segneba (omebi sparseTSi), axla igi yalibdeboda berZnebsa da




- - 20

barbarosTa Soris TanamSromlobis SegnebiT, magram TanamSromlobis

iseT Segnebad, roca berZnebi xelmZRvaneloben, barbarosebi ki

emorCilebian maT xelmZRvanelobas, xdebian berZnebi, berZnuli kulturis

memkvidreebi da amiT berZnuli istoriuli Segnebis memkvidreebic~ (10. 33).

morCilebiT midevneba mtris moTxovnebisa, sruli Tanaziareba misi

kulturuli sivrcisa, niSnavs sakuTaris TandaTanobiT dakargvas,

ganviTarebis TavisTavadi gzidan, kanonzomieri istoriuli viTarebidan

amovardnas.

enis mistikuri ZaliT sacnauri xdeba farnavazis ideur-politikuri

mizani da arCevani, ixsnas eri: èlinizmis gabatonebul tendencias

berZnuli enis aTvisebis gziT, barbarosebis, anu araberZeni xalxebis

gaberZnebis tendencias _ farnavazi upirispirebs qarTuli enis

gavrcelebas da qarTuli mwignobrobis Seqmnas. amiT inarCunebs is

erovnul saxesa da suls. ase mimdinareobs brZola erovnuli

TavisTavadobisaTvis~ (10. 105).

oTar CxeiZis `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ gizo korZelisTvis Tbilisi

cnobierad ukavSirdeboda mxolod puSkins, griboedovs, `baraTaSvilic

ro daseirnobda iqa, marTla daseirnobda iqa, amdeni aRar uswavlebiaT

rusul skolaSi, _ patara qalaqebSi ho ara, TbilisSiac ar aswavlidnen...

qarTuls isedac aswavliano. ase swavlobdnen, _ gadaebugaT ro Tbilisi~

(59. 7). fesvebisgan mowyvetis Sedegi aq mxatvrulad aris asaxuli:

rusuli skola qarTuli metyvelebisgan, mSobliuri sityvisgan garidebaa.

XIX s-Si ianovskis pasuxad ilia WavWavaZe werda: `saero skola eris

Sinauri skolaa, is moedania, saca eris gonebam da grZnobam pirvel fexi

unda aidgas, is gamzrdelia erisa, romelmac unda aZlios ers

sazrdoebeli sulisa da xorcisa...~ (69. 32).

ilia amxels ianovskis alogikur, swavlebis muxanaTur meTodikas

qarTul skolebSi rusulis damkvidrebisa da qarTulis aRmosafxvrelad.

igi ambobs, rom urTiergamomricxavia proeqti cnobierad da gagebiT

swavlebis, Tu mozardni mSobliur enaSi ar gaiwrTvnebian, rom masze

dafuZndes rusuli enis swavla.

Tu XIX s-Si ianovskebi gvaxvevdnen Tavs rusulad swavlebas, XX-Si

moskovis mier saqarTveloSi gatarebuli politikis gamo, es procesi

mSobelTa Tavgamodebuli swrafviT katastroful Sedegebamde mivida.




- - 21

ruseTis provinciad gadaqceul, odindel qarTul saxelmwifoSi

qarTul enas gamoyenebiTi Rirebuleba ukve daekarga da alag-alag

bJutavda rwmenisa da gonebis SemTlianebiT kurTxeuli damokidebuleba

aTaswleulebgamotarebuli enisadmi.

uaresis momswrec aris qarTuli sinamdvile: 70-ian, 80-ian wlebSi

quxda saqarTvelos kp ck-s mtkice gadawyvetileba `rusuli enis

sayovelTao swavlebis~ Taobaze, rac mJavanaZis droindel mcdelobas

cvlida da aRrmavebda axali, `mecnierulad dasabuTebuli~, garusebis

aucileblobis TeoriiT~ (67. 356). moskovSi dagegmili, qarTuli xeliT

aRsrulebuli qmedebis, propagandis Sedegad iZala rusuli skolebis

ricxvma, mimdinareobda nebayoflobiTi garuseba (cnobierebis garuseba).

gizo korZeli aris am tragikuli sinamdvilis personifikacia oTar

CxeiZis personaJTa galereaSi.

es skolebi sabWoTa reJimis Semadgeneli nawili iyo, igi

upirvelesad suls SanTavda da angrevda: `sulic jarTia gasabWoebuli~

(60. 262). WeSmariti sicocxle ufalSi da uflis aris mxolod, ufals

mowyvetili suli usicocxloa _ `jarTia~. sabWouri reJimis erT-erTi

mizani iyo uerovno (e.i. ueno) sabWoTa adamianis gamoZerwva, es iyo

`mokavSire respublikebis~ erovnuli gadagvarebisken mimavali pirdapiri

gza. es procesi kanonzomierebis rRvevaa da bunebis, samyaros winaSe

metnaklebad scodavs orive mxare: dampyrobelic (Tundac èrTmorwmune~)

da mas minebebuli sazogadoeba, romelic amao didebisTvis uars ambobs

WeSmarit Rirebulebebze. erovnuli TavisTavadobisaTvis brZola ara

marto sakuTari qveynis, kacobriobis winaSe aris movaleoba, `vinc amas

daiviwyebs, daiRupeba, maSinve gaqreba saerTaSoriso asparezidan, rogorc

xalxi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli enis, fsiqikisa da tradiciis mqone

damoukidebeli fenomeni da, amitomac, ganuyofeli, sisxlxorceuli

nawili mTeli danarCeni kacobriobisa~ (80. 71). TavisTavadobisTvis

brZoliT igi ki ar upirispirdeba mTel anu danarCen kacobriobas, aramed

amdidrebs da avsebs SeZlebisdagvarad.

`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili, wyneTis agarakze

qarTveli mwerlebis mier pativiT miRebuli Crdiloeli stumrebi

`keTil~ rCevebs rogor ar iSureben: `wereT rusulada, rusulada

wereTo. am cis patroni, am haeris patroni, am Rvinis patroni unda




- - 22

werdes rusuladao. msoflio gaRiarebT, msoflio moixris qedsa Tqvens

winaSeo... ase cxadad gamoxatavdnen. ase naTlad asabuTebdnen~ (59. 158).

es epizodic konkretdeba realuri faqtebiT: `goglas ezoSi

tixonovi alewiliyo, jiuti xalxi xarT, ar gindaT dagvijeroT, ar

gindaT weroT msoflios enazeo: jiuti xalxi, hRupavT Tqvens Tavsa da

aRaribebT msofliosaca. am viwro mxareSi ixarSeba Sedevrebio...~ (iqve).

Tavs itanjavda `mravaltanjuli ruseTi~ qarTuli literaturis

viwro asparezis gamo. rusuli eniT saxelmoxveWisken mouwodebda

Svilebs im erisa, V saukuneSi filosofiuri azrovnebiT saberZneTSic

rom gaiTqva saxeli da XII saukuneSi `vefxistyaosani~ Seqmna.

idiomuri gamoTqmiT amas `TvalSi nacris Sehyra~ hqvia da ase JRers:

Sen Zlieri ena da kultura gaqvs, magram sivrcis gamo me unda memono,

uaryo sakuTari Tavi. es `keTilganwyobili~ rCeva im enis uaryofis

moTxovnaa, romelzec saRvTismetyvelo da filosofiuri Zeglebi

uZvelesi droidan iTargmneboda `saucxovo~ qarTuliT. am enaze

arsebobda `safilosofio~ ena da terminologia, daxvewili mxatvruli

literatura.

mwerali aRwers, gulis gacivebam, sulis mxurvalebis dakninebam es

sinamdvile TviT qarTvelis cnobierebaSic rogor gaafemkrTala;

qarTveli Seegua enaze _ erovnul sulze malul Tu aSkara Zaladobas,

radgan sabWoTa sinamdvile aRzevebis saSualebas mxolod `ruseTumeebs~

aZlevda.

oTar CxeiZe trilogiaSi warmoaCens, rom XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis

tragediis avtorni, gadatrialebaSi mTavari rolis Semsrulebelni

`ruseTumeebi~ iyvnen. amqveyniuri didebis maZiebelT moskovis erTguleba

uxsnidaT warmatebis gzas. `sxva gza arc ician da arc egulebaT, yvela

gza moWrilia, yvela gza moskovs midis...~ (58. 177). sxva gzis vermWvreti

adamianebi ruseTis morCilebas ver gaeqcevian, radgan am morCilebiT

uzrunvelyofen pirad keTildReobas. ufro advilia sakuTari erovnuli

mTavrobis daumorCilebloba, radgan es `did Zmas~ eameba.

es interesebi gadaikveTa da `ras dauTmoben?!. gamsaxurdias ar unda

moskovi, esenic ar unda. an unda daimorCilos, an ar unda, amaT

morCileba aRar undaT, amaT damxoba undaT gamsaxurdiasi...~ (58. 183).




- - 23

oTar CxeiZe am ganwyobis safuZvels axasiaTebs. sinamdvile

mwerlisgan moiTxovs gambedaobas,¸ ubedurebis mxilebas da amitom

wers: `moskovSi uswavliaT, moskovis suliT gaberilan, moskovis TvaliT

icqirebian, moskovs awoneben Tavsa, moskovia amaTi dedaqalaqi, Tbilisi

mxolod saxelosnoa~ (59. 177).

mwerlis mier arCeul gza – mxatvruli sityviT simarTlis

gaxmianeba, aRemateba faqtebis aRnusxvis dones, es aris qveynis

yofierebisa da sulierebis realuri modeli, romelic ar emorCileba

gamarjvebulis dakveTiT Seqmnil istorias (`provinciul faSizmad~ an

`saxalxo ajanyebad~ am tragikuli movlenebis monaTvlas).

fesvebs mowyvetili cnobierebis adamianTa poziciaa gulgriloba

samarTlisadmi, zogadad, adamianebisadmi, samSoblos Rirsebis

sicocxliunarianobisadmi. cnobilia, rom yovel ers aqvs Tavisi

samSoblo. `samSoblo is adgilia, sadac ers Seuqmnia Tavisi istoria da

sadac igi gansazRvrul momentSi scxovrobs. es adgili samSobloa im

adamianTaTvis, romelnic am ers ekuTvnian, romelTa safiqralia

erovnulobis dacva da maSasadame, dacva im adgilisa, romelic

upirvelesi saSualebaa eris arsebobisa~ (74. 107). garkveul adgilze

mijaWvuloba mxolod biologiuri kuTvnileba ar aris, aramed uxilavi

jaWvi, romliTac adamiani Tavis samkvidros ukavSirdeba, afiqrebs am

erovnuli mTlianobis dacva (sulier-teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT).

swored am mTlianobas arRvevda ruseTi orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi da

amitomac ar uWirda qarTvelTa daTiTokaceba, èri eria, Tu erTiania,

gaxleCili erTi erTi aRar aris, gaxleCili erica aRar aris eri~ (58. 6).

am gaxleCas hyavda uCinari mmarTveli (damxmare am aRrevisa). is Zala,

visac mosvenebas ukargavda erTiani, Zlieri saqarTvelo. `zedapirze sul

sxva ram mosCans, movlenebs gansazRvravs qveda dineba~ (58. 177). àtydnen.

aiSalnen. daerivnen. da es eneba saidumlo samsaxurebsa: pirveli raundi

moigo moskovma, wmindad moigo~ (iqve). erovnuli mTavrobis damxoba rom

moskovis warmateba iyo, araerTxel gviCvenebs mwerali.

romanSi àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ oTar CxeiZe asaxavs kitovanis

meTaurobiT satelevizio anZisTvis brZolas: ànZisTvis ibrZodnen,

mTawminda hquxda gaTenebamdisa... gahqonda quxili kojris qarebsa mTidan

mTazeda, qalaqis garSemo ocdaerTis qarebiviTa... ibrZodnen ise, XI




- - 24

armias Sesjaxebian TiTqosao. ra namyoo. ra awmyoo. ra myofadio.

erTferovnebaa~ (58. 193).

`kojris qarebisa~, òcdaerTis qarebis~ da XI armiis xsenebiT

paraleli keTdeba erovnuli mTavrobis damxobasTan, istoriul WrilSi

mTliandeba XI armiis mier (sergo orjonikiZis winamZRolobiT)

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos dapyroba 1921 wels da kitovanis

meTaurobiT ruseTis interesis aRsruleba 1991 wels. meore SemTxvevaSi,

ruseTi kulisebs miRmaa, gansxvavebiT 1921 wlisagan, Tumca ucvlelia

istoriuli sinamdvile da ruseTis interesebi.

satelevizio anZas alegoriuli mniSvneloba eniWeba nawarmoebSi;

mwerali ambobs, rom es anZa SeiZleba sxva qveynebis SeTavazebis obieqti

gaxdes, rogorc Zegli, magram ìmaTac unda dasWirdeT es Zeglebi, xolo

ro dasWirdeT, unda iqcnen saTamaSoda sxva qveynisai~ (58. 194).

anZa, am SemTxvevaSi, mTliani mxatvruli qsovilis Semadgeneli

nawilia. igi mravlismxilvelia: `ra namyoo, ra awmyoo~ _ drosa da

ubedurebis xasiaTs amTlianebs TiTqos.

uRirsi saqcielis Camdens `winapris saflavidan amomgdebs~

uwodebdnen Zveli qarTvelebi. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi am uRirsobiT

gamoirCa: `mogruxunoben kuboebi mTawmindisai. awydebian erTimeoresa... aq

ro wamebiT ganvles wuTisofeli, ar ekmarebaT TiTqosao, saflavebidanac

wamouyriaT~ (58. 195). gaveSebula dro, tyvia gamxdara samociqulo ena

ZmaTa Soris, am yvelafris ukan rusuli Zala dgas. 9 aprilsac rom

`xvneSodnen galeSili rusi mxedrebi...~ da `gaeSalaT da trialebda zeda

ulmobeli kevri. eSmakis kevri eSmakis kalozeda... eSmakis kevri eSmakis

kalozeda...

igive kaloa. igive kevri.

eSmakic igivea. xerxia uaresi. TviTonve gvlewavda aqamdisa, axla

gvalewinebs erTmaneTsa...~ (58. 273).

es aris gansxvaveba 1921 wlisa da XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis

movlenebs Soris: maSin gvlewavdnen, Semdeg gvalewines erTmaneTi.

romani `TeTri daTvi~ TviTon avtoris mier ase aris daxasiaTebuli:

ès trilogiis erT-erTi wignia, romelic gamoxatavs Cveni saukunis 90-

iani wlebis viTarebas saqarTveloSi... gamoxatavs gamZvinvarebas rusuli

imperializmisa, imis gamo, saqarTvelo ro ecleba xelidana, _ kavkasia




- - 25

ecleba, _ kavkasia ecleba; gamoxatavs gamZvinvarebas rusuli

imperializmisa da qarTvel gamcemTa Tanadgomas gaxelebuli

imperiisadmi~ (60. 3).

am romanSi `garegan-Sinagani~ mizezebiT ufskrulis piras mdgari

saqarTvelo aris daxatuli, misi erTguli Tu moRalate SvilebiT;

saqarTvelos mtrobaSi gamocdili imperiis xrikebiT, aboboqrebuli

borotebiT ruseTi erTia da gaumaZRari, `borotebis mze iq amodis, Savi

mze, amodis ar Cadis, Tu Cava, msoflio amoisunTqebs~ (60. 37). aseTia

mwerliseuli Sefaseba.

sainteresoa metafora `Savi mze~. imperiul suls TviT naTeli

STaunTqavs, mzis sibnele apokalipsuri niSania TiTqos da am Savi mzis

Casvenebis molodniSia TviT msoflio. mwerali yuradRebas amaxvilebs

istoriul sinamdvileze, rom am imperiis geslis nTxeva yvelaze mZimed

saqarTvelos awydeboda yovelTvis. `da trabaxobda Cibuxosani: yvelaze

meti yvelgan Cemianebi myavdao, cimbiris katorRebSicao, germaniasTan

omSicao. amas moiTxovda diadi mizani~ (60. 55). mizez-Sedegobriv

mTlianobaSi, istoriuli, maradmedini drois sinamdvileSi gvixatavs

mwerali ruseTs, mis moZalade, momxveWel bunebas. gviCvenebs, rom

`rusul imperiul politikas dRemde ar Seucvlia meTodebi. imaTi

kulturuli megobroba dResac `rusuli iaraRis~ niRabia da sxva

araferi~ (83. 101). ase iyo, ase aris.

`TeTr daTvSi~ oTar CxeiZisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `dauTmobeli

realizmiT~ ixateba samoqalaqo omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos yofa,

afxazeTis dakargva, elcin-SevardnaZis politika, am politikaSi brma

iaraRad gamoyenebuli adamianebi. am omSic Seteva saxeldebulia ase: `po

kitovanski!~ ifxoreba kitovani. erTi savarZeli aRara hyofnis~.

`sifarToe nebavs siguasac, mklavebi ro gaSalos, klanWebic aekrifos

asafrenada...~ (60. 76).

prezidentis gandevnis Semdgomi dro axali ubedurebiT, afxazeTis

omiT, aris daRdasmuli: `gaugebari omi movlenodaT, gaugebari,

gaugonari, ro ver miatoveb Sen miwa-wyalsa, _ amas gaigeb raRa Tqma

unda, oRond Tu ratom Senc ar Seutev, roca giteven, roca gebrZvian,

Senc rad ar ibrZvi, omi rocaa, rad ar ambob, ratom dgaxar

pirdaRebuli, rada nadgurdebi ubrZolvelada~ (60. 70).




- - 26

oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi aseTi piruTvnelobani moulodneli ar

aris. mniSvnelovania, rom aq srul TanxmobaSia mxatvruli sistemis

elementTa dakavSirebis xerxebi.

ritorikuli SeZaxili itevs Wirisuflis mZafr tkivils, mematianis

mamxileblu susxs da mowodebasac mamulis dasacavad.

axal dros axali formis dampyrobeli mouvlenia elcinis ruseTis

saxiT: èrT gojsac mainc aravis davuTmobTo. ai, prezidenti:

barciburcobs da mtkiced acxadebs, droc imisia, miwac imisi. droca.

sivrceca~ (60. 82).

afxazeTis gaugebar oms gaugebari mdinareba aqvs: prezidentebi

samSvidobo SeTanxmebebs deben, ganiaraRebul qarTvelebs rusis iaraRs

uSenen, generlebi momravldnen, omi gamocdil strategiebs iTxovs,

dairRva mizez-Sedegobriv movlenaTa jaWvi.

TiTqos rTulia am niuansebis detaluri gamorkveva: `vin uwyis Tu

sada, vin uwyis Tu rodisa...~ magram umTavresia TeTri daTvi _ ruseTi,

romelmac tori daado afxazeTs.

`daTvi Tu gaeSmakda, melasac Caiyvans mdinareze, wyals ar

daalevinebs, ise amoiyvanso~ (60. 86). es gamWvirvale simboloebi

mwerlisTvis mxatvruli qargaa, Torem is ar erideba konkretuli

politikosebis gapersonaJebas nawarmoebebSi. es misi poziciac aris da

mwerluri stilic.

TeTri daTvi da TeTri mela nacnobi simboloebia _ elcini da

SevardnaZe. romanSi daxatulia, Tu ra axelebs TeTr daTvs: kavkasia ar

unda dakargos. exmianeba, moZRvravs, geslianad aSinebs kidec

saqarTvelos, azerbaijans, somxeTs.

mwerali Tavisi diskursiT amxels uzneo politikosTa qmedebis

sibilwes, veragobas, damaqcevel Zalas: “TviTonve TamaSobs daTvi, anu

aTamaSebs aq afsuebsa, iq osebsa. gamoglijeT es saTamaSo xelidana da

daenarcxeba~ (60. 183).

afsuebi da osebi TeTri daTvis xelSi saTamaSoebad qceulan, TviT

saqarTvelo ki ikortneba: `beRura Caegdo arwivsa, ZenZavda niskartiTa,

brWyalebiTa ZenZavda~ (60. 143).

es arwivi orTaviania, zRaprisTvisac uCveulo, magram ruseTis mier

damangrevel Zalad movlenili.




- - 27

oTar CxeiZe arasodes iziarebda azrs ori ruseTis Sesaxeb. misTvis

ruseTi yovelTvis iyo ngrevis qveyana, `borotebis saxelmwifo~, `TeTri

daTvi~, ukidegano stepebidan kavkasiis nebiT gamoRebul karebidan

Semosuls, yvelaferi rom unda miengr-moengria, qarTuli sulis

geografiuli landSaftis CaTvliT, simaRleebi moesworebina da ganegrZo

gza konstantinepolisken~ (23. 145).

òTar CxeiZes Tavisi gza aqvs, Tavisi erovnuli saxe, Tavisi

Canafiqri da samwerlo stili~ (83. 94). mas msxverpli aqvs gaRebuli

sityvis _ logosis erTgulebisTvis. mxatvrul quraSi gamotarebuli aqvs

eris Wir-varami, marTali mwerlis marTali sityviT damkvidrebuls

avsityvani eqiSpebian da samkvidros Wirisufalni Tayvans scemen. am mxriv

aris gamorCeuli oTar CxeiZe qarTul mwerlobaSi. misi `saWirvel gza~

nebayoflobiT arCeuli misiis _ mematianobis _ nayofia. maTes saxarebis

am muxlSi frazas: `viwro ars bWei~ Teofilaqte bulgareli ase

ganmartavs: ùfali viwro bWeSi gansacdelebs gulisxmobs, rogorc

nebayoflobiTs, ise iZulebiTsac~ (34. 64). am gzis erTguleba uflis mier

xeldasxmas moiTxovs.

mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi principi, sulismieri gza aris ara

aRzevebulis, aramed WeSmaritebis erTguleba. es aris erTguleba ara

mxolod erovnuli TviTmyofadobisa da cnobierebisa, aramed

zogadkacobriulisa, radgan `namdvili literatura nacionaluri

xasiaTidan gamomdinare Rrmavdeba da izrdeba zogadkacobriulisken,

yalbi literatura ki fsevdokacobriulidan gzas veRar ikvlevs veRarc

nacionaluri niadagisken, amdenad, uniadago da ususuri rCeba yvela

sferoSi~ (14. 549).

`Seufaravi realizmis~ mxedars gamorCeul sulier simtkicesTan

erTad gamorCeuli samwerlo stilic axasiaTebs, romelzedac kamaTi

aTwleulebis winaT daiwyo. mwerlis Tavisebur damokidebulebas

sityvisadmi erTgvar `braldebadac~ iyenebdnen Cekisturi kritikis

TavdasxmebSi.

1958 wels wiTeli kritika gaerTianda oTar CxeiZis `meCeCis~

winaaRmdeg.

es iyo sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi, magram `rbeva-dawiokeba~ mwerals

arc postsabWoTa periodSi dahklebia, radgan misi SemoqmedebiTi




- - 28

principia: `vinc ara hgavs kaxabersa, me ver vityvi kaxaberad~. miuxedavad

kritikosTagan ganxorcielebuli ieriSisa Tu sikvdil-sicocxlis

zRvarze dgomisa, jiutad miuyveba erTxel arCeul gzas, rac

renegatTaTvis namdvili dabrkolebaa.

mwerlis mimarT agresia gamZafrda XX saukunis miwurulsa da

Semdgom periodSi, zemoT aRniSnuli trilogiis Semdeg. romanebSi

vxvdebiT personaJebs, romelTac xSirad igive saxelebi hqviaT, rac

cxovrebaSi. Cven gverdiT arian, saqmianoben, agrZeleben keTilsa Tu av

saqmeebs. mwerali ki myarad dgas poziciaze _ `vazis mrgvelTan is ar

vaqo, vinc mis nacvlad ZeZvi dargo~ (d. guramiSvili).

bunebrivia, mas ar dahklebia winaaRmdegoba Tavisi personaJebisagan:

CinianTa Tu uCinoTagan, CveulebrivTa Tu gamoCenilTagan, magram mwerals

ar SeuZlia ase ar weros, igi wers `Tavis Tanamedrove, ase Znel, eklian,

gzidan acdenil cxovrebaze~ (83. 25).

wers mariliani eniT (`marili ewoda, rameTu Cveni suli

sarwmunoebis da RvTis msaxurebis surneliT Seazava~) da qomagobs

ganjgonebulTagan mitovebul, gaubedurebul, gaRatakebul enas.

mxatvruli dinamika amTlianebs enis madls mowyvetilTa

fsiqologiur portrets da epoqis naklulevanebas arsis erTgulebaSi.

oTar CxeiZis enobrivi samyaro `marTlac sxva samyaroa, misi sityvac

sxva sityvaa, gamorCeuli intonaciis mqone. raRaciT morevs hgavs: mTis

mdinares, ufro morevs, Tuki briyvulad gauTamamdebi, fskeramde

dagitans, iqve dagtovebs, magram Tuki am samyarosTan misvlis survils

goniereba, gamocdileba, ostatobac axlavs, uxilav Sreebs dainaxav, am

saidumloebebsac eziarebi, mxolod avtorisTvis rom aris naTeli,

gasagebi~ (naira gelaSvili).

am samyarosTan misasvleli gza upirvelesad siyvarulia imisa, rasac

Zvel kolxeTSi `Surobumu~ (sulis savane) _ samSoblo uwodes da

siyvaruli simarTlisa. mas mxolod rainduli Rirsebis mqone mwerlebi

emsaxurebian.

sityva mwerlisaTvis masalaa qmnadobis procesSi, amave dros, Zalaa

STagonebisTvis. oTar CxeiZe ambobs: `sityvebia Cemi fiqrebi. melodiebic

Cemi sityvebia. azric sityvebia raRa Tqma unda... Cems Tvalwin sityvebi

moferadebula, Cems yurSi sityvebi RuRuneben...~ (60. 71). am ferebsa da




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azrebs mwerali mxatvrul-dokumenturi qronikebis Sesaqmnelad iyenebs.

es is ferebi da azrebia, romelic eZleva Semoqmeds zeciuri madliT,

eZleva gasaxmianeblad, radgan mwerlis sinamdvileSi àiria ro ferebica,

yvelaferi ro airia, xmebica, sityvebica, sacodavi sityvebi. saxiobanni

qarTulni, saiT ro erekebian, veRar ro gaigeb~ (iqve).

Seryvnilia sityva, `saxierebanni qarTulni~... petre iberis

areopagetikis mixedviT, saxiereba uflis saxelia, brZola `qarTuli

saxierebis~ winaaRmdeg mocemuli konteqstiT aRiqmeba, rogorc jansaRi

rwmeniTi cnobierebis, erovnuli TviTSegnebis winaaRmdeg brZola.

sityvis mistikuri Zala warmoCenilia romanSi `morCili~: `sityva iyo

Seni Zal-Ronei. sityviT gadiodi. sityviT igeriebdi. sityva

dagiClungda...~ (64. 239).

oTar CxeiZis Txrobas axasiaTebs gameoreba, rogorc garkveuli

mizandasaxulobiT gamoyenebuli stilisturi xerxi. Tumca zogma es

mxolod ubralo tavtologiad miiCnia, magram vfiqrobT, es zustad

mignebuli mxatvruli xerxia mkiTxvelTan dasaaxloeblad da, amave

dros, mwerals verayolili mkiTxvelis erTgvari gamocdacaa.

Semoqmeds erTnairi ostatobiT SeuZlia sityvamravloba (grZlad

Tqma) da sityvis moWrac: `me iqve gaxldi drosTan gaxldi. me aras

macdidnen. an vis ras acdidnen?!. vin iyvnen, rani iyvnen?.. medrovenio,

gipasuxeben. droni. medroveni. udroo. drouli. drouli. drogasuli.

saadrio. udroudroo. droze. droze maSin iTqmis, roca gikrZalaven~ (60.

15).

TiToeuli sityva gviristiT ekvris momdevnos da warmoaCens mwerlis

SemoqmedebiT pozicias.

oTar CxeiZes edavebodnen, cxel kvalze movlenebis Sefaseba

naCqareviao, magram simarTlisTvis uryevi brZola adasturebs simarTlis

aRweras maSin, roca amis gamo safrTxe realuria.

saintereso mosazreba gamoqveynda, gazeT `Cvens mwerlobaSi~,

distanciis Teoriis Sesaxeb. aq ganxilulia suliskveTeba da Sinaarsi

poziciisa: `jer Sefasdes yvelaferi da mereRa aRiweros mxatvrulado~.

werilSi daxasiaTebulia sabWouri periodis distanciis Teoria,

roca barbarosuli reJimis xotbas moiTxovdnen, mwerals Tavdacvis

iaraRad hqonda momarjvebuli: `jer dro gavides, ufro kargad




- - 30

gamoikveTos axali reJimis sikeTeebi, mis mier motanili bedniereba da

mxolod maSin SeiZleba jerovnad mivuzRaT qeba da dideba, mxolod

maSin SeiZleba Sesaferisi mxatvruli tilo mivusadagoT axal-axal

gamarjvebebso~ (71. 174).

Tu im dros distanciis Teoria giliotinisa da eSafotisgan

droebiT gamoridebas niSnavda, dRes is ùRirsobaa da sxva araferio~, -

vkiTxulobT werilSi.

msjelobis daskvniTi nawili logikuri kiTxvebiT mTavrdeba: `vai,

mwerlis Rirsebav! vin unda Segifasos politikuri movlenebi – TviTon

politikosebma? maT nasufrals unda dasjerde? maT unda miando

cxovrebis tragikuli Tu dramatuli Sinaarsis amocnoba da mxolod

mxatvrul qsovilze fiqri ikmaro? maT unda mianebo yvelafrisTvis

saxelebis darqmeva?~ (iqve)

mwerlis bediswerad gaxmianebul, Semoqmedis sajildao qvad

aRsaqmel am maradiul kiTxvebs oTar CxeiZem mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiT

upasuxa: `droze maSin iTqmis, roca gikrZalaven!~

ukvirda mwerals: romanis siuJeti xom avtoriseulia, yvelaferi

danarCeni ki foni. eris mesityves foni sWirdeba da marTali kalami.

movlenebis danaxvas dokumentebi ki ara, mwerlis sulieri Tvali unda.

`gana ra dokumentebi sWirdeba mweralsa imis dasaxatada, rasac ro

Sehyurebs sakuTari TvaliTa?! mweralze ukeTesad an vin dainaxavs an ra

dokumenti iqneba ufro utyuari~ (72. 2).

oTar CxeiZis trilogiis mxatvruli koncefcia da dokumenturi foni

qmnis Seziarebul mTlianobas, romelic amarTlebs mwerlis

gadawyvetilebas _ werdes movlenebis kvaldakval. `RmerTi cad iyo,

yaCaRi miwaze, codva-madli miwaze buRraobda~ (60. 242). am codva – madls

mweralma unda daarqvas saxeli.

romanebSi erTgvari novelisturi stiliT aris saTqmeli

gaxmianebuli. yuradRebas iqcevs `Txrobis tempi~. meti adgili eTmoba

scenas (movlenaTa gadmocema), mosalodneli elifsis nacvlad

aqcentirebulia `TvalTaxedva~ _ mwerlis mier iqmneba `xedvis kuTxe~,

romlis saSualebiTac gadmoicema movlenebi da gancdebi.

wuTisoflis kanonzomiereba; bnelisa da naTlis monacvleoba `TeTr

daTvSi~ ase daixata: àrc cxovrebaa sxva araferi, svaneTis mTebic sxva




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araferia. aRmarTi. daRmarTi. aRmarTi. daRmarTi. rac unda ecado, sadRac

mainc mogicurdeba fexi, aRmarTi ar aris aRmarTi, daRmarTi

ukuRmarTiao. gamocanacaa. enis gasatexicaa...~ (60. 111)

pirveli citata axasiaTebs ùmadlo Jams~ kanonieri mTavrobis

gandevnis Semdeg, meore _ alegoriuli metyvelebiT aRwers afxazeTis

daTmobis tragedias, TiTqos gamocanad qceul gaugebar oms da mis

Sedegs.

aq TiToeuli sityva myar adgilzea gamokveTili da Tavis funqcias

asrulebs. am fragmentSi daxatulia dapirispirebulobis kanoni

wuTisofelSi. mwerlisTvis xatva da wera SoriSors ar dgas. TiToeuli

sityva saWiro feria, romlis ugulebelyofa daakninebda naxats.

`mxatvroba mxolod xatva ar aris, xatva sityvaa, xatva mkacri

sinamdvilea, ucnaurobacaa iseTi, ise ganuzomeli, abstraqcionistebic

ro ver miswvdebian~ (60. 131).

magaliTad: `daefSxaleba saxei qeTevansa, gamxdari, gamomSrali,

monazvnuri saxei, aefSxvneba, daefSxaleba, daemarcvleba. msuqan saxeze

sxvagvarad iTqmis, aezilebao. aRarsad iyo aseTi saxeebi~ (59. 128). arc

erTi feri (sityva) zedmeti ar aris, TiToeuli maTgani qmnis im

mTlianobas, fizikuris garda, sulieris aRqmaSi rom gexmareba.

zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis damxobis, afxazeTis dacemis

Semdgomi saqarTvelo aseTia: `sisxli. win sisxli. ukan sisxli. sisxli.

sisxli. usazRvro, aurwyavi, gaumaZRari miwaca, wyali ver aZRobs

daSaSrulsa, gamxurvalebulsa, ver amwyurvalebs, oflic veRar. sisxlic

TuRa moiTqvams sulsa... da saqarTveloc udabno iqneboda, sisxliT ro

ar gajerebuliyo~ (60. 115). TiToeul sityvas gulis SeZvris, sulieri

Tanaziarebis, tragediis Rrmad gancdis funqcia ekisreba. TiToeuli

sityva da maTi wertilebiT (da ara mZimeebiT) gamoyofa cvlis mwerlis

liriul CarTvas siuJetis mdinarebaSi. wertilsac mxatvruli funqcia

ekisreba saTqmelis siRrmiseul gacnobierebaSi.

oTar CxeiZe fugisebr variacebs qmnis. igi flobs sityvas, igonebs,

ixsenebs, qmnis (aukvirveli, daefSxala, barciburci, acqacucqaobs,

gandaganobs, bankobiana, prezidentobiana...).

am romanebSi sityva epoqis xasiaTsac gamoxatavs. ènac moqargula,

aSvebula moqarguli enai. eSmakis ena aSvebula, qargavs siavesa,




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simaxinjesa qargavs~ (58. 101). ase gvamzadebs mwerali im ubedurebisTvis,

samoqalaqo omis saxiT rom daatyda qveyanas; `dahRupes qveyanaca,

erTmaneTica~.

sxvadasxva romanSi mimobneulia sityvamnadobisa da

sityvaTSeTanxmebis uamravi nimuSi, romelic mkiTxvels TvalSi xvdeba

gansakuTrebulobis niSniT.

oTar CxeiZe enis siwmindis modarajea, igi sityvis salaroSi

mSobliuri siTamamiT daabijebs da sakuTari xelweriTac adasturebs

qarTuli enis siRrmesa da simdidres. igi sabWoTa sinamdvilis burusidan

moemarTeba marTali sityviT. roca vmsjelobT mis SemoqmedebiT gzaze, _

sityvaqmnadobaze, enisadmi damokidebulebaze, viRebT sulier tvirTs,

siames, radgan àrsad ar aisaxeba xolme ise mZafrad da STambeWdavad

epoqis suli, xasiaTi, yvela misi damaxasiaTebeli niSani Tu Tviseba,

rogorc WeSmariti mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi~ (83. 67), sadac sityva dro-

sivrculi mikromodelia xiluli Tu uxilavi aspeqtis gaazrebiT.

swored am funqciiTa da TvisebiT qmnis mxatvruli nawarmoebi epoqis

suls.

drosivrcul mTlianobas baxtini `qronotops~ uwodebs

(momdinareobs berZnulidan: `qronos~ _ dro, `topos~ _ sivrce).

qronotopi moiazrebs literaturul teqstsa da garesamyaros Soris

arsebul Rrma kavSirs, es ki Tavis mxriv, kvleviTi interesis mraval

aspeqts gulisxmobs: mxatvruli nawarmoebis Janri: ìstoriuli dro-

sivrcisa da istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani pirovnebebis sinTezi, agreTve

mxatvruli drois, sivrcisa da personaJebis maTTan SeTavsebis procesi~

(27. 63) da a.S.

qronotopuli TvalsazrisiT, oTar CxeiZis trilogia ganixileba

istoriis warmosaCenad mxatvruli teqstis doneze, am procesSi mwerali

sityvas akisrebs drosivrculi mikromodelis funqcias, kerZod,

trilogiaSi asaxuli epoqis suli, Rirebulebebisadmi personaJebis

damokidebuleba mJRavndeba sityvisadmi xalxisa Tu mTavrobis

damokidebulebiT. mwerali gvaZlevs sulier – esTetikur sazrdos Tavisi

nawarmoebebiT, romlebSic teqstualuri signalebi kodirebulia sityvis

ZalaSi. movlenis arssac rom xsnis da sulier simebsac mignebulad




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exeba. (mag. `daiklakna, daizniqa, daigrixa, rogorc ram Jini maradiuli

wyurvilisa, sisxlis wyurvilisa~ (63. 302).

enis simrTele erovnuli cnobierebis sijansaRea. sityva Tu

`galizRebulia~ (Seuracxyofilia, dakninebulia, aRar fxizlobs,

modunebulia), viTareba sagangaSoa, cxadia: simrTeles avadoba sZalavs.

`sakvirveli ara aris ra imaSi, rom purs, romelsac madianad Seeqceva

janmrTeli kaci, ris vaivaglaxiT ReWavs sasamtkivani; naTeli, esoden

saamo saRi TvalisTvis, autanelia sneulisaTvis~ (34. 152).

am WeSmaritebis asaxvaa oTar CxeiZis Semoqmedeba. sityva mis

SemoqmedebiT salaroSi drosivrculi mikromodelia, yofierebis samive

dro rom gaumTlianebia: warsuli – sityva arsismieri uxilavi Zala da

madli, awmyo – dakninebul sinamdvileSi sityva `galizRebula~, momavali

– gadarCena sityvis erTgulebas moiTxovs.

romanebis kvlevisas mwerlis diskursi sityvis funqciis, misi

idumalebisadmi zogadi damokidebulebis daxasiaTebiT qmnis drois

niSniT daRdasmul suraTs erovnuli cnobierebis umTavresi Zalis-enis.

daskvnis saxiT aq jemal qarCxaZis frazac gamogvadgeboda: èna aris

adamianobis ganxorcielebis specifikuri piroba, an-Tu xatovnebas

varCevT - RvTiv daniSnuli megzuri adamianis daniSnulebis gzaze~ (85).

amgvarad, oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumentur qronikebSi sityva aris:

a) adamianis arsismieri sijansaRisadmi damokidebulebis gamovlenis

forma.

b) drosivrculi mikromodeli, romelic asaxavs qarTveli eris

sulier-xorciel rRvevas.

g) Zala, romelsac mwerlis SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli

funqcia aqvs.




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b) realobis transformacia mxatvrul teqstSi

realobis transformacia xelovanisagan arsebulisa da Seqmnilis

sinTezur struqturas moiTxovs. `mxolod is teqsti iqceva Sedevrad,

romlis warmomqmnel warmosaxvebsa da maTi konstruirebis, maTi

struqturizmebis xelovnebas aqvs Zlieri Sinagani sayrdeni an garedan

SemoWrili mtanjveli signalebi suls Zirianad Searyeven~ (27. 285).

oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozis SemTxvevaSi Zlieri

Sinagani sayrdeni aris mwerlis sulieri wyoba, moqalaqeobriv-

SemoqmedebiTi gambedaoba, xolo `garedan SemoWrili mtanjveli

signalebi~ imperiul-komunistur da `demokratiuli~ ruseTis

saqarTvelosadmi damokidebulebis gamo ar dahklebia mwerals.

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan, bolSevikur-komunisturi Jamis

jojoxeTur sinamdvileSi ufro mZime iyo marTal adamianTa, marTal

xelovanTa xvedri: àmaTi mware xvedri saerTo tragediasac aireklavda

da ufro dawyevlilic imitom moCans, rom ulmobeli politikuri reJimis

sruli Zlevamosilebis xanaSi mouwiaT cxovrebis asparezze gamosvla...

gamosvlac da zed Senarcxebac~ (69. 170).

es tragikuli Jami Tanamdevi gaxda mwerlisTvis, mere TviT reJimis

transformirebas dauxvda WeSmariti Semoqmedis alRoTi, SemarTebiT da

asaxa ruseTis _ `moyvare mtris~ mravalplaniani saxe.

oTar CxeiZis mTavari gmiri `realobaa~, romelic transformacias

ganicdis mxatvrul teqstSi da mravalgvari niRbiT gvevlineba. Tumca

yvelaze xSirad mainc uniRbod gamodis asparezze, asaxavs erTmorwmune

ruseTTan saqarTvelos iZulebiT-bedisweruli urTierTobis xasiaTsa da

Sedegebs.

`RvTismSoblis wilxvdomili saqarTvelo I saukunidanve eziara

WeSmarit naTels. yvela Cveni kulturuli Tu sxva sulieri saunje,

romelic qarTvelma erma Seqmna, yvelaferi dafuZnebulia qristianul

sarwmunoebaze~ (49. 179).

yofierebisa da sulierebis sayrdeni da ganmsazRvreli jvarcmuli

RmerTis erTguleba iyo. ruseTTan urTierTobis arCevans erTmorwmuneoba

daedo erT-erT safuZvlad.




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ruseT-saqarTvelos araTanabarxmovani politikuri urTierTobis

mizezi `TvisebaTa sxvaoba~ iyo, amitomac mizanmimarTuli brZola

ruseTisa qarTuli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg; eklesiis, siwmindeebis,

erovnuli Rirebulebebis xelyofa Cveulebrivi movlena iyo erTmorwmune

ruseTisgan.

mravlismetyvelia kaTalikos-patriarq kalistrate cincaZis mogoneba:

ègzarqos paladis `ganmanaTlebluri~ zrunvis Sedegad, eklesia,

romelSic jvari daiwera Tamar mefem (1215 w.) da iveriis RvTismSoblis

saxelze akurTxes, iqca yazanis eklesiad~ (2. 38), radgan egzarqosma

CaTvala, rom swored es eklesia unda yofiliyo yazanis RvTismSoblis

saxelobisa, ruseTisa da imperatoris ojaxis pativsacemad.

ra keTil saqmeebs aRasrulebda paladi, romelic, pirvel rigSi,

iveriis RvTismSoblis xats daupirispirda (Caanacvla) da wmindanad

Seracxuli mefis nakvalevis waSla moindoma... arc SeCerebula aq:

`sinodis kantoris saxeliT gankarguleba gasca, qarTuli saxelebi

berZnul-rusuliT SeecvalaT da daejarimebinaT is mRvdlebi, romlebic

bavSvebs qarTveli wmindanebis saxels arqmevdnen” (iqve).

ruseTma saqarTvelo guberniebad da òkrugebad~ dayo, gaauqma

eklesiis avtokefalia (`sjulis erTobiT~ movida TiTqos...).

qarTuli eklesia yvela SesaZlo gzas eZebda avtokefaliis

aRsadgenad. eri drtvinavda.

gazeT `mwyemsis~ 1905 wlis merve nomerSi gamoqveynda ruseTis

imperatorisadmi mimarTva, romelSic qarTuli eklesia da guberniaTa

Tavad-aznauroba iTxovdnen: `qarTveli eris dawynarebisa da

ganviTarebisaTvis erTaderTi saSualeba is aris, rom saqarTvelos,

romelic Sesdgeba tfilisisa da quTaisis guberniebisagan, baTumis,

soxumisa da zaqaTalas olqebisagan, mieniWos ufleba Tavisi Sinauri

saqmeebi ganagos~ (32. 2).

sityva `saqarTvelo~ imperiam gaauqma.

Tundac raRac formiT qveynis saxeldebis dakanoneba aucilebeli

iyo avtokefaliis aRsadgenad.

iakob gogebaSvili jansaRi cnobierebis TavisTavadobis aRdgenis

aucileblobaze saubrisas miuTiTebda: àmis erTaderTi uebro wamali

gaxlavT esreT wodebuli avtokefalia saqarTvelos eklesiis, romelsac




- - 36

erT mxriv da mxned moiTxovs mTeli samRvdeloeba aqeTa da iqiTa

saqarTvelosi~ (iqve).

1917 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba ruseTis

samoqalaqo mTavrobam aRadgina, magram am mTavrobam axali gansacdeli

mouvlina qarTvelTa samkvidros da es 1921 wlidan Tanamdev ubedurebad

eqca.

mezobel qveynebs sisxlisa da Tavisuflebis fasad daujdaT

avadmyofuri TviTdajereba da momxveWluri buneba imperiuli ruseTisa.

enaRvlebaT `dampyrobluri sisxli, damyrobluri sisxli,

samSoblosaTvis TavganwirulTa sisxli arad miuCanT, arc warsulisa,

arc dRevandeli~ (3. 212). es tkiviliani daskvna am qveynis zogad bunebasa

da saxelmwifoebriv principze oTar CxeiZem gaaxmiana, rac erTgvarad

ajamebs 22 wignad ametyvelebul matianis rkals, `rusobiT~ dawyebul

ubedurebas rom asaxavs saqarTvelosi.

publicisturi werili, `mravaltanjuli ruseTi~, saTauridanve

cxadyofs mwerlis SemoqmedebiT princips: `Seufaravi realizmiT~

mxileba, sarkazmis ar darideba ubedurebisaTvis namdvili saxelis

dasadebad.

àx, es mravaltanjuli ruseTi!...

oxraven rusi demokratebi~ (65. 206).

ase iwyeba werili da oTar CxeiZe gvixatavs ruseTs, romelic am

amogodebamde sxva mrwamsiT gamsWvaluliyo _ ès iyo ruseTi erTiani,

progresuli, sanimuSo CamorCenili dasavleTisa, aRmosavleTisa,

sruliad msofliosi...

jer arc araferi gaegoT uaxloesi da WeSmariti civilizaciisa~

(iqve).

`bednieri socialisturi epoqa~ SesaSur TviTrwmenaze iyo

damkvidrebuli, magram es ver aRudga win kanonzomier Sedegs: `cru

ideologiaze damyarebuli Zaladoba roca iqneboda,daemxoboda~ (65. 207).

JamTa svla TiTqos raRacas cvlida rusuli saxelmwifos

yofierebaSi, sistemaSi, magram sulier wyobaSi kodirebuli imperiuli

zraxvani mainc uSlis marTlWvretas: ìmperializmi sulia misi da

demokratizmmac warsulSic amitom ver ixeira ruseTSi. warsulSic




- - 37

uWirda da axlac uWirs. rusuli demokratizmi yovelTvis SezRuduli

gaxldaT....

ra axali ideologiac ar unda SemoetanaT dasavleTidan, ruseTSi

usaTuod imperiis qargze unda moWriliyo~ (65. 208).

imperiuli suli, ìmperiul qargaze~ moWrili aris siaxle

borotebis sxvadasxva saxiT gamovlenil mexTatexaSi.

mwerlis analitikur diskursSi mravalmniSvnelovnad JRers refreni:

àx, es mravaltanjuli ruseTi!..~

axsnilia ubedurebis, tanjvis mizezi: `TviT haeric rom Zarcvis

JiniT gaWeqila da damZimebula~ (3. 209) es vneba TviT literaturasac ver

dauZlevia: `poezia rom poeziaa, rusuli poezia, mTlianad rusuli

literatura imperializmis suliskveTebiT gaJRenTila~ (iqve).

epoqebis Sesabamisad TiTqos saxecvlil ruseTs aqvs saerTo niSani-

imperiuli suli. swored am mizeziT iqca ruseTi `moyvare mtris~ saxed

qarTul sinamdvileSi. erTmorwmuneobis faqtiT vcdilobT `moyvris~

iluziuri xatebis Seqmnas; Cveni qveynis mimarT ruseTis miznebi ki

usastikesi mtrobis dasturi iyo mudam. `da swored esaa vneba ruseTisa _

imperia, rusuli imperia, vneba sazRvars gadasuli Tu ar vityviT,

paTologiamdis misulio, vneba, rac rom yvelas aerTianebs ruseTSi, ra

politikuri, ra filosofiuri Tu ideologiuri moZRvrebis mimdevaric

ar unda iyos~ (65. 208.)

oTar CxeiZem ruseTis mier xelyofili saqarTvelos yvela tkivili

miitana mkiTxvelamde. arada, ruseTis imperiis wyalobiT, tragikuli

TariRebi ar aklia saqarTvelos istoriis furclebs.

1801 weli samefo taxtis gauqmeba (rusi an garusebuli mefisnacvali

mefis nacvlad).

`saqarTvelos samefos gauqmeba ilia WavWavaZesTan istoriuli

Tanmimdevrobis radikalur gawyvetas niSnavs da esqatologiur

katastrofas utoldeba~ (65. 208).

1921 weli _ rusuli wiTeli reJimis mier damxobili Tavisufleba.

1924 weli _ mTavrobis gareSe darCenili kanonieri jaris oficris,

qaquca ColoyaSvilis, razmis mier saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis cda.

sisxlis kalo kojorsa da tabaxmelaSi.




- - 38

daCoqebuli saqarTvelos winaaaRmdeg barbarosuli represiebiT

brZola.

1991-1993 wlebSi warmoebuli omi erovnuli xelisuflebisa da

qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdeg.

XX saukuneSi ruseTi orjer daesxa Tavs saqarTvelos.

1921 wels, roca ilias mkvleli, sergo orjonikiZe, SemouZRva XI

armias, xalxis Tanadgomis saxeliT mokles saqarTvelos Cvili

Tavisufleba da 1991 wels 21 dekembers, roca daiwyo mkvleloba

Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli moZraobisa.

`matiane qarTlisas~ pirvelive roman `boriaySi~ igrZnoboda, ra

gansacdelic eloda ubagrationebod darCenil qveyanas, `romlis erTgul

SvilTagan erT-erTi, oTar CxeiZe, marto miukerZoebeli mematiane, aRmweri

ki ar aris saukunisa, aramed didi Zala da imedi mkiTxvelisa, Tavisi

adamianuri da mwerluri patiosnebis, WeSmariti literaturis gamo~

(23.168).

`wiTeli WiriT~ saxeldebuli epoqaluri qariSxali ociani wlebisa,

1924 wlis movlenebi da damarcxebuli eris wiaRSi mbJutavi imedis,

barbarosuli devnis ambebi aris gadmocemuli `boriaySi~.

saTaurebisa da epigrafebis mxatvrul-Sinaarsobrivi funqciis

moqceva ideur qargaSi oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebiTi xerxia.

sulxan-sabas mixedviT `bori. boriayi _ xmeli nisli mtvris msgavsi~

(43. 110).

boriays qarTli moucavs, sityvis warmoTqmasac xels uSlis, Zala

moukrebia uCveulod: `boriayi iyalyeboda zeviT-zeviTa, iweweboda,

ifutkneboda zeviT da kidev zeviTa. brWyvialebda mxurvale mzeze

ufrodaufro, zeviT-zeviTa~ (62. 17).

mzes Secilebuli boriayi ùmadlo Jamis~ metaforaa, 1924 wlis

agvistos tragediis nayofia; xanZars rom misces bunebis qmnili

Tavisufleba erisa da `maRla wasuliyo zeca agvistosi, sul maRla,

maRla, iqamdis aRwevda ali~ (62. 330).

miwaze ganxorcielebuli ubedureba zecas SehRaRadebda umowyalod

daRvrili sisxliTa da cas miweuli aliT, darbeuli eklesiebiTa da

Seuracxyofili sasuliero pirebiT, magram yvelafers gadamTielTa




- - 39

xiSti ganagebda. romanSi es tragikuli sinamdvile tragediis Tanaziaris

xedviT aris aRwerili.

apokalifsuri movlenis darad gviCvena mweralma erTmorwmune

qveynidan `Semoseuli jaris~ mier feriscvalebis taZris darbeva,

sasuliero pirebisa da mrevlis Seuracxyofa, `wayvana” (rac, umetes

SemTxvevaSi, daxvretas niSnavda) feriscvalebis dResawaulze.

am saSineli epizodis gadmocemisas mwerlis Taviseburi stili

gansakuTrebul ritmsa da simZafres moirgebs sityvaTATamaSiTa da

wertilebis mizanmimarTuli siuxviT. mZimea Txroba. siuJetis mdinarebis

garda, am simZimes moulodneli wertilic usvams xazs: `SeafurTxeTo

ubrZanes, iWyvireT. SeafurTxeTo. ubrZanebdnen. ubrZanebdnen.

erTmorwmuneni. kaxTbatonebs Tu rogorc rom sjerodaT, rogorc

ajerebdnen mTlad saqarTvelosa. erTmorwmunenio da grialebda

dafdafebica. iq isini uvlidnen galavansa, buqniT uvlidnen, boriayiT

uvlidnen, CivaCivaTi, aq eseni icemdnen TavSi, icemdnen, icemdnen, da

dafdafebda dafdafebi da Wyviroda jari duJmoreuli, SeSlili jari.

Wyviroda, Wyviroda. ase Caatares. ase gaiyvanes. gainapires. waiyvanes.

waiyvanes... mrevli... pirni sasulieroni... mrevlica mciredi...

waiyvanes eklesiidana. sadResaswaulo wirvidan waiyvanes~ (63. .330).

jaris eqstazuri mdgomareoba eklesiisa da mrevlis darbevisas

garegani gamovlinebaa samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolisa negatiur

kosmopolitizmsa da jansaR erovnul cnobierebas Soris.

am jariT mosul Zalas mweralma àxalmoweseni~ uwoda. maT axali

wesi ganusazRvravT Semoqmedis mier dawesebul maradiul wrebrunvaSi.

yofil klasels rostom itrieli Seaxsenebs: `vin uwyis brunva

wuTisoflisa~, àxalmowese~ amaze dafiqrebasac ar apirebs, `keTil

rCevas~ aZlevs itriels: `simarTle gamarjvebulis mxaresaa da unda

gadadge gamarjvebulis mxaresa, Tu ginda rom simarTles misdio~ (7. 344).

rostom itrieli ìm gorisaa~, Tavdadeba rom SeuZlia Rirseuli

arsebobisTvis, erisTvis, enisTvis. im yvelafrisTvis, àxalmoweseni”

xiStiTa da xanZriT rom ebrZvian.

aseTive rainduli Tavdadeba iyo `boriayis~ Seqmna da gamoqveyneba.

TviT mwerlis mizani ase JRers: ùnda usaTuod gamomeqveynebina

`boriayi~, radgan ro vSiSobdi da aSkarac iyo, ro Clungdeboda Cveni




- - 40

xalxi, Clungdeboda da aireoda, aireoda da gaiTqvifeboda, Seerwymoda,

Tu Seezileboda, rasa Tu visa, raRa saTqmelia, Seezileboda da aRar

exsomeboda, Tu vin iyo, ra iyo, ra gadaetana...~ (63. 370.)

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebiT dawyebuli matianis rkaliT oTar

CxeiZem mravlismetyveli romanebi Seqmna, daxata erovnul sulsa da

cnobierebaSi amoSanTuli tkivilebi, inteleqtualuri Tu fizikuri

Zalis dawreta àxalmoweseTa~ reJimis pirobebSi. mis SemoqmedebiT

samyaroSi mravlad aris cnobierebagaukuRmarTebuli qarTveli, romelic

`rusulad mozeliliyo. rusuli hqonda safeneli. rusulad esmoda 801,

921-ic rusulad esmoda, 24-ca raRa Tqma unda numc gagikvirdeba: 37-ic

rusulad gaego~ (59. 352.)

sulieri dakninebisa da Semgueblobis, monobis tragikulad

gaCveulebrivebis protestia fraza, romelic axasiaTebs qveynis

gulwrfeli Wirisuflis ganwyobas, dabrunebuls rom araferi ar

daxvedria, garda `ngrevisa da gadagvarebisa, ganiadagebuli adamianebisa,

dawixlulisa, dafurTxebulisa, gabriyvebulisa Tu daClungebulisa

iqamdisa, rusuli furTxic rom eamayebodaT~ (59. 352).

cnobili WeSmaritebaa: `yvelaze didi ubedurebaa, Tu ar ici, rom

ubeduri xar~. am ubedurebisagan xsnis Zala aqvs oTar CxeiZis romanebs

qarTveli kacisTvis, aq ipova mkiTxvelma pasuxi monobiT damkvidrebuli

ubedurebis mizezebze, .

wiTel reJims garidebuli grigol robaqiZe Tavisi madliani kalmiT

cdilobda civilizebuli samyarosaTvis daenaxvebina, ra ubedureba

daatyda Tavs saqarTvelos sabWoTa ruseTisgan.

`boriayis~ boloTqmaSi maka joxaZe miuTiTebs: èvropuli

sazogadoeba Tavis droze romaniT `Cakluli suli~ eziara im rTulsa

da umZimes wlebs, im absurdul, gamouval yofasa da simZimes, eWviTa da

undoblobiT gaJRenTil im politikur atmosferos, romelSic es

samoTxisdari qveyana _ saqarTvelo iyo CaTreuli...~ (84. 398)

gr. robaqiZis romani aSiSvlebs bolSevizmis antiadamianur

meTodebs, riTac igi cdilobda jansaRi erovnuli cnobierebis

mokvdinebas da amiT TviTdamkvidrebas.

imperialisturi zraxvebis aTeisturi saxelmwifo adamianobis arss

(suls) ebrZoda Tavisive qveyanaSi, koloniebSi ki arsis winaaRmdeg




- - 41

brZola TavisTavad erovnulobis, erovnuli Rirebulebebis winaaRmdeg

ucilobel brZolas gulisxmobda. es iyo reJimi, roca `samkvdro-

sasicocxlo brZola warmoebda egreT wodebul bolSevikur

kosmopolitizmsa da jansaR erovnul cnobierebas Soris~ (62. 452).

ruseTis imperiis pyrobilebis oraswliani istoria amqveyniuri

drois monacvleobiT saxecvlil, magram arsiT gamTlianebul

ubedurebasa da borotebas moicavs qarTul sinamdvileSi.

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis tragedias Rrma fesvebi aqvs

drosivrcul ganaserSi. mas win uZRoda rusebis batonoba, maTi

Sovinisturi damokidebuleba geopolitikuri mdebareobiT amdenad,

mniSvnelovani saqarTvelosadmi, damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg,

TeTri daTvis (ruseTis) brZola gavlenis sferoebis SenarCunebisaTvis.

oTar CxeiZis `TeTri daTvi” xorcSesxmul sityvad ametyvelda 2006 wlis

oqtomberSi, roca qarTvelebis qsenofobiuri devnis dros astafievma

televiziiT ganacxada: TeTri daTvi kvlav moimarjvebs torso.

mefis ruseTis imperiuli zraxvebi ar Seucvlia wiTel ruseTs,

piriqiT, tvirTi ufro damZimda, radgan aTeisturi xelisufleba sakuTar

qveyanaSive ebrZoda RvTis rwmenas, koloniebSi _ rwmenasa da enas.

1922 wlis 19 marts leninis mier politbiuros wevrebisadmi

gagzavnil baraTSi, warweriT `sastikad saidumlod~, naTqvamia: `Cven

swored axla unda gadavixadoT yvelaze gabeduli da daundobeli

brZola Savrazmul samRvdeloebasTan da CavaxSoT misi winaaRmdegoba

iseTi sisastikiT, raTa maT ver daiviwyon es ramdenime aTwleulis

manZilze~ (67. 30). am direqtivas mohyva dapatimrebebi, daxvretebi,

eklesiaTa darbeva.

calke msjelobis sakiTxia, ratom airCia leninis mTavrobam aseTi

sastiki gza (mokled mxolod imas Tu vityviT, rom RvTis rwmena

adamianis sulieri simtkicea; RvTis gmobiT, cxoveluri SiSiT adamianTa

masa advili samarTavi eyolebodaT).

mefis ruseTma qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma.

ruseTis uwmindesi sinodi qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis

gamocxadebas uaryofiTad Sexvda. ufro metic, epistoleSi `saqarTvelos

episkoposTa mimarT~ (daTariRebulia 1917 wlis 1 dekembriT) istoriul

realiebsac yalbad warmoadgenda da uaryofda sruliad saqarTvelos




- - 42

pirveli saeklesio krebis ZiriTad dadgenilebas _ avtokefaliis

gamocxadebas.

`ruseTis patriarqi da axali _ bolSevikuri reJimi erTsulovanni

gaxldnen saqarTvelos eklesiis winaaRmdeg, egaa erTmaneTSi veRar

rigdebodnen~ (67. 37).

barbarosuli iyo brZola sulierebis, zeciuri naTlisaken mswrafi

adamianebis mimarT. icvleboda aTwleulebi, icvleboda aTeisturi

mTavrobis meTodebi, magram ucvleli rCeboda mizani _ sulieri naTlis

CaxSoba, RvTisgan mowyveta adamianebisa da es brZola garkveuli formiT

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi mimdinareobda.

swored aseT sinamdviles axasiaTebs qalbaton liana eliavas

tkiviliani mogoneba filmis gadaRebaze niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobis

mixedviT èpiskoposi nadirobze~.

levan goTuas gadamRebi jgufi gaufrTxilebia: ès satira ar aris

da RvTismsaxurebs, imedia arc Tqven gaamasxaravebTo~ (67. 252). amas

gulisxmobda gadamRebTa koncefciac.

Seiqmna samnawliani filmi. mesame nawils musikalur fonad hqonda

sagalobeli `Sen xar venaxi~.

maSindeli sakavSiro kinos xelmZRvanelebma, cxadia, filmi am saxiT

ar miiRes. saqveynod cnobilma reJisorma, oTar ioselianma, romelsac

gamocdileba hqonda, urCia `sagalobeli `Sen xar venaxi~ SeecvalaT

romelime mxiaruli xalxuri simReriT~ da filmi gavao (67. 253). magram

`maRal msajulTa~ guli qarTvelebma mainc ver moiges, rac ase JRerda:

`cimbirSi vin ras gaigebs, es xalxuri simReraa, Tu sagalobeli. Tanac

gmirebi iseTi simpaTiiTa daxatuli, es mayurebelsac gadaedeba, Cven

aqedan satiras velodiT da ara iumorso~ (67. 253-254)

imperiul ruseTs daumorCileblobis SiSs uqmnida da uqmnis

yovelive erovnuli, jansaRi, miT ufro _ sakraluri (am SemTxvevaSi,

sagalobeli), `TavisTavad eris yofaSi, sulSi, cnobierebaSi,

SemoqmedebiT potencialSi arsebobs da igulisxmeba genialuri

simRerebi, iseve, rogorc vazis kulti, venaxis kulti... sagaloblebi~ (84.

411).

`boriaySi” 20-iani wlebis saqarTvelos cxovrebaa aRwerili da

romanis centrSi 1924 wlis viTarebania moqceuli. mwerali paraboluri




- - 43

TxrobiT gviCvenebs, rom àseTi areuli dro, “umadlo Jami~ mtrobs

simRerasac, im globaluri mouclelobiT, xsovnis gafermkrTalebiT, ris

gamoc `simRerac imRvreva, foriaqdeba, hkargavs Tavdapirvel tempsa da

simSvides, iTqvifeba, iSleba, lRveba da ifanteba garesamyaroSi~ (iqve).

aRniSnul romanSi simRerac personaJia, romelic nikuSa CaCaniZes

asparezis mosapoveblad ufro sWirdeba, vidre saqomagod, wiTeli ruseTi

ki simReris nakvalevs mihyveba (rac rukis saxiT aris saxeSesxmuli),

ebrZvis erovnul TavisTavadobas, `SeTqmulebas~.

siuJetis mixedviT, uaRresad mniSvnelovani simboloa ruka, romelic

nikuSa CaCaniZes maswavlebelma, giorgi yanCavelma Seudgina im ojaxebSi

misasvlelad, romlebic daexmarebian qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis

SekrebaSi.

ruka wiTlebs SeTqmulebis gegma hgoniaT, CaCaniZe ki _ ajanyebis

momwyobi.

simboluria Secdomac: qarTuli simRera TavisTavad aris protesti

Zalmomreobis, usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg.

patriarqi ambrosi winaswar glovobda am sinamdviles, amitom

ambobda xsenebul saprotesto werilSi: èrs mSobliur enas arTmeven da

kulturas ubilwaven. saqarTvelos eklesia, es Zvelis ZvelTave faqtori

qveynis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi amaRlebisa da Zlierebisa, dRes

uflebaayrilia imdenad, rom nebac ki ar aqvs Tavisi SromiT,

garjilobiT da unariT moipovos mudmivi saxsari arsebobisao~ (67. 5).

oTar CxeiZem eklesiis midamoebis rbeva aRwera moTxrobebSi:

`boriayi~, `cxrawyaro~, àmaRleba~. Sinagani tragizmiTa da mZafri

eqspresiiT finaluri scenebi apokalifsur suraTebs mogvagonebs, xolo

Semdgomi periodis nawarmoebebi gviCvenebs ufro mZime tragedias _

taZrebis rbevis Sedegs, simrTelis rRvevas adamianTa sulier samyaroSi,

rac TavisTavad qmnis `sulieri radiaciis~ vels, niadags Surisa da

dapirispirebisaTvis.

swored aseTi darRveuli sulieri struqturis tkivilia trilogia

_ àrtistuli gadatrialeba~, `TeTri daTvi~, `bermudis samkuTxedi~.

`Cveni arsebobis xana aris nawili RmerTsmoklebuli epoqisa, mZime

sulieri krizisis gamoxatuleba da rogori mtanjvelic unda iyos

amaRlebul swrafvaTa da realobis daSoreba. es is gardauvalobaa,




- - 44

rasac ver gaveqceodiT. miT umetes, rom sulieri krizisi da moralis

rRveva gansakuTrebiT Rrmavdeboda TavisuflebawarTmeul qveynebSi~ (67.

17).

dro _ oraswliaani monobiT daiwyo XX s.-is 90-iani wlebis

tragediisa.

sivrce _ dasarbevad qceuli qarTvelTa samkvidro, mas

dapirispirebuli ruseTi da Tavad integraciis samyaroa, mcire erebi

dabrkolebad rom miuCneviaT axal wesrigSi: `dedamiwa saerTo saxli”.

dakvirvebul, jansaRi cnobierebis mkiTxvels ar gauWirdeba

paralelis aRqma: rusuli iaraRiT (rus general bepaevis anonimuri

xelmZRvanelobiT) da biologiurad qarTveli Semsruleblebis xeliT

1991-1993 wlebSi warmoebuli omi erovnuli mTavrobisa da qarTveli

xalxis winaaRmdeg pirdapir kavSirSia qaquca ColoyaSvilis mier 1924

wels bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul omTan.

dokumentur monacemebs erovnuli mTavrobis damxobisa da Semdgomi

procesebis Sesaxeb inaxavs helsinkis moxsenebebi _ The British Helsinki

Human Group and Human rights Watch. 1992-1995.

am dokumentebze nebismier msurvels ar miuwvdeba xeli, magram gvaqvs

oTar CxeiZis trilogia, am periodis movlenebis mkacri mxilebiT.

erovnuli mTavrobis damxoba rusul agresiasTan da mis imperiul

zraxvebTan uSualo kavSirSi rom aris, adasturebs saqveynod cnobili

TariRebis gaxseneba:

1991 wlis 21 dekembris alma-aTaSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen axlad

daSlili ssrk-s 12 qveynis warmomadgenlebi, moskovi mizanmimarTulad

cdilobda, daufaravad aZalebda `nebayoflobiT~ gaerTianebas

(baltiispireTis garda).

saqarTvelom 1991 wlis 31 marts referendumiT daadastura arCevani _

Tavisufleba. xalxis arCeulma mTavrobam alma-aTaSi uari Tqva monobis

axal formaze da datova Sexvedra.

`TeTri daTvi~ ruseTis damokidebulebas saqarTvelosadmi

`Seufaravi realizmiT~ asaxavs. es aris Txrobis xerxebis monacleoba,

igi amTlianebs kulturul-istoriuli-socialur maxasiaTeblebs,

rogorc masalas. TviT am masalis gardaqmna mxatvrul matianed

xelovanis qmnadobis nayofia.




- - 45

literatura viTardeba sociumis ganviTarebasTan erTad da

Tanamdevi an Tanamedrovea am sociumis yofierebaSi mimdinare

procesebisa.

oTar CxeiZis romanebSi mizanmimarTuli funqcia akisria zogadad

baxtinis mier gansazRvrul `TxrobiTi orientaciis sam tips: avtoris

Txrobas, naratoris, anu mTxrobelis Txrobas da personaJis Txrobas~

(27. 40).

moskovis daJinebuli, gautexili survili saqarTvelos SenarCunebisa

nawarmoebSi araerTxel aris miTiTebuli.

`Tavisic bevri Cahxoca moskovma. ra enaRvleba, _ uamravi emeteba,

naxevaric rom gaiJuJos, _ gaiJuJos; oRond Savi zRva ar dahkargos,

kavkasia ar dahkargos oRondao, oRondao~, (59. 297) _ vkiTxulobT erTgan.

`bermudis samkuTxedSi” mTxrobeli axasiaTebs ruseTis

damokidebulebas saqarTvelos mimarT: `zneoba rusisa, saqarTvelo

moswons, _ uqarTveleboda. me visac vuyvarvar Seviwynarebo. ityueba,

kavkasia moswons. kavkasielTa gareSe TavisTvis moswons. dneba. varvarebs.

kavkasiis siyvaruliTa~ (58. 130).

amave nawarmoebSi mwerali aRwers ruseTis mier amoqmedebuli

qarTuli sabediswero samkuTxedis (avtonomiebis) gamanadgurebel misias

saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg da axasiaTebs axali mmarTvelobis

saqarTvelos: `Tu dafrTxebodnen investorebi, qveyana isev airiao, _

viTom odesme dawynarebuliyos erekles traqtatis Semdgoma~ (58. 130).

XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebisTvis qveyana umZimes mdgomareobaSi iyo.

`qveynis ubedurebis wyarod miiCneoda traqtati da rusTa jaris yofna

saqarTveloSi, ereklesac ase miaCnda. is elCs swerda: `nu aTqmevineb

vinmes amasa... ruseTis SeerTebis mizeziT, maTi mouSveleblobiT daiqca

saqarTvelo~ (30. 402).

axali istorizmiseuli kritika ikvlevs urTierTobas teqstsa da

istorias Soris.

sainteresoa mxatvruli gamosaxvis kodi oTar CxeiZis romanebSi,

mwerali TviTon amTlianebs mxatvrul Canafiqrsa da istoriul

konteqsts (es albaT erTgulebaa romanebis matianed gamTlianebis gzisa).




- - 46

cnobilia, rom 1782 wlis traqtatiT nakisri valdebuleba ruseTma

ar Seasrula, politikuri urTierTobis niSniT saxeldebuli arc sxva

TariRebiT galaRebula Cveni qveyana.

es iyo mzakvruli TamaSi, romelmac Sedegi gamoiRo,

`TergdaleulTa~ naxevarsaukunovani brZola erovnuli Tavisuflebis

marcxiT damTavrda~. 1907 wels ruseTis social-demokratiulma muSaTa

partiam marto ilia WavWavaZe ki ar mokla, aramed saqarTvelos

erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideac~ (79. 234).

iyo gamonaTeba 1918 wlis 26 maiss.

1924 wels es imedic mokla ruseTma. dadga mZime Jami: `visac

nebisyofam uRalata, iman xeli Caiqnia da monobis Segueba moindoma.

yvelaferi erovnuli energiis sisustiT axsna da beds Seurigda.

zogierTma qarTveli eris wiaRSi daiwyo nacionaluri energiis Zebna~ (67.

235).

ilias ideas, rwmenas nacionaluri energiis aRdgenisa aTwleulebSi

kolxuri koSki inaxavda. konstantine gamsaxurdias fuZeze ganmtkicda

misi vaJi, zviadi: èris bedisweras SesWideboda, misi saxelis irgvliv

SenivTda iatakqveSa moZraoba, misi TavgamodebiT gamoica saidumlo

Jurnalebi (pirvelad saqarTvelos ssr istoriaSi), gaido mudmivmoqmedi

sainformacio xidi dasavleTTan da umZimes 70-ian wlebSi swored misi

bagiT iTqva mZafri da axdili protesti erovnuli adaT-wesebis,

kulturis, simarTlisa da samarTlianobis gadasarCenad~ (25. 7).

xangrZlivi iyo brZola TeTri daTvis winaaRmdeg, yvela binZur xerxs

rom iyenebda ilia marTlis ideisTvis mebrZolTa winaaRmdeg.

am ideebis miRebas, srulyofil gacnobierebas upirvelesad sulieri

mRviZareba sWirdeba. 1993 wels gazeT `TbilisisaTvis~ micemul

interviuSi oTar WilaZe brZanebda: `xalxis gamoRviZeba, upirveles

yovlisa, xalxis ganaTlebas, xalxis gakeTilSobilebas niSnavs...

samagierod, Zalian iolad da Zalian mokle droSi kargavs xalxi

saukuneobiT SeZenil codnasa da gamocdilebas~ (79. 218).

1993 wels ukve ùmadlo Jami~ asparezobda saqarTveloSi, magram

mwerali mainc imedovnebda: `Cven didi akakis xalxi varT da etyoba

sikvdili ar gviweria. ufro sworad, Zili igive sikvdilia CvenTvis,

oRond, sabednierod – droebiT~ (iqve).




- - 47

àrtistuli gadatrialebaSi~ oTar CxeiZe asaxavs erovnuli

mTavrobis damxobas, rodesac winaaRmdegobis asamoqmedebeli iaraRi isev

èndogenuri Suri~ iyo, aRmsrulebelni _ SuriTa da ambiciiT

dabrmavebulni, iaraRi _ rusuli.

XX s.-is 90-ian wlebSi ruseTi da rusuli politika amoqmedda:

`bediswerasaviT dasdevs ruseTs Semzaravi paradoqsi: mTeli Zala

moaxmaros ara Tavisuflebis ideis saqmed qcevas, aramed rogorc

sakuTari, ise sxvisi Tavisuflebis CaxSobas~ (65. 250), amitom oraswliani

pyrobilebidan TavdaRweuli saqarTvelo, xalxis mier arCeuli

prezidentiT misi imperiuli zraxvebis sivrces safrTxes uqmnida, radgan

saxeldadebuli iyo saqarTvelos arsebobis Semdgomi gza _

sruluflebiani wevri universumisa, Zleva 1921-1990 wlebis ganmavlobaSi

moZalebuli bnelisa sulierebis, Tavisuflebis sferoSi. es periodi

proletariatis (wiTeli ruseTis) diqtaturis wlebi iyo. sabWoTa

xelisufleba TviT leninis ganmartebiT, àris iseTi Zalaufleba,

romelic uSualo Zaldatanebas eyrdnoba da araviTari kanoniT ar aris

SezRuduli~ (lenini. Txzulebani. IV gamocema – 1952 w. t. 28, gv.282).

am borotebisagan Tavdaxsnili saqarTvelosa da misi prezidentis

zviad gamsaxurdias dasja gardauvali gaxda ruseTis interesebisaTvis,

mas arc renegati qarTvelebis moZebna gauWirda saxelmwifo

gadatrialebaSi mTavari rolis Semsruleblad.

oTar CxeiZis mamxilebeli romani àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ `sxva

wigni iyo, mtkivneuli im gadatrialebis avtorTaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki

maTi mrevlisaTvis~ (6. 373.), magram winaaRmdegobebis, gamomcemelTa mimarT

muqarebis miuxedavad, wigni 1994 wels gamovida. es iyo salbuni marTali

sityvis molodinSi sulSegubebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

romani asaxavs 1991 wlis Semodgomasa da 1992 wlis pirveli kviris

movlenebis fonze momxdar ambebs. gviCvenebs, Tu rogor iqca saqarTvelo

borotebis saTareSo asparezad, rogor ikargeba sayovelTao

dabneulobaSi saerTo mizani da mkvidrdeba naTlis mSTanmTqmeli qaosi.

ruseTi ver Selevia misTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel saqarTvelos,

`ruseTumeebi~ ki _ `wuT erT didebas~, moskovis erTgulebiT miRebuls.

Tavad moskovelebs examuSebaT saqarTveloSi rom ucxoeli uwodon,

imitom, rom oras welze metia qarTvelTa samkvidro eTavisebaT rusT.




- - 48

magram zviad gamsaxurdias prezidentobam, xalxis nebam viTareba

Secvala. axali viTarebis saqarTveloSi ukvirs moskovels: `me miZaxiT

ucxoelsao, xixixi, xexexe, xoxoxo, xuxuxuo, me varo, meo _ ucxoelio, -

iumori hgonia _ ara sjera da verc daijerebs. demokratiuli Zalebis

integracias win ver aRudgeba gamsaxurdias nacionalizmio~ (58. 297).

àrtistul gadatrialebaSi” mweralma ironiul-satiruli stiliT

daaxasiaTa monuri fsiqologia, piradi ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad

Rirebulebis uyoymanod gawirva.

wyneTSi rus da or ùfro ucxoel~ stumarTan erTad,

ganapirebulan qarTveli vaJebi, am sisxlian dReebSic mxolod `Tavis

gasatan Toneze~, lukma-purze rom zrunaven da rusis qalebTan

erTobian. es dRe stalinis dabadebis dRe - 21 dekemberi aRmoCnda.

TiTqos SemTxveviT axsendebaT es Tanameinaxeebs. rusi diacis komentarSi

Sovinizmi metyvelebs: `Cven yvelani Cumi stalinelebi varT. Cven imitom,

rom imperia SegvenarCunebina, Tqven imitom, ro ar gagiSvaT imperiidana;

Cven imitom, ro batonobas ver SeveleviT, Tqven imitom, ro erTguleba

geamayebaT. unda iamayoT raRa Tqma unda, erTguleba didi Rirsebaa...

Tqven Tqveni qveyana gepataravebaT, gemcrobaT eri Tqveni, vrceli

asparezi gindaT Tavis gamosaCenada, taSi gindaT uamravisa. da arc

mogklebiaT: moedani ro bevria moskovSi~ (58. 297-298)

nawarmoebebSi gaSiSvlebulia rusuli imperiis mada: `saqarTvelo

Cveni baRCaa, vin dakargavs saqarTvelosa, vina, vina, ra saTqmelia?!

arCevanze ro midges: saqarTveloo, Tu urals iqiT rac gabadiaTo, _ Cven

saqarTvelos davadebT xelsa. gjerodeT Cveni, Cvenc viciT fasi

erTgulebisa. arc Cven dageTmobiT, arc Tqvena _ cxadia~ (58. 298). icis

TeTrma daTvma, rom myari sayrdeni aqvs erovnul,

cnobierebagadagvarebul inteligenciaSi: `Cveni inteligencia aRarc

ganirCeva Tqveni inteligenciisagana. aRara!... aRarc saTqmelia: Cveni da

Tqveni: Cven ho Tqvena varT, Tqven ho Cvena xarT?... raRa Tqma unda!...~ (58.

299). sxva eris warmomadgenels roca ganuyoflobis, ganurCevlobis

pretenzia aqvs Sensave miwaze, Sensave saxlSi, iq _ im qveyanaSi sulieri

mRviZarebis muxti Zalian mwiria da es sagangaSoa. am sagangaSo

sinamdvilis saSvelad, TavisTavadobis gzis gasakvlevad iyo mosuli

erovnuli xelisufleba, magram ruseTs mindobilebma gaakeTes arCevani:




- - 49

`xorcze zrunva sulis sazianod~... `SeCveuli Wiris arCeva, dabruneba

monobis sawyis pozociaze~ (79. 37)

Tavisuflebisken swrafva sulieri wyobis gamoxatulebaa,

`Tavisufleba – es gamarjvebis triumfia sulier cxovrebaSi~ (1. 25).

aseTi gamarjveba sulierebis kvarcxlbekze gamagrebaa, magram eris

yofierebaSi moiazrebs gangebisgan qmnil kanonzomierebas: `Cveni Tavi

Cvenadve gveyudnodes~ (ilia marTali). erTguleba, brZola, wva erovnuli

cnobierebisaTvis _ es aris erTguleba zogadi Rirebulebebisac,

radganac zogadi samSoblodan iwyeba. erovnuli TvalTaxedvidan iwyeba

samyaros gancdis gansakuTrebuli unari. xalxis SesaZleblobisa da

ukvdavebis saidumlo xalxis sulia, romelsac batoni oTar WilaZe im

zRaprul sam Cits adarebs, kolofSi Caketili yvelaze fexmardi,

yvelaze mouxelTebeli irmis mucelSi mcxovrebi, xalxis TvalisCins,

janRonesa da sicocxles rom ganasaxierebs (Sesabamisad maT daRupvas

xalxis dabrmaveba, daZabuneba da sikvdili mohyveba). mwerlisaTvis es

sami Citi asocirdeba xalxis enas, fsiqikasa da tradiciasTan, rac

safuZvelTa safuZvelia erovnebisa da erovnuli TviTSegnebisa.

aRniSnuli faseulobebis gafrTxileba zogadsakacobriobo misiaa,

radgan `dRemde moRweuli yvela xalxi erTnairad srulyofili da

ganumeorebelia, nebismieri maTganis gaqroba Tanabrad gaaRaribebs,

Tanabrad daakninebs kacobriobas~ (79. 77).

am siRrmeebiT fiqri aRarc sWirdebodaT erovnul mTavrobasTan

dapirispirebulT. 1991 wlis 21 dekembers srola rom daiwyes, `yvelanairi

iaraRi rom amoqmedebuliyo, yvelanairi, atomis garda~.

1991 wlis 21 dekemberi `JRurtula sixarulia~ wiTeli ruseTisaTvis.

simbolurad es gaiazreba swored am Rames luosa da rusi qalis

ganmartoebis epizodSi. am qals pirobiTad SegviZlia vuwodoT `wiTeli

qali” (wiTeli ruseTi). igi satumroSi miuZRveba luos. iq ki darbeuli

saqarTvelos dabeCavebuli Svilebi _ ltolvilni, damSeulni,

RamenaTevni, darbazSi dabinavebulan. es qali _ maRali, moxdenili,

Zvirfasad mosili am xalxs Soris Cerdeba, ùbrWyvinavs Ceqmebi wiTeli,

TaTmanebica wiTeli, qurqi dakmedili muqi yavisferi, wiTeli Sali

mxrebze brialebs~ (58. 303)




- - 50

ltolvilTa, miwisZvriT ayrilTa javri xvalindeli saqarTvelo

gamxdara. oTar CxeiZe erT-erT mxatvrul xerxad `mestviruls” (xalxur

metyvelebas) iyenebs simarTlis gasaxmianeblad. sastumros darbazSic

ismis es xma:

`brZaneba SemouTvliaT moskovidan ufrosebsa:

àsi oqro gauCineT, vinc zviadas daiWersa”...

`gauwyra maRali RmerTi Tengiza kitovanelsa.

gvardia mas Caabara, swored is uRalatebsa~ (58. 202)

Tengiz sigua ambobs:

`me rom zviadisTan davrCe, sergos viRa maRirsebsa

iq verafers ver vewie, gafxekili damaqvs qisa.

SenTan viyve, SenTan movkvde, Seni xnis da Seni znisa~.

mestviruliT prezideti zviad gamsaxurdia ase aris ametyvelebuli:

`Cemi dazrdili biWebi saTiTaod gamidgesa,

raRas vaqnev an helsinksa, an mrgvalze mrgval magidasa?~ (iqve)

morigebis cdac uSedegod damTavrda:

`rkonSi kaci gaagzavna, zRvazec cdilobs morigdesa.

gawyva Tesli sikeTisa, raxan RvarZli daiTesa~ (iqve).

morigeba arc Sedgeboda, radgan zRvaze, Semdeg ki rkonSi gasulTa

samoqmedo gegma da saboloo Sedegic moskovSi iyo dagegmili; kitovani

da sigua koreqtirebas arc da verc Seitandnen.

aRniSnul romanSi aRwerilia kitovanisa da graCovis Sexvedra zurab

wereTlis saxelosnoSi. `ruseTis Tavdacvis ministrobas

uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen graCovsa, jer saimperio Stabs ganagebda,

ruseTis saimperio saidumlo Stabsa~ (58. 311). am Sexvedris da maTi

TanamSromlobis, Tanaziarobis dasturi iyo, rom `rezervi undoda b-n

kitovansa. iaraRisa dardi ara hqonda, arc iaraRisa, arc tyvia-wamalisa:

gaxsniliyo rusTa vazianis sawyobebi amisTvisa, ramdenic eneba, arc ro

uTvlidnen, arc ro arafersa sTxovdnen...~ (58. 313). patrikievma ki

msoflios ganucxada, neitralitets vicavTo (culs tari xisa hqonda).

mwerali aRwers, ra aucileblobam SeakavSira sakuTari qveynis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tengiz kitovani, Tengis sigua da jaba ioseliani:

kitovanma samxedro Zala daupirispira mTavrobas, `sigua sWirdeboda,

laparaki ro uZneldeboda TviTona~ (58. 313), jaba gadamwyveti




- - 51

ieriSisTvis unda CarTuliyo: `jaba!... mxedrioni!... cixeSi isxdnen. didi

nawili gafantuliyo. kmaroda jabas erTi daZaxili: Semokrbebodnen~

(iqve). boRmisa da Suris daokebamde, miznad dasaxulis aRsrulebamde

`Sekrba~ `samTa kavSiri~, momdevno movlenebi ki asaxulia romanSi `TeTri

daTvi~.

`neitralitetis damcveli~ rusi samxedroebi mTavrobis saxls

`miayenes da dascxeTo, _ ubrZanes, ubrZanes da dascxes, dascxeTo da

urtyamdnen. urtyamdnen. urtyamdnen. Cven vicavT mtkice neitralitetsao, -

patrikievi acxadebda dRisiTa~ (58. 317).

saintereso da tkiviliania mwerlis Txroba 1991 wlis miwurulsa da

1992 wlis dasawyisze. es aris saqarTvelos istoriis uaxlesi furclebi,

rac jerac cocxlad Semounaxavs TviTmxilvelTa cnobierebas. aq

gansakuTrebuli sisaTuTe sWirdeba mwerals mkiTxvelTan urTierTobaSi.

mas xom yovelTvis sxvaze meti moeTxoveba da sxvaze naklebi epatieba.

àrtistuli gadatrialeba~, iseve rogorc zogadad _ oTar CxeiZis

proza, naratiuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. konkretul monakveTSi

Warbobs yovlismcodne mTxrobelis Tvali, e.w. `redaqtoruli yvelafris

codna~, aris mimoxilva movlenebisa, avtoris `SeWra~ TxrobaSi; Txrobas

gansakuTrebulobas aniWebs movlenebis asaxva dokumenturi simarTliT.

movlenebis, qveynis yofierebaSi damkvidrebuli mankierebis asaxva

naratiuli mravalferovnebiT aris gadmocemuli roman `2001 welSi~.

mwerali Taviseburi naraciiT gviCvenebs movlenebs mizez-Sedegobriv

kavSirSi. fesvi ubedurebisa `sulierebis dakarguli gzebia~, umTavres

sazrunavad Tanamdebobriv ierarqiaze aRzeveba rom miCneula: `gza rom

gaadvilebuliyo xelisuflebiskena Tu daaqcevdi aRmatebulsa, daaqcevdi

da zemoeqceodi. daqcevac ro gaadvilebuliyo. zemoqcevaca. oRond

partia gamogekvaWa... Sen xerxi Tqvio, gabeduleba Tqvio. znenica sxvani.

dagmobilni didi xania. areul droSi ro wamoiweven. uzneobadac aRar

iTvleba. uzneobada. iTvleba, magram aRar iTvleba. dro areula anu

kacni areulan. dros abralebdnen~ (60. 77).

avtori-mTxrobeli mimoixilavs eris tragikul gzas: `mravali oba~

rom gadagvitania (monRoloba, araboba...) da `Cvenadve yudneba maradiul

sazrunavad dagvrCenia, magram ZirisZiramde moCxrekilia `moyvare mtris~

saxe, rom `gadatana undoda oraswlovan rusobasa~




- - 52

bermudis samkuTxedad, saqarTvelos bediswerad qceuli soxumi-

baTumi-cxinvali, `rusobis~ umtkivneules Wrilobad am nawarmoebSic

warmoaCina oTar CxeiZem.

`moskovi-kremli. Tavisasa TamaSobda. yelSi waeWira gudauTis bawari

TbilisisTvisa. waeWira. uWerda. uWerda. da uWerda. arc bawari wydeboda.

yelic ar iqna ar gadaibalTa~ (59. 132)

parlamenti xvdeboda, rom prezidentis gandevniT qveyanas kidev

erTxel daadges `moskviTianTa” uReli: `grgvinavda parlamenti: soxumi

ho magan gamogvwira. axla Tbilissac gamogvwiravso. grgvinavda, uarobda

parlamenti~ (60. 158)

axali xelisufalis mrwamsic da poziciac ramdenime fraziT aCvena

mweralma: `prezidenti uRimoda: ìs elcini iyo, es putinia!~ uRimiloda.

mwyraladaca. gakvirvebiTaca, raRa Tqma unda: ratom ara gjeraT. sad

dakargeT qarTuli ndobao~ (iqve)

sainteresoa, es politikosi mogvianebiT memuarebSi ityvis: ruseTis

ìmperiuli politikis dominanti ucvlelia da Seuryeveli. mas Txzaven

strategiuli midrekilebebi da ambiciebi (kavkasiisa da Savi zRvis

kintroli), saqarTvelos `wvril avtonomiur erTeulebad~ danawevrebis

ideebi, pasaJebi misi erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis pirobiTobasa da

xelovnurobis, ocneba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gandevnisa d mxaris

`garusebis~ Sesaxeb, ucvlelia eTnokonfliqturi banqos qaRaldebis

gaTamaSebis politika geopolitikuri batonobis SenarCunebisaTvis~ (56.

385)

cxadia, saxelebi ar cvlian saqarTvelosadmi ruseTis

damokidebulebas. dros mohyavs da mihyavs politikuri moRvaweebi, magram

TeTri daTvi agresiul daTvad rCeba, rogorc ki kavkasiaSi gavlenis

Sesustebas igrZnobs. brdRvinavs, angrevs, warmatebiT aTiTokacebs

struqturadarRveul sazogadoebas; mere axali, magram gamWvirvale

niRbiT mogvevlineba mSvidobisyofelisa, damcvelisa. `qarTvelTa

daqceviT ki `ruseTi xeirobda~. mwerali warmoaCens am àvi mezoblis

farul zraxvebs, xSirad lamazad SeniRbuls, Tavis droze voroncovis

mier ostaturad gamocdils~ (67. 100)

oTar CxeiZes arasodes sjeroda ori ruseTisa. amas adasturebs misi

romanebi da publicisturi werili (`mravaltanjuli ruseTi~).




- - 53

mwerlisTvis is aris mxolod `ngrevis qveyana~, `borotebis saxelmwifo~,

`TeTri daTvi~.

damangreveli, barbarosuli Zalis matarebel ruseTs Spenglerma

uwoda: àpokalifsuri bunti antikurobis winaaRmdeg~. ùcnauria, -

ruseTi TviTon qceula monad sakuTari Tavisa, es TiTqos nebieri monoba

unda iyos, magram monoba mainc monobaa”, (66. 213). es uZleveli imperiuli

zraxvebis monobaa da Tu xsna uweriaT, unda mixvdnen, rom `gamoeTiSnen

sakacobriobo process~ (66. 211).

oTar CxeiZis mravalferovan SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli

roli eniWeba sityvaT TamaSsac. mweralma `TeTr daTvSi~ daawyvila

`daTanxmeba-SeTanxmeba~ da afxazeTis omis tragikul dasasrulTan erTad

ruseT-saqarTvelos araTanabaruflebiani urTierTobis arsi uCvena,

movlenac naTlad warmoaCina da qarTvelTa ubedurebasac xazi gausva:

àq SeTanxmeba daTanxmebad iTqmis. yovelTvisa. yvelaferSi. raRa Tqma

unda. moskovi parizsac SeTanxmeboda. Tbilisi moskovs daTanxmeboda.

iTqvas Tundac ro: SeTanxmeboda.RirsebisTvisa~ (60. 192).

yoveli ubedurebis daZleva maSin xdeba Zneli, roca am ubedurebas

ver acnobiereb: Tu daTanxmebas SeTanxmebas daarqmev, sulieri mRviZareba

daTrgunulia, amis xazgasmaa `SeTanxmeba _ daTanxmebaze~ agebuli

sityvaTa TamaSi.

SeTanxmeba Tanabari Rirsebisa da Zalis mxareebs Soris xdeba,

daTanxmebis procesi Zalismieria, iq erTi mxare igebs, meore _ iCagreba.

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis yvela is forma XIX s-is

gariJraJidan dRemde, rasac SeTanxmeba erqva, faqtiurad daTanxmeba iyo.

recefciuri esTetika yuradRebas amaxvilebs gansazRvrul da

ganusazRvrel adgilebze nawarmoebSi. maTi simravle da

adgilmonacvleoba damokidebulia Janrsa da mwerlis stilze.

oTar CxeiZis matiane Janruli Taviseburebis gamo TiTqos ar

moiTxovs ganusazRvrel adgilebs, magram mwerali xSirad mimarTavs aseT

monakveTebs, rac uSualo kavSirSia mTavar saTqmelTan.

`2001 welSi~ xSirad vxvdebiT moulodnel gadasvlebs siuJetur

mdinarebaSi. mkiTxveli dgeba ganusazRvrelobis efeqtis winaSe, magram

moulodneli Canafiqri ramdenime gverdis Semdeg sacnauri xdeba da

mkiTxvelis molodinis hirizonts akvalianebs.




- - 54

am romanSi gaelvebiT axsenebs mwerali 11 seqtembris tragedias niu-

iorkSi, msoflio savaWro centris afeTqebas. msoflio daupirispirda

terorists: `Tavzardacema ufro uaresi aRarc iqneboda. osana!... osana!...

unda SeepyroT~ (65. 456).

òsana~ is sityva aRmoCnda mwerlisTvis, romliTac Txroba miRmier

samyaroSi gadaitana: ìmaT mousveniaT. ruzveltsa, CerCilsa. stalins

osana!...osana!.. miwolilan ferdobze~ (iqve).

aRniSnuli pasaJi wuTisoflis amao didebasa da drtvinvas naTlad

warmoaCens. ruzvelti, CerCili da stalini sufras Semosxdomian da

icinian, ara marto TavianT gavlil gzaze, aramed sxvazec: `saaqaoze

icinian TavianT Canadenze icinian. arca sxvebisa mouCanT did rameda.

faraonebisao. makedonelebisao. keisrebisa. napoleonebiso. icinian

imazedaca~ (65. 457).

sagulisxmoa, rom maTi Tanameinaxeoba qarTvelTa sulgrZelobasa da

puradobazea damkvidrebuli.

ùpatrono micvalebulis sadRegrZelosaca svamen saqarTveloSi~.

stalinma.

`madlia~! ruzveltma (65. 458).

msjeloben imaze, Tu ramdenad autanelia xaxamSralad yofna, magram

qarTvelTa wyalobiT Rvino mudam aris (aramaterialuri gagebiT).

mweralma amqveynidan gasuli stalini sinanuliT aametyvela imis

gamo, rom gaanadgura, lamis gadaaSena saqarTvelo: `rac me imaT dRe

davayare!.. mere iciT Tu ratomao. magaTTvis rom meamebina. rusebisaTvisa

mag ZaRlTapirebisaTvisa. arasaxseneblebisa~ (65. 459).

stalini rusebis umadurobas uCivis, nawarmoebis es monakveTi, sadac

drois struqtura waSlilia, mTavrdeba putinze, rogorc am qveynis

mmarTvelze stalinis msjelobiT: `mag cancaras ruseTis marTva Ziudo

hgonia. ara. ara. kavkasia iakutiad warmoudgenia _ Sen am Wkuas damixede.

da!.. tyuilia. tyuili. kavkasia daipyres romanovebmao. tyuilia!.. me Zlivas

davipyari. da CemTvis davipyari. me gamovecale. da isic wauvida xelidana.

wauvida. da wauva. da Tu Wkua aqvs unda SeeSvas. Camoexsnas. daanebos

Tavi. Tu Wkua aqvs. natamali mainc Tu moepoveba. natamali. namceci.

finCxa~ (65. 459)




- - 55

swored es adgili xdis ganusazRvrels gansazRvruls da momdevno

pasaJi, roca tartarozi hitlers mobilurs awvdis: `putini gTxovTo”,

xolo hitleri putinis rCevas gaaxmovanebs: `vevdroT RmerTsa: amravlos

qelexebi saqarTveloSi Tu ar gvinda ro davixrCoT wyurviliTa!“ (65. 460)

momavlis miniSnebaa. ruseTis samomavlo gegmebia.

warmosaxviT samyaroSi gadatanili dialogi hitlerisa da putinisa

2008 wlis agvistos movlenebis Semdeg mwerlis erTgvar

winaswarmetyvelebad JRers. putinis ruseTi dReeebis ganmavlobaSi

bombavda samxedro bazebsa da mSvidobian mosaxleobas saqarTveloSi.

molodinis myari horizonti kiTxvisas bunebrivad Semodis

mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi (daskvniT nawilSi kvlav ixateba oraswliani

uRlis sisastike).

2008 wlis agvistoSi rusebis Semosevam saukuneze meti xnis

winandeli arsena gaaxsena ers: àmis odka CamomisxiT, misviT mSier

saldaTebsa~. sainformacio saSualebebiT qveyniereba moiara, rusi

saldaTebis gaocebam, rom Turme qarTvel jariskacebs: hqoniaT logini,

komfortuli leibi, fexsacmlebi da ase Semdeg.

oTar CxeiZis maxvil mzeras arc is gamorCa: `kidevac ro Zala

hyofniT e mag mSier saldaTebsa!... arsenasi ar iyos. arsenasi. ra

gansxvavebula?! Sioda saldaTsa: samTavrosi iyo. mefisa iyo. imperiisa

iyo. tiranisa iyo. Tu demokratisa. Sioda. Sioda~ (75. 409.) `damSeuli

saldaTi~ miuTiTebs mTavrobis damokidebulebaze sakuTari xalxisadmi.

CeCneTSi xangrZlivi operaciebis Sesaxeb saubrisas mwerali amxels

`moskvitianTa~ Canafiqrs: `rusobas Tavisi mizani hqonda. iq undoda

qarTveli tyveebi... erTad moeJlitaT, rom erTmaneTi qarTvelebsa da

CeCen-lekebsa. ar enaneboda arc ro is Tavisi veluri rusobai. ara. ara.

ar enaneboda arc isa arasodesa~ (65. 153.)

aq naracias gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs da istoriuli qronikebis

anasxletad ganicdeba, miTiTebulia imperiuli sulis sisastike,

sakuTari xalxis, jaris gawirvac rom ar uWirs.

oTar CxeiZe saintereso fsiqoanalizs gvawvdis moskovis qronikuli

SiSis Sesaxeb _ uqarTvelebod yofnisa. mudmivi swrafva saqarTvelos

dasamorCileblad mweralma TviT imperiuli ruseTis ubedurebadac

gangvacdevina: `veRar gaeZloT uqarTveleboda. usaqarTveloba ver




- - 56

aetanaT. erTxel ro vwerdi: ruseTi dasTmobs urals iqiT saruseTosa,

saqarTvelos ar dasTmobs-meTqi. is erTxel iyo. anu Tu vcdebodi an

marTlac Tu aseTad iyo _ axla ufro gaxelebula. gacecxlebula.

gavarvarebula. moskovzedac aiRebs xelsa, saqarTvelos ver Seeleva.

vera. da ra hqnas?! ubedurobaa. raRa Tqma unda. - es ho kompleqsia.

arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi, es ho Zrwolaa. es ho SiSia, SiSi imisa: ro

ver iarsebebs usaqarTveloda?.. daavadebulia SiSiTa ubeduri. da Tu

eSvela da Tu ganikurna _ Cveni hxsnac es aris da xsnac es aris

qveynierebisa~ (65. 464).

oTar CxeiZem, itrielTa STamomavalma, utyuari diagnozi dasva da

kurnebis gzac miuTiTa, magram ruseTs ar unda ganikurnos aRniSnuli

SiSisagan, mas surs kacobriobas Tavs moaxvios absurduli Sexedulebebi,

rom afxazeTisa da oseTis saxelmwifoebriobas icavs da amitom eomeba

saqarTvelos. bunebaSi ar arsebobs amis damadasturebeli argumenti,

magram rusuli `держава“ uflebamosilad Tvlis Tavs ase moiqces.

2008 wlis agvistoSi moskovis mier afxazeTisa da oseTis

damoukideblobis cnoba saqarTvelos dakargvis isterikuli SiSisa da

mwerlis mier aRniSnuli kompleqsis dadastureba iyo XXI saukuneSi.

am movlenebma sabolood gadausva xazi miTs ori ruseTis Sesaxeb.

sagulisxmoa paralelebi 1920 wlis 7 maiss elcinsa da SevardnaZes

Soris politikuri SeTanxmebebis fonze afxazeTis masiuri dabombvisa

ganiaraRebul qarTul jarze: `1920 wlis maisSi saqarTvelo-ruseTis

urTierTobis gasarkvevad da xelSekrulebis dasadebad moskovs Casuli

generali urataZe miiRebs informacias, rom orjonikiZe wiTeli armiiT

utevs qarTul jarebs.

urataZe protestiT Sedis leninTan da ucxadebs: Tu rusis jari ar

Sewyvets qarTuli teritoriebis aneqsiis mcdelobas, _ molaparakebas

Svwyveto~ (65. 464).

leninma karaxans daavala orjonikiZis SeCereba, radgan mas xels

uSlida saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis garTuleba (baqo ukve mis xelT

iyo, poloneTTan moeloda brZolebs).

urataZe da karaxani moskovidan daukavSirdnen sergo orjonikiZes,

moaxsenes leninis gankarguleba. `rkinis sergos~ pasuxi iyo: àr

veTanxmebi, magram vemorCilebi~.




- - 57

ìstoria detalebSi meordeba. moskovs xelSekrulebis dasadebad

Casulia Cveni delegacia. rusis jari ki afxazeTSi gvbombavs. rusis

qmedeba ar Secvlila, Seicvala Cveni motyuebis forma. ase magaliTad,

moskovidan wamosul saCveno brZanebebs àqauri~ rusis generlebi

pasuxoben: `veTanxmebi, magram ar vemorCilebi~ (65. 466). Cvenc Sewuxebulni

gaviZaxiT, rom reaqciul ruseTze gavlena ara aqvs demokratiul ruseTs

da ase Semdeg da ase Semdeg.

isev nacadi, gamWvirvale sicrue ruseTisa: `mSvidobis laSqari. Tu

gindaT gamovalTo... Tqven ikiTxeTo gvamadlis kidevaca~ (65. 407).

2008 wlis agvistoSi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam saxeli daarqva

ruseTis qmedebas _ saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofa.

putinsa da medvedevs Tvalic ar dauxamxamebiaT, roca

ganxorcielebul oms mSvidobis garantoroba, afxazeTisa da oseTis

saxelmwifoebriobisa da aq mcxovreb xalxTa usafrTxoebis dacva

uwodes.

dRemde ver gamTlianebula Cveni `struqtura~, dRemde mware godebad

da uflisadmi vedrebad JRers roman `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ anonimi

mTxrobelis mier gaxmianebuli: `mogvaSoreT rusi. isev isa gvborkavs.isev

imisgan SevboWilvarTo. da nurc dasavleTs SemouSvebT ise: xorblis

moyvana ro gvaswavlon, Rvinis dayeneba ro gvaswavlono, gaagebineTo: Cven

ro varT samSoblo purisacao. Rvinisacao. da TviTon iesoma sTxova

dedasa Tvisasa, qristes moZRvreba ro moetana CvenSio~ (59. 211)

swored ZirZvelobis, saqarTvelos myari da Rirseuli warsulis,

`kavkasiis Sublze~ mdebareobis gamo ayalyula TeTri daTvi,

daunayrebeli madiT Semousaltavs torebi am qveynisTvis.

amgvarad, oTar CxeiZis romanebSi aisaxa:

a) imperiuli ruseTis aSkara Tu faruli brZola saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebriobis, misi teritoriuli mTlianobisa da sulieri

simrTelis winaaRmdeg.

b) XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis tragediaSi ruseTis roli:

“moskvitianTa~ (renegat qarTvelTa) damokidebuleba WeSmariti

Rirebulebebisadmi, TanamSromloba erovnuli mTavrobis iaraRiT

damxobaSi.




- - 58

g) mweralma trilogiaSi sakuTari saxeliT datova yvela

politikosi. es aris `suliT mxedroba” simarTlis msaxurebis gzaze,

mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozisadmi Semoqmedis Taviseburi

damokidebulebac.




- - 59

orbunebovneba (sulieri struqtura)




- - 60

Tavi II

a) erovnuli sulis struqturis rRveva

oTar CxeiZis romanebi Sinaarsobriv-saxismetyvelebiTi gaazrebis,

dakonkretebis mravalgvar SesaZleblobas iZleva. erT-erTi gza kvlevis

sferos SerCevisa da nawarmoebebis Sinagani struqturis wvdomisa, aris

kulturis da gamocdilebis fsiqologiuri kodi; es xels uwyobs

mwerlis qmnilebebTan recipientis SemoqmedebiT urTierTobas.

mxatvruli sistemis dekodireba gulisxmobs yuradRebas Semoqmedis

mier Seqmnil niSanTaA mimarT, `vinaidan am niSanTa erTianoba

warmoadgens im gasaRebs, romelic moergeba nawarmoebs da SesaZlebels

gaxdis mkiTxvelis monawileobas mxatvruli sinamdvilis CamoyalibebaSi~

(54. 77).

Cven vsaubrobT oTar CxeiZis dokumenturi prozis niSanTa mxatvrul

sistemaze, romelic cxadad asaxavs saqarTvelos damonebas ruseTis mier

da damonebuli qveynis bunebrivi gzis simrTelis rRvevas.

erovnuli suli aris garkveuli struqtura, romelic

Camoyalibebulia saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. am struqturis elementebis

simyare ganapirobebs eris mTlianobas, simtkices, gamZleobas. sanam es

struqtura mdgradia gare Tu Sina `ryevebis~ mimarT, manam eri

TavisTavadobas inarCunebs, xolo struqturis romelime elementis

rRvevis SemTxvevaSi eri degradirdeba.

struqturis simrTeles qmnis sijansaReSenarCunebuli `mamuli, ena,

sarwmunoeba~, ilias mier formulad Camoqnili.

darRveuli struqturis tkivilia oTar CxeiZis `matiane qarTlisa~.

mwerali Cxreks qveynis ubedurebis mizezs, mas guls useravs kiTxvebi:

`ra gvWirs?~, `ratom gWirs?~, `ram dagvaknina?~

mkiTxveli mxatvruli teqstis interpretaciisa da simboloebis

axsnis gziT mis nawarmoebebs siRrmiseulad gaiazrebs, daaskvnis, rom

yoveli ubedurebis saTave sulieri struqturis rRvevaa.

1921 wlis 7 maiss leninisadmi miweril werilSi konstantine

gamsaxurdia ambobda: èrTaderTi garantia Cveni damoukideblobisa es




- - 61

iyo, aris da iqneba TviT qarTveli xalxis SenebaSi, radgan yovelive

ganTavisuflebis dedaboZi Senebaa~ (12. 199).

Sinagani Tu garegani mizezebiT gamowveul rRvevas Seneba esalbuneba

mxolod, Sinagani Seneba ganmRrTobis ideas ukavSirdeba.

struqturis simrTelis aRdgena gulisxmobs ganRmrTobas,

`ganRmrToba ars raodeni dasatevnel ars erTobao da msgavsebai RmrTisa

Tana~ (40. 257). es aris subordinacia _ sulsa da samyaros Soris swori

urTierTdamokidebuleba. es ritmi rom dairRveva, adamiani iluziur

samyaros afarebs Tavs, fsiqikuri meqanizmi realobas wydeba. simSvidis

safuZveli Tavmdablobaa, `Tavmdabali miwaze dawva da qariSxalma

gadauqrola, amayi mTeli taniT dadga da qariSxalma qvebs daanarcxa.

vnebaTa qariSxlis drosac igive xdeba~ (2. 277).

adamianis sulieri sijansaRe moiazrebs harmoniul SeTanxmebas

Sinagan uxilavsa da garegan, xilul samyaros Soris. Sinagani, uxilavi _

sulieri Tvisebebia: `yoveli, rasac kaci grZnobs, gulsa Sina, xolo

meore aris yoveli xiluli moqmedeba kacisa~ (52. 14).

garegani Tvisebebi sulieri samyaros anareklia. jansaRi suli,

daurRveveli struqtura gulisxmobs `yovelive daemorCilos sityvasa

RvTisasa~.

erovnuli istoriis furclebi cxadad gvidastureben, rom mxolod

sulierad ganmtkicebuli qveyana, xeldasxmuli meTauris winamZRolobiT

axerxebda ganmtkicebasa da aRzevebas.

yvela qarTvelma icis, rom, am mxriv, STamagonebeli magaliTia daviT

aRmaSeneblis epoqa. merab kostava naSromSi, `fiqrebi saqarTvelos

misiaze~, warmoaCens sagulisxmo masalas daviT aRmaSeneblis xeldasxmis

Sesaxeb da gamoTqvams varauds, rom SeiZleba imdroindelma msofliom

swored mefe-mRvdelmTavar ioanes (daviT aRmaSeneblis) qveyana airCia

graalis Tasis samkvidrod. naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `gelaTis freskuli

mxatvrobis ZiriTad motivs swored graalis barZimi warmoadgens. taZris

kedlebze gamosaxulia sxvadasxva zomisa da formis barZimebi~ (24. 51).

graalis Tasi iniciaciis, saRmrTo sibrZnesTan ziarebis simboloa.

gelaTis taZris mozaikur kompoziciaSi `barZimi pirdapir ieso emanuelis

Sublzea gamoxatuli, rac uprecedento movlenaa msoflio freskuli

xelovnebis istoriaSi~ (iqve).




- - 62

daviT aRmaSeneblis droindeli saqarTvelo amTlianebs uflis

xeldasxmasa da qarTvelTa sulier mzaobas zeciuri naTlis misaRebad.

sagulisxmoa gelaTis mozaikuri freska, sadac daviT aRmaSeneblis Tavze

xelia gamosaxuli. es utyuari simboloa xeldasxmisa. aseTi

gamobrwyineba iSviaTad xdeba, mas sulieri da miwieri sawyisis

gamTlianeba ganapirobebs. am mTlianobis aucilebloba gamoxatulia

qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSic. àqac TiTqos adamianis moZraobaa

ganmeorebuli. ufro zustad, adamianis renesansuli idealis

mizanswrafva, rasac misi, adamianisave, orbunebovnebis Segneba udevs

safuZvlad, anu imis rwmena, rom adamiani erTdroulad miwisacaa da

cisac (8. 533).

mrTeli struqtura am mTlianobas moicavs. amis xilul, simbolur

asoniSnad amoikvarTa saukuneebis win asomTavruli jvris taZarze (VI

s.) mcxeTaSi (danarTi #1) da macxovris feriscvalebis taZris (XII s.)

mTavarangelozis saxelobis ekvdris karebTan walenjixaSi (danarTi #2.

sainteresoa am asos simboluri gaazreba. igi eklesiasac gamoxatavs _

Suamavals zecasa da miwas Soris.

sainteresoa Cveni winaprebis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba -s mimarT.

svaneTSi, mestiis muzeumis saganZuri inaxavs XIIIs-is 10-iani wlebis

pergaments ianaSis oTxTavidan, romelzec es aso oqrocurvili feradi

asoebiT, 17 saxesxvaobiT aris gamosaxuli (danarTi #3). erT-erT

xelnawerze ki ostatis damokidebulebac SemorCenila: ufalma Semrisxos

Tu farCas ar dagadaro.

XXI saukuneSi am naferebma simbolom iqneb `struqturis simrTelis~

misiac itvirTos.

struqturis rRveva zeciur da miwier sawyiss Soris Tanafardobis

cvlilebaa: `roca xorci zeobs, suli Wleqdeba~. ukiduresi mdgomareobaa

naTlisgan mowyveta (SemaerTebeli svetis moSla). urRvevi struqtura

gulisxmobs ganuyofel jaWvs: `simarTle da siyvaruli, mizani da

saSualeba~ (2. 157).

`daWleqebuli suli~ avadmyofuri mdgomareobaa, radgan es aris

codvasTan Tanaziareba. Tavis mxriv, `codva, mistikuri TvalsazrisiT,

satanasTan sulis SeTvisebas warmoadgens~ (2. 259). Cveulebrivi mokvdavi

Tavs uflebas ver miscems Seqmnas sqema sulieri struqturis




- - 63

ganviTarebisa. gnostikur Ziebas es uxilavi sivrce ar emorCileba, magram

cxadia, rom `materialur da sulier samyaroSi arsebobs raRac ucvleli

principi, romelsac struqtura ewodeba. struqturis gareSe SeuZlebelia

yofiereba, atomebidan galaqtikamde...~ (2. 205).

wuTisofeli TavisTavad gulisxmobs yoveli arsis cvlilebasac,

radgan mzisqveSeTi Jamieria da naklulevani, Sesabamisad, garkveuli

mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWviT struqturac irRveva, iSleba: `struqturis

daSla, es afeTqebaa, romelsac ganadgureba mosdevs, Semdeg ki, rogorc

Sedegi, degradacia momdevno, ganaxlebul struqturebSi~ (struqturis

ngrevis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens atomuri afeTqeba, romelic

xatovnad rom iTqvas, radiaciad wodebul mavne energias afrqvevs)~ (2.

205).




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struqturis simrTele emyareba urTierTdaqvemdebarebis kanons. eris

cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi, es aris qveynis interesebis damcveli, kurTxeuli

winamZRvari, romelic xalxis siyvaruliTa da mxardaWeriT sargeblobs.

aseTi TanaziarebiT xalxi da misi meTauri qveyanas aZlierebs; inarCunebs

ara mxolod yofierebas, aramed dasaxul mizansac ganaxorcielebs,

struqturis rRveviT gamowveuli `sulieri radiaciis veli~

abrkolebs yofierebas da dasaxul mizans.

qarTveli eris warsulSi amgvari àfeTqeba~ mravlad iyo. erT-erTi

aseTi TariRia XVIII saukunis miwuruli, roca saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba dadga eWvqveS da erekle II iZulebuli gaxda ukiduresi

zomebi mieRo _ arsebobis SesanarCuneblad, `sxvaT ganuboZa Tvis ymaT

cxovreba~. SeizRuda qveynis suverenuli uflebebi. istoriis

gamocdilebidan mowvdili daskvna gamarTlda:

`saxelmwifosa sjulis erToba araras argebs,

odes Tviseba erTa maT Soris sxvadasxvaobdes~ (n. baraTaSvili).

es èrToba~ Tanabaruflebiani ver iqneboda: ruseTi mimTvisebeli

iyo, saqarTvelo _ morCili. es struqturis rRveviT ganpirobebuli

monoba iyo, rac kidev ufro avrcobda sulieri radiaciis vels.

saqarTvelom droebiT TavdaxsniT, fizikuri gadarCeniT dakarga

Rirseuli arsebobis ufleba, radgan Tu Tavisuflebas Tmob da

damoukideblobadakarguli ganagrZob arsebobas, uJamod geReba bolo.

Tavdaxsna `simrTeleSi~ dabrunebiT, harmoniis aRdgeniT aris

SesaZlebeli.

rusuli uRlis simZimem TviT monRolurs gadaaWarba. `ruseTis

ganaTlebulma imperatorebma Tavisi nebiT SeerTebul saqarTvelos

yovelgvari TviTmmarTveloba da avtonomia waarTves~ (46. 348).

saxelmwifoebadarRveul qveyanaSi knindeba ena _ suli erisa;

ùpirvelesi da uTvalsaCinoesi maCvenebeli adamianTa garegnulad

mowesrigebul saerTo cxovrebisa aris ena~ (iqve).

mixako wereTeli ganmartavs: `sazogadoeba gansazRvruli cnebaa,

gansazRvruli bunebis movlenisa, eri ki gansazRvruli konkretuli

magaliTia~ (73. 352).

eri bunebis wiaRis warmonaqmnia, kosmiur harmoniaSi TavisTavadi

saxea da mis winaaRmdeg yovelgvari qmedeba aris bunebis kanonzomierebis




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rRveva. logikuria, rom erTi romelime eris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

qmedeba miemarTeba mTel kacobriobas.

èri CvenTvis sulia, sulieri ojaxi, sulieri principi, igi

istoriuli individualobaao~, _ Tqva renanma, _ maS Tu sulia, sulieri

ojaxi, sulieri principi, istoriuli individualuroba~, rogorc

ambobda es keTilSobili filosofosi, mas ufleba ara sWirdeba, _

ufleba uzenaesi, romelic suverenobiT unda gamoixatos, an ar unda

miiswafvodes suverenobisadmi~ (37. 176)

mixako wereTeli imowmebs rusTavelis aforizms: `qmna marTlisa

simarTlisa xesa Seiqms xmelsa nedlad~ da akonkretebs, rom daCagruli

eris mier yoveli aRdgena uflebisa, marTali samarTlis qmna aris

ganmanedlebeli gamxmari erovnuli organizmisa.

rusuli imperiis winaaRmdeg brZola am `ganedlebisaTvis~

xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. imperiis uRelqveS yofnam ki monuri fsiqologia

daamkvidra.

oTar CxeiZis mxatvruli samyaro asaxavs qarTveli eris brZolas

erovnulobis SesanarCuneblad.

`Cveni istoriis asparezze ori poza arsebobda: qarTveli xalxis

erTgulisa da dampyroblis, mtris Tanamdgomelisa. igi vinc arc erTi

pozis daWera _ SenarCunebas ar cdilobda, iRupeboda, magram patiosnad

da vaJkacurad. iRupebodnen isinic, vinc ama Tu im pozas arCevda, magram

an laCrulad, an moRalatis saxeliT. es erTdroulad Cveni istoriis

tragediac aris da farsic~ (9. 618).

am tragediaSi yvela Tavisi sulieri Zalisamebr moqmedebs, iRwvis.

mTavaria Sedegi. swored mis mixedviT miuCens maT saxelebs STamomavloba

adgils: ìstoriasa da xalxs Tavisi kriteriumi aqvs da imis Sesabamisad

afasebs yvelas, codvilsa da madlmosils~ (iqve).

epoqa uSualod ukavSirdeba socialur organizms. Tumca mis sulsa

da xalxis sulier wyobas Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri rTulia da

mravalmniSvnelovani. es Rrma, uxilavi da mravalferovani Srea

sazogadoebis cxovrebisa.

saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan da tkivilian

TariRad iTvleba 1918 da Semdgom, 1921 wlebi. 1918 wlis 26 maiss




- - 69

saqarTvelom Tavisufleba moipova, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervali am

Tavisuflebis dasamarebis dRea.

sulierad gaberwebul saqarTveloSi kvlav movida qarTvelis saxiT

rusuli Zala ùkidegano slavuri saSoisa~ da `mongreuli monRoleTis

najvari~, romlis gadalaxvam ar icis sazRvari~ (46. 523).

moZalebuli boroteba mkvidrdeba maSin, roca mas noyieri niadagi

uxvdeba, siyvarulSi naklulevani eri moZalades advilad eTelvineba

(`bermudis samkuTxeds~ mweralma epigrafad warumZRvara: `muxama Tqvao:

culi me ras mizamda, Sig Cemi rom ar erioso~).

istoriis gakveTilad, Cveni sulieri wyobis rRvevaze dasafiqreblad

dagvrCa albaT is faqti, rom damoukideblobis warTmevas, XI armiis

Semosvlas, win uZRoda werili qarTvelisa qarTvelis mimarT (stalinisa

orjonikiZisadmi): ùeWvelad davamarcxoT saqarTvelo!~, romelsac mohyva

depeSa imave adresatisadmi: àxlave Seutie, dasturia, aiRe qalaqi!~ (46.

522)

sisxlian-gmiruli, laCrul-moRalaturi saxeebis aRmbeWdi matiane am

ubedurebasac inaxavs. `Tavisi uxangrZlivesi istoriis gzaze ramdeni

moRalate Svili dahbadebia deda-saqarTvelos, magram vis uTqvams, vis

gaubedavs ase SiSvlad, urcxvad da utifrad: saqarTvelo ueWvelad unda

davamarcxoT?~ (46. 522)

am movlenis Semdeg saqarTvelos damoukideblobis xelyofis axali

mtkivneuli TariRi Sevida istoriaSi. erovnuli mTavrobis damxoba, 1990

wlis 9 aprils gamocxadebuli damoukideblobis Semdeg. aqac rusuli

Zala da neba marTavda sulgayidul qarTvelebs.

`dekember-ianvris samxedro gadatrialebasTan dakavSirebiT

saintereso informacias gvawvdis `novaia kavkazskaia gazeta~, romlis

mTavari redaqtoria profesori givi gorgilaZe.

gazeTis cnobiT, kitovani TviTon acxadebda, rom gadatrialebis

scenari kremlSi iyo dawerili, xolo amierkavkasiis samxedro olqTan

axlo urTierToba hqonda siguas. igive gazeTi afiqsirebs, rom arsebobda

fotosuraTebi, sadac jaba ioseliani da Tengiz kitovani rus general

bepaevTan erTad opozicias iaraRs aZlevda, am saqmianobaSi gareuli iyo

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis yofili ministri vardiko nadibaiZe~ (22. 48-49).




- - 70

ruseTSi `SemuSavda saqarTvelos xelisuflebis damxobis gegma,

romelic, rogorc mogvianebiT ganacxada ruseTis parlamentis wevrma i.

afanasievma, 65 milioni maneTiT dafinansda~ (22. 53)

oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza naTlad warmoaCens am

Semzarav sinamdviles da movlenebis kvaldakval amxels mas. mTavrobis

damxobiT dairRva erovnuli mTlianoba saqarTveloSi. ideis Sesabamisad

adamianTa dayofiTa da siyvarulis dakninebiT, moyvasis cnebisadmi

gaukuRmarTebuli damokidebulebiT SuRli tragikul Sedegamde aRzevda.

korufciam, mtroba-siZulvilma daimkvidra asparezi. RmerTi, siyvaruli

Sinaarsdaclil sityvebad iqca.

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi bolSevikebis diqtaturam waarTva

qarTvels `RmerTi _ dasayrdnobi misi, qriste _ sasoeba misi, mRvdeli _

moZRvari, mnaTvleli, jvaris damweri da dammarxveli misi. eklesia _

salocavi misi, dResaswaulebi _ sixaruli da gansveneba misi, pirovneba

da saxl-kar-sakuTreba, siamaye misi.~ (67. 297)

es aTeisturi saxelmwifos mizanmimarTuli qmedeba iyo eris

simrTelis dasarRvevad. RvTis mgmobeli xelisufleba adamians mxolod

amqveyniur yofierebas da materialurs ajaWvavda. es iyo `ritmidan

amovardna~, dairRva adamianis adamianurobis ucvleli faseuloba _

rwmena. ganmkargavi Zala gaxda ampartavneba, boroteba. adamianebma

WeSmariti Rirebulebebi privilegirebul mdgomareobaze advilad

gacvales. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSic axladSobil damoukideblobis

gawirviT wonasworoba dairRva, isev xisa da culis igavi gameorda:

ruseTma Tavisi mizani qarTvelebis xeliT ganaxorciela.

romanSi warmoCenilia, rom mwared axsovs saqarTvelos orjonikiZisa

da orjonikiZeebis `Rvawli~: `dagvwves da gagvaupatiures, _ esec

avitaneT, ramdenadac ki SegveZlo _ gmirulad~ (67. 114).

renegati qarTveli ki amkvidrebda azrs, rom uruseTod Znelia

saqarTveloSi qarTvelis ganmtkicebao. swored orjonikiZiseuli suli

umzerda moskovs, rogorc dedaqalaqs, Tbiliss, rogorc `saxelosnos~

da amtkicebda, mze yinulovani CrdiloeTidan amodiso. Tu XI armiis

Semosvlamde, ramdenime wliT adre simrTelis rRvevis tragikuli

dasturi ilias mkvleloba iyo, axal orjonikiZeebs zviad gamsaxurdia

unda gaewiraT, rom amjerad iqiT xlebodnen TeTr daTvs. dsT-Si




- - 71

SesvliT kidev erTxel nebayoflobiT daedgaT brWyviala TvlebiT

morTuli monobis uReli.

sulieri struqturis masobrivi rRveva warmoaCina mweralma XX

saukunis 90-ian wlebis amsaxvel trilogiaSi: àrtistuli gadatrialeba~,

`TeTri daTvi~ da `bermudis samkuTxedi~. saTaurebi mizanmimarTulad

aris SerCeuli, rasac kanonieri mTavrobis damamxobelni saxalxo

ajanyebas uwodebdnen, aris àrtistuli gadatrialeba~. nawarmoebma

yvelafers marTali saxeli daarqva.

upirvelesad mematianem itvirTa es misia, mxatvruli sityvis

gamomsaxvelobiT Zalas `namdvilobis~ elferi SeaduRaba da es

arsebiTia. mxatvruli nawarmoebis damajereblobis, misi namdvilobis da,

amasTanave, mkiTxvelis rwmenis, monaTxrobisadmi ndobis gareSe

gasaubreba avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris ver Sedgeba (sagulisxmoa, rom

aq sinTezirdeba mxatvruli da realuri namdviloba).

mwerali àrtistuli gadatrialebiT~ gviCvenebs, rom 90-iani wlebis

tragedia arc ki uaxlovdeboda gamoTqmas: `saxalxo ajanyeba~.

saintereso istoriuli paraleli aris moZiebuli am tragikul

movlenebTan dakavSirebiT: `sabWouri istoriografia gvimtkicebda, rom

ruseTis mTel imperiaSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSic, 1917 wels moxda

revolucia.

am faqtTan dakavSirebiT tician tabiZe moswrebulad werda: 1917

wlis revolucia saqarTvelos fostiT ecnobao.

gansxvaveba isaa, rom 1991-1992 wlebis dekember-ianvris saxalxo

ajanyebis Sesaxeb àjanyebul~ qarTvel xalxs fostis nacvlad

televiziiT ecnoba, rom Tqven ajanyebulebi xarT da revolucia ukve

momxdariao~ (18. 214).

moskovis dakveTiT samxedro gadatrialebis ganmaxorcielebelni am

gadatrialebis msxverplT _ qarTvel xalxs, erovnuli interesebis

erTgulT abralebdnen am sisxlisRvras.

aseT totalur RvarZlsa da borotebas mxolod istoriografia ver

asaxavs. aq saWiroa mxatvruli qsovili, mxatvrul-dokumenturi proziT

asxmuli gamocdileba, anu fsiqologiuri kodi, rac mkiTxvels exmareba

movlenebis srul gacnobierebaSi.




- - 72

àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ xatavs pirveli prezidentis saxes, eris

zneobrivi gamTlianeba umZimes dReebSic rom eimedeboda. `moiaraReTa~

mier gadabirebul gvardias 1991 wlis 23 noembers mimarTavda: `qarTvelo

gvardielebo, nu gadavCexavT saqarTvelos ufskrulSi, nu vizamT amas,

istoria da STamomavloba ar gvapatiebs am sabediswero Secdomas. dRes

saqarTvelo realurad dgas damoukideblobis mijnaze da es aris Cveni

gadarCenis erTaderTi gza _ damoukidebloba xom eris zneobis

gadarCenaa da amdenad TviT eris gadarCenac~ (22. 55).

ase iTxovda da moiTxovda xalxis mier arCeuli prezidenti mamulis

interesebis dacvas, magram ùmadlo Jamis~ mflobeli boroteba axSobda

am Txovnis siRrmes. oraswliani monobiT xom TviT mamulis cneba

dakninebuliyo gadagvarebul qarTvelTaTvis, mamuls rogorRa

daicavdnen. isev sasxvisod gaemzadebinaT qarTvelTa samkvidro, sakuTari

keTildReobis sanacvlod. mamulis gasxvisebis gzaze erovnuli

mTavrobis, prezidentis damxoba iyo mTavari.

es Jami akninebda arsismier madls xalxSi. xalxisa da brbos cnebas

yvelas saTavisod iyenebda.

oTar CxeiZis trilogia am movlenas daxvewili mxatvruli qargiT

asaxavs.

àrtistul gadatrialebaSi~ CarTulia g. Wanturias samitingo

monologi: `xalxi brbod iqca. brbos Cven isev xalxad gadavaqcevT.

xalxi isev Cven amogvidgeba mxarSia. xalxs Cven miviyvanT saboloo

gamarjvebamde. gamsaxurdia-SevardnaZis aliansi daRupavs qarTvel

xalxsa. es aliansi saqarTvelos daagebs isev ruseTis proviniciada~ (58.

62).

samxedro gadatrialebis, `demokrati~ opozicionerebis qmedebis

Sedegi ixila gaubedurebulma saqarTvelom da es movlenebi aisaxa oTar

CxeiZis roman `TeTr daTvSi~.

damxobili mTavrobis adgils ikavebs e. SevardnaZe. misi moRvaweobis

mZime periodia qveynis ganviTarebis arakanonzomieri gza, aRreuli da

ganadgurebuli realoba. aRniSnuli epoqisadmi miZRvnili mxatvrul-

dokumenturi qronikebi TavisTavad amyarebs mkiTxvelTan mxatvrul

komunikacias. gamocdilebis fsiqologiuri kodis aqtiurobis SemTxvevaSi

mwerlTan TanamSromlobs moqalaqe da mkiTxveli.




- - 73

1991-1992 wlebis movlenebma, erovnuli mTavrobis damxobam

daadastura zviad gamsaxurdias winaswarxedva mosalodneli Sedegebis

Sesaxeb. igi mowinaaRmdegeebs, romlebic mis gadadgomas moiTxovdnen,

mimarTavda, rom prezidentis postidan misi wasvla gamoiwvevda:

`saqarTvelos, rogorc aseTis, saxelmwifo mTlianobis srul

dezintegracias da darRvevas. iqneba xelisuflebis ramdenime kera, erT-

erTi da uZlieresi iqneba imis xelSi, vis xelSic aris SeiaraRebuli

formirebebi~ (22. 54).

es ubedureba Cveni guSindeli dRea. is aRsrulda.

oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebiTi da Wirisuflismieri mzera kuTxe-

kunWuls ar tovebs mouxilavad.

romanis erT-erTi siuJeti, baadur rikoTelisa da gandevnili

prezidentis Sexvedra, amTlianebs empiriul samyarosa da tragikuli

sinamdvilis ganmapirobebel ubedurebas _ sulier mRviZarebaSi

myofTaTvis mZime sasjelad rom qceula, radgan am sibrmaves mteri

iyenebs mizanmimarTulad.

baaduri Tavis pozicias ase arqmevs: `samSoblos winaSe aRmovCndi~,

mere ki anonimi mTxrobeli CaerTvis: àRar ganagrZobs. esec ar unda

meTqvao ro gascviTes Rirsebai samSoblosi yovlad uRirsma Svilebma. ar

unda meTqvao.

`samSoblo~. isic ityvis, TiTqos ro, ager ro: Tvalwin kuboSi

usveniao~ (60. 183).

mwerali-mematiane axasiaTebs (gandevnili prezidentis piriT) axali

xelisuflebis mier qveynis marTvis savaraudo sqemas: àikleben aqaobasa.

aikleben. jer ho viTom Seirigeben momxreebsa. mere gamohkreben nel-

nelobiTa, daarqmeven kriminalebsa, TviTon kriminalebi, TviTon

mosyidulni, saxels gautexen, daasaxiCreben, TviT rwmenasac

daasaxiCreben samSoblosi. ukve asaxiCreben~ (60. 184).

erovnuli sulis struqturis rRvevaze rom vsaubrobT, gveufleba

survili, mtris iaraRad gamoyenebul adamianebs `Ze SecTomilni~

vuwodoT, magram ubedurebasa da rRvevis procesis tragikul xasiaTze

miuTiTebs sisxlisRvris organizatorTa TviTkmayofileba daRvrili

sisxliT, ZmaTa kvliT miRweuli Sedegis gamo.




- - 74

`simrTelemde~ albaT mZime da rTuli, Sori gza aqvs Cvens ers

gasavleli, roca am tragikul movlenebidan, 6 wlis Semdeg mis aqtiur

monawiles SeuZlia ganacxados: `Cveni xelisufleba sisxliT movida. am

brZolaSi me aqtiurad vmonawileobdi. es absoluturad meamayeba.

mimaCnia, rom im xelisuflebis moSoreba saqarTvelos xsnis erTaderTi

gza iyo. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis moSorebiT Cven sazogadoebas

qirurgiuli operacia gavukeTeT. is mourCeneli seni iyo~ (22. 47).

“Ze Secdomili” sinanulis madliT naTdeba. Sinagani mzeriT xedavs

da afasebs movlenebs. igi sinanulma da siyvarulis cecxlma gananaTla.

im movlenebis mTavar moqmed pirT Tu es cecxli Seexo, am

gulgrilobaSi ver darCebodnen.

gazeT àxali Taobis~ 1998 wlis 14 aprilis nomerSi T. kitovani

gaocebas gamoxatavda: `TiTqos Cvenma biWebma da mec raRac davaSaveT.

CavidineT iseTi ram, rom prezidenti CamovagdeT! ratom aris monaTluli

is, rac Cven CavidineT, kriminalur revoluciad?~ (22. 53)

ai, Sinagani ubedureba: gareSe ZalebTan Tanxmoba, katalizatoris

funqcia qveynis dasarbevad, `sazogadoebis qirurgiuli operaciisaTvis~,

struqturadarRveuli, sulieri radiaciis velze moqceuli Svilebisagan

(da ara Ze SecTomilTagan).

es sinamdvile mxatvruli sistemis organizebis ostatobiT miutana

mkiTxvels oTar CxeiZem.

àrtistul gadatrialebaSi~ mwerlis diskursi gansakuTrebuli

lakonizmiT gamoirCeva: `Ralati zogjer Tavdadeba ratom hgoniaT, ratom

hgoniaT moRalateT gmirebi varTo; codna imisa zRvari sad udevs

Ralatsa da erTgulebasa. Sua ar udevs didi mzRvari, _ erTi bewvaa da

cdunebac advili gaxlavs~ (58. 335).

`bermudis samkuTxedi~ mravalmniSvnelovnad Cafiqrebuli saTauria.

saqarTvelos saboloo gacamtverebisTvis ruseTma moamzada bermudis

samkuTxedi: soxumi-cxinvali-baTumi, am samkuTxeds sabolood unda

Seewira qveyana. samkuTxedis yovlis gamanadgurebeli Zalis gasaRebi

ruseTs hqonda yovelTvis, aRmsrulebelni ki `simrTeledarRveuli~

qarTvelebi iyvnen.

mweralma erT-erT interviuSi ganacxada, rom man romanis daweramde

saguldagulod Seiswavla am samkuTxedis Teoria. bunebrivia, mas misi




- - 75

moqmedebis sistema ainteresebda, raTa igi zustad daekavSirebina eris

sulieri enTropiisaTvis. oTar CxeiZis sityvebiT: `Cveni istoria, sruli

istoria, dasawyisdabadebidan ager, aqamomde bermuduli bedisweraa _

vixrCobiT da vixrCobiT da... mainc suls viTqvamT~ (75. 3).

oTar CxeiZem ase daaxasiaTa bermudis samkuTxedSi moqceuli XX

saukunis saqarTvelo: `komunisturma ruseTma sami avtonomia Cado

saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos dasangrevada: soxumi-baTumi-cxinvali. sami

kuTxe. isev imas ebRauWeba. imitom moSala avtonomiebi gamsaxurdiama. isev

aRadgines da ebRauWeba isev iseve. rac unda gveSvelos, es mainc gastans,

karga xans gastans da kai gvariani RonisZiebanic dasWirdeba~ (iqve).

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg xangrZlivad amoqmedebuli

komunisturi bombi, avtonomiebis saxiT, kidev erTxel gaxda cxadi

saqarTvelosTvis 2008 wlis agvistoSi.

dgas dazafruli molodinis Jami: moxdeba am maradmoqmedi bombisgan

saqarTvelos ganaRmva?!

ruseTis mier mzakvrulad Cafiqrebul am avtonomiuri respublikebis

Seqmnis da amoqmedebis meqanizmi aisaxa `bermudis samkuTxedSi~, magram

WeSmariti xelovani amas gviCvenebs siuJeturi struqturis miRma.

siuJeti ki XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis ruxi sinamdvilea: àrc

moswrebia ufro Semzaravi siave Tbilissa, dekember-ianvris ambebi ro

gaxlda~. (58. 37)

am nawarmoebSi mwerali saintereso kompoziciur mTlianobas qmnis,

riTac axmianebs TviT epoqis suls, ùfro ki xatavs im garemos, im

atmosferos, romelic Seqmna meore prezidentma, im rRvevis process, rac

mohyva mis mmarTvelobas, mis mier Tbilisis aeroportSi gamocxadebul

pirvelsave frazas _ mivesalmebi inteligencias, iaraRi rom aiRo xelSi

tiraniis dasamxobado~ (72. 4).

am periodis tragikuli sinamdvilea _ `gaacures soxumica,

cxinvalica gandagana~ (59. 410).

oTar CxeiZis marTali sityva aRwers fizikurad Tu sulierad

darbeul saqarTvelos _ sakuTari Svilebi mSobliur qveyanas

ltolvilebad rom movlenian, ìaraRiani inteligencia~ Jandarmad rom

qceula da erTguleba gandevnila, dasawyisSi ki _ `moskovi iqa,




- - 76

Tbilisis zRva da kinosaxli ki aqa bdRvinavda... bdRvinavdnen

mowinaaRmdegeni damoukideblobisa, prezidentisao...~ (58. 60).

samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg dedaqalaqi, faqtobrivad,

kriminalTa saTareSod iqca. ubedureba – sulieri mzeris simwiriT

ganpirobebuli, mizanmimarTuli antikompaniis Sedegad Seqmnili

fsiqologiuri foni, romelic `calkeul jgufebs `mrgvali magidis~

`didi borotebis~ aRmofxvrisken ubiZgebda. es iyo didi sisxlisRvrisa

da ubedurebis gza, e.w. wesrigis damcvelebis mier danaSaulebrivi

qmedebani ganxorcielda 19, 25, 27, 29 ianvars, 2 Tebervals~ (1992 w.) (22.

78). mitingebis iaraRiT darbeva Cveulebrivi ambavi gaxda.

bdRvinvas tyvia mohyva, tyviam ZmaTa sisxli daRvara, gandevnes

pirveli prezidenti: èrovnuli ho wyals waeRo. provinciuli faSizmio.

radikaluri nacionalizmio. crunacionalizmio, kidev raRao, anTu raRa

arao, abuCad aegdoT Tavmoyvareobai erovnuli Tu isic Caeqola

gaWirvebasa?!. aqeT gaWirvebasa, iqiT xelisuflebasa...~ (58. 62)

sxvaTa sityvis ò~ teqstSi xazs usvams, rom aq CamoTvlili

saxeldebebi gamogonilia, xolo am ò~-s gareSe warmoTqmuli frazebi

mwerlis daskvnaa, Wirisuflis tkiviliT gaxmianebuli.

gamocdilebis anu fsiqologiuri kodi mkiTxvelisTvis xdeba gza

literaturuli komunikaciisa, amitom mTliandeba mwerlisa da

mkiTxvelis satkivari. aq ar ixsneba Soreuli sivrceebi, gancdil-

gadatanili realizebulia Semoqmedis mier da mkiTxvels eZleva

analizisTvis.

xelisuflebisaken ambiciuri swrafva adamianis Sinagan Tavisuflebas

abrkolebs. àdamians Tavisi Tavisufali nebis RvTisadmi daqvemdebarebiT

TiTqosda unda daesrulebina, gaemyarebina es srulqmna da amiT RmerTsa

da qveyanas Soris urTierToba daemyarebina...~ (33. 87). es kanonzomiereba

roca irRveva, rgoli RmerTsa da xalxs Soris wydeba. moZalade

xelisufleba Tavsac iRupavs da xalxsac swiravs: `ra brmai brmasa wina

waruZRvis, orTaveni ufskruls STacvivian~. vinc iaraRiT moipova

xelisufleba, siyvarulis niWiT cxebuli ver iqneba. `siyvarulSi mTavari

dabrkoleba ara sakuTriv xelisufleba da simdidre, aramed maTze

mikerZoebaa, maTze moimedeoba, maTi gadaqcevaa im urCxulad, romelic

adamianTa gulebs nTqavs~ (33. 252).




- - 77

gulebi roca STanTqmulia am urCxulisagan, mwerali godebs: `vis

axsovs marTla is Tbilisi, rac SeuZlian ro iyos, rasac ar aclian

xarbi mtrebi da mosurneni, Tu aranakleb xarbi da moSurne sakuTari

Svilebi, advilad rom mieyidebian yvelaze saSinel, yvelaze gaumaZRar,

yvelaze mZvinvare, yvelaze daundobel da gautanel... saxelisa mamisaTa

da ZisaTa da suliTa wmidisaTa... RmerTo, nuRar gamameorebineb~ (58. 346).

borotis saxeldebiT moxsenieba mistikuri TvalsazrisiT

tabudadebulia (albaT amitom arsebobs megrul enaSi sityva `vaSiners~).

sityvas Zala aqvs, romelic misi xsenebisas gamovlindeba.

borotis xsenebas erideba mwerali, mkiTxvelsac TiTqos mouwodebs,

mxolod igulisxmos zneobrivad dakninebul qarTvelTa ganmkargavi

bneli Zalis saxeli; mouxseneblobiTac daupirispirdes uxilav mters,

damTrgunvel Zalas.

oTar CxeiZe mxilebiT mkurnalobs zneobriv uZlurebas. `bermudis

samkuTxedis~ SesavalSi igi ambobs, vubrundebi gamotovebul Temebs: `Tu

ratom gadagvarda qarTveli kaci, Tu rogor gadagvarda. XX saukuneSi

ro gadagvarda, manamdisac ise ar gadagvarebulao~ (59. 3).

wuTisofelSi movlenil adamians Tan mohyva: swrafva, rwmena, eWvi,

Ziebis wyurvili: àdamiani xateba da msgavseba RmrTisa, RmrTis xateba

adamianSi _ esaa samebis TvisebaTa anarekli: goneba, neba, Tavisufleba,

sikeTisken swrafva, msgavseba _ rogorc sulieri srulyofis, ise bunebis

gardaqmnis, bednieri da samarTliani cxovrebis aSenebisa da agebis

TvalsazrisiT~ (33. 43)

mwerlis mier saxeSesxmuli personaJebi gviCveneben adamianis

dacemul bunebas Tu mimsgavsebulobisaken swrafvas. arsisgan

mowyvetilia adamiani, romelsac ver gaucnobierebia, rom civilizebul

qveyanaSi, sadac morali mtkice zneobriv safuZvels warmoadgens, piradi

bedniereba sazogadosgan ar gamoiyofa. am WeSmaritebas ar Rebulobs is,

vinc ijerebs mxolod imas, rac misTvis aris sasurveli.

aseTi adamianebi daxata oTar CxeiZem. asaxa, Tu rogor dakarges

umTavresi jildo _ Sinagani Tavisufleba da cxovrebis am wesiT

Seeziarnen borotebas. es aris gaoreba _ sulieri qondriskacoba _

rwmenac da urwmunoebac erTdroulad.




- - 78

adamianis sulieri samyaros moxilvisas mwerals arc is gamorCenia,

rom pirvelqmnili codvidan moyolebuli, zneobrivad gaRaribebuli

adamiani TavisTavSi ukve veRar amCnevs qristianuli siyvarulis

ukmarisobas, dakninebas, sulSi sarevelas moZalebas, magram jer kidev

imdenad ar gaqvavebula, rom misi moTxovnilebis grZnoba ar aSfoTebdes.

`jer kidev roa imisTa xelTa. anu xelTa uxilavisa. rac ro gvabrunebs,

gvatrialebs~ (58. 455).

ùxilavi~ dausabamoa da dausrulebeli. maradmedini dro miiTvlis

politikur vnebaTa Relvas, aRzevebulebs da damcrobilebs, cruTa Tu

marTalT. arqimandritma rafaelma dros `maradisobis muclad yofnis

periodi~ uwoda. maradisoba aris WeSmariti myofoba, dro ki etapi.

adamianTa amqveyniuri yofa naTlisken swrafvas unda emsaxurebodes,

radgan didebis mantiiT xSirad uzneoba imoseba. ase moxda gasuli

saukunis 90-ian wlebSi. xelisuflebas umetes SemTxvevaSi didebis

mopovebis mizniT (ambiciebi unda dakmayofilebuliyo) daupirispirdnen,

`Jamis mflobelad~ CaTvales Tavi, `Tbilisi daangries da sapatio

moqalaqeebad irCevdnen damangrevlebsa~ (58. 63).

ùmadlo Jami~, _ brZana mweralma. ufro mignebulad verc uwodeb

periods ZmaTa Soris dapirispirebisa, sisxlisRvrisa.

`dekember-ianvris movlenebis cnobili Semsruleblebi kategoriulad

uaryofen, rom xelisuflebis saTaveSi samxedro ZaliT movidnen.

marTalia, am triumviratidan, arc erTi ar iyo samxedro piri, magram

faqtia, rom 1992 wlis 2 ianvridan amoqmedda samxedro sabWo, romlis

erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli da xelmZRvaneli iyo gvardiis meTauri T.

kitovani, xolo j. ioselians emorCileboda sakmaod Zlieri samxedro

formireba `mxedrioni~ (22. 64).

oTar CxeiZem Tavisi trilogiiT marTali sityva Tqva.

mwerali Tavidanve ganawyobs mkiTxvels Tavis samyarosTan

Sesaxvedrad, romelic piruTvneli Semfasebeli iqneba eris sulieri

wyobisa da misi erTguli Tu angarebiT dabrmavebuli Svilebisa.

akaki baqraZe gvafrTxilebs: `metad Znelia da rTuli imsjelo eris

sulier Tvisebebze, esTetikuri bunebisa da xasiaTis sruli amocnoba

SeuZlebelic aris... gulaxdilad rom vTqvaT, bolomde pirovnebis buneba-

Tvisebis amocnobac ki Wirs da mTeli eris xasiaTs rogorRa unda




- - 79

miagnos kacma, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom am problemaze ar

davfiqrdeT da ar vcadoT Tundac zogierTi niSan-Tvisebis moZebna~ (9.

602)

da bedavs oTar CxeiZe amoxsnas Znelad amosaxsneli _ eris xasiaTi,

radgan mwerlis sulma da SemoqmedebiTma gonma ixila epoqa _

winaaRmdegobrivi suliT daRdasmuli. sagulisxmoa, rom mis

nawarmoebebSi gamZafrebas mudam sulieri cxovrebis tkivilebi afarebs

Tavs.

dasaxelebul trilogiaSi xazgasmulia erovnuli tragedia: `RmerTo,

dagvifare!.. `rogorc ufali, samSobloc erTia qveyanazeda~ RmerTo

dagvifare!.. da matulobda da matulobda gundebi, samSoblo _ ara.

fleTdnen samSoblos da aburTavednen nafleTebsa~ (58. 55).

isev oTar CxeiZis eniT Tu davaxasiaTebT `nafleTebiT moburTave~

adamianebs, aRvniSnavT, rom `raindobam icoda Rirseuli Janrebi,

pragmatizmma _ ara. pragmatizmma gamorCena icoda...~ (58. 40) da iRvreboda

sisxli gamorCenisTvis, `wuT erT didebisTvis~ _ savarZlebisTvis,

ambiciebis dakmayofilebisTvis, magram saxelad yovelive amas erovnuli

interesebisTvis brZola erqva, eri ki nadgurdeboda: èri sacodavi; xan

ro xalxs daarqmeven, xan ro _ brbosa. gamoiyeneben _ xalxiao,

gaujiqdebian _ brboao. ara da eria; Zlieri, mtkice, gautexeli, Zeni

dabneulni ro hyidian da hyidian, dabneulnica da daubnevelnica: eri

visTvisac ro araferia, sargebeli roa yvelaferi...~ (58. 99).

`Zeni dabneulni~ `Ze Secdomilis~ saxesTan asocirdeba _ mamis

wiaRidan wasuli sitkboebisTvis, vnebis monobisTvis rom flangavs dros

wuTisofelSi, ukanmouxedavad rom gadaeSva TavaSvebuli cxovrebis

wumpeSi, gaflanga da dakarga yvelaferi. man yaCaRis msgavsad `Seikriba

yoveli da warvida Sorsa sofelsa...~ (4. 12)

Ze Secdomilis saqciels ganapirobebs daavadebuli ègo~,

romlisTvisac ucxoa siyvaruli.

XX s-is 90 – iani wlebis tragediis reJisorni Tu Semsrulebelni

eris interesebis, saqarTvelos gadarCenas uwodebnen ZmaTa Soris

sisxlisRvras, ideis erTgulebisTvis adamianTa fizikur angariSworebas.

aseT sinamdvileSi asparezi aqvs yalb kacTmoyvareobasa da iaffasian

gulisxmierebas.




- - 80

ambiciuri interesebis dakmayofilebisaTvis iaraRis momarjveba,

siZulviliTa da boRmiT adamianTa darbeva, represiebi adasturebs, rom

`xdeba absoluturi ignorireba da mitoveba adamianisa, romlis idealic

sul sxva simaRle da Rirsebaa~, (4. 22). arqimandrit vasilis es sityvebi

xazs usvams struqturadarRveul adamianSi siyvarulis niWis, adamianobis

upirvelesi dasturis, daxSobas.

literatura, rogorc `sulismcodneoba~ epoqis Taviseburebis

Sesabamisad xatavs am process. zogadad `xelovneba aris realobis baZva

anu mimezisi~ (i. ratiani).

uaxlesi istoriis furclebi inaxavs uflis saxeliT RvTis

sawinaaRmdego qmedebis SemaZrwunebel faqtebs.

ìrwmunebodnen: RmerTi gvwamso, codos ar aRiarebdnen. RmerTi

swamdaT. daikides jvrebi. dagvinaxeTo. daikides. daikides~ (58. 51). ase

axasiaTebs oTar CxeiZe Zalas, romelic WeSmarit erovnul cnobierebas

daupirispirda.

1989 wlidan, roca 9 aprili momzadda, 1991-1992 wlebSi, roca

erovnul mTavrobas tankebiT daupirispirdnen _ eri or dapirispirebul

nawilad gayves: `Zeni dabneulni~ marTavdnen situacias, zeobdnen

asparezze da amcirebdnen, tyviebs esrodnen pirveli prezidentis ndobis

da erTgulebisaTvis.

diax, ùmadlo Jami~ idga...

`Suri boboqrobda, sZraxavda prezidenti Sursa... qveyana eSleboda.

bunebaSi araferi ar aris mTeli, Tavisuflebac mTeli ar ariso.

Tavisufleba. efSxvneboda. iyofoda yvelaferi, iSleboda, ixliCeboda,

ifanteboda, Ravdeboda, qarwyleboda, niavdeboda, yvelaferi, yvelaferi,

yvelaferi~ (58. 72).

migel de unamuno ambobda: `politika erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso

TvalTaxedviT wertilia, roca gindaT raime problemas pirdapir saxeSi

SexedoT~ (29. 75), magram qarTul sinamdvileSi politika ambiciebis

dakmayofilebis, piradi SurisZiebis asparezad qceuliyo maSin.

movlenebs amwvavebdnen:

`ganiaraRdiT, brZanebda prezidenti, ufro da ufro iaraRdebodnen,

rusis garnizonebi hyiddnen iaraRsa, jer Calis fasada, mere

mamasisxlada...




- - 81

xan karsac gauRebdnen: viTom Tavs dagvesxiT, viTom mogvtaceTo.

waiReT. waiReT. hxoceT erTmaneTio...~ (58. 179)

am sinamdvilis mxatvruli suraTi aseTia àrtistul

gadatrialebaSi~: `sisxlis suni idga haerSi. Ramdeboda ro

sisxlisfrada. Tendeboda sisxlisfradve~ (58. 179).

aseT viTarebaSi `sasaxle aRar imuqreboda. Cven isev yvavilebiT

mivalTo, Cveni iaraRi yvavilebiao~ _ es iyo prezidentis pozicia:

`SimSiloba me vaswavleo, mitingebi me vaswavleo, gzebis gadaxidva me

vaswavleo, rkinigzis ayra me vaswavleo, axla yvavilebis mitanas

vaswavli, ganmeoreba codnis dedaao, Cveni gza esaa, yvavilebia, axla

Cveni xsna Tanxmoba ariso~ (58. 102)

Tanxmobas zneobrivi simaRle sWirdeba. is siyvarulis nayofia da

siyvarulgamwirebuli sazogadoeba ver mieaxla sanukvar Tanxmobas,

romelsac eris mTlianobis gadarCena SeeZlo.

ilia marTali brZanebda: `madli erTisgan gawirvaa, meorisgan

Sewirva. Tu an gamwirveli ar aris, an Semwirveli madli ar

xorcieldeba~.

qveynis ubedureba swored am gawirva-Sewirvis mizez-Sedegobrivi

jaWvis moSlaa. opozicias TviTmiznad gaexada mTavrobis damxoba. jer

kidev seqtemberSi opoziciis erT – erTi lideri irakli wereTeli

acxadebda: àn Cven davixocebiT, an is, radac unda dajdes es... Cemi

azriT, es aris aucilebeli, rom gamsaxurdia iqnes Camogdebuli. amaze

ori azri ar arsebobs~ (22. 57).

madls siyvaruliT nakvebi Tanxmoba amoqmedebs, magram es sulieri

veli saqarTveloSi dabnelebuliyo da oTar CxeiZem es uxilavi

usaxuroba aRwera trilogiaSi. teqstobrivi signalebiT Seqmnili

mxatvruli modeli acocxlebs im mZime gansacdels.

angarebiT STagonebuli adamianebi TviT erTmaneTisTvis ar arian

sando: `sando ar aris aravina. erTi Tu mocurda, gadauWrian Toksa

xergianiviTa, _ maSinve, maSinve, uyoymanoda _ aRar Cahxedaven, aba, Tu sad

gadaiCexao: daerevian erTimeoresa, dahfleTen, daglejen, erTimeoresa~

(60. 134). aseTi damokidebulebaa im adamianebs Soris, romlebmac

aRisrules wadili.




- - 82

iaraRiT mosuli Tavisufleba sakuTar Tavs ver amkvidrebs, rogorc

erTian Zalas. miT ufro ver gaamTlianebs qveyanas, sazogadoebas.

dambadebeli Zala aris siyvaruli _ `siyvarulia RmerTi~. RmerTisgan

mowyveta sibneles alaRebs.

oTar CxeiZe xatavs am sinamdviles, process, roca TiToeuli

adamiani gverdiT mdgomSi eZebs gantevebis vacs. boroteba

TviTganadgurebis potencias daatarebs. es procesi, adre Tu gvian, unda

daiwyos. sagulisxmoa erTi pasaJi:

saxelmwifos meTauri fiqrobs: `gasces pasuxi sapatio sardalma (e.i.

kitovanma _ n.f.), saferfleebis moqandakem gasces pasuxi~.

jaba ioseliansac gasvlia yavli: `jaba Semodis bodiSebiTa, ver

amCnevs TiTqos saxelmwifos meTauri, viTomac iqac ro ver SeniSna~ (60.

137).

politikosobis Jins minebebuli adamianebis swrafva samarTlianobis

miRma moqmedebs: `saxelmwifos meTauris winaSe axorxocebulan,

atruvebulan, mozRvavebulan:

_ ara, me ufro vangrevdi Tbilissa;

_ ara, me ufro;

_ ara, me ufro, _ midi da SeaCere, Tu vaJkaci xar!~ (60. 137)

oTar CxeiZis vaigmiriani, realurpersonaJiani SemoqmedebiTi samyaro

rTuli da mZime istoriuli viTarebis mxardamxar dgas. nawarmoebebi

dialogs marTaven sazogadoebasa da istoriasTan; es urTierToba

mwerlis qmnilebebTan momavali TaobebisTvis kidev ufro saintereso

iqneba. trilogiaSi asaxuli epoqis mkvlevarma wlebis Semdeg iqneb

gaimeoros rumineli istorikosis, iorgas sityvebi: `neta meti

literaturuli niWi mqonoda, ukeTesi da ufro didi istorikosi

viqnebodio~ (37. 42).

mwerlis mamxilebeli kalami viwro erovnul interesebs ki ar

dastrialebs, zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebas _ pirovnebis Tavisuflebas

icavs. cxadad gviCvenebs: `ganjgonebul~ sazogadoebaSi gamovlenil

msxverplisunarianobas, ùmadlo JamSi~ SenarCunebul zneobriv simtkices

Tavi rom gamoudvia adamianobis gadasarCenad uadamianobis moZalebaSi,

Tavi gadaudvia da ganwirula kidec.




- - 83

sulxan-sabas mixedviT: `ganjgonebuli _ boroti keTili egonos~ (43.

146). sulieri sijansaRis pirobebSi ganjgonebuloba fexs ver moikidebs,

simrTelis struqturis rRvevis, sulier mRviZarebaSi ver yofnis nayofia

igi. `Tu qristeani mRviZarebaSi ar aris, gansacdelSi Cavardeba~ (52. 77).

gansacdeli ki zogjer Wreli samosiT modis, zogjer _ sisxlisRvriT.

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gansacdeli erovnuli mTavrobis,

erovnuli cnobierebis winaaRmdeg aRmarTuli maxviliT (konkretul

SemTxvevaSi, opoziciis xelSi agrialebuli rusuli iaraRiT)

gamovlinda.

àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ trilogiis pirveli wignia, romelSic

asaxulia, Tu rogor iwyeba rRveva da rbeva. `gajarTebuli sulis~

qmedeba: `Tu gamsaxurdias airCeven, me gamoval Cemi xalxis winaaRmdeg!

airCies ar gaugones. Ziirs! _ hyvirodnen axla. da axSobda xmaT ufro

mravlaTa: zviadi!.. zviadi!..~ (58. 38).

Txroba publicisturi stiliT grZeldeba: `yvela parlamentSi ver

moxvedrila, yvelas iq unda. quCa qceula parlamentada. axamebulan,

daxacicebulan. saxelmwifo aRara hqoniaT didi xania. aRara hqoniaT,

moepovebiaT da yvelas unda TviTon iyos igi pirveli~ (58. 39). mwerali

saTanado sityvebs arCevs aRreuli sazogadoebis SvilTa ùRirsi

swrafvis gamosaxatavad: `daxamebulan,~ `daxacicebulan~, awmyo aRreula

_ yvela pirvelobisTvis ibrZvis: `taxti yvelas monebebia, taxti erTia~

(iqve).

warsulSi erekle mefe godebda: `mwyemso keTilo, Sens wminda

samwysos Semovavedreb Sensa samefos~ _ TviTon gaswira da mwyemss

avedrebda da ver gauWria vedrebasa amasa, aqamdis mainc verra gaeWra (58.

234).

trilogiaSi warmoCenilia, rom momavalsac bindi gadahkvria, arsad

igrZnoba sulis mxurvaleba, sijansaRe kvlav rom aRsdges, eri

gamTliandes, bneli Zala mefobs, iq uZlurebaa, sadac `borotyofai ara

Zalisad ars, aramed uZlurebisad~ (40. 212). am uZlurebisagan daxSulia

sulieri Tvali. taZarSi Sevlilni `pirjvars daiwerdnen ise civada,

uguloda, ise TiTqos mtveri Camoibertyeso; anTu atyuebdnen mwyemssa

keTilsa, viTom atyuebdnen, is moTminebiT mouwodebda. suli amiT




- - 84

xoxavda miwaze (58. 40). samSoblo, saTnoeba, sikeTe xatebTan rCeboda;

`gareTa hqreboda qariSxalSi sityvaTa, mrisxane sityvaTa~... (iqve)

saTqmels alegoriuli Txroba kravs: `bRavis farebi. aRarc sad igi

mwyemsi keTili, aRarc sxva mwyemsi.

bRavis farebi.

mwyemsi keTili.

Cven RvTismSobels Cagvabarao.

RvTismSobelma ninos gadagvca, wminda ninosa, ar Segvivrdoma,

gadagvabarao: me ver movuvli mag ukeTur xalxsao~ (58. 39).

nawarmoebis am mcire monakveTSi areklilia qarTuli sulierebis

sivrce: mwerlis Tanamedrove, `mwyemsi keTilis~ umTavresi moZRvrebis

(ìyuarebdeT urTierTas, viTarca me Tqvuen SegiyvareT~) verSemsmeni

qarTvelebis mxilebiT. maTi mxolod goneba wvdeba kapadokieli

qalwulis saxels, vazis jvriT naTelRebis ambavs, guli ki daxSulia,

suli ver gauTbia im jvris madliT, amitom aRar Cans `mwyemsi keTili~.

`pirjvars daiwerdnen ise civada, uguloda~, radgan jvaris madli

ver SeutkbiaT, jvaris erTgulebis arsi dabindula cnobierebaSi,

daviwyniaT, rom TiToeuli adamiani upirvelesad uxilav, sulier jvris

unda daatarebdes. uwmindesisa da unetaresis, ilia II-is ganmartebiT:

`vertikaluri Zeli am sulieri jvrisa aris swrafva RvTisken,

horizontaluri ki _ swrafva adamianebisaken. sulieri jvris gamosaxva

Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT – adamianis cxovrebis umTavresi mizania~ (42.

209).

dro-Jamis erT sivrcul arealSi moqcevis gancda eufleba mkiTxvels

oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul samyarosTan miaxlebisas.

trilogiaSi asaxuli epoqis seni aris sulieri daqucmaceba,

Semoqmedisgan mowyveta. ubedurebis am sawyis rgolze amaxvilebs

mwerali yuradRebas. `saukuneebs siSore ufro aaxlovebs, roca

damokidebulebiT dro-Jami suliT inaRmeba~ (67. 408) da cxaddeba, rom

mociqulTa droidan WeSmariti sarwmunoebis madliT cxebul ers aqvs

gza xsnisa.

RirebulebisTvis brZola Sinagani Tavisuflebis mqone adamianebs

SeuZliaT mxolod, amitom aris es brZola dasawyebi sakuTar TavTan

brZoliT, WeSmaritebis sulis ganmtkicebiT, amis gareSe politikuri




- - 85

Tavisufleba sikeTes ar emsaxureba. `zneoba, Cvens sinamdvileSi ar

asrulebs adamianTa moRvaweobis momwesrigebel funqcias. swored amitom

aris mosaxmobi qristianuli suli~ (51. 432).

oTar CxeiZe qmnis mter-moyvris fuTfuTis naTel suraTs

siyvarulgamwirebul saqarTveloSi. àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ mwerlis

Tanamedrove qarTvelTa rwmenas ase axasiaTebs: àra swamdaT _ iwames,

anTu hbaZaven, anTu ahyvnen drois qrolvasa, es sulerTia: zneoba rwmenam

unda aamaRlos mainca da Tundac miendon da Tundac ahyvnen, _ aiyvans,

aRamaRlebs. ganwmendavs~ (58. 207). am striqonebSi imedi ufro JRers

ufalTan miaxlebisa, vidre gacnobierebuli swrafva uzenaesisaken.

adamiani Tavisi arsiT nawilia kosmiuri harmoniisa, amitom swrafva

Zlieria, cnobieri procesi ki uflis wyurvilia, aRmatebuli swrafvaa

WeSmarit siyvarulTan miaxlebisa. eklesiaSi dabrunebuli adamiani

axladfexadgmulia Semoqmedisaken mimaval gzaze. mwerali sazogadoebisa

da eklesiis urTierTobas ase axasiaTebs: èklesia aRdga, magram rwmenas

daagviandeba, Cveni locva locvas ara hgavs, Cveni pirjvari ara hgavs

pirjvarsa, gancda ar gaaCnia vedrebasa Cvensa, mxurvaleba ar gaaCnia. Cven

ho isini varT, urwmunoeba visac Caunerges, _ isini varT, ase advilad

rwmenas viT avyvebiT?.. cbierebaa Cveni morwmunoeba...~ (58. 233). siuJetis

mdinarebaSi CarTuli diskursi tragediis safuZvels arqmevs saxels.

minavlebuli rwmenis, `gasabWoebuli sulis~ nayofia, rom èrovnuli

gancdac mtkice ar gamodga. ara, ara, amanac ver gasZlo, siZulvilma

dahfara yvelaferi~ (iqve).

erovnuli gancda eris, qveynis siyvarulia, siyvarulis gareSe ar

arsebobs erTguleba. rac Seexeba samSoblos namdvil siyvaruls, igi

mxolod srulyofili samarTlianobisa da uzenaesi WeSmaritebis gancdis

Sedegia.

oTar CxeiZis personaJebi emsgavsebian da gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisgan, maTSi zogjer mkrTali da bundovania uflis gancda,

zogjer farisevluri (gizo korZeli _ `bermudis samkuTxedi~), zogjer

ki tkiviliT nawrTobi suli naTdeba uflis siyvaruliT (rodami, maiko _

`morCili~).




- - 86

personaJTa xasiaTebi iZerweba maTi moqmedebebis, Svebebis, gancdebis

daxatviT. es mravalferovneba warmoaCens adamians RirsebiTa da nakliT,

dacemiTa da aRzevebiT.

gizo korZeli (`bermudis samkuTxedi~) gansacdelis Jamsa Tu

gamorCenis gzas gamodevnebuli gonebiT xSirad mimarTavs ufals,

axsendeba: `RmerTi ar gaswiravs kacsa SengniT ganawirsao~, es sibrZne

eameba, magram Sinaganad dabneulia: `RmerTs miendoba, rwmeniT ara swams

albaT ro ara, ara loculobs, ara marxulobs, ar eziareba, magram

albaT ro mainca swams; maS, rad miendoba?..~ (59. 614) am personaJis

damokidebuleba uzenaesisadmi pragmatul damokidebulebas ar scildeba.

mweralma cxadad gviCvena es ramdenime epizodSi, mkiTxveli xedavs,

ramdenad dakarga naTlis mimReblobis unari gizo korZelma, romelic

siymawvilidan mowyvites mSobliur enas.

`ram gadaagvara qarTveli kaci?~, egeba amixsnas vinmema, ram

gaabrazaT Cemi romanebis mtrebi, _ rama?..~ _ oTar CxeiZis am kiTxvebs

pasuxobs mTeli misi Semoqmedeba da TiToeuli romani cal-calkec.

`Tvali sulisai~ roca axelilia, adamians eZleva Zala sakuTar

mankierebas mzera gausworos, sxva SemTxvevaSi brazi (uares SemTxvevaSi

_ siZulvili) iRviZebs _ am WeSmaritebaSi unda veZeboT oTar CxeiZis

romanebisadmi mtrobis mizezi.

dokumenturi proza mwerlisgan swored yovelgvar mankierebaze

saxeldebiT saubars moiTxovda. oTar CxeiZem itvirTa es mZime jvari,

Tavidanve icoda misi simZime da amitom `moqalaqeobriv uxerxulobas~ ar

uqmnida misiis aRsruleba.

gapersonaJebuli politikosebi ar etyodnen ers marTals:

`cruobdnen, ityuebodnen, Tvals uxvevdnen xalxsa da gulmodgined

Cqmalavdnen ro ra ro gvWirda, moskovisgana gvWirda da TviTonac Sig

eriaT xeli~ (73. 2).

`TeTri daTvi~ Tbilisis omis Sedegebis aRweriT iwyeba: `mamapapaTa

mosagonari rom moiZules, cecxls misces sulaca, cecxls misces da

moiTbes xeli...~ (9. 5). aq `moiTbes xeli~ mizanmimarTulad, orazrovnad

aris aJRerebuli da mere erTgvari dakonkretebac mosdevs: ès miuTiTebs

èse moiTbes xeli _ metaforaa, sxva ramesa niSnavs, esec gavrcelda




- - 87

metismetada, metismetada, mouTokavada, aulagmavada, oRonda aq ar iTqmis,

ar Seesabameba!..~ (iqve)

istoria adasturebs, rom saxelmwifo Zaladobas Tan sdevs

aRuracxeli msxverpli, sulieri Tu materialuri. romanSi xazgasmulia

damamxobelTa namdvili survili. `diqtatoris~ ganmdevnelni `mtkice

xels~ moiTxovdnen: `da moiwevdnen lozungebiTa: àraviTari Sewynareba!~

`demokratizmi ar aSendeba sibraluliTa!~ `mtkice xels moviTxovT!~ (60.

22).

`mtkice xeli~ dauSvebeli Tu iyo gandevnili mTavrobis

mmarTvelobis periodSi, axla kategoriulad moiTxoven, pirvelobis

surviliT anTebulan da eqsprezidentis saxelis xsenebazec Riziandebian.

kitovani `zurgs Seaqcevda TviT siguasaca, zurgs Seaqcevda, zurgi

egrixeboda, grZnobda, grZnobda, zurgiTa grZnobda, _ isic rom

isworebda qamarsa, meo, ro sjeroda, sjeroda ise, ise dabrawoda loyebi,

jaba TavisTvis iWimeboda, yelyelaobda...~ (58. 23) da sakmaod grZeli iyo

es rigi da sastiki _ dapirispireba. mxareebad gaxleCil sazogadoebas

asparezze ganmtkicebulni eubnebodnen: ìsev imaTi bralia yvelaferio, _

mrgvalebisao, zviadistebisao: jer iseni sxedan yvelgana da Surs

iZiebeno...~ (58. 21)

saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg `zviadisti~ braldebad JRerda. es

termini `1992 wlis putCis periodSi reliqtia, rodesac erTni kanonier

xelisuflebas icavdnen, xolo meoreni yovelgvari meTodiT cdilobdnen

mis damxobas~ (15. 21).

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umetesoba, romelmac airCia prezidentad

zviad gamsaxurdia, erTnairi zneobrivi simtkicisa da naTeli

cnobierebis ver iqneboda, magram `mcdaria, rodesac `zviadistobas~, erTi

mxriv, nacionalur populizmTan, meore mxriv _ politikuri cxovrebis

TviTizolaciasTan akavSireben, da es miuxedavad imisa, rom maT erT

nawilSi am sacdurebisadmi midrekileba SeimCneoda~, _ aRniSnavda

konstantine gamsaxurdia-umcrosi 2001 wels. cneba `zviadisti~

putCistebis leqsikuri warmonaqmni iyo da datvirTvac iseTi misces,

rogorc sWirdebodaT _ cinikuri.

bunebrivia, realuri xelisufleba ar aRiarebda, rom `zviadistobas~

kvebavda 1918 wlis 26 maisi, 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris, 1991 wlis 9 aprilis




- - 88

monapovarTa erTguleba, `wmindad politikur-konceptualuri

TvalsazrisiT, es zomierad memarjvene-konservatiuli orientaciaa, rac

qristianobis da demokratiis faseulobaTa SeTavsebulobas

iTvaliswinebs, xolo kulturul planSi SeiZleba iyos qarTvelobis,

rogorc axali drois erisa da kulturnaciis Semdgomi ganviTareba da

ganmtkiceba~ (15. 26).

`TeTri daTvi~ xatavs Cinosnebs, romelTa umTavresi sazrunavi aris

savarZlis gamyareba, TiToeuli maTgani jer rom `mowuruliyo,

moRvenTiliyo~, mere ki fexi moemagrebina da welSic imarTeboda~ (60. 47).

`zviadistebis~ winaaRmdeg moieriSeni sazRaurad aRzevebas moiTxoven.

parlamentSi gamoWimulan: kitovani, sigua, ioseliani. maT winaaRmdeg

saxelmwifo meTaurs diplomatiuri svlebi unda ganexorcielebina, rom

mSvidad CamoeSorebina dabralebuli funqciebisagan (samxedro ministri,

diplomati).

saqveyno qaosis fonze gamorCeuli saxe yo jaba ioseliani: `samyaros

ramkianTa upirvelesad Seeracxa igi, Seeracxa da igulvebda kvlavac

Tavisada, Tumca Tavi mienebebina karga xania, karga xania profesorobda.

mxedrad dasWirdaT da amxedrda kideca. politikosad moindomes da

gapolitikosda igica. diplomatoba daavales da gadiplomatda kideca~

(58. 48).

am diplomats aqvs Tavisi misiis aseTi formulireba: ùnda

ilaparako rac ginda, xeli unda moawero rac undaT~ (iqve).

JenevaSi gagzavniT saxelmwifo meTaurs igi `dro da dro unda

ganeridebina, vidre sulac ganaridebda~ (iqve).

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba dokumenturi masala, rogor

ganxorcielda jaba ioselianis `mxedrionis~ sastiki laSqroba

samegreloSi; Tu rogor axasiaTeben jaba ioselians im kuTxeSi

(samegreloSi), romelic barbarosuli sisastikiT daarbia 1992 wlis 6

ivliss. walenjixaSi es TariRi dRemde glovis dRea, am rbevis aTi

wlisTavze ki iTqva: `jaba iaraRi iyo, antierovnuli Zalebis xelSi

saTamaSo figurad iqca da kraxiT daamTavra Tavisi `saxelisuflebo~

moRvaweoba~ (51. 259).

am simarTles ers oTar CxeiZe eubneba `TeTr daTvSi~.




- - 89

movlenebis, tragediebis samarTliani Sefaseba moraluri

valdebulebaa TanamedroveTaTvis. am misias mwerali asrulebs eris

cxovrebaSi. sulieri enTropiisagan kurnebas swored mwerali iwyebs am

misiiT: sityvis Zalam unda aamoqmedos simrTelisaken swrafvis wyurvili.

oTar CxeiZe Tanmimdevrulad gviCvenebs usamarTlobis TareSs

erovnuli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg rusuli iaraRis aquxebidan aTwleulze

meti xnis ganmavlobaSi.

roman `TeTr daTvSi~ vkiTxulobT: `Zala movida da samarTali

sanaTuridan gaiparao. ras izam, Zalao!.. esec Zala gaxlda. gateniliyo

aerodromi orjonikiZeebiTa. taSs ukravdnen, esalmebodnen. sami win idga.

sami erT saxada, erT arsebaTa, danarCenTagan gamorCeuli. erTmaneTisgan

ganurCevelni~ (60. 71). es `sami~ cal-calke biografiis adamiania, magram

roca grZeldeba `lewva~ qarTvelebisa qarTvelTa xeliT, maTi (sigua,

kitovani, ioseliani) erTsaxovneba `misias~ ukavSirdeba: `sisxliT

Sesvriliyvnen, moscxebdnen sisxlsa~ (iqve). am urTules da umZimes Jams

maT: `lewes dauzogavad prezidentis momxreebi...~

mwerali Tavs ar aridebs imis asaxvas, rom orjonikiZeebis

garemocvaSi ruseTidan dabrunebuli SevardnaZe laRad ver iqneboda;

CrdiloeTidan movlenili majlajunasaviT ver iSorebs am garemos:

`moeCveneba majlajunaca: mgvani raRacisa da arc rais mgvani, Sav

sisxlisferi, lopro, lorwovani... uamravi xeliTao, anTu WiayelobiTao,

anTu arao, ufro gvelebio, TaviT rom mucelSi Cawobiliyvnen, umsgavs

mucelSia, kudiT sxmartalebdnen, tlaSunobdnen, iwmawnebodnen, TeTri

daTvi adga Tavzeda~ (58. 72).

mwerali amZafrebs uxilavi borotis gapirovnebis, metaforebis

STabeWdilebis gaZlierebis mxatvrul models. es aris gancda, romelsac

oTar CxeiZe acocxlebs ara mxolod literaturuli sinamdvilis doneze,

aramed qmnis mxatvruli sistemiT daSifrul tragikul realobas.

bnelis meufebaa: `simarTle sanaTuridan gaipara~, sameufo taxts ki

Zaladoba flobs, Tumca `TeTri daTvi~ gadmomdgara yinulTa Tavzeda,

jambazi Turme meli yofila, meli TeTri~ (58. 334).

SuriTa da angarebiT gamTlianebul am erTobas xvalindeli dRe

ucilobel darRvevas uqadda.




- - 90

sulSi daleqil mwuxarebas `sxvisa keTilsa zeda~ levan sanikiZe

èndogenur Surs~ uwodebs: `SinajiSuri anu endogenuri Suri (isedac,

egzogenuri, garejiSuri Suri TiTqmis arc ki arsebobs) da es Suri aris

impulsi Sejibrisa. qarTvelTa cxovreba aris Sejibri _ ufro jibric _

jibri yvelaferSi...~ (46. 166)

Cven mier gansaxilvel epoqas swored endogenuri Suris simZafre

axasiaTebs. Tu XX saukunis dasawyisSi pativmoyvareobis, Suris, jibris

nevroziT Sepyrobil mcire qveyanaSi dapirispireba xalxis saxeliT

gaCaRda, proletariatis diqtaturisaTvis, amave saukunis 90-ian wlebSi

imave JiniT Sepyrobili adamianebi demokratiis saxeliT ibrZvian, maT

adamianis uflebebis dacva TanamoazreTa uflebebis dacvad

gaucnobierebiaT mxolod.

bunebrivia, avi Tesli keTil nayofs ver gamoisxamda da:

ìyo saqarTvelo:

qonebrivad kotri;

meurneobrivad moSlili;

Sinapolitikurad fxvieri;

garepolitikurad gaucnobierebeli;

sabrZolvelad momzadebuli;

sulierad xelCaqneuli...~ (46. 518).

sulierad dakowiwebuli saqarTvelos sxeulic iCexeboda.

ganadgurda genofondi samoqalaqo omSi, afxazeTis `gaugebar~ omSi.

romanSi vkiTxulobT: ìs ra omia, Tu winaswar ici, rom wagebulia~ (60.

231).

sisxliT gajerebula qarTuli miwa, axladdaRvrili sisxliT:

`sisxli. sisxli. usazRvro. aurwyavi. amourwyavi. gaumaZRari miwaca.

wyali ver aZRobs daSaSrulsa, gamxurvelebulsa, ver amwyurvalebs,

oflic veRara, sisxliT TuRa moiTqvams sulsa... da saqarTveloc udabno

iqneboda, sisxliT rom ar gajerebuliyo...~ (58. 115)

udabno paradigmuli saxea literaturaSi. ùdabno gamocdis

adgilia, udabnoSi gaiyvana xalxi jer abraamma, mere _ mosem, amitom

`gamosvlaTa~ bibliuri wigni erT-erTi pirveli saxea ùdabnos~

literaturuli paradigmebisa... udabno aris samyaro damorCilebadi

wesrigisadmi~ (45. 182), magram udabnodan wesrigis Seqmnas, anu ùdabnos




- - 91

qalaqyofas~ meTaurad sWirdeba msxverplisunariani, WeSmariti

Rirebulebebis erTguli adamiani. aseTi winamZRolis nacvlad, roca eris

beds renegati ganagebs, isev qaosi mefdeba.

udabnos ar aqvs gza. gza saxarebis mixedviT, macxovaria (`me var gza

da WeSmariteba da cxovreba~). gza wuTisofelSi CvenTvis gankuTvnili

droc aris. swored amqveynad agrovebs adamiani sagzals, maradisobaSi

dasamkvidreblad. Tu vsaubrobT gzasa da sagzalze, aqve moiazreba

megzuri yovlismxilveli (e.i. RmerTi), romelic Cveni amqveyniuri

Rvawlis (sagzlis) Sesabamisad gansazRvravs Cvens adgils zesTasofelSi.

oTar CxeiZis mier aRweril saqarTveloSi gza dabindulia. `gza

gzaa, gza uTuod sadme migiyvans, ugzooba Tqvi... gza gzaa, erTia, yvelas

cal-calke miaCaqCaqebs, visac sad unda iq miaCaqCaqebs...

udabno udabnoa, abneuli gzebiTa, qariTa xorSakiTa, qviSis

gorebiTa~ (58. 22).

`gza erTia~ _ `simarTlisaken~, SemoqmedTan darRveuli kavSiris

aRdgenisaken, magram sulieri struqturis darRvevis pirobebSi gza

dabindulia (arsebobs idiomi `gzas acdenili~, `gzagamrudebuli~, rac

araswori cxovrebis wesiT mcxovrebs niSnavs).

udabno qaosia, gansaxilveli nawarmoebis sinamdvileSi

saqarTveloSi gzac gzad ver gamokveTila. `mwyemsi keTilis~

verSemcnobni, gzas ver pouloben, magram RvTismSoblis madls Tavisi

wilxvdomili udabnos maradiuli mkvidrobisgan uxsnia: srul

gaudaburebas jer kidev gadaurCa `sisxliT gajerebuli~ saqarTvelo.

sisxli daiRvara. saqarTvelo jerac arsebobs, magram upatronod rCeba

samkvidro, èndogenuri Suri~, pativmoyvareoba ver uWirisuflebs

qveyanas.

qveynis realuri viTarebis dasaxatavad mwerali xSirad mimarTavs

nacad mxatvrul xerxs, ironias. roman `TeTri daTvSi~ Tavs iwonebs:

`sisxlisRvra ho Sewydao... ruseTma tyviavTan, lamis tyviavTan daarWo

droSai da: Sewyda. sisxlisRvra ho Sewydao, _ niSns mougebda

saxelmwifos meTauri dsT-Si gaerTianebiT ukmayofilo

parlamentarebsa...~ (60. 116)

sisxlisRvra Sewyda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari rusebma

enguramde moitanes: àuarebeli xalxi mimoifanta sxva kuTxeebSi




- - 92

dafleTili saqarTvelosi, ayrili xalxi, dafleTili xalxi, daCexili

xalxi, damSeuli, gaubedurebuli xalxi, gaubedurebul kuTxeebSi

saqarTvelosi~ (iqve).

warmatebuli politikis SemTxvevaSi sisxlisRvris Sewyveta

aRmavlobis sawyisi unda iyos, magram 90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi ase

ar momxdara: `sisxlisRvra Sewyda. sisxlis gaSroba daiwyo~ (iqve).

sisxlgamSral saqarTveloSi yofili mebrZolebi afxazeTis omis

`strategias~ ase axasiaTeben: `SevutevdiT da SegvaCerebdnen, aviRebdiT

da migvatovebdnen...

iq iaraRi ar hyofnidaT, saWmel-sasmeli, Casacmeli ar hyofnidaT.

gamoucdeloba hyofnidaT, hyofnidaT cotaa: yelSi amosdiodaT~ (60. 122).

gadarCenis molodini iyo, Tumca yoveli dRe axali ubedurebiT

iwyeboda: `pastuxovs cxaviviT gasdioda tyuili. ganiaraRebis politika

calmxrivi aRmoCndeba yovelTvis, mainc uSendnen qarTvelebs rusuli

iaraRiT da cxadi gaxda qarTvel meomarTaTvis: `Cven meomrebiviT ar

davixocebiT, ZaRlebiviT Cagvklaven~ (60. 124).

am omis Sedegi gasxvisebuli afxazeTia.

gulwrfeli mkiTxveli rwmundeba, rom oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebi

`keTili msjavria, gajansaRebis usaSvelo surviliT gamotanili

ganaCenia, gankurnebis wadiliT dasmuli diagnozia~ (20. 89).

mwerals stkiva eri ùkideganod knini yoveldRiurobiT, eri yovel

wuTs mkargavi saxierebis~.

YnawarmoebSi warmoCenili mxatvrul-dokumenturi realoba

saqarTvelos istoriis sisxlSeuSrobeli furclebia. oTar CxeiZe am

tragediis Sefasebas, gamokvlevas ar dalodebia, rac cxadze cxadi iyo,

aRnusxa mematianem; daeSura kidec simarTlis Tqmas, es simarTle

dablagvebuli saxiT sanam aRiwereboda moasparezeTa mier, radgan

ìstoria mal-mal icvleba, gamarjvebuli mravalia, istoria mainc erTia,

cvladia da marad ucvlelia~ (63. 347). mweralma Tu ar daaswro

istorias, istoria realobis warmosaCenad dros unda daelodos.

afxazeTis omis gaurkveveli xasiaTi, ruseTis imperiuli madis

gamWvirvaloba aRmaSfoTebeli iyo nebismieri adamianisTvis, visac jer

kidev SerCenoda sisxlis yivilis miyuradebis, samarTlianobis grZnoba.




- - 93

1993 wels movlenebis kvaldakval iTqva: `ra hqvia bolosdabolos

imas, rac afxazeTSi xdeba?

omis arc erTi `trafaretuli~, dRemde arsebuli gansazRvreba Cvens

qmedebas ar miesadageba, amitom axali gansazRvreba movigone _ morcxvi.

diax, saqarTvelos mTavroba ukuRmarTad gagebuli saerTaSoriso

samarTlis xaTriT da rusebis SiSiT, afxazeTSi eweva morcxv oms.

mteri ki urcxvad, saTiTaod xSiravs Cvens biWebs.

ise, urcxvoba arc CvenTvisa ucxo, oRond sakuTari xalxis

winaaRmdeg...~ (18. 210)

amgvarad, erovnuli sulis struqturis rRveva gamoixata SemdegSi:

a) mizez-Sedegobrivi kanonzomierebiT struqturis rRvevas Suris

aRzeveba mohyva, Suri (gadagvarebuli qarTvelebis saxiT) SeaiaraRa

moskovma.

b) darRveuli struqtura arss ver wvdeba, Rirseul da kanonzomier

gzas ver poulobs saTanado cvlilebisaTvis, amitom qveyanaSi

arakanonzomieri movlenebi ganviTarda, kanonieri xelisufleba iaraRiT

daamxes.

g) simrTelis (jansaRi struqturis) rRvevas, iaraRis enaze saubars

ganusazRvreli ubedureba moaqvs.




- - 94

b) mxatvruli realoba politikuri konteqstiT

oTar CxeiZisaTvis miuRebeli iyo `distanciis Teoria~. mwerlis

mxatvrul samyaros aqvs politikuri konteqsti, mizez-Sedegobrivi

mTlianobiT asxmuli, xelovanis Sinagani mzeriT da madliani kalmiT

daxvewili.

`boriayidan~ moyolebeuli es konteqsti dabrkolebis gareSe

ikiTxeba. mwerali qmnis STagonebisa da emociurobis vels, sadac

TiToeuli personaJi Tu pasaJi xazs usvams politikur konteqsts.

mwerali eSureboda Tqmas, saxelis darqmevas movlenebisadmi, `matiane

qarTlisas” rkals rom ar unda dakleboda.

XX s-is 90-iani wlebis sisxliani istoria inaxavs xelisuflebaTa

monacvleobis samarTlian da arasamarTlian gzas.

eris yofierebaSi, istoriul epoqaTa specifikuri gzis gamovlenaSi

erTmaneTs emTlianeba xiluli da uxilavi faqtorebi. es siRrmiseuli

movlena kvlevis viwro sferos ar emorCileba; aq mniSvnelovania

filosofosebis, sociologebis, istorikosebis mier gamoTqmuli

mosazrebebi. mTavaria kvlevis STamagonebeli ganwyoba da mecnieris

pirovnul-sulieri mimarTeba WeSmaritebisadmi.

filosofias ainteresebs movlenis zogadistoriuli struqtura da

misi sazrisi, Tu rogor mimdinareobs procesebi `TviT safuZvelSi Cveni

civilizaciisa, TviT im velSi, romelic dastruqturebulia imis

mixedviT, Tu raa adamiani da ra SeuZlia, ra amoZravebs mas,

gansakuTrebiT adamianur masebs, rogor erTveba kosmiuri energiebi an

stiqiebi sazogadoebriv yofaSi, istoriul meqanizmSi da istoriis

SedegebSi~ (28. 190).

filosofiuri azrovnebiT istoria aris universumi. literatura ki,

rogorc xelovnebis dargi, bunebrivia, qmnis am universumis mxatvrul

mikromodels, mwerali, romelic ar iferebs `distanciis Teorias~,

romlis STamagonebeli Zala aris simarTlisa da sijansaRisken swrafva,

qmnis im mxatvrul mikromodels, universumis Sesacnobad amouwurav

salaros rom moicavs. swored am niSniT gamoirCeva oTar CxeiZis

Semoqmedeba.




- - 95

XX s-is 90-iani wlebis movlenebis amsaxveli trilogia gviCvenebs

erovnuli da misi Zalismieri damxobiT mosuli moZalade mTavrobis

zogad saxes.

erovnuli mTavroba kanonieri arCevnebis gziT movida. 1990 wlis 28

oqtombris arCevnebma daamTavra wiTeli reJimis mmarTveloba

saqarTveloSi, 1991 wlis 22 dekembers gasrolili tyviiT daiwyo iaraRiT

damxoba erovnuli mTavrobisa.

pirvel faqts mohyva saqarTvelos e.w. ssr-s, rogorc mokavSire

sabWoTa socialisturi saxelmwifos fiqciad miiCneva, mis oficialur

statuss mieca danaSaulebrivi kvalifikacia. `de faqtod~ arsebuli

sabWoTa xelisufleba da saxelmwifo wyobileba miCneul iqna

danaSaulebrivad.

1990 wlis 9 marts saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesma sabWom uprecedento

dadgenileba miiRo (V. 8214 – XI s), Tavisive kanonebis dacviT. Tavisi Tavi

faqtobrivad ukanonod gamoacxada.

erovnuli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavari mizezi es iyo,

saqarTvelo ar unda gaTavisuflebuliyo, moskovi ver dauSvebda

geopolitikurad umniSvnelovanesi regionis mflobelobaze uars.

1992 wlis 12 Tebervals qarTveli erisadmi mimarTvaSi gandevnili

prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia ambobda: `saqarTveloSi putCi da samxedro

gadatrialeba, es iyo revanSi partokratebisa da mafiozuri

struqturebisa, revanSi – moskovis imperialisturi Zalebisa,

saqarTvelos kvlav xelSi Casagdebad~.

90–iani wlebis tragikuli viTareba mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi

ganixilavs sulieri da yofiTi struqturis arakanonzomier

mdgomareobas. sulieri struqturis simrTele ver dauSvebs ZmaTa Soris

sisxlisRvras ideuri SeuTanxmeblobis gamo.

axali mTavroba am fonze damkvidrda. `rogorc sakavSiro sukis

Tavmjdomaris yofili moadgile, f. bobkovi, SeniSnavs: moskovi ar

ewinaaRmdegeboda gamsaxurdias Camogdebas. centrma mxari dauWira

gadatrialebas, saqarTveloSi 1918 – 1921 wlebis istoria gameorda~ (22.

158).

sulisSemZvreli faqtebi aris aRwerili wignSi `codvis kalo

samegreloSi~, romelic asaxavs jaba ioselianis `mxedrionis~ mier




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saqarTvelos mxolod erTi kuTxis – samegrelos darbevas, walenjixeli

moZRvris, mama romanozis (Ciqobava) wamebas.

avtors Sekrebili aqvs TviTmxilvelTa naambobi: rbevis,

Seuracxyofis, mkvlelobebis usaSinlesi faqtebi. TiToeuli maTgani

cxadyofs zizRs pirveli prezidentis momxreebisadmi, aseTi zizRi

adamis modgmis mimarT arakanonzomieri mdgomareobaa, miT ufro Seni

qveynis Svilis, Seni Tvistomis mimarT.

erT-erT ojaxSi Zarcvas Seswrebuli maspinZeli mamakaci mxolod

bavSvis sakvebis waRebas SeewinaRmdega.

` _ Cemi bavSvis sakvebia, _ ixtibari ar gavitexe.

_ gavige, magram isic icode, rom arc didi da arc patara saWmlis

Rirsi ara xarT. amas Cemi lekvi mSvenivrad miirTmevs TbilisSi da axla

amiT movrCeT laparaks!~ _ igonebs s. kvaracxelia (51. 113).

am mogonebaSi gamonaTebasaviT Semodis Tbiliseli studentebis saxe,

`mxedrionis~ qmedebiT TviTonve gaognebulni rom daupirispirdnen

`TanamebrZolebs~; es erTi SemTxvevac qmnis naTel suraTs, siZulvilis

rogori jojoxeTuri manqana iyo amoqmedebuli samxedro gadatrialebis

mesveurTagan, rom qveynis gulwrfeli Wirisufalnic aRmoCndnen moZmeTa

mlewavi formirebebis SemadgenlobaSi. aRmoCndnen imaT gverdiT, visi

damokidebulebac ideur mowinaaRmdegeTa mimarT zRvardaudebeli

siZulviliT gamoixateboda.

am ùmadlo Jamis~ tragikul dasturad Semoinaxa drom mravali

ubedureba. TiToeul mxares sisxldanTxeuli adamiani xvalindel

saqarTvelos daeRupa.

qveyanaSi rom aseTi qaosi, boroteba, SurisZieba gamefdeba, Sesabamisi

iqneba saxelmwifo struqturis qmediTianoba, qveynis mdgomareoba.

oTar CxeiZis trilogia am sinamdviles asaxavs: adamianTa samyaroSi

qmedebis unari borotma rom gadasZala; dapirispirebis simZafris fonze

iqmneba mwerlis mier zogadisa da gamonaklisi mxatvruli saxeebi,

ixateba qveyanaSi gamefebuli ganukiTxaoba.

profesionalizmi bundovan cnebad qceula. asparezi SemTxveviT

adamianebs daumkvidrebiaT. maT, TviTkmayofilebaSi CaZirulT, daukargavT

Sinagani kontrolis unari _ `ver xedavs sakuTar sulSi mxecs, ar

nanobs, ar itanjeba~ (83. 17).




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eris yofierebis istoriul viTarebaSi TviT eris SigniT

dapirispirebuli sazogadoebis ori mxaris gamovlena ukve darRveuli

struqturaa, radgan `kacobrioba iyofa erebad, rogorc ama da am

funqcionalobis mqone erTeulebad, da es erTeulebi aseT da aseTnairad

struqturirebul ama da am wesiT Semdgar jgufebad realizdeba~ (36. 111).

erovnul koleqtivad realizebuli jgufi erTmaneTs iaraRiT rom

daupirispirdeba, iq am eris mtruli Zala ganagebs movlenebs.

rusis iaraRi da qarTuli èndogenuri Suri~ gamTlianda da

gadatrialebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg jer saxelmwifo sabWos, Semdeg

saxelmwifo meTauris saxeldebiT ebrZoda cnobierebis sijansaRes.

xelisuflebaSi movida da amkrZalavis rolSi mogvevlina is Zala,

romelmac civilizebuli samyaros yvela kanoni daarRvia da kanonieri

mTavroba gandevna.

`TeTri daTvi~ mxatvrul-dokumenturi TanmimdevrobiT, personaJTa

Tu avtoris diskursiT gadmoscems axali mTavrobis arSemdgari

mTlianobis rRvevis suraTs, parlamentis sxdomebs.

`gandgomodnen partiebica, amasTan rom iyvnen gamsaxurdias

damxobisasa~ (60. 263).

`mxedrionis~ iaraRi mTavrobis damxobisas aamoqmedes, saxelmwifo

meTaurs taxti gaumyares, movida Jami, dadga sakiTxi: ìaraRi ro unda

ahyaron mxedrionsa, wamoZaxilebi veras daaklebs, daarqvi Tu ginda

maSvelTa korpusi, iaraRi unda ahyaron. àrc erTi avtomati Zalovani

struqturebis gareSe!~ (60. 262)

oTar CxeiZe satiriT amxels `demokratiul mTavrobas~ da gviCvenebs,

ramdenad mZimea xvedri qveynisa, romlis sulier simrTelesac bneli

mohrevia, winamZRolad iaraRiani Zala movlinebia, Sedegad: marTvisa da

yofis struqtura darRveula.

samxedro gadatrialebas movlenebis mimdinareobisas ar daarqves

namdvili saxeli. asparezze damkvidrebulni am nabijs iSviaTad dgamen.

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg aRiara qveynis mmarTvelma e.w samxedro

sabWos sisxliani xelwera. memuarebSi ambobs: `visTvis Camegdo qveyana

xelSi – kitovanisa da ioselianisTvis? es xom sisxlian qaosSi

danTqavda yvelafers~ (56. 339),- ambobs is memuarebSi.




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àxali istorizmis~ principis Sesabamisad, teqstebis

ganmartebisaTvis saukeTeso saSualebaa nawarmoebis Tavissave istoriul

konteqstSi ganTavseba~ (27. 293).

oTar CxeiZis trilogias (XX s-is 90-iani wlebis movlenebTan

dakavSirebul) teqstebis istoriuli konteqstebi jerac Zalian axalia

(istoriisaTvis gavlili 18 weli umniSvnelo droa), magram xangrZlivi

Jamis Semdeg TviT trilogia aRadgens istoriul konteqsts, imdenad

axlos dgas mxatvruli qmnileba dokumentur qronikebTan. `TeTri daTvi~

gviCvenebs: funqcia-movaleobebis jaWvi darRveulia, `daWerobanaa

gamalebuli. gvardias xeli mouTaves. mxedrioni misCixes, sapolicio

reidebi moedo Tbilissa, raionebsac moedo.

elodeT samoqalaqo omsao, - parlaments aSinebda jaba ioseliani,

egeba ro: arc aSinebda, egeba ro raRac ucdida, an Tu ra iyo, - yovel

SemTxvevaSi mzad gaxlda yoveli: daiZaxebda da aiSlebodnen~ (60. 361)

mTavroba, romelic idga yofil momxreTa saSiSi dapirispirebis

winaSe, qveynis TviTmyofadobisTvis sasicocxlod umniSvnelovanes

problemebs ver moagvarebda.

struqturadarRveuli mmarTvelobiT damkvidrebulma ubedurebam

moamwifa sulismieri amoZaxili, bunebrivi gziT ganviTarebis uflebis

moTxovna: `bavSvebs bavSvoba unda daubrundeT. didebs didoba unda

danebdeT~ (60. 402). `TeTri daTvis~ es fraza sentenciad aRiqmeba,

kanonzomier pirobebSi yofnis moTxovniT.

iaraRiT mTavrobis damxobas rqmeoda `saxalxo ajanyeba~ unda

rqmeoda. qveynis mmarTveloba Secvales, cxovreba TiTqos ukeTesisken

unda Secvliliyo, magram xdeba piriqiT: bavSvebs (siwrfele da

uzrunveloba) bavSvoba dekargaT, didebs – nebelobis Tavisufleba.

o. CxeiZis mxatvrul qmnilebebze dafiqrebisas teqstis

interpretaciisTvis saWiro miniSneba kodirebulia simboloSi, zogjer

frazaSi da originalurad gamoyenebul sasven niSanSic ki.

epoqaluri mniSvnelobi cvlilebebs xilul aspeqtSi marTavs `Cven

jgufi~, misi Semadgenlobis analizisTvis mniSvnelovania meTauri; maTi

mizani, gza miznis misaRwevad. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia samxedro

gadatrialebis da misi Semdgomi periodis Zalismieri qmedebebi.




- - 99

sainteresoa z. gamsaxurdias ukanaskneli interviu Jurnalist

voSanovTan. korespondentis kiTxvaze: xedavs Tu ara sakuTar Secdomas,

danaSauls momxdarTan dakavSirebiT, respodenti pasuxobs: `damijereT,

amaze yoveldRe vfiqrob, yoveldRe gamudmebiT.

_ jer kidev TbilisSi gamomrCa raRac, ver gavige da ver Sevafase,

magram rasac arasdros davuSvebdi, es aris ucxo qveynis jarebis Careva

Sinauri problemebis gadaWraSi, imaSi, rom rus jariskacs gadaewyvita

saqarTvelos kamaTi, rogori unda yofiliyo maTi qveyana~ (22. 242).

XX s-is 90-iani wlebi Tavisi tragizmiTa da sirTuliT TviTon

iZleva adamianis drosTan damokidebulebis maxasiaTebel niSnebs.

sazogadoebis winamZRolis, politikuri moRvawis pozicia Tavad

metyvelebs simarTlisadmi damokidebulebis xarisxze.

maSin swor nabijad iTvleboda, rom avTo margianma general

baltinTan molaparakeba SeZlo da `dRe-naxevarSi, saRamo xans, foTs

ocamde gemi moadga, jariskacebiTa da artileriiT. Tavisi postebi

daayenes sakvanZo adgilebze – erTi gasrolac ar yofila. senaki Cven

davikaveT, zugdidi `zviadistebs~ darCaT, magram raki foTi da senaki

gaTavisuflda, zugdidisken gzac gaixsna~ (56. 435).

oTar CxeiZis romanebSi es movlenebi aisaxa, rogorc WeSmariti

Semoqmedis samarTliani damokidebuleba sakuTar drosTan, sociumTan,

erovnul ubedurebasTan. es aris àxali istorizmisaTvis~

damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba. àq TiTqmis gauqmebulia sazRvari

`literaturasa~ da ìstorias~, teqstsa da `konteqsts~ Soris (27. 293). aq

gamomxatvelis funqcia saxeebsa da narativebs ekisrebaT.

ase gamoikveTeba bneli da naTeli mxareebi. `Cven – jgufis

SemadgenlobaSi~. filosofiurad aseT jgufebSi ainteresebT `maTi

saqmianobis kooperireba da maTi individualuri ragvarobis

urTierTSemfasebloba~ (36. 53).

`Cven jgufis saxiT, roca erovnuli mTavrobis damxobis Semdgom

xelisuflebas moviazrebT vxdebiT arsisa da principebis arsebiT

gansxvavebas. miznis miRwevisTvis arCeul Zaladobis gzas.

gansxvavebul safuZvelze vsaubrobT erovnuli saxelmwifos

momxreTa gamaerTianebeli ùrTierTSemavseblobis~ SemTxvevaSi.

TavisTavad igulismxeba; aq saubari ar aris absolutur zneobriv




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mdgradobaze, magram mizani, ramac gaaerTiana eris 87%, iyo imedi

qarTuli saxelmwifos aRzevebisa, Semdeg: rwmena – simarTlisTvis

brZolisa.

dacema, simrTelis rRvevis Sedegi saxeze iyo: darbeul-

ganadgurebuli qveyana. aseTi ubedurebidan Tavdasxnas mkafio gezi,

Sroma, keTilgoniereba sWirdeboda, magram XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi

yvelaferi airia. qveynis patronoba SemTxveviTma adamianeba iTaves.

`moiaraRe inteligenciis~ sawadelis aRsrulebis Semdeg `TeTr daTvSi~

Tengiz kitovanze vkiTxulobT: `...merxebi rom ferflad eqcia skola

garujul kedlebada, maswavleblebi, usaxlkarod darCenili

maswavleblebi, aWaraSi ro SeeWedaT samaCablodan ltolvilebTan

erTada; daewva, daengria, gaetialebina, amohfareboda peCoris

specdaniSnulebis diviziis meTaurebsa da gaetialebinaT~ (60. 244).

damwvari merxebi, garujuli skolebi, ltolvilebi miuTiTebs

qveynis totalur ubedurebaze: xelyofilia ganaTlebis kera da

teritoriuli mTlianoba.

skolaSi iwyeba kulturasTan wilnayarobisTvis mzadeba, damwvari

skola am wilnayarobis xvalindel dRes kiTxvis niSans usvams.

teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva erovnuli ubedurebis umTavresi

niSania, radgan èrSi Semaval yvela individs saTiTaod da, amgvarad ers

mTlianad, aqvs mouSorebadi fundamenturi moTxovnileba, rom `mzis qveS

adgili hqondes~ an da `maradis, rogorc piradad TviTon, ise

STamomavalTa saxiT~. (36. 68).

mzisqveSeTSi saqarTvelod moniSnul miwas isev inawilebdnen XX

saukunis miwuruls rusebi da motyuebuli afxazebi. ìsev miwebs

anawileben, qarTul miwebsa, argonavtebidan mokidebuli axal

aTaswleulsac aseve iwyeben~.

romanSi anonimi mTxrobeli axasiaTebs afxazeTis oms: `yvelaferi

rom areuliyo, asvremiliyo, alufxuliyo: Wkua da Jini areuliyo.

gadareuliyo. moSliliyo, mofutknuliyo, aRarc amwyobi aRara sCanda. . .

omi omiT iswavleboda~ (60. 122). am tkivilian frazebSi JRers eris

tragedia, gaugebar oms rom omobs, `gamoucdeloba rom hyofnidaT~

mxolod da `jer es omi arc SeuswavliaT, arc marTals amboben da arc

Seiswavlian, raxan ar undaT, rom marTali Tqvan~ (18. 123). marTlis Tqma




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aRiarebis tolfasi iqneboda mTavrobis mxridan, winaswar wagebul omSi,

rom aomebda ganiaraRebul jars.

am gaurkveveli xasiaTis omSi WeSmariti meomrebi, namdvili

generlebi gaognebulni askvnidnen, ès omi ar aris...~ mweralma es fraza

aTqmevina general kamkamiZes, geno adamias.

`soxumi rom uZlebda jojoxeTur ieriSebsa, eseni zurgs icavdnen

soxumisasa, gzas icavdnen, xmeleTs icavdnen, ro ukve daekargaT zRvaca,

haerica. dauflebodnen afsuebi viTomao. es sacodavi afsuebi.

ganwirulni, rusebi ro dauflebodnen~ (60. 123).

afxazeTis oms yovelTvis miubrundebian STamomavlebi, saqarTvelos

istoriis am tragikul furcels gamoikvleven da samomavlo

gakveTiladac gaixdian, rom qveynis keTildReoba mrTeli struqturis

SenarCunebaSi, samarTliani xelisuflebis winamZRolobaSia.

im damarcxebis mizezebsa da Sedegebze saubrisas eduard SevardnaZe

acxadebs, rom Setakebis Tavidan asacileblad mosalaparakeblad

`soxumSi iyo Casuli saxelmwifo sabWos avtoritetuli delegacia~ (56.

400).

am delegaciis Rvawlma qveyanas sasikeTo Sedegi ver moutana.

realurad mimdinare movlenebis analizi mTxrobelis narativiT Semodis

nawarmoebSi. mwerali analefsissac mimarTavs zogjer da iqmneba

mxatvrul – dokumenturi mTlianoba, romlis gamocalkeveba SeuZlebe-

lia.

oTar CxeiZiseuli stili _ cnebaTa, frazaTa, gamoyofa, moulodneli

wertilebiT, am SemTxvevaSi, qveynis tragediaze xazgasmac aris da

mkiTxvelTan Tanaziarebac asaxuli tkivilis gamo, qveyana rom

darbeulia, frontis xazze myofni ganwirulni arian,

fsevdoSeTanxmebebis miRma saqveyno interesebi gayidulia da `samSvidobo

Zalebi~ _ rusebi faqtiurad ipyroben saqarTvelos erT-erT kuTxes

afxazeTs; xazgasmulia motyuebuli afxazi xalxis ubedureba: `rusebi

rom dauflebodnen~.

`TeTri daTvi~ gviCvenebs, rom ùmadlo Jamis~ erT-erTi niSani aris

saxelmwifoebriobis darRveuli cnobiereba, mxatvrul sityvaSi

istoriul-filosofiuri siRrmiT aisaxa, rogor CamoSorda zneobriv

simyaresa da pasuxismgeblobas zogadadamianuri Rirebulebebi da




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daeqvemdebara individualur egoizms. mwerali am kanonzomierebis

rRvevis sazriss aSiSvlebs, Sedegze mianiSnebs mkiTxvels ostaturad

akinZuli siuJetebiTa da qvesiuJetebiT, romelic uSualo anareklia

fabulisa, amave dros mxatvruli STagonebis Zala aqvs miniWebuli.

istoriul qargaze aris gadmocemuli devnili prezidentis

dabruneba, xalxis imediani molodini da isev simyaregamoclili

erovnuli cnobiereba, erTgulebis sazomi da saerTgulo meTauri rom

aRrevia: `vinc ro es daamxo, igive Zala amoqmedebula axla amis

sasargeblodao: mxolod da mxolod dasaRupavada am ubeduri

saqarTvelosio.

soxumis dakargva aRar enaRvleboda zogsa, oRond es demokratia Tan

gadaiyoloso. isic unda iTqvas: rusofiluri inteligencia Tbilisisa

idga uryevada, mtkiceda Seuvalada, istoria damsaxurebas ar dauviwyebs.~

(60. 181)

istorias mxatvruli sicocxlisunarianobiT Seetyupa oTar CxeiZis

romanebi, sadac realuri adamianebi: `naRdad miwaze mosiarule cocxali

Tu cocxalmkvdari eri da beri, Sinauri Tu gareuli~, `wignuri

cxovrebiT~ (72. 8-14) aRibeWdnen.

fxizeli mematianis sawuxaridan aRmocenebuli ucvleli tkivilia

oTar CxeiZis `bermudis samkuTxedi~. TviT tkivili saimedoa, igia Zala

sicocxlisa, niSani daumorCileblobisa.

`bermudis samkuTxedi~ `TeTri daTvis~ gagrZelebad aRiqmeba. aqac

gverdigverd arian gansxvavebul gzebs minebebuli qarTvelebi:

samSoblos keTildReobisaTvis msxverplis gamRebni (patriotebi) da

renegatebi. èrTi nawili muxas Seseul mumls ganuwyvetliv igeriebda,

meore ki – im muxis wasaqcevi umoklesi gza da saSualeba iyo mtris

xelSi~ (23. 131).

am nawarmoebSi erTi etapi brZolisa – taxtis dauflebisaTvis,

TiTqos Camcxralia (TiTqos!), arsebiTi gamorCenis sferoebis

gadanawilebaa. ukanono mTavrobis dakanonebis Semdeg korufcia TviT

xelisufalTagan gauTvaliswinebeli ZaliT ifurCqneba, gudamSiermao.~

(59. 12).

privatizaciaze xeli ufro lekiSvilebis siZeebs miuwvdebodaT,

magram `ciliswamebaa, Woria, provokaciaao, _ ficulobda batoni




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lekiSvili, raRas aRara ficulobda... ukvirmakvirobda ministrica

privatizaciisa~ (59. 15).

mwerali Cveuli stiliT aSiSvlebs `ZlierTa ama qveyanisaTa~

sixarbes, momxveWelobas, vercxlismoyvareobas. jer cnobil andazas

imowmebs: `kaci gana eCo aris, sul Tavisken miiTlides, kaci unda xerxi

iyos gahqondes da gamohqondes~. mokle daskvna: `zeda fena iqca eCoda~,

mTeli im ubedurebis damtevia, rasac korufcia hqvia.

arakanonzomieri viTarebis Semqmneli, struqturadarRveuli

xelisuflebis Sesaxeb roman `2001 welSi~ vkiTxulobT: `xelisufleba ho

aRar arsebobda saqarTveloSi?! xelisufleba darqmeoda xarkis

amkrefebsa da hkrefdnen isinica. xarksa hkrefdnen~ (65. 381).

aseTi narativi obieqtur Tvalsazrisebzea damyarebuli.

Tu davfiqrdebiT saxelmwifo gadatrialebis ganmartebaze, rom

`saxelmwifo gadatrialeba farTo mniSvnelobiT moicavs gadatrialebaTa

yvela saxes, rogorebicaa – putCi, ajanyeba, politikuri da sasaxlis

gadatrialebebi, revoluciebi, xelisuflebaTa Zaladobrivi damxobis

sxva formebi. am saerTo azriT, saxelmwifo gadatrialeba aris

Zaladobrivi, konstitutciuri darRvevis gziT arsebuli

saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis damxoba, Secvla an saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

Zaladobrivad xelSi Cagdeba (55. 460).

Zaladoba ver Seqmnis jansaR saxelmwifo struqturas da misi

kanonzomieri Sedegi aris gadagvarebuli sistemis, mankierebis aRzeveba.

90-ian wlebSi aseTi movlena ganixila ak. baqraZem.

1990 wels erT-erT interviuSi is ambobda: èkonomikur mafias

saqarTveloSi sruliad Segnebulad vuwodeb kleptokratias...

es aris damnaSaveTa organizacia, romelmac SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos

qveynis ekonomikur Tu politikur cxovrebas, magram arc erT qveyanaSi

mmarTvelobiT Zalas ar warmoadgens~ (9. 250).

saqarTvelos tragedias xSirad qmnida kleptokratiuli

mmarTveloba, radgan, egreT wodebuli, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi

Sesabamis postebze swored kleptokratebis mier arian dasmulni.

Seqmnili viTareba arc akrTobs, arc aSfoTebs, arc akvirvebs gizo

korZels, romelic ra gind uxerxuli Sedareba iyos, `sxva aravinaa, Tu

ara muxas momdgari, TeTri daTvisagan momarjvebuli, aprialebelpiriani,




- - 104

culis mosaxerxeblad dasaWeri tari~ (23. 131) mas, moskovSi nacxovrebs,

rusuli skolis gamozrdils, samSoblos turistiviT aRqmels, TvalSi

xvdeba `gaeCoebuli zeda fenis erTgvaroba moskovsa da TbilisSi: `rac

iqao, is iqao. iTlidnen, iTlidnen, eCosaviTa. sabWoebis drosac

iTvlidnen, ver gamoeCinaT. eSinodaT kriWas Seikravdnen. mohqcevodnen ro

igiveni saTavesa, gamoCenas ro aRar dauSlidnen, aRar Seikravdnen

kriWasa... sabazro ekonomika. arc araferi ar Secvliliyo. saxeli

Secvloda. mglebi mglebad warmoCeniliyvnen; cxvrebi – cxvrebada.

jvarze gaekraT mwyemsi keTili~ (59. 34).

`mwyemsi keTilis~ simboluri saxe nacnobia mkiTxvelisaTvis,

davazustebT mxolod rom `mwyemsi keTilis~ - macxovris jvarze gakvra,

episkopos gabrielis sityvebiT, golgoTaze ar damTavrebula, igi

xorcieldeba xelaxla yoveli Cvenganis gulSi codvis gamarjvebiT.

`struqturadarRveul~ sazogadoebaSi macxovris – sikeTisa da

siyvarulis jvarcma zogadi movlena gaxda.

romanSi àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ mwerali ambobs: erT asparezs –

erT samSoblos aburTavebda 160 partiao. `bermudis samkuTxedi~ ki

gviCvenebs am partiebiT Seqmnil problemas: èrTi mova, fulio, meore

mova: fulio, mesame mova: fulio, sad aris amdeni fuli?!~

` _ sadRac aris, trialebs. brunavs. amdidrebs. aRatakebs. agiJebs.

asulelebs. hklavs. Tavs akvlevinebs~ (59. 22). aseTi dialogia gizo

korZelsa da mis keTilismyofel – Tbilisel maspinZels Soris.

saR cnobierebas garidebuli swrafva, mxolod fulis mosapoveblad

sigiJiT mTavrdeba. `mainc xelisuflebisaTvis gadareuliyvnen.

gacofebuliyvnen~ (59. 27). logikuri Sedegia, roca `mwyemsi keTili

jvarze gaukravT, ver irwmuneben, rom `xrwnadi uxrwnadze udaresia,

rRvevadi – urRvevze, xolo cvladi ucvlelze umdablesi~ (35. 111),

amitomac ìRupeboda qveyanai uRmerToda. iRupeboda... lomis xaxa yvelas

daeRo: nTqavda da nTqavda, vinc miudgeboda, vinc arao da mosTqvamda,

mosTqvamda~ (59. 30).

aq Txroba STanTqmulia mwerlis imwamieri diskursiT. sainteresoa

narativis funqcia. aq is siuJetis erTeulia, romelic nawarmoebis yvela

detals ukavSirdeba da TviT am detalebis gamTlianeba samxedro

gadatrialebis Semdgom sinamdviles xatavs.




- - 105

oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi Zalian axlos dgas fabula da

siuJeti. is amZafrebs mwerlis metyvelebas. mniSvnelovania personaJTa

perspeqtivebs Soris gansxvaveba (bremonis klasifikaciis Sesabamisad).

qveynis daRupvas kidev erTi niSani unda hqondes: mis irgvliv

mZarcvelni da borotebas minebebuli, imedgadawuruli adamianebi arian

(`mosTqvamda, mosTqvamda~). sulieri moZRvris mier gaxmianebuli `Cveni

Tavi Cvenadve unda gvekuTvnodes~, safuZvlismierad ver gaucnobierebiaT.

iliasagan es daeswavlaT: gveyudneso. is ar axsovdaT unda viswavloT,

unda gavnaTldeTo: iliao... ityodnen JruanteliTa...~ (59. 31). umTavresi ki

aviwydebodaT, ilia marTali eris TavisuflebisTvis, `pirdaubaneli

iamSCikisagan~ saqarTvelos gasaTavisufleblad ibrZoda. `bermudis

samkuTxedSi~ ilia marTals viTom JrJoliT imowmeben nadavlisaTvis

kbilebalesili mglebi, xalxi rom mxolod sakbilod sWirdebaT da

nervic ar autokdebaT, ise mSvidad da daufaravad acxadebdnen: “xalxi

imisaa uWirdes da moiTminoso~ (59. 89).

ruseTis mier xeldasxmuli medrovenic laxvarsa scemdnen

samSoblos. ar axalia, Zvelia `zneoba rusisa. saqarTvelo moswons, -

uqarTvelebod da me visac vuyvarvar Seviwynarebo. ityueba, kavkasia

moswons. kavkasielTa gareSe. TavisTvis moswons~ (59. 130), magram

`moiaraRe inteligencias~ `keTili ruseTis~ iluzia jerac ar daerRvia.

aq mTavari is aris, rom mis keTildReobas, wuTisofelSi myari simaRliT

damkvidrebas, sWirdeba ruseTis arwyenineba da samSoblosac abralebs,

uruseTod daiRupebodao.

oTar CxeiZe Tavisi mxatvrul-dokumenturi proziT – matianiT am

movlenas amxelda, ruseTis saxes xatavda maSinac, roca amaze saubari

warmoudgeneli iyo da XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSic, roca ruseTis augad

xseneba `zviadizmad~ inaTleboda.

ufro gvian, 2006 wels, gamocemul memuarebSi eduard SevardnaZe

vrclad isaubrebs ruseTis dampyroblur, `miwaTSemkrebel~, sicrueze

agebul politikaze.

afxazeTis tragediaze saubrisas ityvis: `1992 wlis 3 seqtembers

moskovSi xeli movawereT daskvniT dokuments. melanic ki ar iyo

SemSrali am dokumentze, rom igi gadaTeles daqiravebulTa Ceqmebma,

romelTac SturmiT aiRes ganiaraRebuli gagra~ (56. 132).




- - 106

es ar iyo erTaderTi bundovneba am omSi, vidre politikosTagan amis

gaxmianebis Jami dadgeboda, mweralma daaswro: saTqmeli Tqva.

`rwmenadakarguli adamiani yvelaze didi mteria sakuTari Tavisa,

imave wams iwyebs im totis Wras, romelzedac jer kidev misi papis papa

mjdara da misi SvilTaSvilic dajdeboda, ase rom ar momxdariyo~ (80.

28)

mematiane mwerlis samyaroSi drosa da sivrces icvlian mxolod

personaJebi: rwmenadarRveulni, sulierad kninni samSoblos mtris

samsaxurSi rom xedaven xsnas; Rirsebisa da gadarCenis imedi rom

daClungebiaT: `rusobis mere dedac gaixades orSaurada... sacodavi

ruseTumeebi. dabneuli qarTveli komunistebi... axali ruseTumeebi!.. tvini

eRrZoT? sisxli gauSraT? Tvali aexviaT, mama – papis saflavs rom

xnaven? an mxolod is aris: `Лишь право сильного раб свято почитает~ (65.

373).

aq daxatulia sulieri erozia, rac saboloo daRupvis wina

mdgomareobaa, amitom ver dums eris mesityve.

rusuli yofis sruli despotizmi damajereblad aRwera akaki

baqraZem. misi Txzulebebis III tomSi vkiTxulobT: `mas mere, rac 1801-1810

wlebSi ruseTma saqarTvelo daipyro, qarTveli xalxis beds, gvindoda

Tu ara es, rusi eris mdgomareoba ganapirobebda, Cven ukve aRar

SegveZlo sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr wargvemarTa Cveni bed-iRbali~. am

daskvnis mxatvrulad gamoxatul dasturs akaki baqraZe m. javaxiSvilis

àrsena marabdelSi~ xedavs, sadac mweralma aleqsandre orbelians

aTqmevina: `rusi cxeniT misdevs evropas, Cven ki TokiT migvaTrevs da

gveubneba, ar CamovrCeTo. Cvenc dasisxlianebuli mivrbivarT da gvgonia,

rusi sikeTes gviSvebao~ (9. 253).

`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ motivi meordeba: `ruseTi da ruseTumeebi~.

qveynis zogadi mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sawuxari ucvlelia, miuxedavad

cvalebadobisa, qarTvelTa sazogadoebaSi dros koreqtivi ver Seutania,

igi isev igive rCeboda SuriT, Ralatis, siZulviliT gaTanguli,

`siyvarulsac imeorebda, magram sZlevda ro siZulvili ufro siaves

imeorebda~ (58. 2).




- - 107

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi is periodia `qarTvelisaTvis, mxolod

guSin romaa, radgan problemebian – survilebianad gaCerebul droSi

dgas~ (58. 132).

mwerlis yuardRebis miRma ver darCeboda es `gaCerebuli dro~.

àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ dasawyisSve axasiaTebs: `ra dro iyo~, `ra

dro dadga~, `ra dro mova~.

iyo dro - `quCa quCa iyo, Teatri – Teatri~ (kanonzomiereba ar

irRveoda).

mova dro - `Teatri isev dabrundeba TeatrSi~.

(qaosi damTavrdeba, movlenebi kanonzomierebas daemorCileba).

aRniSnul nawarmoebze msjelobisas CvenTvis sainteresoa cneba

àrtistizmi~. `roca artistizmze vlaparakobT Cveulebriv or elements

vgulisxmobT, ostatoba – daxvewilobas da pozas. Tu pirveli mosawonia

da misaRebi, meore saTakilod unda iqces miCneuli. poza aucileblad

Seicavs tyuils, sicrues, mistifikacias~. (12.617)

roca `quCa quCa iyo, Teatri – Teatri~ artistebi òstatoba –

daxvewilobas~, xelovnebas emsaxurebodnen, roca `Teatri gavarda

quCaSi~, artistebi ukve tyulis siyalbis gamxmianeblebi gaxdnen. isini

mweralma `budionovkebiT~ Semosa da xazi gausva ruseTTan maT

ficvercxlnaWamobas: `haerSi Tqarunobda da tyapunobda wiTeli yurebi

wiTeli budionovskisa~ (58. 131).

1921 wels `wiTeli budionovkebiT~ XI armia Semovida damoukidebl

saqarTveloSi, amjerad `budionovkelebs~ `Savnabada Tavs gadahyurebT. iq

kitovania. qalaqs gahyurebs arwivis TvaliTa. qalaqi duRs. aduRdes

kidevaca. aman icis duRilis wertili~ (58. 133).

aseTi dro movida `qveyana rom Teatria da Teatri ro aRar aris

Teatri~ (58. 32).

imedia, `mova dro~, roca qveyana kanonzomierebis ritmSi icxovrebs.

es aRreva droisTvis daubralebiaT: `drois braliao. droisa – ara:

es Teatri ro brunavs, scenaa ro brunavs. dros tyuilad daabralebs

Teatri. dro dgas. Teatri brunavs~ (58. 37).

Teatri brunavs: iq xan òstatoba – daxvewiloba~ zeimobs, xanac

`poza da sicrue~.




- - 108

`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ droTa dineba ase xasiaTdeba: àwmyoo. arc

ro warsulia arc ro momavali, awmyoc ar aris. Tu aris, Sena xar da

awmyoc is aris, rac ro Sena xar~ (59. 29)

is sinamdvile, romelsac trilogiaSi amxels oTar CxeiZe, sulieri

kvdomis periodia, e.i. wydeba bunebrivi, kanonzomieri ritmi,rac axal

xarisxobriv mdgomareobas unda uzrunvelyofdes. xarisxobrivi

cvlilebis gawyveta gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi negatiuria. aseTi

mravalferovneba maradmedin droSi sikeTis momtani ar aris.

dro da Teatri cxovrebis dramaSi or poluss Soris ufskruls

gviCvenebs. es ori polusi ori kategoriis sazogadoebaa: vinc dinebas

uazrod mihyveba da vinc keTili sawyisis erTgulebiT, `mwyemsi keTilis~

mindobiT ibrZvis WeSmariti RirebulebebisTvis – ideisTvis, romlis

mizani adamianis keTildReobaa; anadgurebs borotebas, sulier

gaTavisuflebas iwvevs da adamians samarTlianobis rwmenas aniWebs.

am or poluss Soris dapirispirebas rom gviCvenebs mwerali,

axasiaTebs sazogadoebis zneobrivi avadmyofobis istorias. aq mTavaria,

romel poluss aqvs upiratesoba. pirvelis (vinc dinebas uazrod mihyveba)

moZaleba erovnuli gadagvarebis realuri safrTxea – es safrTxea

saxeldadebuli, daxatuli oTar CxeiZis SemoqmedebaSi. aRvniSneT, rom aq

mwerlis fiqri ganuwyvetliv dastrialebs adamianis Sinagan

Tavisuflebas.

mxolod Tavisufal adamians SeuZlia simarTlisaTvis brZola,

naTlis erTguleba.

absoluturi sikeTisa da simarTlis zeobis imedi ar arsebobs

wuTisofelSi, magram ubeduria eri, romelsac simrTele ver gaumyarebia,

SuRli morevia. wminda nikoloz serbi ambobda: `mciredmorwmune

verasodes gaaRviZebs rwmenas sxvaSi: qedmaRali uvici verasodes

daimsaxurebs ndobas. adamianebs simdidre aRizianebT, rodesac igi vaWris

xelSia; sZulT Zalaufleba, Tu igi upatiosno adamianebs ekuTvnis;

avadmyofi ar endoba avadmyof eqims.

adamianebs jansaRi goneba da swori msjeloba axasiaTebT. daRlili

mgzavri brazobs meduqneze, romelsac ar SeuZlia, sauzme da sawoli

SesTavazos da ekiTxeba mas: maS, ratom xar meduqne?~ (77. 17)




- - 109

struqturadarRveul (uxilav da xilul aspeqtSi) mTavrobas xalxi

wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekiTxeboda:

_ ratom davkargeT afxazeTi?

_ ratom ver davZlieT siRatake?

_ ratom daiRvara ZmaTa sisxli?

am kiTxvebze gulmarTal pasuxs ver gascems is, vinc am ubedurebis

fasad movida. am movlenebze pasuxi da aseTi mTavrobis namdvili saxe

mweralma gviCvena Tavisi romanebiT.

adamis modgma struqturis simrTeles gamoemSvidoba pirvelqmnili

codviT; gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobaa, roca mizezi, mizani da qmedeba

ganpirobebulia mxolod rRveviT _ borotebiT. aseT SemTxvevaTa rigs

ganekuTvneboda 90-iani wlebis tragedia: erovnuli mTavrobis damxoba,

brZola ideis winaaRmdeg, nebismieri saSualebiT mowinaaRmdegis

ganadgurebisa da taxtis SenarCunebis survili.

bunebrivia, am movlenebis ganviTareba ganapiroba erovnuli

mTavrobis Secdomebmac, qarTuli xasiaTis negatiurma maxasiaTeblebmac;

sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi mZafrma cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo

qarTuli eTnofsiqologiis uaryofiTi Tvisebebis uecar aRzevebas.

d. SveliZis naSromSi `politikuri dapirispirebebi da erovnuli

xelisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-1992w.w)~, mecnieruli kvlevis

safuZvelze Camoyalibebulia erovnuli moZraobis, erovnuli mTavrobis

moRvaweobis Taviseburebebi da 1991-1992 wlebis saxelmwifo

gadatrialebis mizezebi. aq xazgasmulia:

`1. yofili metropoliis politikur-finansuri da samxedro Careva

saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi:

2. mexuTe kolonis siZliere da mis mier ganxorcielebuli

SeiaraRebuli amboxeba xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg~ (55. 532).

aqve miTiTebulia, rom gamomwvev mizezTa Soris ikveTeba:

`damoukidebeli saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris da Semdgom

prezidentis obieqturi da subieqturi xasiaTis Secdomebi da mis mier

ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifos marTvis avtoritaruli stili, romelic

mniSvnelovanwilad obieqturi realobiT ufro iyo ganpirobebuli;




- - 110

erovnuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa, aRmasrulebeli da

sakanonmdeblo struqturebis pasuxismgebel pirTa danaSaulebrivi

Secdomebi, arakompetenturoba da upasuxismgebloba~ (iqve).

es Secdomebi Casafrebuli mtris wisqvilze asxamda wyals.

istoriisa da simarTlis urTierTmimarTeba oTar CxeiZem `boriaySi~

Camoayaliba, rostom itrielisa da misi Tanaklaselis dialogiT.

klaseli, rom àxalmoweseTa~ Soris aRmoCnda da kvlav aocebda rostom

itrielis erTguleba WeSmariti Rirebulebebisadmi.

istoria debulebebs ayalibebs (namdvils, an gamarjvebulis

saamebels), mematiane-mwerali ki xatavs viTarebis srulyofil suraTs.

swored es funqcia akisria oTar CxeiZis trilogias, mweralma cxel

kvalze aCvena ambiciebiTa da boRmiT gamTlianebuli Zala, ideuri

monawileni gadatrialebisa. am simarTlis codna xvalindeli dRis

simyaris safuZvelia: `Tu ar gecodineboda am politikuri movlenis

ideuri monawileni, gegoneboda, rom raRac grandiozul borotebas

STaenTqa damoukidebeli saqarTvelos aRmadgeneli. warRvnas

gadaeyolebina ukve ara noe Jordania, aramed zviad gamsaxurdia, vinc

qmnida, ara socialistur respublikas – am noesaviT, aramed bunebriv

sazogadoebriv-politikur models morgebul saxelmwifos, TaviT

bolomde amozrdils ilia WavWavaZis ideuri mrwamsidan _ yvelaze

mtkice safuZvlebidan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mosapoveblad da

SesanarCuneblad~ (70. 778).

mopovebiT moipoves.

am jansaRi nebis winaaRmdeg amoqmedebuli Zala Sekra ruseTis

ideur-finansur-samxedro mxardaWeram, xolo zemoT aRniSnuli Secdomebi

gamoiyenes, raTa mTel msoflioSi gaetexaT saxeli zviad gamsxurdiasa

da misi TanamoazreebisaTvis.

sakuTari qveynis xelisufleba nebismier Zalas Seekvreba da arbevs

axladSobil damoukideblobas, is `sulieri radiaciis veliT~ modis da

sasikeTo gzas mmarTvelobisa, ver ipovis.

amgvarad, mxatvruli realobis politikuri konteqstiT warmoCenisas

mwerali:

a) movlenebis kvaldakval qmnis mxatvruli nawarmoebebs.




- - 111

b) mizanmimarTulad saxelebs ar ucvlis politikur pirebs (es

mwerlis meTodia).

g) Txrobis sxvadasxva xerxiT amxels politikuri samyaros

warmomadgenlebs, maT Tanamoazreebsa da qmedebis Sedegs.




- - 112

jvarsaxovneba

“Srtoni uCina” “fes

v Rrma hyo

”

(fabula da siuJeti)

Sina ar

si (sax

ismetyvel

ebiT

Caf

iqrebuli saT

qmel

i)




- - 113

Tavi III

jvarsaxovneba oTar CxeiZis trilogiaSi

a) jvris horizontsa da vertikalze gaazrebuli personaJebi

literaturuli nawarmoebebis kvlevisas, siuJetis siRrmiseuli

gaazreba SesaZlebelia jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis vertikaluri da

horizontaluri veqtorebis mxatvrul mTlianobaSi ganxilviT.

oTar CxeiZis romanebis personaJebi am mxriv gansakuTrebiT

sicocxlisunarianni arian. isini realuri cxovrebidan damkvidrdnen

wignSi da wignieri cxovrebiT sulierebis mravali aspeqti warmoaCines.

pirveli adamianis naTlierebisagan ganZarcvis Semdeg TviT adamianis,

yofierebis maxasiaTebeli gaxda orsaxovneba, orbunebovneba; zeciuri da

miwieri sawyisis gamTlianeba.

literatura, rogorc xelovnebis dargi, adamianismcodneobad

moiazreba. swored is asaxavs adamians, pirvelqmnili da dacemuli

bunebiT, uxilav brZolas or sawyiss Soris. literaturuli cnobierebis

dasawyisidan, is organzomilebiania Tavisi arsiT. revaz siraZem mas

jvarsaxovneba uwoda, radgan asaxavs wuTisofels, samyaros, adamians,

Tavisi sulier-xorcieli bunebiT.

sainteresoa III saukunis wminda mamis, klimenti aleqsandrielis

Sroma `codnis Sesaxeb~, sadac vkiTxulobT: àdamiani iqmna `xatisaebr da

msgavsebisaebr~; xati RvTisa aris saRvTo da sameufo sityva, xolo xati

xatisa – adamianuri goneba~ (21. 37). es TavisTavad aris miTiTeba kavSirze

kacobriv gonebasa da RvTis sityvas Soris. cxadia, sityvis idumaleba

ixsneba macxovnebeli madlis – macxovris mier mofenili naTlierebiT.

literaturis gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba aris sityva, amitomac

literaturul qmnilebasTan miaxleba, mwerlis mier Seqmnili samyaros

dekodireba xdeba ara mxolod qmnadobis procesis daxasiaTebiT –

gamosaxvis saSualebaTa kodis gaxsniT, aramed sityvis, rogorc `xatis~

(saxismetyvelebiTi erTeulis) ZiebiT, rac mTlianobaSi yalibdeba

nawarmoebis kulturuli kodis gaSifvris saxiT. aq arsebiTia mkiTxvelis

sulieri mimarTeba sityvasTan, mis arsTan, literaturasTan.




- - 114

`SemecnebulTa sulieri mdgomareoba anu is, Tu ra sulier simaRlezea

esa Tu is Semmecnebeli piri, raoden ganxmuli aqvs mas SemecnebiTi

Tvali (21. 47).

`ganxmuli SemecnebiTi Tvali~ da marjved mignebuli literaturuli

kvlevis meTodi sacnaurs xdis nawarmoebis uxilav Sreebs, amTlianebs

siuJetsa da saxismetyvelebiT Canafiqrs jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis

arealSi.

nawarmoebis jvarsaxovnebiT kvlevaSi umniSvnelovanesi sayrdenia

ganmartebis universaluri meTodi – hermenevtika. `mis ZiriTad amocanas

warmoadgens teqstis swori interpretacia, anu teqstis ganmarteba misi

absoluturi mxatvruli faseulobebis konteqstSi (27. 102). interpretacia

mudmivad moqmedebs sazRvarze dafarulsa da gacxadebuls Soris

.kvlevis am meTods, ZirZveli istoria aqvs: `hermenevtikuli (anu

ganmartebiTi) wesi azrovnebisa Sua saukuneebisaTvis niSnavs, rom

mTavaria ara axali problemebis Zieba, aramed maradiul problemaTa

mudmivi ganmarteba (ZvelqarTulad `Targmaneba~) (44. 8).

g. doCanaSvili moTxobaSi `kaci, romelsac literatura Zlier

uyvarda~, ambobs: ìyo mkiTxveli, es saswaulia~.

WeSmaritma mkiTxvelma wakiTxuls miRma miniSnebuli saTqmelic unda

gaicnobieros, e.i. siuJetis paralelurad `Tuali sulisaic~ unda

kiTxulobdes nawarmoebs. aseTi wvdoma SesaZlebelia tradiciuli

saxismetyvelebiTi azrovnebis _ simboloebisa da alegoriebis axsniT.

`Slaiermazerma religiur principebze dayrdnobiT aaRorZina

hermenevtikuli analizi~ (37. 114).

interpretaciuli wvdoma swored bibliis SemweobiT xdeba advili.

jvarsaxovani azrovnebis vertikaluri veqtori mas ukavSirdeba uSualod.

verjil nemoianu aRniSnavda: `Sveicarieli alois gugleri,

dResdReisobiT erTianad miviwyebuli, amtkicebda, bibliuri mwerlobaa

prototipi yvelanairi kazmuli gamoxatulebisao~ (37. 114).

sulierebaze dayrdnobili gnoseologiuri analizi gvexmareba

nawarmoebis Zirfesvian kvlevaSi. aseTi analizi xdis mweralsa da

mkiTxvels aqtiur TanamSromlad. `recipientis mimarTeba nawarmoebTan

mxatvruli qmnilebis Rirsebis gansazRvris umniSvnelovanesi rgolia,

radgan recipienti teqstis mxolod aRmqmeli ki ar aris, SemoqmedebiTii




- - 115

procesis aqtiuri monawilea. aqtiuria igi Tundac imitom, rom

konstruqciuli principi, kodi, nawarmoebis gasaRebi, aRmoCenas moiTxovs

misgan da kiTxvis procesSi aRmomCens adgils miuCens. aRmoCena ukve

esTetikuri kategoriaa da udides tkbobas aniWebs adamians~ (27. 169).

literaturuli nawarmoebisadmi aseTi midgoma yofierebasTan drois

uwyveti jaWviT mimarTebaa. sainteresoa verjil nemoianus ganmarteba:

`literatura agrovebs imas, rac migdebulia da mitovebuli _ enas,

adamianur tipebs, ideebs _ da jiuti, urTierTgamomyofi moZraobiT kvlav

gvacnobs maT~ (37. 64). swored literatura inaxavs im marcvlebs

WeSmaritebisa, romelic SeiZleba istoriaSi Caikargos.

am azriT, erovnuli cnobierebisTvis yovel epoqaSi saintereso

iqneba oTar CxeiZis romanebi. kulturuli Tu gamosaxvis saSualebaTa

kodi, nawarmoebis gasaRebi moiTxovs mwerlis idumali metyvelebis

Sinagani smeniT aRqmas. nebismier teqstSi yovelTvis arsebobs uamravi

ganusazRvreli adgili, romelTa `Sevseba~, konkretizacia da

rekonstruqcia teqstisa da mkiTxvelis Sexvedris, anu kiTxvis procesSi

xdeba~ (27 170).

literaturis TeoriaSi ganasxvaveben ganusazRvreli adgilebis or

tips nawarmoebSi: pirveli, romlis `Sevsebac~ mkiTxvels SeuZlia da

meore, sagangebo mxatvruli efeqtis mosaxdenad datovebuli (aseT

SemTxvevaSi ganusazRvrelobas mxatvruli funqcia akisria). Tu

visaubrebT oTar CxeiZis romanebis aseT monakveTebze, upirvelesad

moiazreba nawarmoebis saxismetyvelebiTi Canafiqris ametyveleba, sxva

mxriv, mxatvrul-dokumentur prozaSi bevri ram amouxsneladac

saxeldadebulia.

saxismetyvelebiTi azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli

xerxebi mTliandeba mxatvruli qmnilebis jvarsaxovan sibrtyeze

gasaazreblad. `teqstis horizontalur ganzomilebaSi vgulisxmobT mis

amqveyniur Sina arss, xolo vertikalurSi _ mis sulierebas, rogorc es

jvarSia (44. 9)~. siuJeti personaJTa amqveyniur cxovrebas gadmoscems,

xatavs epoqis xasiaTis Taviseburebebs. siuJets miRma gaazrebuli

saTqmeli sulier wvdomas moiTxovs da is zogad Rirebulebebamde

maRldeba. `teqstis horizontaluri mdinareba droSi xdeba, sulieri

vertikalis SegrZneba ki myisieri SeiZleba iyos~ (iqve).




- - 116

IV saukunis wminda mamis, basili didis sityvebiT, `poezia aris

saxismetyvelebiTi RvTismetyveleba~. am mxriv, sagulisxmoa daviT

guramiSvilis mier SoTa rusTavelis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb naTqvami:

òdesac brZenman ritorman, SoTaman rgo igavT xeo da,

fesv Rrma hyo, Srtoni uCina, zed xili moiweoda,

orgziTve nayofs miscemda, visganac moirxeoda.

leqsi, rusTvlisebr naTqvami, me sxvisa ver vnaxeo da~.

`fesv Rrma hyo~ jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis vertikalze moazreba,

`Srtoni uCina~ _ horizontze. d. guramiSvilis aRniSnuli striqonebi

gvamcnoben `misi epoqis swavlul kacTa Soris gabatonebul Sexedulebas,

`vefxistyaosnis~ siuJetisa da fabulis igavur, alegoriul xasiaTsa da

mniSvnelobaze, agreTve imaze, rom es nawarmoebi iZleva nayofs orgzis,

e.i. ganimarteboda orgvarad: saRmrTodac da saerodac~ (13. 7).

literaturuli nawarmoebi ar arsebobs jvarsaxovnebis gareSe,

sulieri ierarqiulobis Sesabamisad, radgan suli aris yvelgan.

saero nawarmoebSi jvarsaxovneba vlindeba orbunebovnebis

gadamkveTi veqtorebiT. es gadakveTa mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWviT qmnis

siuJets, fsiqo-somaturi faqtorebis suraTs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

literaturul samyaroSi filiaciis (urTierTgamodinareobis)

uwyvetobaSi ganixileba jvarsaxovneba. am mxriv gamoiyofa oTxi periodi.

Tu manamde eideturi (miTosuri) da eikonuri (xatisebri) gansaxovneba

mZlavrobs, XII-XIII saukuneebidan wamyvania mxatvruli saxismetyveleba, aq

saxeTa safuZveli sakuTriv esTetikuria.

`vefxistyaosnidan~ mkvidrdeba wminda mxatvruli saxismetyveleba.

paralelurad sxva araerTi nakadic, magram `wminda mxatvruli~

saxismetyveleba grZeldeba dRemde (44. 19).

CvenTvis sainteresoa oTar CxeiZis romanebSi jvarsaxovnebis

TvalsazrisiT gaazrebuli personaJebi. mwerlis mxatvruli saxeebi

emorCileba àxali realizmis~ esTetikas. aqac filiacia umyarebs

safuZvels marTali mwerlis marTal sityvas.

kritikuli realizmis pirdapiri memkvidrea oTar CxeiZis esTetikuri

mrwamsi. misi romanebis personaJebi realobidan gardaqmnili,

sicocxlisunariani mxatvruli saxeebia. amis utyuari dasturia `matiane

qarTlisas~ ciklis romanebi: xolo maTi problematika swored erovnuli




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cnobierebis kuTxiTaa mniSvnelovani da saintereso. misi mTavari gmiri

mTeli qarTveli eria. konkretuli personaJebic siuJetebis am movlenis

warmoCenas emsaxureba~ (72 . 9).

samatianod sruli simarTle SeirCa, gamogonili am simarTles

warmoaCens. oTar CxeiZis matiane xels uwyobs namdvili istoriis aRqmas,

movlenebis realurad gaazrebas: ubedurebis tragediis mizezis kvlevas

da sijansaRisken mimavali gzebis Ziebas.

`bermudis samkuTxedi~ mkiTxvels uSurvelad asazrdoebs

STabeWdilebiT, sazrunaviT, Ziebis wyurviliT. `marina cvetaevas aqvs

naTqvami, imas ki nu mixsniT, risi Tqma mindoda me, is gamagebineT, Tu

Tqven ra amoikiTxeT nawarmoebidano~ (17. 387).

amosakiTxi, saZiebeli uamravi saxidan nawarmoebSi gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa gizo korZeli, aiSe, qalbatoni duda (calke visaubrebT goCa

esebuas saxeze).

pirveli gverdidanve vecnobiT gizo korZels. advili misaxvedria,

rom es kaci mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetila:

`TbilisSi pirvelad moxvedriliyo, _ gizoze vambob.

frangi rom gegonos, gasakviri ar iqneba~ _ ambobs mwerali.

igrZnoba, rom es kaci wuTisofliT umayofilo ar unda iyos: `bedma

gauRima gizosa. bedi uRimoda. esec uRimoda bedsa~ (59. 5).

is àrc qalis natruli brZandeboda,

ho arc qalaqebis unaxavi,

arc frangi, arc zangi,

qarTveli gaxlda, TbilisSi pirvelad moxvedriliyo...~ (59. 6).

mas ar ainteresebs naTesavebi, maTi mdgomareoba, avi Tu kargi, arada

`xalxi Caferfliliyo zezeurada~ (.59. 8).

gizo pragmatuli cnobierebis fesvebidan moemarTeba. `mama

imedovnebda gizosi, qarTuls xo isedac iswavliso~ (59. 6). dayruebuli

erovnuli nervi ìsedac~ ar iwyebs msxmoiarobas. gizos goneba mxolod

momxveWelobas, ambiciebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba. mas ar uyvarda

`romantika, simbolika, abstraqcia, fantastika, araferi amis msgavsi ar

epitnaveboda... sinamdvile undoda cxadi, naTeli, mkafio, TvaldaTvali,

swori, pirdapiri, TavisTvis pirdapiri, xolo sxva Tu gaixlarTeba, ra




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vuyoT cxovreba ho ucnauria, yvelas ar umarTlebs, rogorc ro nebavs~

(.59. 212).

`bermudis samkuTxedi~ `TeTri daTvis~ gagrZelebaa, analizia

qarTuli cnobierebis dakninebisa. am cnobierebis winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva

xerxiT brZolisa. `gizo korZeli rusuli skolis sarkmlidan rusuli

TvaliT danaxuli samSoblos turistiviT aRmqmeli dabrunda

saqarTveloSi; is ukve yofili qarTvelia, romelsac araferi SeuZlia

patronebisagan davalebuli funqciis Sesrulebis meti. igi àdgilis

mwevaria, adgilis kurdRlis dasaWerad, iaraRia imis xelSi, vinc didi

xania icis: `qarTveli mxolod qarTveliT iZliveba~, im qarTveliT,

romelic drodadro mxolod saxels icvlis: varsqeni, lipariti,

yvaryvare, oTari, Salva, mzeWabuki, Sadimani, sergo, iosebi da...~ (23.131).

imedismomcemi personaJis _ baadur rikoTelis (`TeTri daTvi~)

Semdeg, renegatis axali, sinTezirebuli saxe mogvca mweralma `bermudis

samkuTxedSi~ gizo korZelis daxatviT, romelic putCis Sedegad

darbeul saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikis, am uzarmazari, usulgulo

monstris erT WanWiks warmoadgens samoqmedo sqemiT: `gayidos da iqmnas

Zvirad gayiduli~ (59. 6). sulieri sicarielis dasafaravad xSirad

epotinebian winaparTa saxelebs. aRniSnuli personaJisTvis asureli

mamebi da andria pirvelwodebuli mxolod turistuli biznesis

TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso. mas mxolod fulis sabadod sWirdeba

yvela da yvelaferi, `patronis~, keTilganwyoba `keTilmowyobisTvis~

(keTilad mowyobisTvis) sWirdeba da ragind uxerxuli Sedarebac ar

unda iyos, sxva araferia, Tu ara muxas mimdgari, TeTri daTvisgan

momarjvebuli, aprialebulpiriani culis mosaxerxebulad dasaWeri tari

(23. 133).

oTar CxeiZis panoramul TxrobaSi ùsaxo, upiro mTxrobeli~

Semodis mimesisiT da gviCvenebs gizo korZels taZarSi _ sveticxovelSi.

`sanTlebs aanTeben, pirjvars iweren, suzi Tavisas SesTxovs RmerTsa.

ras SesTxovs TviTon icis. gizo ar SesTxovs arafersa. arc aras

gamoelis xatebisgana. es misTvis sxvaTa waxedulobaa. axla viTom ro

TanaugrZnobs suzisa. raikoms ufro TanaugrZnobda, eklesiaSi ro

agzavnidnen: axalgazrdebi gamorekeo. erekeboda. asmenda urCTa. suzis




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ver gaagdebs da iwers pirjvarsa. da amagrebs sanTelsa. da ara

morCildeba. sanTeli. da amagrebs. da ara magrdeba...~ (59. 332).

es aris gizo korZelis sulieri biografia: patara saqarTvelos

rusul skolaSi aRizarda `didgulada~, ebrZoda eklesias (èrekeboda

urCTa~), _ emsaxureboda wiTel reJims (`raikoms ufro TanaugrZnobda~),

amJamad enebis mcodne da saerTod risi ar mcodne (`ra ar icoda, RmerTo

Cemo, ra ar icoda, sokos jiSebidan genur inJineriamde~) (59. 30),

gaalmasebuli codniT wuTisoflis arenaze, `patronis~ xelSewyobiT

ganmtkicebisTvis iRwvis. gizo korZels nervic ar utokavs mSobliur

RirebulebebTan wilnayari. eklesiaSi sanTlis anTeba `wamxedurobaa~.

aseTi sulgayinuli adamiani sanTelsac ver anTebs, ùgulo guliT~

sanTeli xats ar ewireba (àra morCildeba~). sulieri enTropiis

mdgomareobaa, rac konkretul SemTxvevaSi fesvebisagan mowyvetiT,

momxveWelobiT, gulgrilobiT vlindeba. àdamianebi eklesiaSi Sewevnas

eZieben, magram cotani pouloben mas. ase rad xdeba? religia _ es

sinergizmia, esaa Sexvedra, SeerTeba, Serwyma ori nebisa _ RvTaebrivis

da adamianurisa. mis gareSe adamianis guli SeuRwevadi gaxdeba

madlisTvis~ (2. 156).

aseTi mdgomareoba sulierebis maRal safexurze ganixileba,

korZeli ki siaxloves ar aris am simaRlesTan, mas `mkvdari

sarwmunoebac~ ar gaaCnia. igi uRmerTod seravda sawuTros gzebs, amis

mxileba aris sesilia-cecilia-ciliasTan (aiSesTan) urTierToba.

gafuyebul-ganebivrebuli ymawvilkaci gizo gaurboda moZalebul

aiSes, is ar eSveboda.

aiSe maxinji vnebaa, romelic imorCilebs gizos. `saxei aWiWynili.

dalaqavebuli. naxevari yba Cavardnili. amoburculi meore nawili...

aRahxmo tuCni igi: cal mxares ro Cadabldeboda, wamoburcoda ro meore

mxaresa da aseve gayofili xmiTa, xixina da xrWiala xmiT~ saubrobda (59.

418). aseTia korZels miZalebuli aiSe. igi morCilad itanda gizos

jiutobas; xedavda, veRar gaerida mamakaci da iyo molodinSi, rom

aRsruldeboda kanonzomiereba: `kacic kacia da qalic qalia da Tu ver

gaeqcevi, unda damorCilde~ (59. 420).

ver gaeqca gizo, e.i. minebebis Jami dadgeboda, asec moxda; vnebas

minebebuli Ramis Semdeg, diliT aiSe iq ar iyo, magram `saxe mainc




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baliSze ido. ise cxadada, kanTielada ise, gamomwvevada, damcinavada ise,

egec Senao~ (iqve). unebisyofo, urwmuno ymawvils gamarjvebuli boroti

dascinis, romelic masTan aiSes saxiT movida. damarcxebuli gaqcevis,

garidebis gzas eZebs, `mamam uSvela. axla ro grantebs uZaxian,

komkavSiruli sagzuri erqva maSina. is mamamisi mTlad zedafena ar

gaxlda maSindeli. oRondao _ iqve trialebda da adviladac moupova

sagzuri uSiSroebis saswavlebelSi~ (59. 423).

aiSesa da masTan urTierTobis nayofs gaeqca saqarTvelodan gizo,

roca qali CemodniT xelSi moadga da auwya, rom male maTi Svili

moevlineboda qveyanas.

dabrunda maSin, roca `damTavrda is agzneba, Tavisuflebam ro

mogvitana. sixarbe aRzevda, sixarbe marTavs politikas... Suri pirmSoa

sixarbisa. vin meti? sadRac CaquCs urtyams eSmaki da vin meti gaitacos

imaze Sebmulan~ (59. 125).

aseT saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli gizo `patronis~ ZaliT, misgan

aTvisebuli samoqmedo gegmiT, laRad grZnobs Tavs. is yvelgan sasurveli

stumaria, sasurveli sasiZo da saqmro. TviTon qalebTan mxolod ndoma

da gonebismieri gaTvlebi akavSirebs. `gulio _ ro iTqmis, amitom Tu

iTqmis. gulic unda iyos raRa Tqma unda: ar arsebula siyvaruli

uimisoda. guli ro tvinSi avardnila, ro dabneula tvini, daRavebula,

siyvarulic esa yofila. es arc dabneula, arc daRavebula: mSvenieri

qali, saxarbielo mdgomareoba, _ mosZebnos vinmema ukeTesi!..~ (59. 266).

gizos Tavgadasavlis Txroba dinamikurobisa da Seuwyveteli

monacvleobis principzea agebuli, rasac gansakuTrebuli siRrmiT

aRiqvams literaturuli smenis mqone mkiTxveli.

`mSvenieri qali, saxarbielo mdgomareoba~ daxvda gizo korZels

sesilia-cecilias saxiT. miaRwia: daqorwinda masze, `Tbilisis

varskvlavi mogiwyvetiao~, _ eubnebian, arc ki icis, rom es is aiSea,

wlebis win rom orsuli miatova, rom maTi Svili germaniaSi izrdeba

(pirvel qorwinebaSi SeZenili Svili hgonia sesiliasi), rom es

pirmSvenieri, aristokratuli manerebis qali xelovnurad awyobil-

Sekowiwebulia. is Sinagan SiSs daatarebda, rom `yovelive dafaruli

gacxaddeba~ da am SiSma daaCqara xelovnurobis dasasruli: sesilia-

cecilia Zvel saxes _ aiSes daubrunda. namalevad gasvla arCia




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`mijnuris~ cxovrebidan, magram gasamgzavreblad gamzadebul Cadrian

qals mouswro gizom. Cadri saxes faravda, qali xmas ar iRebda, `xma

amoiRe!..~ ar eSveba. arc moeSveba vaJi~ (59. 466). `keTili~ _ iTqmis

CurCuliTa da es xma aRmoCnda Tavzardamcemi: `frTxilobs ro mTqmeli...

mainc amosdevs raRac xixini, SiSini, wikvini, wuili, mtvrevaca TiTqosa.

Soreuli. daviwyebuli. Cadric ahxados, _ is iqneba uTuoda. uTuoda. da

ukan daixevs. gizoi. eldacemuli~ (iqve).

amis Semdeg mwerali urTavs personaJis monologs. sesilia-aiSe

amxels gizos, msjelobs wuTisoflis amoucnob kanonebze da im SiSze,

romelsac daatarebda sakuTar Tavs garidebuli qali.

`bedisweram ganago ase. ar gegonos ro Seni dasja mindoda... saxe Tu

Sevicvale, _ me xels miSlida Cemi saxe da imitomac Sevicvale.

SeiZleboda da Sevicvale. vSiSobdi kidevaca: egeba dairRves xelovnuri

nakeTobani _ meTqi~ (59. 467).

aiSe-sesilia TiTqos amSvidebs kidec gizo korZels: `rac ar unda

moxdes, Sen mainc aRar dagibrundebi. gatexili puri aRar gamTeldebao~

(59. 468).

puri madlis simboloa, wminda mamebis naazrevis mixedviT, puris

gamTeleba SesaZlebelia zeciuri mamisadmi swrafviT, magram bnel gzas

minebebulebs es swrafva aRar aqvT. `vaglax, gardasula dro zRaprebisa.

warmvdgarvaT pirispira amaoebisa. SiSvlad warvmdgarvarT. isic

SiSveli... da aRarca gvxiblavs aRaraferi, aRarc ro gvatyuebs, aRarc

vis vendobiT. RmerTsac aRara!.. Cveni tragediac es aris. ara!.. Cemi

tragediaa. Seni _ ara! _ askvnis qali~ (59. 468). madli maT axla ki ar

dakarges, umadloebi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs Tavidan, meore Sexvedrac

(ganSorebis Semdeg) aseTive iyo, mxolod daxvewilobis niRbiT.

gizo isev ugrZnobeli rCeba da uRmerToba ZarRvsac ar utokebs,

TiTqos Camkvdara masSi kosmiuri me, swrafva naTlisken. aiSesTvis ki

sulerTi ar aris adamianur gonebaze damkvidreba, uRmerTod yofna,

qvecnobieri SiSi Causaxlda da ver gauZlo. `SiSi ar vicodi. SiSma

damria xeli. SiSma gamTanga da SiSisganaa rac damemarTa~ (59. 468). man

ukve dainaxa, rom `wuTisofels didxans ver veTamaSebiT, Cven TviTon ro

wuTisoflis saTamaSoni varT~ (59. 469), magram gizos am WeSmaritebis

aRsaqmelad, `yurni ar asxia~, is kvlav cdilobs yvela dabrkoleba




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gaarRvios da adamianuri gonebiT uzrunvelyos keTildReoba. arc aiSe

(maxinji vneba) emSvidobeba samudamod: àrc gemSvidobebi. kidev vin icis

ras gvimzadebs muxTali ese wuTisofeli. bedi unda Semoebrunebina

gizosa. anTu: ufro swori iqneba, _ beds scdida. gizoi.~ (59. 471)

gizo korZelis yvela `cda~ miwas, miwier siameebsa da gaTvlebs aris

mijaWuli, is umomavlo adamiania, radgan mxolod awmyoSi cxovrobs,

warsuli ar gaaCnia (am warsulSi arc ucxovria). man warsulTan

damakavSirebeli sakuTari saxeli da gvaric uaryo. `gamoCnda Tu ara

Tbilisis ekranzeda gizo korZeli, aq maSinve Tqves: givi korZelaZeo~ _

eubneba mas siZe (59. 376). baTumidan wasuli givi korZelaZe uSiSroebis

samsaxurma gizo korZelad daabruna samSobloSi da isic arafers

akeTebda ùmoskovoda~. momavals mizanmimarTulad anadgurebs, aiSesgan

gaCenili Svili ar ainteresebs, hedonizmis nayofi, sofikos Svili ki

winaswar SeTanxmebiT _ ar unda moevlinos qveyanas: `gamoutydeboda

sofikoi. fexmZimeda varo.

`Cveni SeTanxmeba me kargad maxsovs,~ arc dafiqrdeba gizoi. àrc

araferi Tqmula amis Sesaxeba. arc migulisxmia me piradada. Sen Tu

igulisxme, Seni saqmea, me nu gamrev mag davidarabaSi. bevric ecado, ar

gaverevi. me Cemi saqme maqvs. borkilad meqceva zedmeti yvelaferi. arc

dafiqrdeba. arc Sewuxdeba. arc gauxardeba, raRa Tqma unda. guls ar

miakarebs odnavadaca~ (59. 169-170).

sofikos saqarTvelodan gadakargvaSi, amerikaSi gamgzavrebaSi

`daexmara~, an sxva ra unda eqna: `Tavis droze qajeTsac aiRebda kaci

qalis gulisTvisa. is sxva dro iyo. wasuliyo. gadakarguliyo. arc

arasodes ar mobrundeboda~ (59. 231). aRasrula dedam uRirsi mamis

ganaCeni: Cvili ar gaCnda.

sainteresod aris mwerlis mier Tikos saxe Cafiqrebuli: TiTqos

Sinaganma naTelma xmam unda gamoarRvios da aRazevos zneobrivi

Rirebulebebi gizos sulSi, magram isev ebindeba naTlisken mimavali gza,

ucnaur sastumroSi dideda guranduxtis naSier TikosTan erTad

moxvedrili gizo korZeli genetikuri kodis karnaxiT Secbeba, SekrTeba

da codvas gamoeqceva. sisxlis aRrevis SiSiT Tavzardacemulma sindisma

didxans ver gaunaTa, mis sulSi kvlav sibnelem daisadgura.




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gizo korZeli sulgayinuli moRalatea, siZulvils daatarebs;

misTvis cxovrebis normad iTvleba: `RmerTi ro SeaZules da sZulda~ (59.

44), `sisavse rom iyo araraobisa~ (59. 667), mkvleli rom aris Tavisave,

daubadebeli Svilisa, fulis sakeTeblad mainc da mainc asurel mamaTa

gza rom airCia, turistuli firma S.p.s. àsureli mamebi~, siwmindeebi rom

airCia uwmindurebisaTvis. (àCvene da gaaZRe~ _ principiT

gasamdidreblad) (59. 430).

ufali gansacdelebiT wvrTnis adamians, magram gizom RvTis

gangebulobiT miniWebuli ori SemTxveva ver gamoiyena: erTi, roca

TikosTan erTad gamoaqcia im sastumrodan, sadac ukan dasabrunebeli

gza gadauRoba kacis saxemiRebulma satanam, romelsac sasacilod ar eyo

gizos Tavis marTleba: `naTesavebi vyofilvarTo~, da meore _ saSineli

avaria. sikvdilis siaxlovemac ver daanaxa amaoeba wuTisoflisa. mizezi

cxadia: feradi vnebebiT wuTisofels mijaWva `sakuTar TavSi Caketili

da egoisturia; avxorcobas WiayelebiviT mxolod miwaSi, sibneleSi

SeuZlia arseboba da amitom is sulisa da gonebis sinaTles aqrobs.”

fizikaSi arsebobs kanonzomiereba: nivTierebis daSla siTburi

energiis gamoyofas iwyebs. `vnebis siTbo _ es daSlis siTboa, amitom

vnebis bolo _ sikvdilis bindis msgavsi dacarielebaa sulisa~ (2. 27).

aiSesgan gaqceva am dacarielebisgan gaqceva Tu egona gizo korZels;

is iqiTken gaiqca, sadac sabolood moikveTa fesvebi (`saiTac gaviqeci,

iqiT waviqecio~), carieli dabrunda samSobloSi, dabrunda `patronis~

SekveTis Sesasruleblad.

`logikuria gizo korZelis sicocxlis dasasruli. baTums mimavali

àbesalom da eTeris~ sanaxavad ki ara, operis premieraze murmanTan da

murmanebTan mimavali, jarTiTa da morebiT datvirTuli manqanebiT

gadaWedil Caqvis aRmarTze, yvela rom erTmaneTis jobnasa da

gadaswrebas lamobs, iRupeba. kvdeba xorcielad, Torem misi

jarTadqceuli suli didi xania, mkvdaria~ (23. 139).

sesilia-aiSe maxinji vnebaa, zogjer sakuTari saxiT, zogjer _

xelovnuri daxvewilobiT movlinebuli, samoqmedo Jamis momlodine.

dro-sivrcul ganakveTSi `bermudis samkuTxedis~ erT-erT personaJs,

dudas gansakuTrebuli adgili ar uWiravs nawarmoebSi, magram teqstis

xiluli da dafaruli Sreebi STagvagonebs konteqstis interpretacias _




- - 124

`fesv Rrma hyo~ procesis kvlevas, radgan ìnterpretacia mudmivad

moqmedebs sazRvarze dafarulsa da gacxadebuls Soris~ (27. 105).

am konkretul personaJTan dakavSirebiT `gacxadebulia~ misi ojaxis

awmyo: ojaxis wevrebi amerikaSi cxovroben, qalbaton dudas

daqiravebuli qurTi _ xatije uvlis (am quCaze ucxoeTSi gadaxvewilTa

ramdenime carieli saxlia). `daSloda ojaxi. gafantoda ojaxi. ojaxur

garemos veRar Seakowiwebda~ (59. 192) da aseTi daSlil-dafantuli

araerTi ojaxia saqarTveloSi, esec ùmadlo Jamis~ niSania. cdilobs

qalbatoni duda ojaxis, ojaxis diasaxlisis iluzia mainc Seqmnas

dacarielebul saxlSi, ar gaeTelvinos sevdas, martoobis dards, asakis

simZimes kidev ufro rom umZafrebs. masTan mdgmurad mosul gizos

vedreba-moTxovnis toniT eubneba: èrTad visadiloT, amasa gTxovT. Tqven

stumari xarT Cemi. sada sadilobT, sada sauzmobT, me ar vici.

uxerxulia, mSieri ar darCebiT raRa Tqma unda, magram stumari xarT

Cemi. me Cemi pasuxismgebloba mawevs. ver davTmob me Cems

pasuxismgeblobasa. es erTi da gardauvali. meore Cemi sisustea. es

damiTmeT. Zalian miyvars kerZebis momzadeba. Tu rogor vamzadeb, Tqven

TviTon darwmundebiT. Zalian miyvars da aRar mixerxdeba. Tu aravis

velodebi, xalisic ara maqvs~ (59. 188-189).

gizo survils usrulebs, iSleba WeSmariti qarTuli sufra,

Rirseuli qarTveli banovanis maspinZlobiT. stumris ganwyobas

gamometyvelebiT ufro rom irwmunebs vidre eniT: ènas Zvali ara aqvso.

saxe Zvlebzea asxmulio~ (59. 190).

stumar-maspinZloba Sedga. darbaiselma qalbatonma roialze

dakvriTac daamSvena sadili da ase meordeboda, magram `male mobezda

gizosa~. maspinZeli cxovrebis xalisis dabrunebas cdilobs, Sinagani

aristokratizmiT mokrZalebas iwvevs, Tvalyurs adevnebs maradmedin

dros; cxovrebis tragizms XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, wuTisofelSi

dapirispirebulobis kanonis dasturad rom qceula da sulieri

asakovnebiT madlcxebuli mSvidad, gulSi Cagubebuli sevdiT elodeba

aRsasruls, romliTac mwerali qarTuli tradiciebisa da zneobrivi

movaleobebisadmi uCveulo, magram Zalian gaCveulebrivebul tkivils

usvams xazs: es Rirseuli qarTveli mandilosani uWirisuflo




- - 125

micvalebulad rCeba. qalbaton dudas Svilebi ver Camovidnen; fuli

gamogzavnes, micvalebulis da saxlis patronoba gizos Txoves.

ukanasknel wuTs, momakvdavis sarecelTan erTaderTi Tvistomi da

axlobeli TviTon fesvebs mowyvetili gizo korZeli aRmoCnda, romelsac

qalbatoni duda TxovnasaviT auJRerebs ukanaskneli ZaliT gaxmianebul

frazas: `didi guran... gu... guran... duxti gagigonia?~ (winaprebi gagigonia

da gaxsovso? _ amas Tu mianiSnebda). midis duda amqveynidan da fesvebis

erTgulebis gamgrZeleblis bundovani imediRa mihyveba.

momavlis imedi, didi winapris sulieri memkvidre daxata mweralma

romanSi `TeTr daTvi~, saintereso personaJis, baaduris saxiT. igi xdeba

qomagi bedis anabara darCenili mSobiare qalis, medeasi (avismosurneTa

winaSe WeSmariti qomagis molodinSia medeas samSoblo _ navTobis

gzagasayarad, evropa-amerika-aziis sabazrod gadadebuli).

es personaJi ucnauri xerxiT Semohyavs mwerals, acxadebs: `medea

gamoCndeba _ meTqi.

gamoCndeba.

aseT SemTxvevaSi moulodnelobis xerxs mimarTaven. SeiZleboda mec

gamomeyenebina. magram, ho magram: cxovrebaSi araferia moulodneli da

arc xelovnebas ara sWirdeba martivi xerxebi~ (60. 389).

mwerali agrZelebs gnoseologiur diskurss. xazgasma xdeba

simarTlis maradiulobasa da erTgulebaze. bnelis, borotis uarsobaze:

`msgavsi msgavsisa. ara umsgavsi. maxinjic simarTlea. umsgavsi mxolod

araferia. araraisgan warmosdgeba araraica~ (iqve). am mokle frazebiT

avtorma mkiTxveli filosofiur wiaRsvlebSi moatara, daukonkreta

sikeTe da boroteba, rogorc filosofiuri kategoriebi:

a) `mgavsi msgavss Sobs~ (`simpaTiis kanoni~).

`msgavsi msgavsisa~ (o. CxeiZe).

b) `boroteba ara ars ars~ (petre iberi àreopagetika~).

ùmsgavsi mxolod araferia~ (o. CxeiZe).

g) `boroteba sikeTeSi naklulevanebaa~ (petre iberi àreopagetika~)

`boroteba sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara sikeTis uqonloba, sikeTis

damcroba da daknineba srul gaqrobamde~ (34. 42).

`maxinjic simarTlea~ (o. CxeiZe).

mZime erTguleba `msgavsisa~, uWirs Semoqmeds:




- - 126

`suli Cemive mSvelis. medea gamoCndebameTqi~ (iqve).

gansakuTrebuli xerxiT misi Semoyvana mizanmimarTulia, mwerali mas

Tavis sulier pirmSodac gvacnobs, radgan suli Svelis, rom gaZlos, ar

daiRalos, medea Semoiyvanos da meore tkivilian epizodsac Segaswros:

qals rom mSobiarobis tkivilma uwia, upatronod darCenils rainduli

patronoba gauwia baadurma, brbo ki mSobiares daesxa Tavs.

mSobiarisa da Cvilis dacva baadurisTvis yvela gadatanil

gansacdelze mZafri da mZime aRmoCnda, àrao, arao, imdeni araferio,

rogorc ro is gaxelebai brboisa, Sobas ro daesxnen Tavsa... grgvinavda

brboi, grgvinavda. qveynis daqceviT imuqreboda, ara Tu sadme

gareubanSio, Tundac ro Zvels naZaladevSio, ara, ara, raRa Tqma unda, _

gulSi qalaqisai, upirvelesni moqalaqenio, sapationio, saCinonio,

ìnteleqtualuri potencialio~. ìnteleqtualuri potencialio~ _ ai,

Cveni simdidre!~ _ acxadebda saxelmwifos meTauri~ (iqve).

ar aris aucilebeli literaturuli saxeebis mondomebuli amoxsna,

rom XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis sisxliani gadatrialebis suraTi

dagidges Tvalwin. `qalaqis gulSi~ Sobaze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma

`sapationi, saCinoni, inteleqtualuri potencialis~ mier da mere

saxelmwifo meTauris kmayofileba; cxadia, aris, oTar CxeiZis frazas Tu

davesesxebiT, àrtistuli gadatrialeba~. erovnuli mTavrobis, pirveli

prezidentis winaaRmdeg (Sesabamisad, `Cvili damoukideblobis~

winaaRmdeg) brZola.

nacvlad uTanxmoebis, ukmayofilebis civiluri formiT gamoxatvisa

da brZolisa, zeimobda `gamocxadebai velurobisa~. yvelas unda, rom

ergos wili mSobiarisa da Cvilis ganadgurebaSi, mospobaSi: `gafliTes

qali da amoacales nayofi da yvelas unda CakbiCos qorfai da ar

gaswvdeba yvelasa da unda daaswron erTimeoresa da daerevian

erTimeoresa~ (59. 391).

mZafria suraTi, magram realuri. amis dasturia trilogiis pirvel

wign, àrtistul gadatrialebaSi~, aRwerili zizRiani swrafva pirveli

prezidentis ganadgurebisa, roca is Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad,

Tbilisidan gadioda. mwerali ar saubrobs zviad gamsaxurdias

xelisuflebis Secdomebze, warumatebel cvlilebebze, is aRwers

arakanonzomier, iuridiulad gaumarTlebel, saqciels: daupirispirde




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sakuTar prezidentsa da sakuTar xalxs. im wlebSi, roca es trilogia

iwereboda, naklebad saimedo iyo, rom gaxmiandeboda simarTle, magram

oTar CxeiZem ar uRalata mematianis aRTqmas: STamomavlobisTvis

marTali sityva eTqva, tkiviliani istoriis namdvili viTareba aRewera,

is xom `drois mxardamxar mimyoli mematianea, romlisTvisac Semoqmedis

gamWriax mzerasa da simarTlis umaRlesi mxatvrulobis gadmocemis niWs

arasodes uRalatnia~ (72. 9).

mweralma medeas Sesaxvedrad Seamzada mkiTxveli, magram

baadurisTvis moulodneli da gasaxsenebeli stumari aRmoCnda, mere

gaaxsenda, cxadad molandebas hgavda TiTqos mosuli. movedio, _ Seaxsena

man.

`ramdeni gZebnes!~ _ amoTqva maspinZelma.

arc swyenia, arc gahkvirvebia medeas.

ramdeni mere! mTlad saqarTvelo gadaabrunes. anTu ra mTladao!..

raRa dagvrCenia?!~ (60. 394).

gulis siRrmemde aRwevs medeas mier moyolili gansacdelis, mZime

cxovrebis gancda. ùmadlo Jamma~ qals gansakuTrebuli simamace

mosTxova. yvelafers gauZlo, gansacdelma gamoawrTo, daewminda sulieri

mzera da baaduri ipova, raTa madloba eTqva misTvis. `Tqven icodiT, rom

Svela mWirdeboda. Tqven icodiT, rom daviRupebodi upatronoda da

momepatroneT. momepatroneT da mixseniT. patroni rom myoloda, arc

moixedavdiT Cemskena. me Tqven SegeCvieT da Tqven ar mkariT xeli, Tumca

es Tqven lamis sicoclis fasad dagijdaT~ (60. 396).

moyvasisTvis, gansacdelSi myofisTvis uangaro Tavdadeba aris

RvTaebrivi msxverplisunarianoba. baaduri am madliT cxebuli adamiania.

baadurs daZleuli aqvs pirvelqmnili codvidan momdinare

gaudabureba sulisa, mas aqvs siyvarulis, Tavganwirvis niWi. aseTi niWis

gareSe `dedamiwa sul ufro da ufro iqceva sulis udabnod~ (1. 12).

sagulisxmoa, rom medeas sikeTisadmi rwmenas uRviZebs baaduris

keTilSobileba. borotebis oromtrialSi moqceuli deda _ medea,

rainduli Zalmosilebis mfarvelobis qveS aRmoCnda, uflis SewevniT.

baaduri Sobisa da mSobiaris dacviT ers, mis `Cvil

damoukideblobas~ icavs. is im sulieri wyobis adamiania, am misias rom

ver gaeqceva: `raxan mosulxar, ho unda iyo?.. unda iyo erisaTvisa. azri




- - 128

esaa Tu ram azri aqvs wuTisofelsa. eria igi saxei bunebisa, nayofi misi,

uSualo nayofi. sxva yvelaferi naxevaria kacTa. naxevaria da sacduria

yvelaferi: civilizacia, politika, _ sacduria, macduria, mteria erisa

yvela da yvelaferi, mteria bunebisa, saxierebisa, buneba mxolod

saxierebaa, mravalsaxeobaa. Taviseburebaa TviT TaviseburebaSica.

gvirgvini esaa bunebisai~ (60. 399).

baadur rikoTelis Sinagani metyvelebiT srulyo mweralma

personaJis fsiqologiuri portreti; is jansaRi kosmopolitizmis

erTguli adamiania. gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom misi eris Tavisufleba

nawilia bunebis kanonzomierebisa, dasturia, rom `buneba saxierebaa~

(RvTiurobis xiluli gamovlinebaa), eris winaaRmdeg brZola TavisTavad

niSnavs bunebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. Tavad Tavisufleba arsis

mamoZravebeli energiaa.

medeas gamoCenis Semdeg iZireba aseT fiqrebSi baadur rikoTeli, is

arc cdilobs daaZalos mas Tavis auditoriaSi msmenelad darCena; àki

natrobda: gamoCndeso, miematos Cems msmenelebsao. natrobda. SeaCeros.

arao. ar ivargebs. axla wavides. sadRa wava?.. aqve yofila. sad ar

eZebdnen. aqve yofila~ (60. 388).

kanonzomieria: jansaRi energia Tavs Seafarebs eris wiaRSi da roca

amis Jami dadgeba, aRzevdeba (Soba), is daicavs erTarsisgan qmnil

saxierebas _ bunebas da mis mravalsaxeobas _ Taviseburebas TviT

TaviseburebaSi. yoveli eri TavisTavadobiT, arsismieri TviTmyofadobiT

swored bunebis mravalsaxeobis dasturia da sakuTari samSoblos,

erovnuli interesebis dacviT samyaros mTlianobis princips icavs

baaduri. `raxan mosulxar, ho unda iyo?..~ _ sakuTari Tavisadmi am

moTxovniT igi exmianeba didi winapris zogadsakacobrio ideas:

àrc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,

iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis arRa izrunos!~ (n. baraTaSvili)

am siRrmiseul wiaRsvlebSi dominirebs personaJTa Sinagani

metyveleba (fiqriT gansja), an dialogi, mwerali naklebad Cans.

gansxvavebulia da gvemiT gamorCeuli baadur rikoTelis gzac.

marTlac feruTvalav samyaros qmnis mwerali realistur romanSi

`TeTri daTvi~. avtoris daxasiaTebiT, es aris nayofi `marTali,




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piruTvneli, dauTmobeli realizmisa~ (60. 2). amitomac arian romanis

personaJebi Zalian axlobelni mkiTxvelisaTvis.

realuri samyaro mxatvrul quraSi gansaxierebuli adamianis sulier

samyaroze zemoqmedebis Zalas iZens da am procesSi mTliandeba mwerali

da mkiTxveli, sityvis ZaliT mwerlis Canafiqri, misgan Seqmnili samyaro.

`TeTri daTvi~ asaxavs gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTul

sinamdviles, erovnul tragedias, gamZvinvarebas rusuli imperializmisa,

eris `moyvare mtrebis~ mier am imperiisadmi TanagrZnobas.

es iyo umZimesi Jami erovnul cnobierebaSi, Jami, roca TareSobda

ganjgonebuloba.

visac sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ xSirad Cauxedavs, ar

unda eucxovos es sityva. `ganjgonebulTa boroti keTili egonos~ _

ganmartavs leqsikoni.

`ganjgonebuloba~ ara marto calkeul pirovnebaTa xvedrs ganagebs,

aramed saerToerovnul-sazogadoebrivsac~ (9. 719-721).

90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi movlenebs ganjgonebulni ganagebdnen.

`teqstis horizontaluri mdinareba droSi xdeba~ (44. 9) da es dro

metad mZime, tkiviliani da tragikuli iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi, roca

qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi arsebiTi asparezi mieca ìnteleqtualur

brbos~ da bneli warsulis adamianebs, roca erovnuli TviTmyofadobis

erTgulebas `provinciuli faSizmi~ daerqva.

ganjgonebulebze saubrisas gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mwerlis

msjeloba brbosa da xalxze. `brbo ho mona gaxlda instiqtebisa, _

instinqti da inteleqti upirispirdeboda erTimeoresa, anTu ufro meti:

gamoricxavda erTimeoresa... Turme arao, ar gamoricxavda~ (60. 231).

TiTqos erTgvari daskvnac unda gakeTdes: àrsebobs Tu ara

bolosdabolosa inteleqti, gonebai erTi sityviTa, arsebobs Tu ara

TavisTavada, cxadada, TavisTavada Tu isic instinqtia... viTom cota ro

amaRlebuli, oRond ro mainc mdabalTagani, mainc simdable ro Tavisken

eweva~ (60. 431).

am da sxva mravali kiTxvis pasuxs nawarmoebis sulieri wvdoma

iZleva, radgan `goneba mxolod nawilia sulisa da ara mTeli suli,

nawils ar SeuZlia moicvas mTeli...




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TviTSecnoba, TviTcnobiereba sulis funqciaa da ara gonebisa~ (33.

103). swored es unari aris aucilebeli literaturuli nawarmoebis

interpretaciuli aRqmisTvis, Sedegi ki teqstis danaxvaa vertikalursa

da horizontalur veqtorebze (jvarsaxovneba).

`jvarsaxovnebas Seicavs calkeuli mxatvruli saxe, nawarmoebi,

Semoqmedeba, epoqa~ (44. 9).

bunebrivia, jvarsaxovneba metnaklebad yvela teqstSi aris.

literaturuli nawarmoebis sicocxlisunarianobas suli ganapirobebs.

`TeTri daTvis~ TiToeuli siuJeti uxv masalas gvaZlevs

`jvarsaxovani~ analizisTvis. nawarmoebi iwyeba baadur rikoTelis

SemoyvaniT (vidre medeas gavecnobiT). igi warmogvidgeba mTeli bunebis

nawilad: `mTeli buneba gaxlavs~ (60. 4).

baaduris Tanamedrove Jami borotis zeobisaa.

mwerals sisxldadenil quCebSi gavyavarT, Teatrebidanac uSendneno,

gveubneba da azustebs; mere umayureblo darbazi ukvirdaT da ar

icodneno, rom `sxvadasxva ver iqneboda mayurebeli da xalxi~ (60. 7).

aRwers cixeebs, SimSilobas: `SimSili ufro sastiki omiao~ 60. 11).

arsebobis kanonzomiereba gamxdara: `sikeTes eZieben kacni maradisa...

da maradisa... da maradisa... sikeTes vera, siavesa hpoveben maradisa...~ (60.

31).

am Jamis msxverplia baadur rikoTeli. sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze

myofi, ufro sikvdilisken mzirali, dasaxiCrebuli adamiani, msxverpli

ZmaTa Soris dapirispirebisa, Tumca `gamocxaddeba msxverpli ar ariso;

mTavari es aris _ gamocxaddeba. xmauri Caivlis. mere miiReben

sacxedreSica. xunta. icis, Tavisi icis~ (60. 35). esec Cveulebrivi movlena

iyo: ideur mowinaaRmdegeebs rusuli iaraRiT daarbevdnen, daxocavdnen

(1991 wlis 3 ianvari, didubis metrosTan da a.S.), Semdeg urcxvad

gamoacxadebdnen: `msxverpli ar yofilao~.

òmidan gaukawravi dabrunebulebuliyo. iRupeboda uazroda~, _

gaarkvies.

ase gvacnobs mwerali baadur rikoTelis gvemis gzas,

Wrilobebisagan adamianis saxe rom daukargavs da col-Svilic ver

cnobs, Tumca qeTevani (meuRle) qvelmoqmedebisa da TanagrZnobisTvis




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uvlis gansacdelSi myof moyvass. nino mas ver amsgavsebs mamas, igi

parizSi eguleba da moelis.

baadur rikoTeli mkerdiT dauxvda omsac, xuntis xelketebsac. igi

qarTuli saqarTvelos gulSematkivrobisTvis sasikvdilo sarecelze

wevs, axloblebi ki elodebian, swamT, rom aucileblad dabrundeba. es

siuJeti asociaciurad gvabrunebs vaJas luxumTan, isic omis Semdeg

molodinis, imediani molodinis obieqtia.

marTalia, istoriuli viTareba, epoqis xasiaTi, mtris xati am or

SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba, magram nawarmoebis `vertikaluri

veqtoris~ kvleva uflebas gvaZlevs zogierTi paralelis gavlebisas;

luxumi:

1) omis Semdeg gauCinarda (misi asaval-dasavali aravin icis);

2) misi molodini imeds ukavSirdeba (èRirsebao luxumsa laSaris

gorze Sadgoma~);

3) idumal gauCinarebaSi myofs esmis zRapari (`Ram-Ram zRaparsac

uambobs...~);

4) luxumi ikurneba bunebis madliT (gvelma dakarga gveluri buneba

da mkurnalad moevlina);

5) ganmartoeba bunebis wiaRSi;

rikoTelis SemTxvevaSi:

1) gauCinareba;

2) ojaxis molodini;

3) zmanebebi (agoniaSi myofs sizmar-cxadi aeria);

4) gankurneba bunebis madliT (medicina uZluria, xalxis wiaRSi

Senaxuli sibrZniT TurmaniZe kurnavs);

5) ganmartoeba pirvelqmnil bunebaSi;

6) imedi _ qeTevanis nayofiereba.

baadur rikoTeli metad rTulsa da mZime gzas gadis... TurmaniZis

mkurnalobiT saaqaosken mobrunebuls sulsa da guls uRrRnis fiqri

arSemdgar saxelmwifoze, enaze, erze, xalxze, brboze...

` _ xalxi rwmenaa da rwmena ar unda daiRalos. Tu daiRala, _

Tavdeba xalxi... rwmena zneobaa da xalxi zneobis sidiadea... xalxi aTi

mcnebaa. mere iwyeba eri... xalxs zneoba ixsnis. eri saxelwifos ixsnis.

saxelmwifo ers ixsnis~ (60. 357).




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wina TavSi Cven visaubreT darRveul struqturaze, rac tragediis

safuZvelia yvela droSi. xalxi da rwmena ganuyofelia. saxelmwifos

myari duRabi swored zneoba da rwmenaa.

oTar CxeiZes sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi gadaaqvs satkivari sulieri

simrTelis rRvevisa. es kanonzomieria, radgan maradiuli Rirebulebis

Sesaxeb saubris amowurva ar SeiZleba.

kacobriobis istoriaSi uzenaesi madlisagan mowyvetiT gamowveuli

ubedurebebis klasifikacia SeiZleba epoqebis mixedviT (wiTeli reJimis

gabatoneba Tundac), magram meore aTaswleulis miwurulSi verjil

nemoianu imowmebs uolker persis: `pirovneba ase xSirad arasodes

darCenila gaSiSvlebuli, daucveli da dabneuli, _ `kosmosSi

dakarguli~ (37. 68).

`kosmosi~ umaRlesi wesrigia, uflis qmnadobis nayofi, misgan

mowyveta ra Tqma unda, sulieri upovarobis nayofia. oTar CxeiZe swored

am zogadadamianuri problemis Wrilidan gviCvenebs XX saukunis 90-iani

wlebis saqarTvelos ubedurebas.

baaduris fiqrTa koriantelSi TiTqos drois wyurvilad, axal

mcnebad yalibdeba `tyavisa Senisa sacodaobiTa ar waibilwo suli

Senio~ (60. 358). es rikoTelis mier gavlili gzis saxeldebad SeiZleba

vigulisxmoT.

uSiSroeba ùyuradRebod~ ar tovebs rikoTels. asec iyo: azrovnebis

sijansaRe idevneboda, maT an apatimrebdnen, an politikuri TavSesafris

Zieba uwevdaT.

erT-erT Cinosans baaduri eubneba: `Tqveni interesebis sfero

farToa, yvelafers moicavs, yovelgvar ubedurebasa, rac ro CvenSi

gavrcelebula, _ brboSi Tu xelisuflebaSi, brbois zedafenad ro

warmogvidgeba~ (60. 366).

saqarTvelos erTguli mxedari, romelsac afxazeTis omidan

genaral-maioris Cinic Camohyolia (Tumca Cins xelisufleba guluxvad

arigebda), ukve Serisxulia, radgan ician devnil prezidentTan, zviad

gamsaxurdiasTan misi Sexvedris Sesaxeb da am SexvedraSi specdavalebebi

da teraqtebis saSiSroebebi elandebaT.

am saSiSroebis gamo uSangs (romelic avTandilisebur megobrobas

uwevs baadur rikoTels) igi qalaqidan gahyavs da mTaSi gamoqvabulSi




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daabinavebs. xuntisgan devnili prezidentic Tavis TanamoazreebTan

erTad, mTas iyo mindobili, misi erTguli rikoTelic mTas unda

Seexiznos.

mTa simboloa simtkicisa, fesvebis erTgulebisa. is cnobili

paradigmuli saxea.

mwerlis Canafiqrs `mkiTxveli aniWebs jvarsaxovnebas, Tumca

jvarsaxovneba maTSi obieqturad aris. es niSnavs, rom isini uCvenodac

wilnayaria sulierebasTan~ (44. 9).

sulierebasTan wilnayarobis TvalsazrisiT, axal samyaros xsnis

oTar CxeiZe nawarmoebis am monakveTSi. baadur rikoTeli mTidan

dascqeroda qveynierebas, tkbeboda bunebis mSvenierebiT: `momxiblavi ro

farulia, idumaliao, mSveniereba idumalebas Sehxamebiao...~ iq is

silamazea `sxvadasxvagvari idumalebiTa, mSvenebiTa da idumalebiTa, _

Tvali momca da macqerinao. ucqire. ucqire. wakiTxvac unda, silamaze ro

srulad Seicno, arsia igi siRrmiseuli, safuZveli mSvenierebisa...~ (60.

434).

mTidan xdeba Secnoba siRrmiseuli arsis _ mSvenierebisa. im

mSvenierebis, romelsac arqimandriti rafaeli ase xsnis: `Zvelma

berZnebna Tqves, rom silamaze gadaarCens samyaros. umaRlesi silamaze

RmerTia, misi anareklia, xati RvTisa _ adamiani. silamazesTan erTad

gaqra siyvarulic da dadga metafizikuri Rame~ (1. 13).

am mSvenieri peizaJis daxatvisas, oTar CxeiZis `mZime~ stili poetur

simsubuqes iZens, mirakrakebs wyobilsityvaoba: `cmukavda, sxltoda

ferebi sxivebzeda, cekvavda sxivebi nairferada, uamrav ferada, uamrav

saxeda...~ (60. 435) da es yovelive aris `wigni idumali, wakiTxva ro unda~

(iqve). bremoniseuli tipologiis mixedviT, aq mwerali pasiuri Txrobis

tips iyenebs (metyvelebs is, vinc ganicdis personaJis moqmedebas).

avtorma Tavisi personaJi gaarida qalaqs, ganjgonebul sazogadoebas

da bunebis wiaRSi gaanapira. aq fiqrobs baadur rikoTeli, aq meti

simZafriT stkiva saxelmwifoebriobadakarguli eri, xalxi, brbo...

baridan mowyvetil am samyofSi ormagi xma wvdeba cnobierebas:

naRvlianica da mxiarulica, `mTebSi gaWedila xmebi barisa~ (60. 437).

blez paskali ambobda: `bunebam yvela saganze amotvifra rogorc

Tavisi, ise Tavisi Semoqmedis xati da TiTqmis yvela sagani bunebis am




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ormagi usasrulobis niSniTaa aRbeWdili~ (38. 232). es usasruloba da

sisavse aZlierebs baadur rikoTels, TiTqos smenac ewmindeba,

uaxlovdeba absolutur smenas: `raRac xma ismis, wminda, wminda, Zlivs

gasarCevi, _ xmai Tu xmebi gamocalkevebuli erTmaneTisagan, sufTa,

Cakmendili, usaTuTesi... aRgavsebs gancdiTa, sikeTis gancdiTa, siaves ro

gadagaviwyebs~ (60. 438) da im ZaliT agavsebs, `sibraluliT ro moekideba

im Tavis inteleqtualur brbosaca, sibraluliTa, simSvidiTa, gansjis

ufro CadinjebiTa~ (iqve). da Zlierdeba survili, SeeSvelos im adamianebs

is idumali wigni rom arc gadauSliaT; uflis wiaRis Suqi Caumcxrali,

gaunelebeli; dausabamo varvareba rom arc mikarebiaT da guls

arsismieri funqcia daukargavs am gulgrilobiT. aq baadur rikoTeli

interpretatorad moiazreba.. saubrobs yovelgvari ironiis gareSe,

radgan igi asaxavs tragikul faqts: politikis saxeliT ZmaTa omi

gaCaRda, organizatorebi is adamianebi arian, romelTa guls siyvarulis

nacvlad ambiciebi amoqmedebs. maTi saxelebi romanis furclebze

daufaravad xmiandeba.

`rkinis guli rad unda gindodes, miwaze rom iRoRialo?!~ (60. 436) _

svams kiTxvas mwerali swored am mSvenierebis wiaRSi da xmiandeba

saxarebiseuli sibrZne: `sasufeveli RvTisa gulsa Sina TqvenTasa ars~,

e.i. guli zesulis samkvidroa da misi gaciveba (`rkinisa~, Tu `yinulisa~)

arsisgan mowyvetaa.

ilia marTlis azriT, guli Tu madls ar axorcielebs (arsismier

funqcias), igi `mxolod parkia, leSia sisxlis aReb-mimcemi

agebulebisaTvis~.

madls guli axorcielebs `Tesli RmrTis sityvisa adamianis gulSi

iTeseba da iq inaxeba, Tu guli igi sufTaa; an waritaceba eSmakis mier,

Tu mas ar ZaluZs da ar icis misi Rirseuli Senaxva~ (33. 81).

biblia guls Semecnebis umaRles organod miiCnevs, is aris Cveni

sulieri cxovrebisa da RvTis Semecnebis centri da roca guli `rkinis~

an `yinulisaa~, am funqcias ver axorcielebs, igi mxolod arsebobas

uzrunvelyofs, `miwaze ro iRoRialo~. es aris teqstis Sina arsSi

gacxadebuli suliereba (rac jvris vertikals Seesabameba).

oTar CxeiZis aRniSnuli trilogia amTlianebs XX saukunis 90-iani

wlebis tragediis sulier safuZvels: `simrTelis rRvevam~ sZlia naTlis




- - 135

erTgulebas, guls arsismieri madli daubnelda, siyvaruls Zala

gamoecala _ `yvelaze didi sasjeli siyvarulis daSretaa, gulis

damblaa~ (1. 206). rasac arqimandriti rafaeli `metafizikur Rames~

uwodebs, mweralma ùmadlo Jami~ Searqva.

swored am tkivils utrialebs mTaSi myofi baaduris goneba. mTa

aZlierebs, amave dros, imdenad, `sibraluliT ro moekideba im Tavis

inteleqtualur brbosaca~. imsxvreva Sinagani zadi, amitom siZulvili

ver hpovebs adgils, mas sibraluli enacvleba.

sagulisxmoa, rom mTaSi ganmartoebul baadur rikoTels sanTlebi

da locvanic aRmoaCnda.

`locvani gamoirCeoda mxedruliT naweri, uiSviaTesi mxedruliTa,

egeba ro batis frTiTa da melniTa yayaCosi. melnadac ro gamougoniaT,

saTrobeladaca: sikeTisadaca, siavisadaca. sikeTe dahkargvia, siave

SerCenia~ (60. 439).

yayaCos av-kargze msjeloba ukavSirdeba sikeTe-borotebis sakiTxs,

simbolurad axasiaTebs: miuTiTebs, rom sikeTesa da borotebas erTi arsi

aqvs, radgan: `boroteba sikeTeSi naklulevanebaa~, `boroteba ara ars

ars~, `boroteba ara saxierebisgan ars~, gnebavT: àrsni yovelni raodeni

arian, keTil arian da keTilisgan arian~, _ rogorc petre iberi

gvmoZRvravs (40. 525).

e.i. boroteba RmerTis Seqmnili ar aris, misi safuZveli sikeTea,

magram naklulevanebisgan `sikeTe dahkargvia, siave SerCenia~.

siaveSerCenili xalxi iqceva brbod da gamoqvabulSic seravs baadur

rikoTelis guls kiTxva: `xalxi ro brbod iqceva, rogor gardaiqmnas

isev xalxada xalxi. xalxi. eri ar iqneba uxalxoda. saxelmwifo

uxalxoda ar iqneba. xalxi. xalxi. ena. adaTwesebi~ (60. 481).

xalxis zneobriv simtkiceze damkvidrebuli saxelmwifos

mikromodels STaaagonebs mkiTxvels mTidan Camobrunebuli uSangis

ioramTan stumrobis epizodi.

uSangi megzuria am ojaxis stumrisTvis. megobars uCvena mglis

bokveri da cikani, romelTac erTad zrdida iorami.

`fiWa gakawrula. wveTavs. bokveri cikans misCerebia: alokeo, jer

Senao, sTavazobs cikani. mere erTad daewodebian. xalxi!.. amoscdeba




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baadursa. ai, xalxi!.. (60. 428). ase daxata mweralma sasurveli, idealuri

samyaro, sadac `Txa da mgeli erTad Zovdes~.

es erTgvari Sepirispirebis xerxia sasurvelsa da arsebuls Soris,

rac amZafrebs realuris srul gancdas.

am fiqrebs moqmedebis wyurvilic mohyveba, yovelive, rac samkvidrom

bunebis eniT uTxra, unda amoxsnas. `mere, mere, TandaTanobiTa~ da iqve

aimarTeba dabrkoleba _ mteri, romelic moxilul mSvenierebas

saTavisod Tvlis da ar eTmoba, samtrod iyalyeba: `warmoimarTeba daTvi

TeTri, daiRrialebs Semzaravada, daiRrialebs da ebdRvneba ima

suraTovnebasa mSveniersa, ebdRvneba mimourevs, hglejs torebiTa,

eSvebiTa, glejs da dorblavs, glejs da afurTxebs... (60. 442).

`TeTri daTvi~ ar aris Znelad amosaxneli simboluri saxe _ es

ruseTis imperiaa, romelic `TeTr melasTan~ satelefono dialogSi

gadawyvetilad ambobs: `ra qveyana!.. romeli WkuaTmyofeli gamoeTxoveba

aseT qveyanasa, romeli?!!!~ (60. 452).

`TeTri daTvisa~ da `TeTri melas~ igavTmetyveleba calke

msjelobis sagania.

àseTi qveyana~ _ mis mkvidrTagan sulier mRviZarebas, mamulis

dasacavad Tavdauzogav Rvawls moiTxovs.

oTar CxeiZe mkiTxvels kiTxvis niSans ar utovebs da

saxeldadebulad metyvelebs gzaze, romelic brbos kvlav xalxad aqcevs,

TeTri daTvis agresiisgan daicavs da Rirseul TviTmyofadobas

aRudgens.

es gza aris TeTri giorgis erTguleba. ès TeTri giorgi, mTvaris

giorgi, wminda nu egonebaT...~

mkacrad agrZelebs msjelobas mwerali: ùmecreba ho Sesabralisia,

viTom codna miT uaresi!.. inteleqtualuri brbo... es mainc rogorme unda

gaigo: TeTri giorgi axal mTvareze. SoTze. SoTi. SoTa. axal mTvares

ewodebao~ (`TeTri daTvi~, 443).

es umTavresia _ SoTas `vefxistyaosnis~ erTguleba. am poemaSi

gamTlianda qarTveli, rogorc makrokosmosis wevri da saqarTvelos

Svili, am poemiT ikvebeba Cveni erovnuli TviTSegneba, magram meoreco, _

gvafrTxilebs oTar CxeiZe: `mze isev gahkvria uRrublo zecasa, mzei

cincxali, TiTqos es aris esaa Sobilao, mimtknarebula zecai mSobeli,




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mimtknarebula, moqancula, miwynarebula gadatanili mSobiarobis

tkivilTa mere~ (60. 231).

da es meore umTavresia, safuZvelia pirvelisa _ es erTguleba imisa,

visac rusTaveli ase mimarTavs: `vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad~,

erTguleba uflisa.

rac Seexeba mSobiarobis tkivils, es aris zneobrivad dakninebul,

brbod qceul xalxSi Sinagani naTlis aRzevebis wyurvili, pirvelsawyis

sibrZnesTan _ ufalTan dabrunebis cda gamocdebiT da gansacdelebiT.

ostaturad aris mignebuli baadur rikoTelis qalaqSi dabrunebis

epizodi. is RvTismSoblisadmi vedrebiT tovebs gamoqvabuls, sadac

dardTan, sityvasTan, ufalTan ganmartoebaSi gaatara Jami. `Sen mxolod

sanatrel xar Teslebsa Soris qalwulo, rameTu gamogvibrwyina Sengan

naTeli, msxdomareTa bnelsa mas Sina, da gananaTlna sulni Cvenni~ (60.

448) _ loculobs droebiTi meudabnoe, deda RvTisas evedreba

RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveynis moWirnaxule, brundeba imediT, da es

imedic ar gauwbila gangebam. Sin dabrunebuls meuRlem auwya: `bavSvs

velodebi~. `ha?!~ aRmoxdeba baadursa. aRmoxdeba da Sveba dauvlis TaviT

fexamdisa... aRmoxdeba da esec amosdevs: `biWi?!~ amosdevs da imedic

mohyveba: `gvari gadagvirCes egeba!~ (60. 454).

personaJTa Svilierebas literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvari simboluri

datvirTva aqvs, magaliTad:

luarsabisa da darejanis (`kacia adamiani?!~) unayofoba arafrobis

uaryofaa.

bekina samaniSvilisa da elenes nayofiereba (`samaniSvilis

dedinacvali~) platonis mier arCeuli `xsnis eSmakiseuli gzis~ mxileba,

uflis nebis garduvalobis dasturia.

akaki baqraZis azriT, `Teimuraz xevisTavisa da margo yaflaniSvilis

kavSiris Sedegad bavSvi ar gaCnda, e.i. umweo altruizmi da pasiuroba

unayofoa, magram bavSvi daibada margo yaflaniSvilisa da jayo

jivaSvilis Tanayofis rezultatad. e.i. moZalade mizanTropia da

pasiuroba nayofieria, momavali aqvs (9. 384).

Cvens SemTxvevaSi, oTar CxeiZe aSkarad exmareba mkiTxvels,

gaicnobieros rikoTelTa ojaxis nayofierebis arsi. siuJetis




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mdinarebaSi CarTul am ambavs, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi simboluri

datvirTva aqvs.

rikoTelis vaJis molodini miniSnebaa jansaRi erovnuli energiis

gadarCenisa. mweralic adasturebs: `gvari!.. ugvarod eric rom ar iqneba,

raRa Tqma unda, _ unda gadarCes, unda gadarCes. amasac dawera unda.

gvari. nergi keTili~ (60. 454). unda gadarCes gvari, `nergi keTili~, jiSi,

eri, am optimisturi ganwyobiT, naTeli dRis rwmeniT mTavrdeba oTar

CxeiZis romani `TeTri daTvi~.

Tu Cvens mTavar saTqmels davubrundebiT, nawarmoebis siuJetur

ganviTarebas mis jvarsaxovnebas davukavSirebT, baadur rikoTelis

gamoqvabulSi ganmartoebasa da mis barSi dabrunebas, metad saintereso

datvirTa aqvs mkiTxvelis TvalTaxedvidanac; es kanonzomiericaa, radgan

nebismieri siuJeti moiazrebs misaRwev wonasworobas, dasakmayofilebel

moTxovnilebas.

aRniSnul epizodSi wonasworobas eZebs qveynis gulwrfeli

Wirisufali, baadur rikoTeli. danaklisia rwmenagamwirebuli guli,

moTxovnileba ki imedia, romelic kmayofildeba (`gvari dagvirCes egeba!~).

amdenad, sulierebisa da xorcielebis urTierTgadakveTisas

ganxiluli epizodis `vertikalur veqtorze~ cnobierdeba:

a) bunebis gavlena adamianis sulier samyaroze, adamiani kosmiur

mTlianobaSi;

b) ganwmendili fiqri, smena da xedva;

g) borotebis arsi sikeTea (yayaCos saxe);

d) guli zesulis samkvidroa da ara organo, romelic `miwaze

RoRialis~ saSualebas gvaZlevs;

e) gza xsnisa (`TeTri giorgi _ SoTa~, `cincxali mze~, imedi `nergi

keTili~).

jvarsaxovnebis TvalsazrisiT, personaJebze saubars mivyavarT

saintereso movlenamde: mwerali cxovrebis mier mowvdili masalidan,

erTi kerZodan, qmnis zogad saxes. `saintereso literaturuli qmnileba

iZleva nairgvari kiTxvisa da gagebis, kamaTisa da interpretaciis

saSualebas. es romanis gamarjvebaa~ (72. 16.).

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: oTar CxeiZis yvela nawarmoebs aqvs aseTi

gamarjveba.




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romani àmaRleba~ qronologiurad da Tematurad ar ganekuTvneba XX

saukunis 90-iani wlebis amsaxvel trilogias. es nawarmoebi me-16

Txzulebad moazreba rkalidan `matiane qarTlisa~. àmaRlebis~

winasityvaobaSi avtori miuTiTebs, rom daxata e.w. sabWoTa saqarTvelo,

`rac SeiZleboda marTlada, rac SeiZleboda piruTvnelada~, naCvenebia,

rom `Jami idga veragi, ulmobeli, namdvili Jami _ gamanadgurebeli

rwmenisa, zneobisa, adamianobisai~.

erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi eris dakninebisa swored es Jami iyo,

romelic saqarTveloSi ilias mkvlelebma daamkvidres; uRmerTobas

qadagebdnen da qarTul sinamdvileSi pirveli saukunis siRrmidan

naqadagev, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis niSans, qristianobas marqsizmiT

ucvlidnen. nebismieri progresulad moazrovne adamiani miiCnevs, rom

àntireligiuri humanizmi~ saxelSecvlili `matyuara saxeldadebuli~

borotebaa mxolod. tomas elioti ambobda: `Tuki ipovniT antireligiuri

humanizmis nimuSebs, an bolosdabolos, religiuri rwmenisadmi

dapirispirebuls drosa da sivrceSi, maSin amgvari humanizmi pirwmindad

destruqciulia, radganac verasodes hpovebs sanacvlos imisa, rac

daangria~ (48. 114) da saintereso, mravlismetyveli daskvna: `Tuki

gulisxmobT maRali donis suliersa da inteleqtualur SeTanxmebas,

maSin saeWvoa, rom civilizaciam gaZlos ureligiod da religiam

ueklesiod~ (iqve).

sabWoTa reJimis damyarebas Tan mohyva eklesia-monastrebis ngreva. es

iyo xiluli gamovlineba daundobeli brZolisa sulieri naTlis

winaaRmdeg. taZarTa mngrevelni ebrZodnen RmerTs, RvTis rwmenas

adamianTa sulier samyaroSi. am brZolis Sedegi unda yofiliyo uRmerTo

sazogadoebis Seqmna, anu srulqnilebisken mimavali gzis daxSoba, radgan

`qristes jvarcmis mniSvnelobas axali amaRlebuli moralis

Sesaqmnelad, romelsac adamianTa modgma srulqmnilebisaken mihyavs,

aRiareben mnaTobebi kacobriobisa~ (33. 46).

hainrih hainem, romelic Sors iyo eklesiisgan, qristes mowameobriv

sisxls uwoda `kacobriobis WrilobebSi CaRvrili balzami~.

sabWoTa reJimi am balzamisgan ganaridebda adamianebs, risi Sedegic

amdenad naTlad asaxa oTar CxeiZem Tavis nawarmoebSi.




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XX saukunis 70-iani wlebisTvis `qveyanaSi darCeniliyo 1

mitropoliti, 2 episkoposi, 3 aTeuli xucesi da episkoposi, da mxolod

40 moqmedi eklesia _ isic TiTqmis umrevlod datovebuli. oficialurad

ar gamodioda sasuliero Jurnali, risi gamocemis uflebac datovebuli

hqondaT, saeklesio kalendari iyo~ (68. 225).

wiTeli reJimis da am ideologiiT Seqmnili tipi adamianisa,

`sabWoTa adamiani~, sulierad brmaa Rirebulebebis Sesacnobad da

uyoymanod asrulebs partiul davalebebs, angrevs, bilwavs eklesia-

monastrebs.

erT-erTi mravlismetyveli faqti uamravTagan aris is, rom

walenjixis macxovris feriscvalebis saxelobis taZarSi kp raionulma

komitetma marqizm-leninizmis saxalxo universiteti gaxsna. efrem asuris,

bibliuri personaJebis freskebis win marqsisa da engelsis portretebi

dadges. TviT taZris gumbaTidan jvari Camoxsnili iyo.

saubaria taZarze, romlis moxatulobas, freskebsa da warwerebs

mieZRvna inga lorTqifaniZis gamokvleva. naSromSi ganxilulia berZen

da adgilobriv xelovanTa mier ganxorcielebuli xatwera,

paleologiuri xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT.

gamokvlevis avtori walenjixis taZris moxatulobis ferTa saocar

Sexamebasa da xatweris daxvewilobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

Sua saukuneebis am brwyinvale taZarSi, sadac aTwleulebis

ganmavlobaSi wirva ar aResruleboda, aTeizmis mamaTa (marqsis,

engelsisa da leninis) farTo formatis portretebi WeSmaritebis

dacinvad, `veragi Jamis~ asparezis dasturad aRiqmeboda, vidre RvTis

mgmobelTa portretebi RvTis saxls 1988 wlis Semodgomaze ar moaciles

erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebma (im periodisTvis, e.w.

àraformalebma~).

romani àmaRleba~ asaxavs rwmenis winaaRmdeg marqsistuli brZolis

istorias. xelSesaxebad cxaddeba im epoqis sinamdvile, roca RmerTze,

erovnul TviTSegnebaze saubari mxolod viwro wreSi iyo usafrTxo,

roca pirjvaris gadasaxva riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

oTar CxeiZem nawarmoebis erT-erT mTavar personaJad Semoiyvana

gvaramis da nestanis vaJi da uCvena mkiTxvels, rom mTebSi (siwmindeebSi)

gazrdili yrmisTvis metyveleba iwyeba epoqis satkivariT:




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àyvavebula mdelo,

ayvavebulan mTebi,

mamulo, sayvarelo,

Sen rosRa ayvavdebi?!~

`Tumca ro laparaki ar icoda.

leqsebi icoda biWma.

mTebi icoda~ (57. 13).

biWis amgvari codna logikur SesaZleblobebze maRla dgas (ar icis

laparaki, icis leqsi, romelmac datyvevebuli sulis satkivari unda

gaaxmianos), àvtorma ase ineba da imitom~ (g. doCanaSvili), magram

logikuria axsna, ratom ar icis bavSvma samSoblo (romelic waarTves):

`mamuli ar icoda biWma. deda ver uhxsnida Tu ra iyo mamuli, Tumca

uhxsnida, mainc ver uhxsnida. anTu veras agebinebda, ro ar gaaCndaT verc

agebinebda~ (57. 14).

samSoblo samebis saxiT mTliandeba: èna, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~.

àmaRlebaSi~ daxatul saqarTveloSi dakninebulia ena, gasxvisebulia

mamuli, sarwmunoeba _ gaTelili da dagmobili, amitom gausva mweralma

xazi _ àr gaaCndaT~.

RvTismgmobelobis istoriis xasiaTs vkiTxulobT romanis erT-erT

monakveTSi, sadac aRwerilia, ramdenad Selaxulia tyviebis naWdevebiT

wminda freskebi.

TviT amaRlebis taZaric STaenTqa ekal-bardebs. hxvTisos gza

taZrisken martoxela moxucma miaswavla, romelmac aRsarebis saTqmelad

igi SearCia da anderZic dautova: `gamoutyda jvari me momangrevineso,

TviTon xatebi dacxrileso mauzerebiTao, SaSxanebiTao, is mawamebso.

aqac es mawamebs da iqac is gamyveba sawamebladao, miSvele rameo...

gamoutyda da sulic ganuteva, suli gatanjuli, gawamebuli~ (57. 22).

saqarTveloSi XI armiis SemosvliT daiwyo brZola Semoqmedis

winaaRmdeg. amaRlebas (adamianis swrafvas uflisken) aTeisturi

cnobierebiTa da rusuli iaraRiT daupirispirdnen. oTar CxeiZe

aRniSnul romanSi qmnis suraTs aTeisturi xelisuflebis pirobebSi

sulier mRviZarebaSi myofi adamianebis xvedris Sesaxeb.

hxvTiso, gvarami da nestani wavidnen `dune cxovrebidan~, daiwyes

macxovris amaRlebis saxelobis taZris aRdgena.




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mwerali Cveuli ostatobiT gadaanaskvavs ZaRvian frazebs da

amTlianebs adamianur, zogadadamianur da religiur wiaRsvlebs. zecis

ciali gaazrebulia fizikur da sulier aspeqtSi.

`da WaxWaxebda cai. savarskvlaveTi, WaxWaxebda, WaxWaxebda.

usazRvroebis simbolod ro warmoedginaT, usazRvroc gaxlda, cai

cxadia, usimboloda. usazRvroebidan modioda ciali, usazRvroeba

eweoda adamiansa, ciali eweoda, macduri ciali, Suamavali cisa da

miwisai~ (????) (57. 103) amave monakveTSi aRwerilia uRmerToTa gaRizianeba.

Ze RvTisas amaRlebis freskis SelaxviT isini uRmerTod aRzevebas

eltvodnen, moswondaT amaRleba mokvdavTa Soris, ambiciur,

Tanamdebobriv ierarqiebze amaRleba. freska amaRlebisa, `ro dums, ufro

bevrsa metyvelebso~ da uxilavad ebrZoda uRmerToTa samyaroSi

gamarjvebul bnels, amitomac daundoblad ebrZodnen dumiliT metyvel

freskebs: àmaRleba ro SeeZlo mxolod Ze RvTisasa, SeeZlo da

amaRlebuliyo... swored es freska daefliTaT yvelaze metada, yvelaze

mozrdili swored es gaxlda, daepyro gumbaTi mTlianada, anTu ro

daepyro, daefliTaT, daecxrilaT tyviiTa, egeba ro aWriliyvnen

kidevaca, CaquCebiTac daecxrilaT, gadarCenodaT ro nafleTebi~ (57. 77).

mwerali midis daskvniT diskursamde, riTac aRwerili barbarosoba

(jvarsaxovnebis horizontaluri veqtori) vertikalur veqtorze

saxeldadebulia; es freska Tavisi SinaarsiT, sulierebiT `mouTxrobda,

STaagonebda, eweoda, eweoda isedac sulwasul adamiansa da daecxrilaT

da daefliTaT~ (57. 104). aq Txroba Tanmimdevrulia, arsad ar gvaqvs

deskriptuli pauza.

Tundac am erTi freskis Tavgadasavali uCvenebs komunisturi reJimis

xasiaTs. misi saxiT movida Zala, romelic qristianobis, rwmenis

uaryofiT TavisTavad aris uarmyofeli sulierebis, mSvenierebis,

xelovnebis progresis, radgan: `kacobrioba, Seqmnili RvTis `xatad da

msgavsad~ mihyveboda gamCen RmerTs da SeuCerebliv qmnida axal

SesaZleblobebs samyarosTvis _ arqiteqturaSi, musikaSi, poeziasa da

filosofiaSi~ (37. 111).

gansakuTrebuli simZafriT aris asaxuli epoqis saxe nestanis

didedis gardacvalebis epizodiT. dideda bednieria imiT, rom nestansa




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da gvarams memkvidreebi hyavT. am SemTxvevaSic Sviliereba jansaRi

momavlis simboloa.

didedas ukanaskneli sityva iyo `sanTeli~: `meti aRarc uTqvams

didedasa, morCa, moaTava yvelaferi am qveyanasTana, erTi sityvaRa

SemorCenoda, sanTelio, gza rom gaenaTebina imas iqiTa~ (57. 238).

dideda valmoxdili wavida, man nestani (araamqyveniuri sibrZne)

SeinarCuna, gaufrTxilda, daafrTiana da am RvawliT naTeli waimZRvara.

oTar CxeiZis àmaRleba~ amaRlebis wyurvilia. gasabWoebuli sulis

sinamdvileSi yofierebis zogadi sqema iyo: ùgulod akeTeben ugulo

saqmesa~ (57. 241), esec arsisgan mowyvetiT ganpirobebuli kninia. `kultura

mniSvnelvani mokavSiris rols asrulebs qmnilebasa da RvTaebrivs

Soris~ (37. 116), magram es kavSiri myardeba mxolod maSin, roca qmnileba

RvTaebrivs mowyvetili (an gaucxovebuli) ar aris.

mematianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli marTlis erTgulebasa da qveynis

satkivariT STagonebis simZafreze, drois uwyvetobaze metyvelebs, rom

`morCilis~, epigrafad `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~ monakveTi

warumZRvarebia mwerals (epigrafebze qvemoT visaubrebT).

Cveulebriv, mTxrobelis diskursiT aris gadmocemuli, Tu ra sWirs

da ratom sWirs qveyanas, rom fesvis erTguli aRaravin darCenila,

`moyvare mters~ mindobian Zveli sadroSos Svilebi: `sadRa viRaa baraTas

jilagisa~, ùrdos samsaxurSi Camdgaran cxadliva. rusis urdoSi. Slian.

arRveven. angreven sakuTarsa. angreven. fSxvnian. akiwaweben. da verc

dauSli~ (64. 16).

am romanSi sabaraTiano mxatvruli saxea saqarTvelosi. jambakuri

gulwrfeli Wirisufalia qveynisa, romelic `monobam dasca. dauSrita

sulis simdidrei da mkerdgaReRili daefina dalursmul Ceqmebsa~ (64. 41).

oTar CxeiZe `morCilSi~ axasiaTebs process rusis monobis uRelqveS

sulis TandaTanobiTi dakninebisa, Semgueblobis senis damkvidrebisa

sulier wyobaSi.

mamulis gancda da mamulis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba

moZaladis politikam gaaukuRmarTa. mterma qarTvelis inteleqtualuri

Tu fizikuri SesaZlebloba saTavisod gamoiyena: `sadac ro wesrigs

amyarebda _ Tavis WkuaSi _ isini gaxldnen mowinave mowesrigeni.




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eRupebodaT mamuli sakuTari. isini sxvisas aCanagebdnen. aswavlidnen

morCilebasa rusTa. sxvaTa da sxvaTa~ (64. 94).

am ubedurebaTa mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWvia `matiane qarTlisa~. misi

erT-erTi romani `morCili~ gvixatavs yovelgvari struqtura

saxelmwifoebriobisa rom moSlila da asparezi sxvadasxva saxis

mafiozur klanebs dausakuTrebia. romani am qaosis, rRvevis STambeWdavi

suraTia. qveyanas Wirisufali TiTqos aRar SerCa: àmoewyvitaT. gaeqciaT.

gadaegvarebinaT. anTu visTu aRmohxdomoda suli~ (64. 121).

Tumca qveyanaSi `demokratizmic damyarebuliyo da erTi prezidentic

daemxoT ukve~ (64. 122). Sedegad ki, `mklavebi gadasdes erTimeoresa da

wamovidnen rkalebada. grantiWamiebi. aqedanaca da iqidanaca~ (64. 492).

oTar CxeiZis yvela nawarmoebSi naTeli, mkafio, mtkice Strixi

gadarCenis imedisa xazgasmulia. am romanSi jambakuri dgas warsuli

sijansaRis fuZeze, dgas fxizlad da eZebs gadarCenis gzebs:

`SemorCeniliyo da eZiebda saxls ro veRarao, saZirkvels ro veRara,

nasaZirkvlars mainc eZiebda. Tundac erT qvasa. erT qvas mainc.

dedolods Tu ara, kenWs maincao. rodinis qvas Tu ipovnida _

gascocxlebia viTomc ro mkvdrebio~ (iqve).

saZirkvels hyavs saZirkvlis qomagi, es misiaa, romelic valad iRo

jambakurma da misma ojaxma da swored maT itvirTes umZimesi gansacdeli:

rbeva, kvla, tanjva.

erT-erT interviuSi mwerali ambobda: `romans Tavisi mxatvruli

logika aqvs, raRa Tqma unda, magram Tavisi logika ro dauwesos aRreul

cxovrebasa, yalibi ro daudis simtkicisa da gadarCenisa, esec

movaleobaa romanisa~ (72. 2).

sainteresoa mwerlis mier personaJebisTvis SerCeuli gza, arCeuli

Tavs damtydari ubedurebis Semdeg. gza, romliTac saukuneebSi gamoatara

erma Tavisi arseboba da romelic gamrudda; monobis, uRmerTobis

aTwleulebma, sulieri struqturis rRvevam waSala zRvari

TviTgandidebasa da Tvinierebas Soris da mamuli dagverRva.

`morCilis~ personaJebi _ rodami da maiko (jambakuris da da asuli)

monasterSi midian. maiko Svils kategoriulad eubneba: `Sen ver miatoveb

skolasa~.




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interpretaciuli CaRrmaveba arc sWirdeba, imdenad gamWvirvalea

mwerlis Canafiqri: mamulis gadarCena SesaZlebelia rwmenisa (monasteri)

da codnis (skola) gamTlianebiT. am myari sayrdenis gareSe mteri

yovelTvis ipovis Zalas, endogenuri SuriT dabrmavebul moyvass,

mamulis dasarbevad.

tkivilisa da xsnis imedis es gancda im nawarmoebebSi igrZnoba,

romlebSic gvxvdeba `sityva mwerliseuli, mZime, Tbili, daZarRvuli,

dauZleveli, daumorCilebeli sityva~ (31. 508).

oTar CxeiZis romanebSi sityvas swored is idumali funqcia akisria,

literaturas rom misias aRasrulebinebs da jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebiT

saocari ostatobiT amTlianebs dokumentur sizustes da

saxismetyvelebiT gaxmianebul saTqmels.

jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis sibrtyeze cnobierdeba kerZodan

Seqmnili mxatvrul – dokumenturi saxeebi. kerZo piri horizontalur

veqtorzea, mwerlis mier ganzogadebuli mxatvruli saxe –

vertikalurze.

saxelmwifo struqturaSi yofniTa Tu sxva mdgomareobiT cnobili

da `sawigno~ cxovrebaminiWebuli personaJebis gverdiT oTar CxeiZe

sisxlsavse, amaRelvebel da amaRlebul saxeebs qmnis romanebSi.

jvarsaxovnebiTi azrovnebis mxatvrul sivrceSi oTar CxeiZis

Semoqmedebis kvleva gviCvenebs:

a) personaJTa samyaroSi RvTAebrivsa da adamianurs, amaRlebulsa da

bneliT Zleuls.

simboluri saxeebiT mwerali warmoaCens borotebis

arasubstanciurobas. guls, rogorc zesulis samkvidro adgils.

yovelive es mxatvrul filosofiur sivrceSi jvarsaxovnebiT amyarebs

bunebriv kavSirs epoqis TaviseburebebTan, Rirebulebebsa da

kulturasTan.

b) oTar CxeiZis romanebi sulier-mxatvruli sistemiT myarad

ukavSirdeba jvarsaxovnebiT azrovnebas.




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b) prototipidan personaJamde

msoflio literaturaSi bevri magaliTia personaJisa da prototipis

saintereso urTerTobisa. oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza

imiTac gamoirCeva, rom personaJi xSirad sruli aslia prototipisa,

sagulisxmoa, rom personaJebi umTavresad realuri adamianebi arian.

mweralma icis, sinamdvilis mravalferovani sivrcidan vin daasaxlos

Tavis nawarmoebebSi. TiToeuli maTgani sicocxlisunariania

jvarsaxovnebis horizontalursa da vertikalur veqtorebze

roman `boriaySi~ oTar CxeiZes sakuTari mama-biZebi hyavs mTavari

gmirebis prototipebad.

mwerali Zvel gazeTebSi didi mondomebiT eZebda ojaxis wevrTa

saxelebs. 1924 wlis ianvar-Tebervlis nomrebSi kidec waawyda: revaz

CxeiZe, ermile CxeiZe. male maTi saxsenebli gaaqro sabWoTa

xelisuflebam (TiTqos `politikuri patimari~ sabWoTa sinamdvileSi arc

arsebula).

romanSi aRwerili tradiciuli, erovnuli TviTSegnebiT gamorCeuli

ojaxi itrielebisa asocirdeba mwerlis winaprebTan: ìtrielebi oTar

CxeiZis mama-biZani arian. mwerlis bavSvobam da siWabukem maTi tragikuli

saxeebis aCrdilTa SiSian gamocxadebebSi ganvlo~ (75. 94). rostom

itrielis prototipad revaz CxeiZes Tvlian.

sainteresoa, rom leko TaTaSelis saxe bavSvobidan SemoenarCunebina

mwerlis maxsovrobas. `Soreul naTesavad moxvdeboda da araerTxel

unaxavs siymawvilisas sufrasa da lxinSi... kalams mokidebda Tu ara

xels , maSinve gaifiqrebda: sadme es xasiaTic rogor ar gamomadgebao~

(70. 91) da moumarjva kidec mxatvruli sivrce. saxeli ucvleli datova,

gvari ki mcireoden fonetikurad Secvala, `rac saerTodac Cveoda-vidre

ucvleli gvar-saxelebiT Semoiyvanda personaJebs novelebis, ufro ki

romanebis furclebze~ (iqve). ase gaxda leko tatiSvili (leko TaTaSeli)

`boriayis~ mkvidri.

cxovrebidan, realobidan mwerlis gancdasa da maxsovrobas

miaxlebuli kerZo saxeebi mxatvruli transformirebis Semdeg

saintereso personaJebad iqcnen.




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Cven amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT `bermudis samkuTxedis~ erT-erT

mxatvrul-dokumentur saxeze _ goCa esebuaze. mis Semoyvanas romanSi win

uswrebs darbeul-gaCanagebuli saqarTvelos mdgomareobis aRwera:

`modioda imedebi. midioda imedebi....

morebis saqmec airia,

jarTis saqmeca.

mTlad qveyana ro ar airia, is ukvirdaT. an Tu raRaze dgaso~ (59.

194).

TiTqos ambis logikuri gagrZelebaa, rom am qaosSi teraqti

mzaddeba; ùnda gadabrunebuliyo yvelaferio~.

teraqtis monawileebi `maleve akrifes~. gasxltda goCa esebua,

`gaaswro. gadaixvewa~. aRmoCnda jixaSkarSi. ìq mohkles zviad

gamsaxurdiai....

goCac iq moiyvana bediswerama. TviTon ver mohkla imas mohklaven”

(2.195).

wignSi `terori Tu reaqcia tiraniaze?~ naTqvamia: `jixaSkaris aqcia

Tavisi gamovleniT, arsiT, ufro samoqalaqo iniciativis ukiduresi,

radikaluri gamovlenaa, vidre terori~ (59. 119).

uamravi publikacia mieZRvna 1998 wlis Tebervlis movlenebs, 31

marts Ss saministros specdaniSnulebis razmebis mier goCa esebuas

mkvlelobas.

gazeTma àliam“ gamoaqveyna interviu cnobil scenarist suliko

JRentTan (avtori filmebis scenarebisa: `Rimilis biWebi~, `jariskacis

mama” `Wiakokona~ da sxva). man Tqva: es biWi televizorSi vnaxe da Cemze

didi STabeWdileba moaxdiana. mZevali ucxoelebi gadareulebi iyvnen:

meoce saukunis bolos aseTi raindi saidan movidao, Tumca maSindeli

funqcioneri kaxa TargamaZe `wuxda~: `yvela teroristi ratom iqca

erovnul gmirado~ (axali Taoba~ _ #93. 1998).

oTar CxeiZe is mweralia, romelsac sulieri simis Rirebuli

aTrTolebac ar gamorCeba da aqac raRac eqvs-Svid gverdze realuri

adamianis qmedeba, brZola, Tavganwirva, Sinagani Rirebulebebi saocari

sisavsiT uCvena mkiTxvels. mxatvruli qargiT gamostaca dro-sivrces

goCa esebua da Seqmna saxe – `tlu biWi~. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi




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leqsikonis mixedviT: `tlu _ 1. utoto xe; 2. marto myofi. martoxela

biWi~ (53. 420).

`tlu biWi~ epiTetis funqciiT JRers romanSi da mwer;lis

daxmarebis gareSe konkretdeba mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi: drom savali

gza Seucvala pirveli prezidentis erTgul jariskacs; martosulia, tyes

da iaraRs damegobrebuli, Zaladobis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli biWi.

ùtotoc~ aris: misTvis piradi cxovreba, msxmoiarobaze fiqri damTavrda.

WeSmarit mwerals xelewifeba daupirispirdes drosa da sivrces,

gaxsnas adamianis sulieri samyaro. gviCvenos sulis ZalTa da energiaTa

rRveva- bnelis morCileba, Tu naTlisken swrafva.

`dro adamianis gamocdis velia~ (arqimandriti rafaeli) da am velze

asparezobas xatavs xelovani.

goCa esebuam eorvnuli mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg im moquruSebul

droSi Tqva gadamwyveti sityva _ misma sikvdilma monur fsiqologias

esrola tyvia. samarTlianobisaTvis msxverplisunariani iyo. xuTi wlis

unaxav dedas televiziiT Txovda patiebas: `Cems Tavs ar vekuTvni,

mapatieo~. is dedis `nanaTi~ aRizarda, qristes jvris erTguli iyo.

wuTisofelma dapirispirebis yiameTSi moisrola – simarTlis mxares

dadga da dahqonda cremlad daRvrili guli.

aseTs gvacnobs mwerali goCa esebuas: `firs CarTavs. megruli nana.

itvrens goCai... itvrens. gayuCdeba, gainabeba. cremli awanwkardeba WiqaSi...

cviva marcvlebada. ar ezideba erTimeoresa, ar edRvibeba. ar eTqvifeba.

hyria. cimcimebs yvela TavisTvisa...~ (59. 198.).

cremli naTeli saxismetyvelebiTi simboloa. ioane sinelis

`klemaqsis~ mixedviT. cremli aris didebuli niWi suliwmindisa,

gardamqneli sulTa CvenTa.

“andria kretels Rrmad aqvs Segnebuli cremlis macocxlebeli

Zala. Sua saukuneTa novelebis Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi cremlebi

meored naTlisRebadaa dasaxuli~ (7. 140).

cremlebi kaTarzisis simboloa da mweralma goCa esebuas cremlebi

dagvixasiaTa: (àr edRvibeba~, àr eTqvifeba~, `cimcimebs~) dagvikonkreta,

rom igi sisxliani gadatrialebis msxverplia, romelsac `Sin“ waarTves.

vidre moRalate-moZaladis tyvia gangmiravda, mis fiqrebsac agvadevna

mweralma: àrc Sin edgomeboda. gadakargviT sad unda gadakrguliyo, _




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arc amisi varaudi hqonda, aRarc eZiebda... hgrZnobda ro aRar gauSvebdnen

cocxalsa~ (59. 201)

erTaderTi natvraRa SerCenoda: `zurgidan ar damecneno... guli

damicxrilon, guliT Sevakvdeo~ (59. 201)

arc es auxda. `dacxriles, dafliTes, gulaRma verao... daagdes

pirqveda... miscvivdnen mainca. egdo sisxlis tbaSi. curavda sisxlis

tbaSi~ (59. 201).

Tumca ar gauWirda jemal gaxokiZes (operaciis organizators)

televiziiT ganecxadebina: `mTeli operacia usisxlod CavatareTo~ . goCa

esebuas daRupvas `Tavisi ar daiSala~, `Tavisi bralia~ daarqva

mTavrobam, amasTanave kmayofilni acxadebdnen: `demokratiuli

gardaqmnebi aRmavali gziT midiso~.

mxatvrul quraSi gamotarebuli saxe Tavisi misiiT mkvidrdeba

nawarmoebSi. gamosaxvis saSualebaTa kodiT mwerali mas Tavisebur Zalas

aniWebs.

goCa esebua erTi kerZodan Seqmnili zogadi saxea. romanSi aRwerili

urTierToba mZevlebisa da `teroristisa~ arRvevs Cveulebrivobis

zRvars da keTilSobilebis gamovlinebad iqceva. ucxo sityvaTa

leqsikonSi sityva – `terori~ (laT.) ganimarteba, rogorc SiSi.

`politikur da klasobriv mowinaaRmdegesTan angariSis gasworeba

ZaladobiT~ ( mokvliTac ki)~ (50. 484).

teroristi ki individualuri teroris aqtis momxre da monawilea.

ramdenad eTanxmeba teroristis bunebas mZevlebTan urTierTobis is

forma, rac romanSia aRwerili: `sxedan. es sufra ukvirT. es molxena

ukvirT. es ranairi moZaladeni ariano... Svedma konkursi gamoacxada: vin

ufro karg sadRegrZelos ityviso” (59. 198)

goCam gamarjvebulad gamoacxada Cexi: `daaclevina jixvis rqai da

saCuqradac is gadasca. taSs ukravdnen tyveebi. taSs ukravdnen goCas

biWebica~ (59. 198).

Tavad faqti gamonagoni ar gaxlavT, mxatvruli xedviT aris asxmuli

mxolod. mxatvrul-dokumenturi mTlianobisTvis, arc is iqneba

interessmoklebuli, rom goCa esebuas gasvenebas TviT yofili

`mZevlebic~ ar dahklebia. ufro metic _ urugvaelma roland garsiam im

dReebSi SeZenil vaJiSvils goCa daarqva.




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albaT es faqtic kmara imisTvis, rom gaamTliano goCa esebuas saxeSi

Cawnexili mwerlis Canafiqri: WeSmariti Rirebulebebis erTguleba,

moyvasis qristianuli gancda, samarTlianobisTvis brZola, kerZos,

gamonakliss aqcevs zogadad. is xdeba erTgavri Sesakrebeli pirovnuli

Rirsebebisa.

aseTive kerZo – zogadi saxea gia abesaZe romanSi àrtistuli

gadatrialeba~.

`kacs Tavi dauwvavs. baraTi daugdia: oRond SerigdiT. msxverpli me

viyo. ukanaskneli me viyo didi ubedurebis molodinSio~ (58. 117).

axsovs es sinamdvile im dReebis simZafres, dapirispirebulobas. gia

abesaZe kelaptariviT aenTo (fizikuri da sulieri aspeqtiT)

ganjgonebul (sabas mixedviT: `boroti keTili egonos~) sazogadoebaSi.

Tavi gaswira, raTa moSuRlar Zmebs erTmaneTis sisxli ar

daeRvaraT, goCa esebuam ki samxedro gadatrialebiT ukve gandevnili

erovnuli mTavrobis kanonierebis aRdgenis moTxovna imqveynad waiRo.

Tavisi personaJebis mimarT mwerals Tbili, mSobliuri

damokidebuleba aqvs. igi aRgviwers ara mxolod maT sulier samyaros

urTules viTarebaSi, aramed gakeTebul arCevansac am viTarebaSi.

mwerlis Rirsebac es aris: `misces mkiTxvels saSualeba, visiT

moixiblos da ratom~ (9. 698).

masala da moTxroba literaturis kritikaSi xSirad ganixileba,

rogorc erTi mTlianoba: realobiT STagonebuli mxatvruli qmnadobis

saxiT.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, ganixilaven momxdar faqtsa da mwerlis fantaziiT

Seqmnils. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi gadmotanilia

momxdari faqti, fabulaSi mwerlis fantaziiT TiTqmis araferia

damatebuli, magram TviT faqtis gadmocemis mxatvruli konstruqcia,

mwerlis daxvewili alRo, sityvaTa TamaSi nawarmoebSi, qmnis,

realobidan Semoyvanili personaJis srulyofil suraTs.

`ramdeni cocxalia mkvdar istoriaSi~, _ ambobs guram rCeuliSvili.

swored kerZo-zogadi saxeebis SeqmniT ubrunebs mwerali STamomavlobas

`cocxlebs~ mkvdari istoriidan, ucocxlebs mas epoqis sunTqvas, xasiaTs.

emsaxureba erovnuli xasiaTis Secnobas, es ki aucilebelia, raTa Tavs

ar movixvioT is, rac ucxo da miuRebelia CvenTvis. arsebiTia, rom




- - 151

qarTuli erovnuli xasiaTis umTavresi niSania sulierebisa da

nivTierebis Serwyma _ sulisa da xorcis urTierTltolva. am xasiaTis

nayofia CvenSi gverdigverd arsebuli sikeTe da boroteba, Ralati da

erTguleba, silaCre da mamacoba.

am TvalsazrisiT, oTar CxeiZis romanebis kvleva calke msjelobis

sagania.

jvarsaxovnebis horizontalur veqtorze goCa esebuasa da gia

abesaZis Tavganwirva xedvis sxvadasxva kuTxidan sxvadasxvagvarad

fasdeboda, magram vertikalur veqtorze es aris msxverplisunarianoba,

RvTaebrivi Tviseba.

mwerlis mier daxatuli sinamdvile da am sinamdvilisadmi maTi

damokidebuleba; wyurvili samSoblos gadarCenisa, Rirebulebebis

erTguleba ganawesebs maT mxatvrul saxeebs vertkalur veqtorze.

a) oTarACxeiZis mwerluri ostatobis erT-erTi sfero aris realuri

saxisb

b) mwerali grZnobs mkiTxvelisa da personaJis nervis gatokebas,

amitomac mozomilia TiToeuli fraza. prototipi ki iZens zogadobis

niSans.

g) realuria prototipisagan Seqmnili mxatvruli saxe, radgan

mwerlis mier realoba ganivrcoba (ganzogaddeba), emociuri asociaciebi

ki mis SemoqmedebiT wesrigs emorCileba.




- - 152

Tavi IV

E

a) epigrafebisa da igavebis mxatvruli funqcia

oTar CxeiZis `matiane qarTlisai~ gamorCeulia mwerlis mier

Cafiqrebuli Rrma filosofiur-mxatvruli datvirTvis saTaurebiTa da

epigrafebiT.

mwerali agrZelebs da Taviseburad amdidrebs epigrafebis

wamZRvarebis literaturuli tradicias. epigrafis SerCevaSic mJRavndeba

misi ostatoba.

rogorc araerTgzis aRvniSneT, oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebi, `matiane

qarTlisa~, erTi mTliani jaWvia, es aris èpopea, romelSic

Seulamazeblad aris danaxuli sinamdvile, gaanalizebulia Cveni epoqis

socialur-fsiqologiuri suraTi. unda aRiniSnos, rom mwerali erovnuli

tkivilis fonze saerTo adamianur satkivars axmianebs. es gansazRvravs

WeSmariti xelovanis SemoqmedebiT alRos, radgan àdamianis

samSvinvelSi momxdar brZolasa Tu pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas Soris

arsebul yovelgvar konfliqts yoveli droisa da yoveli eris mwerloba

uyurebs saerToadamianurisa da yvela sxva danarCeni movlenis

urTierTdamokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT~ (9. 90).

qarTvelTa tragedia, anu `qarTlis Wiri~ XX saukunis 90-iani

wlebisa, jansaRi cnobierebis SemTxvevaSi ganixileba, rogorc

dapirispireba pirovnulsa da sazogadoebrivs, WeSmarit da yalb

Rirebulebebs, pirovnul Rirsebasa da ampartavnebas, erovnulsa da

Sovinisturs Soris. am rTulma da tkivilianma periodma gaamTliana

adamianuri buneba aviTa da kargiT. swored aseTi istoriuli Jami

moiTxovs Semoqmedisagan gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas, gambedaobas, raTa

simarTle ar gaamrudos, STamomavlobas epoqis realuri suraTi

dauxatos.

“istoriis idealizacia istoriis falsifikacias udris”. istoriis

realur Sefasebasa da gadmocemas xelovanis Sinagani Tavisufleba,

mousyidaoba sWirdeba.

oTar CxeiZis Sinagani Tavisufleba da aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi unari

aris myari duRabi matianisa, romelsac igi mxatvruli nawarmoebebiT




- - 153

qmnis. mwerali anatomis gulgrilobiT Cxreks enis sulier wyobas, eZebs

Sinagan mizezs, ramac xeli Seuwyo garegani borotebis aRzevebas.

eris gonebafxizelma Wirisufalma, oTar CxeiZem, trilogiiT:

àrtistuli gadatrialeba~, `bermudis samkuTxedi~, `TeTri daTvi~, Seqmna

mxatvruli tilo XX saukunis 90-ian wlebisa _ im periodisa, roca

boroteba kanonierebis saxeliT daTareSobda, xolo mkiTxveli

(WeSmariti mkiTxveli) marTal sityvas elodeboda. mweralma daapura

mowyurebuli mkiTxveli sulis puriT, marTali sityviT. `sulis puris

mowodebac iseTive keTili saqmea, rogorc mwyurvalisTvis wylis motana,

magram es keTili saqme maSin iZens Rirebulebas, roca igi marTalia da

gulwrfeli. sxvanairad mwerloba uqmi saqmea~. (9. 647)

aRniSnuli trilogia rom movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobriv jaWvs, eris

sulier sneulebasa Tu qveynis garSemo gaerTianebul borotebas

WeSmariti ostatis kalmiT asaxavs, am nawarmoebTa epigrafebic

gvarwmunebs.

oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebis matianisebur xasiaTze roca vsaubrobT,

yuradRebas iqcevs epigrafebi, romlebic mkiTxvels erTgvarad amzadeben

romanTan misasvlelad.

àrtistuli gadatrialebis~ epigrafia: `naTesavi qarTvelTa orgul

buneba ars pirveliTaganve TuisTa ufalTa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis

istorikosi).

àsre sWirT saqarTvelosas didebulT, gina mcireTa,

azvavdebian, ityvian: ùCemoT vin imRereTa?~

(mefe arCili)

uflis orguloba safuZvelia adamianis mowyvetisa naTlierebisgan.

am codvis arsi gaxmianebulia TviT sityvaSi: òr guli~. SemTxveviTi ar

aris, rom qarTul leqsikaSi yvela is sityva, romelic gamoxatavs

movlenebisadmi sulier damokidebulebas, guls ukavSirdeba: erTguli,

orguli, gulgrili, gulcivi, gulwrfeli, gulisxmieri, guliTadi,

gulRrZo, gulTbili, gulCvili, gulTmisani.

jer kidev aristotele miuTiTebda, rom zesulis samkvidro adgili

aris guli. saxarebis mixedviT: `sasufeveli RvTisa gulsa Sina TqvenTasa

ars...~ gulisa da adamianis sulieri samyaros gaumijnaobas adasturebs

blez paskali, misi azriT, `gulismieri Semecnebis, intuituri wvdomis




- - 154

obieqti, uwinares yovlisa, TviT adamianis Sinagani, sulieri samyaroa~,

(38. 160). amdenad, roca istorikosi miuTiTebTs òrgul bunebaze~,

bunebrivia, es aRiqmeba, rogorc sulieri mankiereba da logikur

gagrZelebad JRers mefe arCilis sityvebic. àzvavdebian~ (mzvaobrobas

eZlevian).

ùCemoT vin imRereTa?~ _ ampartavnebis sulia _ mzvaobrobis

nayofi.

dasaxelebul nawarmoebebSi swored aseTi suli ganagebs movlenebs,

`taxti erTia~ da Suri abrmavebs adamianebs _ taxtis msurvelebs.

sulxan-saba mogvaxsenebs: `Suri ars mwuxareba sxvisa keTilisa

zeda~ (43. 402) da xatavs mwerali Suris boboqrobas: `yofila wewva,

yofila glejva, wyevla-krulvani, ginebani gaugonarni~ (58. 46). partiul

interesebad danakuwda eri, TiToeulis arsebaSi eSmaks jiutad Caenerga

ùCemoT vin imRereTa~ da àssamoci partia aburTavebda samSoblosa,

erTi moedani, erTi burTi da assamoci gundi~ (58. 47)

mwerali saubars agrZelebs am uTanasworo srbolaze _ erT

asparezs 160 partia rom eltvis: adarebs skas, iqac rom uzenaess

garkveuli wesrigi daumkvidrebia, es wesrigi acxrobs SfoTis zuzuns.

skaSi sicocxle amoikveTeba da imas, rac adamianTa sazogadoebaSi xdeba,

`futkaric ver warmoidgens, SxamiT gatenili futkari. SxamiT gatenili.

etyoba kaci uaresi Sxamia, uaresi Jini, vnebai uaresi. as samoci partia,

as samoci lideri, erTs rom gauswria da ver autaniaT... im erTs daeseva

uTuod danarCeni. vneba, Jinia, Wkua rom ver daimorCilebs~ (58. 55).

mtrobis Jins Wkua ver acxrobs, radgan guli aris funqcia-

dakarguli, uflismieri naTeli bnelqmnila am gulebSi _ òrgul buneba

ars~; zesuli samkvidro adgili borotisTvisac dauTmiaT: `mwyemsi

keTili RrublebSi Sehbures angelozebma~ (58. 55).

òrguli bunebis~ moZalebis, ampartavnebisa da Suris Sedegs _ ZmaTa

Soris sisxlian dapirispirebas asaxavs, amis mokle miniSneba aris

swored nawarmoebis epigrafi.

ganxilul SemTxvevaSi, epigrafad oTar CxeiZem istoriuli

wyaroebidan amonaridi gamoiyena, xolo `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ am

funqcias xalxuri andaza asrulebs: `muxam Tqvao: culi me verafers ver

damaklebda, Sig Cemi jiSi rom ar iyos gayriolio~.




- - 155

Tu àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ gviCvenebs brZolas erovnuli

mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, orad gayofil sazogadoebas, `bermudis

samkuTxedSi~ mkveTrad gamijnuli ori mxare aRarc dgas. aq ukve

darbeul saqarTveloSi piradi gamorCenisaTvis `moRvaweni~ asparezoben.

JRerad saxelebs arqmeven saqmeebs, romlis miRmac mxolod ambiciebisa

da momxveWelobis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas xedaven (magaliTad,

gizo korZelis proeqti aTsamet asurel mamaTa da andria

pirvelwodebulis nakvalevTan dakavSirebiT). am romanSi samxedro

gadatrialebis Sedegebzea saubari; gafurCqnul korufciaze, ususur,

gaTelil Rirebulebebze, pirveli prezidentisa da misi ideebis erTgul

adamianTa tragediaze.

Aandazis muxis Civili yvela epoqis qarTvelTa tragediis

safuZvelia. mterma yovelTvis icoda, rom qarTvelis dasamarcxeblad

aucileblad qarTvelive unda gamoeyenebina da icoda zusti gza

moRalatis sapovnelad _ amqveyniuri didebis, sitkboebis garantia.

`TeTri daTvi~ saxelmwifos daRupvis suraTs gviCvenebs, mis

RirsebaSelaxul, daTrgunul Svilebs xeli rom Cauqnevia `me~-s

eloliavebian, `Cven~ daviwyebiaT. mxatvrul-dokumenturi sizustiT aris

daxatuli ruseTis _ TeTri daTvis saxe, romelic garegani Zalaa

saqarTvelos damcirebisa, Sinagani mizezi ki qarTvelTa Seorgulebaa

ufalTan, WeSmarit RirebulebebTan.

miniSneba am or faqtorze epigrafSive xdeba aristoteles

naazrevisa da qarTlis matianis damowmebiT.

aristoteles mixedviT: `yoveli saxelmwifos daRupvis mizezi an

masSivea, Sinagania, an garegani Tu mas masze Zlieri da boroti

saxelmwifo esazRvreba~.

saqarTvelos daqcevis garegani mizezi-ruseTis imperiuli zraxvebi,

daundobeli simZafriT daxata mweralma: `barciburcoben. barciburcoben.

sisxlSi aqvT: fexi ar moicvalon. arc saqarTveloa advili dasaTmobi,

ara, ara, advili ar aris, isic naTqvamia: daTvi rom Seni batoni iyos,

babai uTxario. babai... babai... orasi weliwadia babais vuZaxiT, gveyofao...~

(60. 166). magram es `barciburca~ `moyvare mteri~ mizans ver miaRwevda isev

qarTvelis Sewevnis gareSe, mweralma amitomac ùfro meti

SeubraleblobiT Tavad warmogvadgina, roca aristoteles sityvebi




- - 156

Semdeg ase gaagrZela: `miT uaresi Tu Sinagani da garegani mizezebi

erTad moiyris Tavs~ (58. 116 ).

`boriayis~ epigrafia pavle mociqulis sityvebi: `romeli hqadageb

ara parvasa, iparav? romeli ityv ara mruSebasa, imruSeb? romelsa gZagan

kerpni, sakurTxevelTa sZarcuav?~

miTiTeba naTelia: romani asaxavs àxalmoweseTa~ reJims,

kacTmoyvareobis, humanizmis, Tanasworobis qadagebiT rom moemarTeboda

da daundoblad xocavda adamianebs: gvarisTvis, wodebisTvis, erovnuli

TviTSegnebisTvis. Zarcvavda, anadgurebda eklesiebs.

Tanasworoba mxolod TanamoazreTadmi keTilganwyobad

gaecnoebierebinaT.

`morCilis~ epigrafi `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~ nawyvetia: `da

ecnoba gzaica misvlad, rameTu mis Jamisa kacTagan miuval iyo adgili

igi da mi-rai-vides... friad uxaroda povnai didebulisa mis adgilisai,

rameTu iyo mas Sina nugeSinis sacemeli sulieri da xorcieli~ (64. 3).

romanSi aRwerilia gapartaxebuli mamuli _ sabaraTianos ZirZveli

fesvebi nadgurdeba, axali Jamis àxalmoweseni~ Rirebuls

upirispirdebian, xelyofen.

axali xelisuflebis epoqa arabTa `zedamdgomelobis~ Jams

daemsgavsa, qaosi rom damkvidrebula. sulieri udaburebis

“qalaqmyofelobis” wyurvili aqvs jambakurs: is uvlis sabaraTianos,

aRdgena-ganmtkicebis wyurvils moucavs, magram asparezi sikos, sakos _

farisevel, `ganjgonebul~ adamianebs upyriaT.

dasaxelebuli nawarmoebebis epigrafebi sxvadasxva epoqisa da

avtoris naazrevia, dro-sivrciT daSorebuli, magram mas amTlianebs

mwerlis Canafiqri: STamomavlobas Semounaxos XX saukunis 90-iani

wlebis istoriis furclebi, TanamemamuleT dauxatos Sedegi zneobrivi

gadagvarebisa, Suris galaRebisa. Sinaarsobriv-fsiqologiuri datvirTvis

wanamZRvaria dasaxelebuli romanebis epigrafebi, rac TavisTavad

mxatvrul Strixs sZens Txzulebebs, exmareba mkiTxvels mignebuli

gasaRebiT Seabijos mxatvrul-dokumentur sivrceSi.

oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozis samyaroSi

gansakuTrebuli funqcia akisria igavebsac. igi xSirad aRwerili

sinamdvilis daskvniTi nawilia.




- - 157

mwerali mematianis pasuximgeblobiTa da simkacriT asaxavs

sinamdviles mxatvruli sityviT, igi cnobierad ganaxlebuli realizmis

momxre da erTgulia. literaturis ganaxlebis procesis Sedegad

kompozicia daimsxvra, siuJeti daingra,

xolo realizmi, Zala literaturisa, inarCunebda Tavis uflebebs,

Zalas.

realizmi mwerlisagan moiTxovs cxovrebis istoriul gagebas,

xalxurobas, erovnulobas – oTar CxeiZe am Rirebulebebis erTgulia.

amis dasturia bolodroindeli nawarmoebebic, XX saukunis 90-iani

wlebis mxatvrul dokumenturi qronikebi: àrtistuli gadatrialeba~,

`TeTri daTvi~, `bermudebis samkuTxedi~.

`bermudis samkuTxedis~ winasityvaobaSi mwerali ambobs: àdamiani

igive iqneba... da egeba amitomac mijobdes mivubrunde gamotovebul

Temebsa Tu ratom gadagvarda qarTveli kaci, Tu rogor gadagvarda. XX

saukuneSi rom gadagvarda, manamdis ise ar gadagvarebula~ (59. 22).

qarTveli kacis zneobrivi gadagvarebis tragedia mweralma

Taviseburi mxatvruli xerxebiT, srulad gansxvavebuli stiliT

gamoxata. aq umTavresi aris mwerlis damokidebuleba movlenebisadmi,

mxileba, marTali sityvis gaxmianeba erovnuli cnobierebis Seryvnisa da

rbevis periodze.

romanis saSualebiT mkiTxvelTan urTierToba gamoirCeva naratiuli

mravalferovnebiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania TvalTaxedvaTa

simravle. àvtoris, mTxrobelebisa da personaJTa, TvalTaxedvaTa

varirebiT mwerali qmnis nawarmoebis rTul kompozicias~ (27. 45).

es SemoqmedebiTi procesi aSkaraa dasaxelebul nawarmoebebSi, aq

mTliandeba Sinagani da garegani TvalTaxedva.

`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ erT-erTi personaJia sabaologi. is

maswavlebelia, romelsac `sibrZne sicruisas~ axali redaqciiT gamocema

ganuzraxavs.

mwerali swored sabaologis alegoriuli metyvelebiT asaxavs

mankierebas eris sulier wyobasa Tu konkretuli politikuri moRvawis

cxovrebaSi.

sagulisxmoa, rom r. siraZis azriT, XVI – XVII saukuneebis

literaturaSi ukve gamoikveTa àrakTa Janris damuSaveba erovnuli




- - 158

saxismetyvelebiT, igavuri saxismetyveleba bibliuria, xolo arakTa

saxeebi zRapruli da alegoriuli~ (45. 3.21).

oTar CxeiZe mxatvruli azrovnebis samyaroSi igavebs aniWebs

mkiTxvelTan urTierTobis misias, amZafrebs zemoqmedebis Zalas,

amravalferovnebs mxatvrul sistemas.

igavTmetyveleba saTaves iRebs saxarebidan. maTes saxarebaSi (5. 13.

10:12) macxovars mowafeebi mimarTaven kiTxviT: `raisTvis igaviT etyÂ maT?~

pasuxi ki aseTia: `rame Tu romelsa aqundes mieces da miematos: da

romelsa ara aqundes, da romelRa igi aqus, mo-ve-eRos mas.~

Teofilaqte bulgarelis komentarebis mixedviT: `codna miecema mas,

visac gulmodgineba aqvs da gaumravldeba kidec, xolo visac arc

gulmodgineba aqvs da arc Sesaferisi azrovneba, isic waerTmeva, rac

egona, rom hqonda, anu ukueTu vinmeSi sikeTis mcire naperwkali bJutavs,

isic Cauqreba Tu ki mas suliT ar gaaRvivebs sulieri saqmeebiT ar

daagznebs~ (35. 111).

igavis arsi moiTxovs Sinagani smeniT aRqmasa da gacnobierebas,

rasac adekvaturi reaqcia unda mohyves. saxarebis mixedviT igavi

erTgvarad sajildao qvac aris, is amJRavnebs adamianis sulier samyaros,

Zalas; ganawyobs sikeTis naperwkliT suliT gaRvivebisTvis.

dRemde igavi inarCunebs umTavres niSans: wvdoma, Sinagani smena

sWirdeba; literaturam mas garkveuli adgili daumkvidra. sulxan-saba

ityvis: ìgavi ars sityviT magaliTi mosaniSnavi, gina saCuenebeli~ (43.

322), e. i. sityvis ZaliT gaTvalsaCinoeba saTqmelisa, wvrTna. igavis

struqtura TiTqmis ucvlelia JamTa mdinarebaSi, magram yoveli

Semoqmedi mas Tavisebur datvirTvas aZlevs.

oTar CxeiZis romanebSi metyvelebs meigave-sabaologi; ìqneb mwerali

am personaJiT Tavis Tavs Caaxatavs romanis tiloSi ironiuli

StrixebiT. TviTon xom Cveni drois meigavea, marTlac axali formiT,

magram sulxan-sabas suliskveTebiT, rom qadagebs sikeTesa da

siyvarulze: `SeiZleba daiviwyo yvelaferi. yvelaferi. yvelaferi. Sesdge

wixliTa yvelafersa. SeiZleba. adamiani rom xar, es mainc ar unda

daiviwyo~ (83. 103).

oTar CxeiZis proza Seufaravi simarTlea, mwerali simarTlis

misaniSneblad, mxilebisTvis ar iyenebs igavebs. amas saxeldadebiTac




- - 159

akeTebs. mxatvruli xerxia: igavebiT miwvdili Segoneba bunebrivia,

viTarebis warmosaCeni siuJetebi _ niuansuri da STabeWdilebis

gamZlierebeli.

igavebis mTxrobeli `TeTri daTvSi~ aris maswavlebeli. `kidev

aRmoCnda `sibrZne sicruis~ cnobil xelnawerebSi ro ar SeutaniaTo~,

maswavlebeli am igavebs Cumad ukiTxavda moswavleTa jgufs, `ro arc

maswavleblebi gaswyromodnen, ro arc saministros aetexa xmauri crui~

(59. 57).

am SemTxvevaSi ki igavis Semotanamde romanSi daxatulia

sazogadoebis saxe: siyalbes Seguebulni marTal sityvas SiSiani

gangaSiT xvdebian. TviT igavi aris TeTri daTvis Sesaxeb.

`daTvman TeTrman awvia TaTbiri. da iyo yovlisa borotisa moqmedi~

(iqve).

aRwerilia TaTbiri da moTaTbireni: `mela movidis qaTibiTa

TeTriTa daTvisa TeTrisa saameblad~. ver aama daTvs da aRwerilia vin

rogor ùxrika~ erTmaneTs farisevlurad.

igavis Segonebad, TeTri daTvis (ruseTis) mxilebad JRers TeTri

daTvis survili: èsreT did Semqmnas RmerTman Cemgan meti amqveynad

veravin daetioso~ (iqve). aseTia TviTmpyrobeluri ruseTis madis

alegoriuli gamoxatva.

amave romanSi `babaiad~ qceuli daTvisa da TeTri melis igavia,

magram ukve TeTri meli iTxovs: `saerTaSoriso arbitraJma gaarkvios

mtyuan-marTali~; daTvs aRar moswons melis idumali vizitebi.

aq aRwerili viTareba SevardnaZisa da elcinis politikur

manevrirebebs gadmoscems ukve viTarebaSecvlil sivrceSi. `bermudis

samkuTxedis~ igavTa Soris erT-erTi, sabaseuli `sanTliT saZebari

mouravis~ mcire saxecvlilebaa. es igavi furclad miugdiaT fanjris

rafaze, ganadgurebuli wignis naglejiRaa, gizos moxvdeba xelSi da

CaikiTxavs; Tu rogor uaryves mouravi, `dia kargi kaci~, momdevno samma

mouravma molodini ar gaamarTla; `Seiyarnen kaciT dedakacamdis erTad,

aTsave TiTze sanTlebi dainTes da folorcSi svla iwyes.

ikiTxa mefeman: ras etirebiano?

maT moaxsenes: maSin ro mouravi gavaZeveT, mas veZebT da ver

gvipovniao~ (59. 150).




- - 160

`bermudis samkuTxedi~ asaxavs struqturadarRveuli mTavrobis

mmarTvelobis Sedegebs da sxva ubedurebaTa Soris gaZarcul,

gaRatakebul, uxelfaso, damSeul mosaxleobas. sabaseuli igavi

SegonebiT mTavrdeba; romanSi Segonebis nacvlad faqtebi metyvelebs. am

igaviT dro da sivrce mTliandeba, sulxan-sabas igaviT ar damTavrebula

qveynisa da xalxis erTguli adamianis winaaRmdeg sastiki brZola,

ciliswameba, gandevna. Jamidan Jamamde movlenebi meordeba da yovelTvis

gviania sinanuli `gandevnili mouravis~ gamo.

`yvelas Tavisi codo uwevso, _ brZanebda mimdevari sulxan-sabasi,~

ase iwyeba erT – erTi igavi `bermudis samkuTxedSi, sadac daxatulia

erTgvari mikromodeli borotebaze, adamianis gawirvaze dafuZnebuli

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis, sadac boroteba axal borotebas

Sobs da daatarebs TviTganadgurebis potencias.

igavis mixedviT, prezidents mebaRem moaxsena: vardze bulbuls bude

gaumarTavso, gaica brZaneba:

` _ ar SerCes bulbuls magisi qmna!~ (59. 440) prezidenti sjis yvelas:

bulbulis bartyebis mWamel gvels, gvelis unebur mkvlel mebaRes;

Semdeg `jalabeur walkotSi~ mlxens, `xadumTa~ mihgvares mebaRe,

romelic xeze imaleboda; prezidentma misi sikvdiliT dasja brZana.

`mebaRem moaxsena: viTa Cven ar SegvrCa brZanebisaebr Senisa, aRarc

Sen SegrCes sikvdili Cemio!

ar uama prezidentsa...~ (59. 441)

usamarTloba badebs borotebas da ryvnis samarTlianobas, swored

aseT sinamdviles asaxavs ganxiluli igavi.

sabaologi maswavlebelia, `sibrZne sicruisas~ axali redaqciis

gamocema rom ganuzraxavs, mas Svidi Tvea xelfasi ar auRia (es im

wlebSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo; anekdotad iqca: xelfasi aviReo da: ra,

axali weliao? imdenad iSviaTi iyo xelfasis gacema terminic

daamkvidres `gayinuli xelfasi~).

urTierTdasjis, ùfskrulze Tokis gadaWris~, ambiciebis

dasakmayofileblad dauokebeli brZolis dro damTavrda: `kitovanic ro

SeumwyvreviaT. jabac ho. gvardiac daSlila. mxedrionica, gadakargulan

zviadistebi. daRavebulan, vinc gadarCenilan, gasdgomia erTi meoresa~

(59. 64).




- - 161

aseT qveyanaSi Sromisa da Rirsebis damfasebeli vinRaa, `pensias ar

aZlev, _ jer ra pensiaa, xelfass ar aZlev, _ jer ra xelfasia~ (59. 65).

gizo sabaologs arc daexmareba, arc mosZebnis, arc ekiTxeba, arc

edardeba: `TavianTi saqme TviTon ician: Seiyrebian da miadgebian meriasa.

mere parlaments miadgebian. mere saprezidentosa. lozungebiTa.

megafonebiTa. iqac daxvdeba mRebriSvili. iqaca. iqaca. daiSaleTo... Tu ar

damorCildebian `mohxvetavs mere meTaurebsa, gahyris saiTac moafiqrdeba~

(59. 151).

`TeTri melis~ mmarTvelobam arc `moiaraRe inteligencia~ datova

aRtacebuli da dadga Jami sisxliani nakvalevis waSlis mcdelobisa,

WeSmariti Tu farisevluri sinanulisa, `TiTze sanTlebi dainTes~ da

ers kvlav TviTdajerebiT mimarTavdnen teleekranebidan Tu presidan:

`v. goguaZe – axla Cven gamtyunebuli varT gamsaxurdias mimarT da

garkveul wilad bodiSi SemiZlia movuxado amisTvis (75. 488).

`TeTr daTvSi~ mweralma luiza SakiaSvili parlamantSi namdvili

saxeliT Semoiyvana, warmoaCina misi siZulvili zviad gamsaxurdias

mimarT, magram mogvianebiT Tavad SakiaSvilma ganacxada: ìseTi

prezidenti mirCevnia, romelsac jildod Tavis xalxis siyvaruli aqvs.

aseTi prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia iyo. vinc mis patriotizmSi an

erovnulobaSi eWvs Seitans, is adamiani ar aris... Cven avCqardiT da ar

vacaleT mas~ (iqve). g. xoStaria _ `prezidentTan Cemi urTierToba iseTi

sferoa, mec maqvs iq daSvebuli sakmaod mZime Secdomebi, Tu gnebavT

danaSauli.

me dRemde ver vpatiob Cems Tavs, rom Cemdauneburad wiTlebis

xelmeored mosvlas Sevuwyve xeli, Cemi gadametebuli emociuri Tu

inteleqtualuri dapirispirebiT erovnul xelisuflebasTan. mTelma

msofliom rom mapatios, Cems Tavs me mainc ar vapatieb amas~ (iqve).

`dia kargi kaci~ da misi momxreebi gaanadgures;

`gaqceuliyvnen zviadistebi. gadarCenilni Tu darCenilni isxdnen

cixeSi~ (59. 322).

rbevis, ideis devnis, sisxlisRvris Semdeg ainTo sanTeli. romanSi

CarTuli igavi am sinamdvilis winaswarxedvac aris.

romanebSi arakebi alegoriulia. `bermudis samkuTxedSi~ Svidi araki

gvxdeba. ganvixilavT zogierT maTgans.




- - 162

araki `prezidenti da memarne~. alegoriuli TxrobiT erTgvari

daskvnaa wina gverdebze aRwerili mdgomareobisa: `korufcias davZlevT!..

an me viqnebi, an eg korufcia! Tqva prezidentma, orive iyo janiTa

mrTeliTa, guliTa mxiaruliTa. orive iyo~ (59. 322). simarTlis aseTi

simZafriT gacxadeba oTar CxeiZis kalmis bunebrivi Tvisebaa, kidev ufro

mkveTria momdevno gverdebi: `daundobeli brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg!~

ar daiSlida prezidenti soflis gamgeblidan prezidentamdisa yvela

damdgariyo kontroliorad. yvelas Tavisi jami edga~ (59. 283).

diax, yvelas Tavisi jami edga, TiTqos ebrZodnen korufcias, Sedegad

carieldeboda xazina. SevardnaZis xelisuflebisaTvis arafers niSnavda

puris fulis gareSe darCenili mosaxleoba, gaficuli pedagogebi.

uxelfasobis Tveebi Tveebs misdevda.

sabaologis arakis mixedviT: `prezidenti Sevida maransa Tvissa

naxvad Rvinisa~, naxa qvevrTan jami. memarnem auxsna: `ramdenjer Semoval,

TiTos amiT Rvins Sevsvamo~.

ewyina prezidentsa da egre Tqva: `Cemi Rvino ama kacsa auoxrebia~ (2.

83).

`korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma~ prezidentma mas sxva meTvalyure

dauniSna: `nu asmevo~, magram momdevno misvlaze maranSi ori jami daxvda:

memarnisa da misi zedamxedvelis. amjerad axali meTvalyurec daumata,

ase gagrZelda, vidre maranSi 5 jami ar ixila. `korufciis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad~ isev daumata axali mziri. aq ki sabaologi amTavrebs

araks:

`da Tqva ruqam: kidev ramdeni kaci unda daayenos prezidentma,

wveTic rom aRar darCes maranSio~ (59. 384).

Segonebis arsi gamWvirvalea: korufcia aris is mizez-Sedegobrivi

jaWvi, romlis pirveli rgoli prezidentia, gaRatakebuli marani ki –

gaCanagebuli saqarTvelo.

amjerad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT kidev erT arakze, romelic

romanSi uSualod mohyveba afxazeTis tragediis, qarTvelTa genocidis,

ruseT-afxazeTTan wagebuli omis Sesaxeb Txrobas. tkivils, rom ar aris

saxeldarqmeuli imperiis dapyrobiTi politika, genocidi qarTveli erisa

rusTa mier da rom jerac ver gaaxmianes qarTvelma politikosebma

WeSmariteba saerTaSoriso asparezze: cxinvalisa da soxumis garemoSi




- - 163

eTnokonfliqtebi ki ar iyo, imperiulma ruseTma saqarTvelos mTlianoba

xelhyo.

sabaologis mier moyolili `ku da morielis~ alegoriul arss

romanis siuJetebTan mimarTebaSi, amZafrebs originaluri variantis

dasasrulis oTar CxeiZiseuli interpretacia: ku ganibans gesls: `Tu Cemi

gvari geslian xorcs ar gaibans, gausivdeba da mokvdebao~.

morielma uTxra: ìm gvarman Wiri mogWamao. Jamia aw tolerantobisa,

me Tu gamwirav, saxels gaitexo~ (59. .245).

morieli mteria, igi kus geslis moSorebas (mtrisgan Tavdacvas)

tolerantobis saxeliT uSlis, `saxels gaitexo~.

es aris xazgasma movlenebisadmi araswori damokidebulebisa

tolerantoba aris Semwynarebloba da ara moZalade mtrisTvis asparezis

daTmoba. am WeSmaritebis uaryofa aris safuZveli qveynis ganadgurebis,

darbevis. waqezebulma kum marTlac daircxvina, morieli napirze gasva

da mxolod mere Caiyuryumelava tbaSi. Sedegi: tba daSra. mkbenarman

imata. mteri da mokeTe geslad iqca. yvelaya daesxa kus.

kum uTxra mokeTes: Sen raRa Zmao?

mokeTeman: mters vaamo, mtersa Cemsa vukmio sarkmeveli~ (59. .245).

zusti alegoriuli saxeebia XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTuli

sinamdvilisa, sadac `mkbenarman imata~, mokeTec mtrad eqca: `mters

vaamoo~.

sabaologis mier daxatuli cru tolerantobis: `mtersa Cems vukmio

gundrukis~ Sedegia gasxvisebuli samkvidro – afxazeTi. `gvari~, anu

erovnuloba, mtris maamebelTaTvis gadafasebuli Rirebulebaa,

momxvdurs asparezs uclian (`rac mwared gvemaxsovreba~: ganiaraRebuli

qarTuli jari rusis teqnikis winaaRmdeg afxazeTSi) da mkbenardaseuli

tba – sulierad dakninebuli, mtermoZalebuli saqarTvelo;

CrdiloeTidan momavali, Casafrebuli ubedureba _ `genialuri ganWvreta

leninur-stalinuri: soxumi – baTumi – cxinvali. sami wertili.

bedisweris samkuTxedi~ (59. .397). gagrZelebac am politikis: `mometebulad

unda daeSalaT saqarTveloi: megrelTa, svanTa, berZenTa, TaTarTa,

javaxTa, samxreT CeCenTa, samxreT inguSTa, samxreT daRestnis

avtonomiebada. samxreT oseTi aRar yofnidaT. xurjinebi kavkasionze~ (59.

.397).




- - 164

`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ erT-erTi araki wuTisofels axasiaTebs. es

aris sabaseuli `lodis damgoreblis~ mxatvrul – filosofiuri

interpretacia. sabaologis axali redaqciiT araki unda Sewydes am

monakveTze. àmotanaSi xvneSodis da, ra daagoris lodi, icinodis...

cxovreba ho oriveao. SeWirvebaca da siamecao. tanjvac iq aris.

amaoebaca, dacinvacaa amaoebisao~ (59. 429).

am sityvebiT aris gamoxatuli mwerlis mier wuTisoflis

dapirispirebulobis kanoni. siame da tanjva mzisqveSeTSi iyo, aris da

iqneba, magram am yovelives sulieri mzeriT moxilva amaoebis dacinvaa.

WeSmaritad Rirebulia mxatvruli nawarmoebi `roca iseve Wvret

cxovrebas, TiTqos saguldagulod gaprialebul lupaSi Cagexedos, _

diax, cxovrebas ki xedav, magram TviT wigns verc amCnev~ (59. 54). swored

am sisavsiTa da ostatobiT moaqvs mkiTxvelTan cxovreba – wuTisofeli

oTar CxeiZes.

ganxiluli igavebic cxadhyofs oTar CxeiZis mier daxatuli

mxatvruli samyaros uSualo, ostatur kavSirs sinamdvilesTan.

aRniSnuli romaniT mwerali amTlianebs realizmis daxvewil,

klasikur esTetikur normebs da aseve qmnis misi gamoxatvis axal

formebs, aq erTmaneTs erwymis Seufaravi sinamdvile da xatovani

azrovneba.

akaki baqraZe brZanebda: `didi Wkua ar sWirdebia imis mixvedras –

romeli gza unda airCios mwerlobam, Tu ar surs dakargos funqcia~ (9.

130).

am gzis arCevaSi oTar CxeiZisTana zneobis mwerlebi ar uSveben

Secdomas.

mxatvrul-dokumentur prozas SeeTvisa oTar CxeiZis mier ostaturad

CarTuli arakebi, misi funqciaa:

a) mamxilebluri tonis gamZafreba.

b) mxilebuli mankierebis konkretulad warmoCena (korufcia, cru

tolerantoba, borotebiT asparezis damkvidreba).




- - 165

b) saxelebis mxatvruli funqcia

oTar CxeiZis prozaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba

personaJTa saxelebsac. mwerals yoveli personaJi marjve siuJeturi

qargiT Semohyavs da saxelsac ostaturad urCevs.

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis amsaxvel trilogiaSi im movlenebis

mTavari pirebi sakuTari saxelebiT iqcnen romanebis personaJebad.

`Tavidanve saxelebs rom ar davebrkolebine, sakuTari saxelebiTve

Cavwere nawarmoebSi, gadamuSavebisas, meore variantSi ufro damSvidebiT

Sevucvli saxelebs-meTqi. Cveulebriv, pirvel variants arca vbeWdav...

gadamuSavebis dros sxva saxelebi aRar moixdina”, _ ambobs mwerali da

gvikonkretebs Janrobrivi specifikis wilsac saxelebTan mimarTebaSi,

rom trilogia `dokumenturobasTan erTad istoriulobis wodebasac

SeiZens da aw cocxali, moqmedi gmirebi istoriuli romanis personaJebad

iqcevian. xolo istoriul romanebSi istoriuli gmirebi sakuTari

saxelebiT Sedian (70. 778). saxelebisadmi aseT damokidebulebas mwerali

viTarebebiT nakarnaxev stilistikasac uwodebs.

ufro adrindel nawarmoebebSi saxels Semoqmedi sxva principiT

arCevda. zogadad, cnobili politikosebis nacnobi saxelebis gverdiT

mizanmimarTulad aris SerCeuli mxatvruli CanafiqriT xorcSesxmul

personaJTa saxelebic.

oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebis kiTxvisas `grZnob, Turme rogor

mogSiebia, mogwyurebia, mognatrebia qarTuli sityvis surneli. mwerali

ki enis gatlanqebas Civis, iqneb imitomac, rom amaRlebuloba da

suliereba gaqra Cveni cxovrebidan~ (83. 97). sulieri velis gamJRavnebis

funqcia mis mxatvrul samyaroSi personaJTa saxelebsac ekisrebaT. igi

saocrad metyveli da simboluri datvirTvisaa. gansakuTrebul interess

iwvevs saxismetyvelebiT-etimologiuri datvirTva. saxelebs aqvT

aluziis, ironiis, litosisis funqcia.

werilSi, `saxelebis magia~, valerian gafrindaSvili ambobs: `saxeli

da sityva erTad izrdebian, Semdeg saxeli gauswrebs zrdaSi sityvas da

maRla aagdebs tans, rogorc romelime gmiri hqmnis legendas, ise saxeli

pirveli aSrialebis Semdeg hqmnis Tavis fantastikas~ (16. 528).




- - 166

saxelis mier Seqmnili `fantastika~ qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis

araerT nimuSSi gvxvdeba. mecnieruli interesiTa da simboliuri

datvirTviT am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `vefxistyaosnis~

personaJTa saxelebis etimologia. swored am etimologiuri saidumlos

gaxsniT xdeba sacnauri saxismetyvelebiTi datvirTva sami raindis

(tarieli, avTandili, fridoni) mier qajeTis cixis ganadgurebisa da

nestanis gaTavisuflebisa, rac am TvalsazrisiT moiazreba, rogorc

kosmiuri bnelis damarcxeba da erTgvari iniciacia.

oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul samyaroSi ùmadlo Jams~ daukninebia nestan-

darejani da TinaTini (àrtistuli gadatrialeba~). es saxelebi qarTul

sinamdvileSi asocirdeba `vefxistyaosnis~ personaJebTan. poemaSi isini

naTelmosili saxeebi arian. saxelebis etimologiac miuTiTebs maT

gansakuTrebul funqciaze.

nestan-darejani poemaSi iniciaciis (saRvTo sibrZnesTan ziarebis)

simboloa. saxelis arabuli etimologia `nesT andare jehan~ _ àr aris

qveynad~, migviTiTebs nestanis misiaze; is araamqveyniuri sibrZnea.

ìniciacia aris gza ganRmrTobisken, cxovrebis xis Zalebis kvlav

mopovebisken (13. 332)~, sami raindi: tarieli, avTandili da fridoni yvela

amqveyniur dabrkolebas umklavdeba saRvTo sibrZnesTan ziarebis gzaze.

am procesis maorganizebeli Zala (avTandilisaTvis davaleba ucxo

moymis Ziebisa, waqezeba moaZebninos tariels gadakarguli mijnuri), aris

TinaTini. sagulisxmoa, rom `TinaTinis~ literaturuli formaa

àTinaTi~, rac niSnavs sinaTlis cimcims, naTebas, agreTve, sabaseuli

ganmartebiT, `sarkiT anu misTanaTa raTme mzis Suqis kedelze cials~.

e.i. es sityva sinaTlis sarkiseul anareklsac niSnavs, xolo sarke

rogorc antikur, ise Suasaukuneobriv filosofiaSi, sayovelTao

cnobili simboloa gonebisa~ (13. 249). zviad gamsaxurdia askvnis, rom

`vefxistyaosanSi~ TinaTini, gonebis personifikacia, aris iniciatori

Semecnebisa~ (13. 256).

rusTveliseuli nestani da TinaTini gamoirCevian manaTobeli

garegnobiT: `TinaTin mzesa swunobda, magram mze TinaTinobda~. nestanis

brwyinvalebas Cveulebrivi mzera ver uZlebs, fatmani mis gamoCenas ase

ixsenebs: `daviwuxen Tvalni, yola ver Sevagen viTa mzesa~.




- - 167

am nestansa da TinaTins cud anarekladac ar ekadrebian àrtistuli

gadatrialebis~ sexniebi.

`nestan-darejani, gamxdari qali, wvrili yeli da wawvetebuli nikapi

ro hqonda, amasTan: gasCaCxoda Zvlebi saybeuri~ (58. 162).

`gamoebereba da daeCuteba patara, patara Rababi TinaTinsa.

gamoebereba da daeCuteba~ (58. 164).

garegnuli kontrastis gagrZelebaa cnobierebis daknineba, rasac

adasturebs maTi msjeloba pirvel prezidentze. aq arc naTeli rwmenaa

da arc araamqveyniuri madliT cxebuli goneba. aq kamaToben imaze,

abdRvnida Tu ara sami wlis zviad gamsaxurdia farSevangs kuds.

oTar CxeiZem es mZafri ironia epoqis sulis dasaxasiaTeblad

gamoiyena. Tu poemis TinaTini `mzeebr Wvrets yovelTa, cnobiTa mis

mxedveliTa~, aq misi `gonebis salesi~ saubaria, ymawvili zviad

gamsaxurdia farSevangebs kuds aglejdao. msjelobis logikuroba

nestanTan kamaTisas ubralod saR azrovnebas moklebulia, TviT nestan-

darejanic ver avlens SesaSur Rirsebas (`kapkapebs~).

ùmadlo Jams~ daukninebia nestan-darejani da TinaTini.

es banovanebi da maTi Tanameinaxeebi darwmunebulni arian: `vis

gauWirdeba Cveni daqcevao, moskovs wkipurti daezareba CvenTvisao~ (58.

162). es is periodia, roca `beteerebi dascqeroda rusTavelsa

Savnabadidana~ (58. 167), xolo `qarTvlis dedai dabRverili iseve

dascqeroda imave moedansa, imave maxviliTa, imave jamiTa. maxvilisa

aravis eSinoda, jams yvela hxapavda. hxapavda~ (58. 168).

nestani nestani aRar aris, TinaTini _ TinaTini, qarTvlis dedobis

suli dakninda, aRarc naSierni modian madliT `rom win gauZRves

WeSmariteba, ukan hrCes kvali, ganaTebuli~ da funqcia daukargavs

qarTvlis dedis maxvils, radgan TviT misi Svilni daTiTokacebulan,

dapirispirebulan.

àmaRleba~ meTeqvsmete Txzulebaa romanebis rkalisa `matiane

qarTlisa~. aq mwerali, Cveulebriv, amxels sabWoTa reJims, `viTom ro

yvelas ekuTvnoda yvelaferi, viTomao. viTomao, sinamdvileSi ro

aRaraferi SerCenoda aRaravisa gawamebuli sulis garda, gawamebulisa,

gawamebulisa. erTi xeli samosic SerCenoda. Tu ar gahxdidnen ra Tqma

unda~ (57. 50), roca `sZuldaT yvelaferi Zveli, aZulebdnen da sZuldaT,




- - 168

sZuldaT; akvanSive CasZaxodnen siZulvilsa, mTlad akvanSi Tu ara,

oqtombrelobaSi, pionerobaSi, komkavSirlobaSi, amas CasZaxodnen

mxolod ro amasa. da izrdeboda Taobebi siZulviliTa, Zveli ro sZulda

da ro sZulda yvelaferi winaprisa~ (57. 67).

am ùmadlo Jamsac~ hyavs romanSi Tavisi naTelmosili personaJebi:

gvarami, hxvTiso, nestani, nestanis dideda (keTilSobili genis Zlieri

fesvi). sagulisxmoa, rom avtori gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs

saxelebis SerCevas.

saxeli gurami (gvarami) sparsuli `baramis~ qarTuli formaa da

gamarjvebis genias niSnavs. gvarami etimologiur kavSirSia saxelTan

`baram”. miRebulia mravalsafexuriani gardaqmnis gziT avesturi

“vereTragnasagan”. es aris saxeli gamarjvebis RvTaebisa, romelmac

daamarcxa boroti demoni vereTra~ (78. 325).

hxvTiso _ saxecvlili formaa ZvelqarTuli saxelisa RvTisavari,

RvTiso, rac ufalTan ziarebas moiazrebs. gurami da hxvTiso mzad arian

gaeridon am sulgayinul sinamdviles da gavidnen tyeSi, aRadginon

taZari, simarTlisa da siyvarulis mikrosamyaro Seiqmnan. dabrkoleba

mxolod unestanobaa da isic uyoymanod midis am mikrosamyaros

SemqmnelebTan, ipova gvaramma `sufTa asuli. xalasi, naTeli, wminda,

erTguli, uyoymano, meuRle Tvisi~ (57. 39).

àmaRlebis~ nestani amarTlebs Tavisi saxelis etimologias. misi

silamaze `Tuali sulisaÁT~ aRiqmeba, mxolod RirebuliT SeuZlia

dakmayofileba da RirebulisTvis surs gaxarjva. man icis ra misiac

airCia gvaramTan dauRlebiT: èSmaki wylisferiao, yvelaferic

gawyalebula da yvelganac wamoskupebula eSmaki... auklia aq yvelaferi

moumusria, mounareklebia, mouTavebia saqmei Tvisi, mouklavs Jini. axla

aq isev RvTis Tvali trialebs, Cvenc albaT RvTis Tvals movuwvevivarT,

Cvenc aRvidgenT warsulsa Cvensa da aRvidgenT Tavsa Cvensa. RmerTsac

meti raiRa ZaluZs: gviCvenos gzai!.. da ai gzai: aRvadginoT warsuli

Cveni...~ (57. 233).

myaria nestanis gadawyvetileba: `nu geeWveba!.. uecrad ar

gadamiwyvetia, arc gadavTqvam ro uecrada~ (iqve).

àmaRlebis~ nestani swored naTlis erTgulebis, misi gadarCenis

Cumi RvawliT moevlina samyaros, qveyanas, romelic RvTismgmobelTa




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xelSi Cavardniliyo. wiTel reJims garidebuli nestanis mSoblebi

mZafrma nostalgiam daabruna samSobloSi, ar undodaT bavSvi ucxoeTSi

dabadebuliyo, àhyvnen amasa, ahyvnen, Camohyvnen, anTu iTqmis ro:

Camouswres, _ aerodromidan samSobiaroSi gaaqanes... daibada bavSvi,

nestani daibada~ (57. 126). am SemTxvevaSi, nestani qajebma ki ar moitaces

(araamqveyniuri sibrZne borotma Zalam ki ar daatyveva, rogorc

`vefxistyaosanSi~ xdeba), nestani sulac qajeTSi daibada (is daibada

qveyanaSi, sadac RvTis rwmena sastikad idevneboda, e.i. bnelSi, radgan

naTeli RmerTis saxelia). `hxravda saxelmwifo xorcsaca, sulsaca,

yvelafers hxravda. gaZRoma ro veRar gaego~ (57. 129).

CrdiloeTidan motanili socializmi devnida jansaR energias,

genetikur simrTeles vinc daatarebda, yvelas. `daepatimrebinaT papai

nestanisa, mSoblebi nestanisa...~ (57. 136). nestani SiSiTa da dardiT

gaTanguli didedis imedad darCa. dideda fesvmagar muxad idga da

zeciurs avedrebda mas. àRanTebda sanTelsa da moiyrida muxlsa

RvTismSoblis winaSe: Sen gevedrebi, Sen daifareo... ho aRarc undoda aq

yofnai, ho mxolod nestanis dardiRa ayovnebda~ (57. 137). locva, sanTel-

sakmeveli iyo maTi imedi, magram bebia frTxilobda, nestans ar unda

gamoevlina rwmena, radgan `skola daWimuliyo, skola yalxze idga,

rwmena arsaidan ar Semogveparoso, namdvili rwmenao, Torem crus ho

qadagebda dReniadaga, TavgamodebiTa hgadagebda. sicrue batonobda da

Tvalebi daeWyita sicruesa...~ (57. 141).

sicruis, aTeizmis batonobisas nestani uCveulo movlenaa, is ar

iSlis pirjvris gadasaxvas, TiTebi uneblieT wauvidoda xelme. ra Tqma

unda, SeumCneveli ar darCaT, daucacxanes, ganmarteba mosTxoves. dideda

daibares. mas klasis xelmZRvanelma SiSiT, CurCuliT auxsna: àSkarad

mainc ar unda etyobodes... ho iciT, ra dReSi varT!~ (57. 142)

mZime iyo bebiisa da SviliSvilisTvis uRmerTo sazogadoebaSi yofna,

magram mainc gadarCeniliyvnen adamianuri adamianebic; isini

SeaSvelebdnen xels gaZlebaSi... `gadarCnen; nestani mainc ro moisusxa, ar

daazro yinvama, ara, ara, mainc ayvavda, gaifurCqna mainca, buneba ro

mainc Tavisas sCadis, mkacr zamTars ro laRi gazafxuli mohyveba~ (57.

143). nestani _ araamqveyniuri sibrZne, mainc ayvavda, radgan borotebas

misi dabrkoleba SeuZlia, ganadgureba _ ara.




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rwmena adamianobis niSania. sainteresoa, rom genialuri eqimi-

humanisti n.i. pirogovi, romlis naSromebic rogorc medicinis, ise

pedagogikis sferoSi dRemde klasikur nimuSebad rCeba, ambobda: `rwmenas

miviCnev adamianis fsiqikur unarad, romelic mas cxovelisgan yvelaze

metad ganasxvavebs~ (39. 168).

sabWoTa ideologia adamianurobis swored am umTavres niSans

ebrZoda, radgan mis saxelmwifoebriv struqturas individualuri

niSnebiT madlcxebuli adamiani ar sWirdeboda.

aTeizmis _ siyvarulis (`siyvarulia RmerTi~) uaryofis epoqaSi

nestanis dabadeba gadarCenis imedi iyo. mSvidi da mxiaruli naTliT

brwyindeba suli adamianisa, romelic dReniadag siyvarulisa da

mowyalebis saqmeebs akeTebs, rogorc ki mas madli RmrTisa moefineba da

Seexeba. am energias daatarebs nestani da mTeli ZaliT avlens mas

gvaramTan da hxvTisosTan SeziarebiT saRvTo saqmeSi.

tkiviliani warsulidan modian hxvTiso da gvaramic, isini saTno

deida salomem gazarda, mSoblebi Jamis siveragem, wiTelma reJimma

Seiwira.

samive erTi niSniT dadaRuli suliT daiareba `dune sinamdvileSi~

da am sinamdvilidan gaqceva undaT. nestani gvarams gamoutyda: `damtanja

dune sicocxlema... mainc ho Sen mogekowiwe... Sen gamorCeuliyav Cems

TvalSia, Sen gepovna biliki Seni da aRarc gaxsovda sxva araferi, verc

ro migetovebina isini, ubilikoni, dabneulni...~ (57. 224)

aTeistur, RvTisgmobel saxelmwifoSi adamianebma dakarges gza (`me

var gza da me var WeSmaritebai da cxovrebaÁ, aravin movides mamisa, garna

Cems mier~. (5. 14. 6:7).

macxovris mraval saxelTa Soris: naTeli, saxiereba, tarigi, mwyemsi

keTili, mdogvis marcvali, lodi, marili, mze simarTlisa, erT-erTi aris

`gza~.

uRmerTo sazogadoebas dakarguli aqvs biliki (biliki xom gzaze

gadis). WeSmariti gzidan, naTlierebisagan mowyveta mtkivneulia

sulisTvis. V saukunis cnobili RvTismetyveli netari avgustine ufals

mimarTavda: `ra var uSenod, Tu ara megzuri, ufskrulisken rom miuZRvis

sakuTar Tavs?~ (34. 56).




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amaRlebis taZris aRdgena ar aris mxolod garideba `dune

cxovrebisgan~, es ùbilikoTaTvis~, ufskrulisken mavalTaTvis uxilavi,

naTeli gzis gakvalvis uZlieresi survilicaa.

hxvTisoc qveynis tkiviliT suldamZimebulia. nestanma gadawyvita:

misi biliki gvaramis biliks SeuerTda, gamokveTili iyo mizani _ `gandge

da aRadgino rac ro Sebilwa brboma, xelisuflebisagan waqezebulma

brboma~ (57. 228).

amaRlebis taZari brbom ara, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma

daarbies, kanonisa da qveynis samsaxuris saxeliT.

`rbeva amaRlebis eklesiis midamoebisa iseTive STambeWdaobiTaa

warmosaxuli, rogorc oTar CxeiZis sxva romanebis _ `boriayi~ da

`cxrawyaro~ _ finaluri scenebi, apokalifsur suraTebs rom mogvagonebs

Sinagani tragizmiTa da mZafri eqspresiiT~ (68. 220).

amaRlebis taZris aRdgenis mizniT Cveulebrivi yofierebisgan,

qalaqisgan garideba arsiT ùdabnos qalaqyofis~ mikromodelia, radgan

aq mxolod fizikuri taZari ar aris zrunvis sagani. umTavresi mizani

`dune cxovrebisgan~ gaqcevaa, taZari erTgvarad gzac aris da

saSualebac RvTisken swrafvis, erovnulisadmi imperiul-sabWouri

mtrobis dapirispirebis Jams: `warsuli ro awmyoa, imitom unda

gavacocxloT warsuli, imitoma, imitoma. awmyo imitoma gvaqvs, warsuli

ro gvaqvs da imitomac unda mogvispon warsuli, awmyo ro mogvispon.

awmyo sZulT Cveni, awmyo sZulT da warsuls imitomac gadahkidebian~ (57.

232) _ ase gamoxata mweralma sam sxeulSi damkvidrebuli erTi

STagonebis sulTa swrafva, savali biliki da misi safuZveli. awmyosa da

warsulis gamTlianeba mizez-Sedegobriv jaWvSi mxatvruli xerxic aris

da TviTmyofadobis formulac, romelsac momdevno gverdebze azustebs

mwerali nestanis piriT: `gaZlebac es aris, istorias ro ar davkargavT,

gadarCenac es aris, sicocxlec es aris~ (57. 235)

marTlac, nayofieri aRmoCnda es Rvawli. gvarami da nestani

SeemTliannen erTmaneTs, òri vaJi ezrdebodaT... uReli miiwevda

gawonasworebuli~ (57. 239).

tyeSi dabanakebulebi uvlidnen taZars, wmendnen garemos da Tavis

sarCenad hqondaT meurneoba (qalaqTan TiTqmis gawyvetili hqondaT

kavSiri). es ar apaties `Teoretikosebma~, `ro maRldebodnen da




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maRldebodnen, iZendnen xarisxebsa, wodebebsa, jildoebsa ho nuRar

ikiTxav...~ am `simaRlis~ trfialT amaRlebis taZris qomagni damnaSaved

CaTvales. `meudabnoeni~ gamorCeuli individebi iyvnen: ìndividualizmi

nacionalizmis saburvelica yofila, orive erTad dauZinebeli mteri

saxelmwifosi. saxelmwifos mizanic ro is unda yofiliyo, orive ro

moeSTo erTdroulada. erTdroulada. erTdrulada~ (57. 282).

ìndividualizmisa da nacionalizmis~ mters maspinZlis amtanobiT

dauxvda nestani: ìdga maspinZlis movaleobiTa, movaleoba ro amtanobaa,

idga, itanda~ (57. 311). daupatiJebel stumrebs mohyva uamravi usiamovneba

da bolos: Seqmnili walkotis darbeva, momxvduri verasodes gaigebda,

rom gvaramisTvis `Tavdeboda yvelaferi gumbaTis qveSa, ro Tavdeboda

miwieri, RvTaebrivi ro iwyeboda~ (57. 328).

àmaRleba~ iwyeba nestanis SiSiT gvelis gamoCenis gamo, romelmac

kinaRam bavSvi dagesla, magram hxvTisom moaswro, layuCebSi staca xeli

da daamarcxa (`veeba ram gaxldaT is verani...~)

gvaramis, hxvTisosa da nestanisTvis yvelaze mZime wuTebSic es

ùxsenebeli~ TiTqmis personaJi xdeba, nestani ver umklavdeba SiSs,

cdilobs gvaramis darwmunebas, rom gvels gaeridon, gvarami amSvidebs:

`_ ras izam, cxovreba ho magasTan erTad daiwyo adamianma, _ modian

mas mere, erTad modian~.

` _ gaveclebi.~

_ ha, ha, ha... sad gaeclebi?!~

_ sadac ar arian...~

_ sad ar arian?!~

_ sadac bevri adamiania, iq magaTi sinsilac ar aris...

_ aris. TviT adamianebSi Cabudebulan. adamiani qmnila sulisada da

saxisada magisi. adamiani!~

_ mainc adamiania...~

` _ raRa adamiania? anTu rac aris ufro saSiSia, amas gaiclebi da

moiSoreb...~

` _ adamiansac gaeclebi da moiSoreb...~

` _ hxedav, igivea!~ (57. 324-325)

nestanis SiSi bavSvis safrTxes ukavSirdeba. mis Tvalwin kinaRam

dagesla biWi gvelma. dedisTvis umTavresia Svilis gadarCena, Tundac




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garidebis gziT. ukve umTavresi bavSvis usafrTxoebaa da ara amaRlebis

gumbaTi.

mweralma kanonzomieri gadawyvetileba miaRebina personaJs.

mxatvruli literaturis samyaroSi bavSvi momavalia, Tu bavSvi iRupeba,

xdeba àntidabadeba~. Cvens SemTxvevaSi es bavSvi (gvaramisa da nestanis

SemTlianebis nayofi), zeciuri sibrZnisa (nestanis) da qveynis

gulwrfeli Wirisufalis, gamarjvebis geniis (gvaramis) xvalindeli

dRea. vidre Jami aqvs `boroteba Tavs ar dasTmobs dasaTrgunavad~,

amitom ganmtkiceba-gaZlierebamde garideba sjobs.

saxismetyvelebiT azrovnebaSi mdgradi paradigmuli saxea gveli. igi

arcTu ise iSviaTad figurirebs bibliaSi Sedarebis sagnad: àRleses

enaÁ maTi, viTarca guelisai, da gesli aspitTa bageTTa maTTa~ (5. 139. 4),

`guliswyroma maTi msgavs ars guelisasa da viTarca aspitsa yrusa,

romelsa daeyunian yurni~ (5. 57. 5).

swored am gesls, aspits unda gaaridos nestanma vaJi _ imedi,

WeSmaritebisa da warsulis erTgulebis msxmoiarobis dasturi; `nestanis

jiSisad modis Tu gvaramis gvarisada Tu orive SenivTebula, ro verc

gamoarCev erTmaneTisgana~ (57. 359). es patara am warmomavlobis gamo

Tavisi misiiT movida, `naRveliT iwyebda biWi cxovrebasa~, TviTon

iswavla leqsi `me patara qarTveli var, kavkasiis mTebis Svili~, mTebi

uyvars, taZari da freskebic, misi mSoblebi Tavs rom evlebian da jer ar

icis sakuTari samSoblos ubedureba, Tavs rom moaxvies: `mze

CrdiloeTidan amodiso~, CrdiloeTs Tavisi mizani hqonda, `tramalis

vneba mTagrexilebs ver moiTmenda... istorias iparavdnen, miwebs

iparavdnen, momavals iparavdnen...~ gvelisa iyo asparezi da samomavlo

xsnis umTavresi piroba movlenili sijansaRis (nestanisa da gvaramis

Svilis) misgan dacva iyo.

gansacdelebma da amao fusfusisgan garidebam sabolood

gaucxovela `Tuali sulisaÁ~ gvarams. igi suliT xatavda, funji

davalebas asrulebda da ixveweboda freskebi: `saxierdeboda da

saxiereba igi sinaTle gaxlda, anTu raim sxva naTeli igive sinaTleSi,

uxilavi avTa TvalisTvisa, sikeTisaTvis saxilveli, mxolod

sikeTisTvisa~ (57. 366) da roca gamoaZeves Seqmnili samyarodan, roca

hxvTiso moZaladeebs TvalTagan gauqra da mis Sesaxeb araferi icis,




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gvarami `cocxladac ro aRar iTqmoda, jer mkvdradac ro ver

gamoacxadebdnen~ (57. 260), is `dune cxovrebas~ ver gaiCveulebrivebda,

amaRlebis gumbaTisa da Sinagani simaRlis gareSe ver gaZlebda da isev

moikriba nestanma Zala: `gavbrundeT...~

nawarmoebi simbolurad mTavrdeba: `kavkasionis mwvervalebTanac

aRmoaCines Tovlis kacio~, gazeTSi dabeWdil ucnaur suraTs biWma TiTi

daabjina da dabejiTebiT warmoTqva:

`Zia hxvTiso!~

nestanisa da gvaramis vaJma Taviseburi interpretaciiT daxata is

suraTi, kedelze gaakra da mtkiced ganacxada: `Zia hxvTiso!~

`Tvalebi daxuWvoda gvaramsa, ucnauri ram Cvenebani amohfenoda,

ucnauri, aburduli, gaurkveveli, oRond etyoboda, ro gamoirkveoda,

gamoirkveoda da gamoerkveoda~ (57. 395)

simboluri dasawyisidan _ gvelisagan bavSvis (momavlis) dacva,

logikur daskvnamde mivediT: borotTan (gvelTan) brZola rTuli,

momqancveli da mZimea, magram madli araamqveyniuri sibrZnis SenarCunebiT

(nestani), Sinagani naTliT gasxivosnebuli qmnadobiT (gvarami), utyvi

erTgulebis molodiniTa (hxvTiso) da momavlis (bavSvi) gadarCeniT

vlindeba.

mxatvrul-Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT didi mniSvneloba aqvs hxvTisos

savaraudo yofnas kavkasiis mTebSi. is mTebSia _ es sjera bavSvs

(momavals). `mTebi suls maradisobas axseneben, borot Zalas, romelsac

RvTisgan sulTa moSoreba unda, taZrebis ganadgureba, wmida wignebis

dawva SeuZlia, magram mTebis _ maradisobis am sagaloblis dangrevas igi

ver SeZlebs~, _ brZanebs arqimandriti rafaeli, misive sityvebiT, `saxeli

kavkasioni `RvTaebriobis taxts~ niSnavs~ (2. 137).

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom nestani (nesT handar jane), hxvTiso (RvTis

ariso) da gvarami (gamarjvebis genia) amaRlebis taZars Seexiznen, mas

daudgnen qomagad. lukas saxarebis mixedviT, macxovarma mkvdreTiT

aRdgomis me-40 dRes Tavis mociqulebs misca ukanaskneli darigeba,

aRuTqva nugeSinismcemlis movlineba, akurTxa isini da amaRlda zecad.

qristes mociqulebi `darCnen sofelsa Sina garemoculni mravalTa

mterTa da gansacdelTa mier, maT uTuod ar daaviwydaT sityva




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macxovrisa, romel igini darCebian, viTarca cxovarni winaSe mgelTa~ (52.

273).

gvaramisa da hxvTisos gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas mxolod

unestanoba abrkolebda, nestanis Tanxmobac male miiRes, `vinc aq

dagelodeba, iqac wamogyvebao~ da amaRlebis madls miendvnen `cxovarni~,

`mgelTa~ Soris yofniT daRlilni `mglur~ epoqaSi.

gansakuTrebuli migneba ar sWirdeba imas, ratom SearCia mweralma am

gziT mavali personaJebisaTvis es saxelebi (nestani, hxvTiso, gvarami).

jvarsaxovnebis TvalsazrisiT, aranakleb mniSvnelovania medeas saxe

romanSi `TeTri daTvi~. saxismetyvelebiT azrovnebaSi qali ganasaxierebs

qveyanas, ers. `didostaturi xelweriT xatavs mwerali medeas portrets _

qalsa da dedas, RvTis anabara darCenili axalgazrda qvrivis

gansacdels. SimSilobisa da gaWirvebis Jams, axaldabadebuli bavSviT

sruliad umweo qalis amay xasiaTs mkveTri ferebiT, sulismieri

dialogebiT CamonakvTavs~ (75. 93)

borotebis TareSis Jams medeas uWirs Secnoba WeSmariti sikeTisa,

keTilSobilebisa. `maSin yvelaferi waRma-ukuRma meCvenebodao~, _ ambobs

baadurTan saubarSi.

medeas Sinagani aRdgoma, `Tuali sulisaÁs~ axela ukavSirdeba

cremlebs (ioane klemaqsis mixedviT xom `sinanulis cremlebs

naTlisRebis madli aqvs~) Sinagani mzeriT gacnobierebul sikeTes

mohyveba `RvarTqafi cremlisa~.

`sikeTe vixile!.. sikeTei gamocxadebuli. sikeTei srulis siSiSvliTa,

_ uangarobiTa, siwmindiTa. vixile. da. momicva TrTolvama ganucdelma,

dauokebelma, araamqveyniurma. namdvilad, namdvilad ro araamqveyniurma.

cremlic Tan mohyva, RvarTqafi cremlisa~ (59. 391).

ase uTbeba guli qals, romelmac mSobiarobis tkivilebi da

mSobiarobaze avismosurneTa Tavdasxmis tragedia erTad itvirTa.

mSobiarobaze Tavdasxmis epizodi jvarsaxovnebis vertikalsa da

horizontze amTlianebs uaxlesi istoriis sisxlian dReebs, roca

axladSobil erovnul saxelmwifos TviTmyofadobis mteri iaraRiT

daupirispirda, amazrzeni iyo _ `gaxelebai brbosi, Sobas ro daesxnen

Tavsa... gvrgvinavda brboi, gvrgvinavda. qveynis daqceviT imuqreboda~ (59.

391).




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daundobelia dapirispireba mSobiaresa da misi nayofisadmi:

`gafliTes qali da amoacales nayofi da yvelas unda CakbiCos qorfai da

ar gaswvdeba yvelasa da unda daaswron erTimeoresa daerevian

erTimeoresa, ixelTebs dedai drosa da gaitacebs nayofsa Tavisasa da

garbis da miarbeninebs...~ (iqve).

saocrad hgavs am qalisa da misi qveynis xvedri: ltolviloba,

usaxlkaroba, qvrivoba. misi qomagi da gadamrCeni aris baaduri. saxeli

monRoluri warmoSobisad iTvleba. igi osurSi Sevida `bayaTar~ formiT,

romlis qarTuli variantia `baRaTera~, sparsulSi Sevida bahadur

formiT, iqidan ki qarTulSi _ `baaduri~, rac niSnavs mamakacs, gmirs,

goliaTs.

`TeTri daTvis~ personaJi baaduri namdvilad gmiri da mamacia.

umZimesi, xifaTiani gza gaiara, sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarzec iyo, magram

WeSmaritebisTvis, darbeuli samSoblosTvis, naTeli ideisTvis ar

uRalatia.

pirveli prezidentis erTgulebisTvis, saqarTvelos erTianobisTvis

brZolaSi (afxazeTSi) sikvdils Caxeda TvalebSi. Wrilobebisgan

dasaxiCrebuls col-Svilic ver scnobda.

XX saukunis 90-ani wlebis borotebamoZalebul saqarTveloSi

baadur rikoTeli sakuTari principis erTgulebiT cxovrobs: `tyavisa

Senisa sacodaobiTa ar waibilwo suli Seni~ (59. 358)

Wrilobebisgan momjobinebuli baaduri mTas Seexizna sulis

gansamtkiceblad. is RvTismSoblisadmi vedrebiT tovebs gamoqvabuls,

avedrebs samkvidros. berTa uZveles senakSi misi ganmartoeba, kosmiuri

mTlianobis nawilad sakuTari Tavis gancda aris gansulierebuli

realoba. mwerali SemTxveviT ar gviCvenebs svetze dayrdnobil

locvansac froidis TeoriebiT suldajijgnil epoqaSi.

mTidan dabrunebul baadurs meuRle axarebs: `bavSvi gveyoleba~. es

simboluri miniSneba ki ara, xmamaRla RaRadia naTeli imedisa: gmiroba

da mamacoba gadarCeba.

saqarTvelos sulierebas aqvs momavali! jansaRni da momavlis

momlodineni arian: baaduri, qeTevani, nino, gvarami, nestani, hxvTiso. amis

saTqmelad iRvawa oTar CxeiZem. ase rom:




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a) oTar CxeiZis mier Seqmnil mxatvrul samyaroSi personaJTa

saxelebsac gansakuTrebuli funqcia aqvT;

b) oTar CxeiZis prozaSi saxeli avtoris mier winaswar gaazrebulia,

gansakuTrebuli mxatvrul-fsiqologiuri datvirTva aqvs.

g) mxatvrul - dokumenturi qronikebSi moqmedi pirebi wignur

cxovrebas iZenen TavianTi namdvili saxelebiTac, es mwerlis xerxic

aris da stilic.




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V Tavi

naratiuli mravalferovneba

a) realizmis variaciebi

oTar CxeiZe kritikuli realizmis tradiciebis gamgrZelebeli da

ganmaaxlebelia. man gamoxatvis axali forma da stili moZebna simarTlis

gasaxmianeblad. igi Tanaziari iyo Tavisi qveynis tkivilebisa, arsismieri

gancdiT daatarebda dapyrobili samSoblos dakninebis (fizikur da

sulier aspeqtSi) tkivils. am tkivilTan SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis SerwymiT

Seiqmna misi mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza, `matiane qarTlisa~.

mixeil javaxiSvili ambobda: `xelovneba miwis wveniT sazrdoobs da

sinamdvilis dakvirvebidan gamodiso~ (82. 72). WeSmariti mwerali am

dakvirvebidan qmnis mxatvrul nawarmoebs da is gzas ikvlevs

mkiTxvelamde, roca Semoqmedi simarTlisa da kalmis erTgulebiT aris

madlcxebuli.

d. guramiSvilis `miwis wveniT~ nasazrdoebi `qarTlis Wirsa vervin

mosTvlis~, _ realobis asaxvaa, d. guramiSvilamde Tu misi Semdgomi

epoqebisTvis. es `Wiri~ ar dawyebula XVIII s.-Si da ar damTavrebula iqve.

`brZeni, enamWevri~ ametyvelebda mas yvela droSi. XX saukunes hyavs

ènamWevri brZeni~ da gvaqvs 22 wignad Sekruli, wvrilad aRnusxuli

qarTlis Wiri alag-alag lxingareuli. `matiane qarTlisa~ _ Cveni drois

matiane~ (83. 93). am qronikebis mTavari personaJi Cveni droa, Cveni drois

adamianebiTa da problemebiT.

realizmi, rogorc qarTuli literaturis esTetikuri mrwamsi,

uZvelesi droidan dRemde sicocxlisunariania, rogorc mwerlobis

uberebeli RerZi. axali epoqa mas Tavis iers matebs mxolod, radgan

`realizmi mTavari Stoa, danarCeni misi totebia~ (81. 32). TiToeuli toti

sinTezirdeba mTavar StosTan àrsebulis sruli gamoyenebiT da axlis

frTxili SemoSvebiT~ (82. 73).

klasikur memkvidreobasTan mtkice kavSiriTa da axlis daxvewiT

yalibdeboda neorealizmi, romlis literaturuli manifesti




- - 179

Camoyalibda m.javaxiSvilis werilSi àrifioni anu saliteraturo

gancxadeba~.

`neorealizms safuZvlad udevs igive klasikuri realizmi Semdegi

ganmeorebiT, damatebiTa da ganmartebiT: Seswavla maxlobel da Soreul

kulturuli warsulisa da misi mxatvruli gamoyeneba dRevandeli

adamianis gemovnebis mixedviT...

SegrZnoba da Segneba axali epoqis sulisa da misi mxatvruli

asaxva~ (82. 72).

roca Semoqmedis madlcxebaze vsaubrobT, swored es iSviaTi

gamTlianeba moiazreba: `SegrZneba da Segneba~, `SegrZneoba~ grZnobadi

samyaros anareklia, `SegnebaSi~ ki grZnobebeTan erTad Zlieri goneba

unda monawileobdes. `guli, grZnoba da goneba erTmaneTzeda hkidian~

(rusTaveli). arsebiTi aris dawmendili guli da suliwmidis madliT

STagonebuli goneba.

eris samsaxurisTvis aseTi `SegrZneba da Segneba~ moemadla ilia

marTals (ilia WavWavaZes). mas unda Seesrulebina saqarTvelos bedis

mZebnelis didi misia, unda scodnoda Cveni xalxis warsuli, awmyo,

sulieri wyoba da gonebrivi avladideba.

`fanatikosis siyvaruliT da daundoblobiT unda gaesinja,

gaeCxrika, aewon-daewona yovelive. asec moiqca. anatomis gulgrilobiT

dado saoperacio sarecelze saqarTvelos erovnuli sxeuli. ar

dautovebia kunWulic ki Seumowmebeli da dasva Tavzardamcemi diagnozi:

`CvenisTana bednieri

gana aris sadme eri?!

yvela unji,

yvela munji,

gulCvili da lmobieri;

Tvalabmuli,

Tavakruli,

pirs lagami zomieri...~ (9. 76)

dasmuli diagnozi àrafrobis uaryofaa~ _ sizarmaciT,

cruaqtiurobiT, crusaqmianobiT, baqiaobiT, pirferobiT, RormucelobiT,

rom vlindeba da mweralma luarsab TaTqariZis simboluri saxiT

gviCvena.




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sizarmace mravalsaxiania; crusaqmianoba da cruaqtiurobac misi

gamovlenaa. TaTqariZeebis cxovrebis wesis Sedegi sruli unayofobaa.

maTi uSviloba yovelgvar unayofobas gulisxmobs.

ìlias azriT, yoveli pirovnebis xsna mtkiced ukavSirdeba

RmerTmimsgavsebulobis problemas” (9. 90), radgan eri pirovnebas hgavs,

keTili sulis gverdiT yovelTvis aris TavSefarebuli boroti sulic.

damonebul, ganviTarebis kanonzomier gzas mowyvetil ers, eZaleba

boroti suli, aaRorZinebs eris mankierebas, aqveiTebs zneobas. mxilebis

Sedegi sakuTari ubedurebisaTvis _ zneobrivi dakninebisaTvis Tvalis

gasworeba unda iyos, rac TavisTavad ganapirobebs znesrulobisaken

swrafvas. ès rom moxdes, erma yvelaferi unda icodes Tavisi Tavis

Sesaxeb, xolo igi, vinc eris samsaxurSi Camdgara da mowodebad

qveynisaTvis Rvawli miuCnevia, piruTvnelad unda ambobdes simarTles, ra

rig mZimec unda iyos am tvirTis tareba” (9. 75).

am misias Seewira ilia marTali.

`piruTvneli simarTliT~ metyvelebs mixeil javaxiSvilis

Semoqmedeba. Tu ilia WavWavaZem TaTqariZeoba rogorc seni, pasiurobiT

gamoavlina. jayoobis batonoba niSnavs warsulis gayidvas, tanjul

awmyos, bnel da gaurkvevel momavals.

jayo mtaceblurad sargeblobs Teimurazis `mouxmarebeli

TavisuflebiT~ da eufleba yovelives.

mixeil javaxiSvili gviCvenebs, rom `moZalade mizanTrops (jayos)

surs SeiniRbos, keTilSobilis saxiT mogvevlinos. jayo Txovs Teimuraz

xevisTavs: `modi, saqmes ise gagakeTebde rom am patara jayos xevisTavi

dagarqmevde, ha, ras ityode?~ Teimurazi Tanaxmaa.

jayo xevisTavi ase iniRbeba mizanTropi altruizmiT momavalSi da

ukve veRar gaarkvev, sad aris keTili da sad _ boroti. amitom

daundoblad unda iqnes mxilebuli jayo da jayooba~ (9. 384).

mxilebis am misias emsaxureba oTar CxeiZe. mankierebas, ubedurebas

gamovlenisTanave arqmevs saxels, Tumca swored es wamouyenes mas erT-

erT braldebad. `SeSfoTda mweralTa kavSiri. gulmodgined namzadi

yriloba moiwvia da ori braldeba wauyena àrtistul gadatrialebasa~: I

_ movlenis Semdeg didi dro ar gasula da ar SeiZleba romanis dawera




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ase mokle droSio da II _ wigni kerZo gamomcemlobam gamoscao. ai,

mweralTa kavSiri, ai, yriloba, ai, problemebi!~ (83. 99).

sabednierod, mwerals arasodes abrkolebda mZafrad Tu SedarebiT

rbilad gamoTqmuli winaaRmdegobebi da arc XX s.-is 90-ian wlebis

movlenebi datova Cveuli yuradRebis gareSe, asaxa Cveni drois `WirTa~

xasiaTi, procesi misi moZalebisa. mis nawarmoebebSi `Cveni

Tanamedrovenic gvxvdebian _ kargad nacnobi presidan Tu televiziidan,

vinc qmnis Tu Slis dRevandel politikas, ekonomikas, sazogadoebriv

yofasa Tu kulturas...

mwerali gulis TvalebiT xedavs da xatavs, misi ironia da satirac

cremlgareulia. ai,rom ityvian simwrisagan ecinebao~ (83. 100).

`Seufaravi realizmiT~ STagonebuli personaJebi oTar CxeiZis

SemoqmedebaSi qarTuli klasikuri literaturisTvis cnobil personaJebs

enaTesavebian sulierad, magram Tavisi epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

TvisebebiT TiTqos gansxvavdebian kidec.

erT-erTi aseTi saxe aris luarsabi. romanSi àrtistuli

gadatrialeba~ vkiTxulobT: èsec luarsabia, sexnia Rirseuli, saxeli

iSviaTi, gaiSviaTebuli ilias Semdgoma, ise ro gaamasxra, ise ro aigdo,

ise ro iTakilos, _ viRa daarqmevda?.. dedam daarqva, mainc daarqva,

mosaxele da wamebuli mefe luarsabia. es mainc aqeTaa, iliaskena~ (58. 24).

nebeloba uflisgan boZebuli, miidrika uarsobisaken. luo

SeiZleboda simarTlisTvis, RirebulebisTvis mebrZolTa Soris

uangarod Camdgariyo, magram es ar moxda. mwerali gvevlineba avtor-

mTxrobelis rolSi, mTeli es monologi agebulia anaqroniaze

(prolefsis_analefsisi), riTac gviCvenebs luos (luarsabis) mankierebis

Zvel fesvebs (àr axalia~ qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis) da axal miznebs:

`luarsabic rao, _ unaRvlo iyo da meti araferi~ (58. 24).

am ùnaRvlosac~ areul qveyanaSi mizani gamohkveTia: `miraJia, rac

unda iyos Rirs ro aq Cajdes da Caijibos Tbilisi, _ maneTi ar uWyavis,

Tbilisi Caijibos, miraJia. mtveria Yyvelaferi~ (58. 25).

ZmaTa dapirispirebis suraTs isev SeaSvelebs mwerali aluziur

frazebs, Tavis personaJze ambobs: `waRma ukuRma mohqcevia, ukuRma _

waRma~ da agrZelebs, `kaxelebis aRma xnuli, qarTlelebma daRma

farcxeso~, albaT maSinac mxari moeqcaT~ (58. 25).




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luo Tbiliselia, magram gdidSi damkvidrda, iq Seqmna mesame ojaxi,

iqaur TeatrSi àrtistobda~; axla Tbilisisken wamosuls, axali miznebi

gadaeSala: àRar dabrundeba. morCa. iZaxon. sxvebi qveyanas angreven , _

vis gaukvirdeba“ (58. 26).

luo cxovrobda simamris kmayofaze, Svilebs fxizeli TiTqmis ar

axsovT. Tbilisidan wamosvlis Semdeg, arc dabrunebula, ìqneb dedamac

ver icnos~, magram icis ra unda: `salonebi unda daipyros,

sammarTveloebi unda daipyros, adgili unda daimkvidros warCinebul

sazogadoebaSi, unda amaRldes~ (58. 26). am surviliT igi uswrebs sexnias

da iZens Tavisi epoqis Tvisebas.

àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ sexniaTa Soris msgavsebas xazs usvams

ùnaRvlobis~, cru aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT, xolo `bermudis

samkuTxedSi~ ramdenime fraziT naTlad aris warmoCenili damRupveli

seni _ Semguebloba: ilias luarsabi sicrueze agebul qorwinebas Seegua,

saqarTvelo _ ruseTis cru megobrobas.

ilias luarsabi motyuebiT daqorwinebas Seegua. Sepirebuli

mzeTunaxavis nacvlad maxinji darejani SerTes, magram `Sublzed eg

mwerebulao~ da gaCumda. zogadad, TaTqariZeoba tyuilze agebuli

arsebobaa, amitom ar mohyveba am miuRebel sicrues adekvaturi reaqcia;

es aRSfoTebasa da protests unda iwvevdes, `magram TaTqariZeobis

paradoqsi is aris, rom ama Tu im process logikuri Sedegi ar mosdevs.

piriqiT, alogikuri rezultatia misTvis bunebrivi. amjeradac ase moxda:

protestis magier sruli kmayofileba daibada~. (9. 86).

erovnul sulSi dabudebuli alogikuri kmayofileba iyo sabWoTa

ruseTis uRelTan Segueba: `qorwili qorwilia. iq ar iyo adgili

pirumtkicobisa, motyuebac ar SeiZleboda. is erTxel mohxda, _ erTxela,

erTxela, _ erTxel mohxda, luarsabi ro moatyues, magram ho _ magram

kidev sxva vin gagigonia imaTze bednieri wyvili?!... vina?!. vina?! egera

dasavleTi, eger aRmosavleTi, eger. egera eg moZalebuli da

mouSorebeli Wiri CrdiloeTisai~ (59. 361).

paraleli cxadia: XI armiis xiStiT Semdgari `qorwinebiT~

mouSorebeli Wiri daesena saqarTvelos. `mere ho aRarc iyo. qarTuli.

rusuli gaxlda. ruseTisa gaxlda~. am uRlis Semgueblobis, monobis

fasad miRebuli aRzevebis, renegatis xvedris sitkboebiT iyo nakvebi




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erovnuli mTavrobis, pirveli prezidentis mimarT zizRi da

winaaRmdegobac.

ruseTis batonobis Senobas zviad gamsaxurdiam kedlebi daungria,

`sxva veraferi ver daaklo, anTu aRar daacades: aRara. da darCa igi

xeluxlebeli. darCa. da. darCa. kedlebic ro aRar undoda. erT SenobaSi

ro verc daeteoda. yvelgan iyo da yvelgan darCa“ (59. 423). axali

luarsabebi da axali jayoebi àxal ruseTs~ _ dsT-s mietmasnen.

`da mostiroda iliaca: `CvenisTana bednieri gana aris sadme eri?!

mtris ar mcnobi, moyvris mgmobi, gareT mxdali, Sin Zlieri~. mosdevda,

mostiroda da SesZaxoda aRzevebulTa: `vai, Tqvens xelSi Cvens

saqarTvelos~ (60. 388). aRzevebulni axali jayoebi arian xatebacvlilni,

magram axal qurqSi igive suliT _ keTilSobilebis niRbiT movlenilni,

mizanTropebi; momxveWelobis, keTildReobis mopovebis gzaze maTTvis

adamians rom Rirebuleba daukargavs da èrTgulia mxolod Tavs

asgulobaSi~ (81. 126).

TiTqos axalma siom dahqrola: `privatizaciao. vinc ras moaswrebs,

axla Tu moaswrebs, mere unda iaros gudamSiermao~ (59. 12)

sazogadoebac or mkveTrad gansxvavebul fenad daiyo: `brialebda,

grialebda Seraton-metexi-palasi~. rogorc ki acivdeboda, àiZeZgeboda

Tbilisi. Sioda ATbilissa~ (59. 41). axal `ruseTumeeebs~ axali argumenti

aqvT: `rogor Tu vaio. aRarc mamulio. derefanio. derefanSi iliacao~

(59. 388). es derefan-gvirabi saxelmwifos meTauris politikaa, Sedegad ki:

ìlia derefanSi~.

bnela baaduris binaSi.

daxvewili mxatvruli qsovilia: kritikuli realizmi da `Seufaravi

realizmi” erT SemoqmedebiT yalibSi sunTqvas aZleven axali epoqis,

axali formiT gamoxatul tkivilebs.

ilias bednieri eris tragizmidan axal `ruseTumeebamde~ gadebulia

jaWvuri funqciebis jgufi _ sxartad da mignebulad. elefsisiT `bnela

baaduris binaSi~, xdeba gadasvla, romelic mTavari personaJis _ baadur

rikoTelis moqmedebis logikas gamoxatavs.

rikoTels Tavisi auditoriis Sekreba gadauwyvetia dabnelebul

saqarTveloSi. igi suliT ilias gzis mimdevaria da roca `bnela ilias

derefanSi~, bnela mis binaSic.




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ikribebian rikoTelis binaSi `sxvanica, sxvanica, ro arc ecnoba. xma

gasula qalaqSi, modian, modian... raRas daitevs patara binai baadurisa,

mTlad Senobis derefnebic veRar daiteven. bnela derefnebSi~ (59. 389).

am bnelidan mistikur naTelSi gadasvla saocari mignebiT aisaxa

romanSi, razec saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT ukve gavamaxvileT

yuradReba.

roca saxelmwifos meTauri gzad `bnel derefans irCevs, erT Wirs

moiSoreb, meore modis, anTu imas ras moiSoreb???!!! Wiri ho

mouSorebelia, erTi Tu agityda, erTi Tu SemogiCnda, _ mouSorebelia,

mouSorebeliao~ (60. 226).

es Wiri ki, modis `sitlanqiTa da usaSvelobiT. ulmobelobiTa

satanuriTa. modis da asworebs yvelafersa Tavisebursa, Senebursa,

gamorCeulsa, Seudarebelsa~ (iqve).

siuJetis ganviTarebaSi aseTi gadasvlebi, saubari Sinagani Tu

garegani TvalTaxedviT, romans polifoniur xasiaTs aniWebs

(gansxvavebiT `homofoniur~ anu yovlismcodne avtoris poziciiT

daweril romanisagan).

naratiuli mravalferovneba nawarmoebs gansakuTebul Zalas sZens,

aseve mniSvnelovania mxatvruli saxis Seqmna, misi gamoZerwva realobidan.

am SemoqmedebiT sirTules saocari ostatobiT gaarTva Tavi oTar

CxeiZem. misi personaJebi qarTveli eris yoveldRiurobidan, politikuri

cxovrebis simZafridan gadavidnen nawarmoebebSi. arian saxelebi,

romlebic istoriis furclebs SemorCnen, avad Tu kargad. xSir

SemTxvevaSi, mwerals isini ucvleli saxeliT Semohyavs Tavis samyaroSi,

zogierTi arc aRiqmeba politikuri sivrcidan Semoyvanil pirovnebad,

aramed mxatvruli saxea, romelsac meti SemoqmedebiT-Sinaarsobrivi

datvirTva aqvs, vidre erT pirovnebas, Tundac did politikoss.

cocxali saxidan mxatvruli saxis Seqmna mwerlisaTvis erTgvari

`sajildao qvaa~. m. javaxiSvili ambobda: `prototipi Zlier exmareba

mwerals. Tu mas Tvalwin cocxali nacnobi saxe udgia, misi tipic

cocxali gamova, magram portretis daxatva ara kmara. mwerali mas

Taviseburad gardaqmnis, zog rames miumatebs, zogsac daaklebs da iseT

vinmes gamoiyvans, romelic kideca hgavs dedans da arc hgavs: ase iqmneba

sinteturi tipi~ (81. 93), romelmac mkiTxvelis sulier mRviZarebas unda




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Seuwyos xeli. am misias asrulebs mwerloba Sinagani Tavisuflebisa da

SemoqmedebiTi madlis SeuRlebiT. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania droTa

gamTlianeba: warsuls mowyvetili awmyo cnobierebisTvis unayofo

sazrdoa, momavlisTvis _ mWle fesvebi, amitom urCevda mwerlebs m.

javaxiSvili: `mweralo, erTi xeli warsuls gauwode, meore myoobads

CasWide. arc erTi ar gauSva, Torem daiRupebi~ (81. 114).

warsulis, awmyosa da momavlisadmi SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba:

adamianis arsis warmoCena misi bneli da naTeli mxareebiT, mxileba

mxatvruli saxeebiT romelime erTi epoqis migneba da damsaxureba ar

aris: “es zogadi xasiaTia mwerlobisa, radgan adamianis àrsi~ erTia

yvelgan da yovelTvis, xolo `saxe~ maTi _ nairnairi~ (41. 78).

oTar CxeiZis prozis STamagonebeli Zala simarTlis erTgulebaa. am

TvalsazrisiT kvleva naTlad gviCvenebs:

a) mwerlis erTgulebas realizmis tradiciebisadmi.

b) mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozis sivrceSi oTar CxeiZem saxeli

daarqva Rirebulis winaaRmdeg renegatTa brZolas, ruseTis

imperialistur suls.




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b) sxvadasxva diskursis monacvleoba mxatvruli efeqtisaTvis

oTar CxeiZis mravalmxriv saintereso prozaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs

naratologiuri mravalferovneba.

Tanamedrove naratologia did yuradRebas aqcevs iseT cnebas,

rogoricaa `Tema~, rac naratiul struqturaTa garkveul tipebs Soris

naTesaobas gulisxmobs.

mxatvruli nawarmoebis kvlevisas pirvel rigSi ganixileba siuJeti

da fabula, Txroba, istoria da diskursi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom oTar CxeiZis aRniSnul trilogiaSi fabula da

siuJeti Zalian axlos dgas erTmaneTTan. narativi dokumentur

sinamdviles TiTqmis ar cvlis, magram mwerali qmnis im mxatvrul qargas,

riTac dokumenturi realoba mxatvrul qmnilebad iqceva, Tumca diskursi

ar aris erTi sworxazovani da monacvleobs: `mwerlis imwamieri

diskursi~, ukiduresad dawmendili; xan erTi, xan meore gmiris Sinagani

diskursi. umTavresi ki is aris, rom ar irRveva struqturuli mTlianoba.

roman àrtistuli gadatrialebis~ pirveli Tavi ase iwyeba: àRelda

xalxi, aforiaqda da aforiaqda eseca.

eseca - meTqi _ saxels axlave nu moiTxov. Txrobas mohyveba. yvela

Cajdeba Tavis adgilasa.

aforiaqda.

ukmayofilo yovelTvis iyo, aforiaqebuli ara. aforiaqebuli xalxi

iWedeboda avtobusSia da SeiWeda eseca” (58. 3).

am aforiaqebul Jams isev mTxrobelis diskursi axasiaTebs, qveyana

qaoss moucavs, mzisqveSeTis scenaze dapirispirebuleba gamZafrebula,

èSmakebi~ scenaze arian: `Sejibrebulan eSmakebi, reJisorebi sxvadasxva

samyaroTa. Sejibrebulan. gajibrebulan. im erTis winaSe. mayurebeli ro

mxolod isaa, xolo eSmaki uamravia. uamravi. uamravi~ (58. 6).

viTarebis daxasiaTebisTvis oTar CxeiZe ostaturad iyenebs aluziur

_ ironiul frazebsac: `mieci niWsa gza farTo. mieci. mieci. Tu niWia

raRa Tqma unda, Tu ara Suri, Tu ara sibrZne; Sendoba ara aqvs Sinaur

mRvdelsao. Tbilisuri andazaao, erTmaneTi ro ver autaniaTo.

bagrationebi ver aitanes voroncovebs eTayvanneno... prezidentic ar




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undaT Tbiliseli. da raionebs ixmobs prezidenti: miSveleT, mixseniT am

gaavebuli Tbiliselbisaganao~ (58. 27).

diskursi erTgvari Tematuri monacvleobiT grZeldeba: jer

aforiaqebuli xalxi gamoCnda, mere erTguli xalxis momlodine

prezidenti da TiTqos sasxvaTaSorisod CarTuli msjeloba ùamrav

erTze~, èndogenur Surze~ XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi damangrevel

Zalad rom msxmoiarobs: `da es erCivnaT: CaZiruliyvnen, oRond aravin

gaeSvaT wina, oRond pirveli TviTon yofiliyvnen. pirveli, pirveli.

uamravi pirveli yvela pirveli.ubedurebaa. pirveli ro erTi yofila, _

rogor iqneba uamravi erTi. yvela erTi rogor iqneba. gauWirdebaT amisi

damtkiceba maTematikosebsa, logikosebsac gauWirdebaT. Tu imaT SesZles,

RmerTi mainc ar iyabulebs. eSmaki iyabulebs~ (58. 28).

RvTismSoblis wilxvdomilobis Sexsenebad JRers deda RvTisas

aluziuri xseneba: ìqiT dasavleTia, aqeT aRmosavleTi, mainc erTia,

erTi kalTaa, aburcul _ daburculi, danaoWebuli. aqarebuli.

atalRebuli, aboboqrebuli. qari ro awydeba, qari ro itacebs. lamis ro

gaglijos RvTismSobelsa~ (58. 30).

`bermudis samkuTxedSi~ mwerlis monologi CaerTvis siuJetis

mdinarebaSi: `xeli aRar memorCileba. Tvalic aRar memorCileba. Tvalic

mimirbis. axlosac veRaraferi gamirCevia, xelebs vaceceb, dasasruli

momtanebia: Cemica, ambavisaca. nela!.. nela!... es unda movaswro. aCqarebiTa

sofeli aravis mouWamiao _ viTom sidinjiT moeWamos vinmesa!.. (59. 16).

`bermudis samkuTxedi~ Zalad mosuli mTavrobis Jamia. aforiaqebis,

`Zmam moudva Zmasi yistis~ nayofia da kvlav grZeldeba brZola

savarZlebisTvis: `msaxiobobdnen, politikosobdnen ro Tanaca,

gadareuliyvnen politikiTa, oRond gaeRwiaT parlamentSi, mTavrobaSi

gaeRwiaT, mTavrobaSi gaeRwiaT egeba, aaSenebdnen qveyanasa, aayvavebdnen,

gafurCqnidnen, daasxmevinebdnen nayofsa uamravsa. oqros nayofs

daasxmevinebdnen~ (59. 25). ai, ironiuli diskursi ufro metyveli, vidre

TiToeuli sityva cal-calke.

oTar CxeiZis `TeTri daTvi“ saTauridanve metyvelebs mTavar

saTqmelze: TeTri daTvis _ ruseTis saxe, misi damokidebuleba

garemomcvelo samyarosadmi. `CaSavebuli yinuleTi Crdilouri,

CaSavebuliyo, hzaravda siciviTa da sibneliTa. arc ra icvleboda. marad




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igive. laibnici `monaTlul daTvebs~ uwodebda iq mobinadreTa...

laibnicamde jer ver mieRwia daTvis torebsa, TeTri DdaTvis torebsa,

TeTri daTvisa Savi dingiTa, anTu egeb ro exila kidevaca, _ ecineboda:

monaTluli daTvebio~ (60. 327).

am `monaTluli daTvebis~ `megobrobaze~ saubari swored naratiuli

mravalferovnebiT xdeba, sadac gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs

personaJis TvalTaxedva, dro, fokalizacia.

gansaxilveli nawarmoebis mravalplanianobis erT-erTi

ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris TvalTaxedvaTa mravalferovneba.

ZiriTadad personaJis TvalTaxedviT gadmoicema qveynis satkivari;

afxazeTis omis xasiaTi (ìs ra omia Tu winaswar ici, wagebulia~),

xelisuflebis saxeliT mosulTa suliskveTeba, ruseTis imperiuli

zraxvebi.

epoqis suls, Suris SxamiT dabrmavebulTa asparezs xatavs mwerali

uSiSroebis ministrisa da baadur rikoTelis SexvedriT. aq saTqmeli

mTlianad mindobilia personaJis TvalTaxedvas, romelic miemarTeba

mkiTxvels.

Sexvedra mZafri dialogiT iwyeba: `Tqvensas ar iSliT?!

_ momexseneba... Tqveni satelevizio gamosvla movismine amaswinaTa.

Tqveni ìnteresebis sfero `farToa: yvelafers moicavs, yovelgvar

ubedurebasa, rac ro CvenSi gavrcelebula, _ brboSi Tu xelisuflebaSi,

brbois zeda fenad ro warmogvidgeba... me araferi ar Semexeba: arc

`korufcia“ arc `mafia“, arc `reketi~, arc sawvavisa Tu Aarc

alkoholisa Tu arc narkotikebis `biznesi~... araferi erTi sityviTa...

_ arc zviad gamsaxurdias SexvedrixarT?!. zeimobs. Tvalebi TiTqos

mSvildebia da styorcnis isrebsa, mowamlul isrebsao.

_ `Sevxvedrivar~ udasturebs baaduri, Sehxvedria da udasturebs

ubraloda. ro ar miaCnia ucnaurobada, ro arc codvadac ar miaCnia~ (60.

366)

ministri dainteresebulia saubris SinaarsiT. man mteri unda

amxilos, pirveli prezidentis Tanamoazre unda gaamJRavnos, rom

baadurma misgan davaleba miiRo. amiT valmoxdili ministri vin icis ra

waqezebas moelis. baaduris pasuxebi ar akmayofilebs da kidev ufro

isusxeba:




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` _ da Tqven ggoniaT me aq aseTi zogadi saubrisaTvis gixmeT?!

_ ara mgonia !...

_ maS, ra ggoniaT?!

_ gnebavT Tavs momaxvioT raRac iseTi, me rom ar vici, arc gamegeba...

_ e.i. Tqven aRiarebT, ro davaleba miiReT eqsprezidentisagan!~...

zeimobs ministri, brwyinavs ministri~ (60. 367).

male saboloo mizanic gamoikveTa: `me mainc girCevT axlave aRiaroT:

Tqven miiReT davaleba _ moawyoT gansakuTrebuli teraqti~ (iqve)

ministri winaswar zeimobs gamarjvebas da Seaxsenebs rikoTels

Tavisi struqturis specifikas: `mosvlac Cveni neba iyo, wasvlac Cveni

neba gaxlavT!~ amitom rikoTelma unda daadasturos, rom

gansakuTRebuli teraqti saxelmwifos meTauris winaaRmdeg igegmeboda,

mokavSireebic eqsprezidentma dausaxela. ès sia CvenTanaa~. saqaRaldes

axdis. dahxuravs. `Tqven isRa dagrCeniaT dagvidasturoT“ (iqve).s

ministris sulieri simaxinje uSualod exeba baadur rikoTels,

magram personaJis mzeriT moxiluli da misi smeniT aRqmuli sinamdvile

zogadqarTuli Wiria.

erovnuli mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg `zviadistebis~ devna-

ganadgureba xelisuflebis upirvelesi mizani iyo. ùbedurebas veliT

mxolod zviadistebisagana. Tqveni daxmarebis imedi gvaqvs. exla es aris

movaleoba yvela WeSmariti mamuliSvilisao~ (60. 371).

parlamentis sxdomis scenis Semotanas mxatvruli gaazrebiT

gansakuTrebul datvirTvas aZlevs mwerali romanebSi. aq monacvleobs

personaJisa da avtoris TvalTaxedva. Txrobis fokuss gansazRvravs

dokumenturi sinamdvile, rac cnobilia avtorisTvisac da

personaJisTvisac.

parlamentis sxdomis monawileni realuri adamianebi arian,

satkivaric danakuwebuli saqarTvelos wylulia, magram parlamenti

pirovnuli dapirispirebis, aRzevebis samizned qceula; qveyanas ki ase ver

eSveleba. am daskvnas gaakeTebs yvela drois mkiTxveli, roca waikiTxavs

trilogiis im gverdebs, sadac aRwerilia parlamentis sxdomebi.

erTmaneTs dapirispirebian Zveli TanamebrZolebi. maT zviad

gamsaxurdias siZulvili aerTianebda, gamarjvebulebs savarZlis

siyvaruli aTiTokacebs.




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`danavsuli iyo es sagadasaxado kodeqsi. danavsuliyo arada amaze

damokidebuliyo saxelmwifo safinanso saqmianobai, biujeti amaze

damokidebuli iyo... biujeti vera sruldeboda. pensiebi ver gaecaT,

xelfasi ver gaecaT. daxmarebani _ vera. izrdeboda saSinao vali,

sagareos ho nuRar ikiTxav~ (59. 77).

mZime mdgomareobis gadmosacemad aq aqcentirebulia TxrobiTi xma.

igi mkiTxvels miemarTeba sapasuxo reaqciis imediT da es reaqcia, ra

Tqma unda, Tavisufalia, mkiTxvelis gadasawyvetia, daaskvnas: ra xdeba,

rogor patronoben saqarTvelos.

naratiul mravalferovnebaze saubrisas, ar SeiZleba yuradRebis

miRma dagvrCes `xma~ (cneba Semoitana baxtinma, ganaviTares p. rikiorma,

u. batma) _ is iZleva pasuxs kiTxvaze, vin laparakobs. zogadad ki xma

dakavSirebulia komunikaciasTan, romelSic Txroba monawileobs (27. 209).

trilogiaSi avtori xSirad laparakobs sakuTari xmiTa Tu

personaJis piriT. gamoyenebulia TxrobiTi forma _ `panoramuli

mimoxilva“. mweralma icis Tavis personaJis Sesaxeb yvelaferi,

kritikuli TvaliT ùyurebs“. luos (àrtistuli gadatrialeba“), gizo

korZels (`bermudis samkuTxedi~), baadur rikoTels (`TeTri daTvi“).

mwerali am nawarmoebSi mimarTavs diegerziss (Txrobis diskursiuli

aspeqti) da mimesiss (vizualuri aspeqti).

es personaJebi saintereso xdebian rogorc naratologiuri, ise.

jvarsaxovani azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT.

naratologia ganixilavs e. w. `drosTan TamaSs~. zogadad `dro~ da

droiTi struqtura TxrobiT teqstSi gulisxmobs urTierTobis urTules

problemas, magram `drosTan TamaSi“ moiazrebs TxrobaSi movlenaTa

wesrigs, gangrZobiTobas, gameorebas, Tu rogor aRadgenen realuri

cxovrebis movlenebs, ubralo mimeturi xerxebiT Tu Txrobis

gansakuTrebuli droiT.

oTar CxeiZis romanebisTvis ufro niSandoblivia Txrobis

gansakuTrebuli dro, romelic uSualod miemarTeba adamianis drosTan

damokidebulebis niSnebs.

naratologiuri TvalTaxedviT, sainteresoa `Txrobis droiTi

logikis rTuli modeli da droiTi Tanmimdevrobebis darRvevis xerxebi.

(anaqroniis literaturuli xerxebi). Cven davinteresdiT mwerlis




- - 191

damokidebulebiT droisadmi _ rogorc filosofiuri kategoriisadmi.

aranakleb sainteresoa naratologiuri dro.

ìyo aseTi drocao, ityvian, ra saTqmelia!...dros arc namyo aqvs,

arc myoobadi, dro mxolod awmyoa. dro aris, ari, aris.” (58. 10). am

diskursiT gamoaqvs mwerals sinaTleze adamianebis damokidebuleba

droisadmi, drois mkvidrTadmi: `yvela Tavisasa TamaSobs igivesa

TamaSobs yvelai. igivesa. igivesa. igivesa. esec egeb ro maradiulia:

Teatri. droi. cvalebadi da maradiuli. ucvalebeli da maradiuli~ (58.

11).

luos mamxilebeli saxea Tea _ qaosuri Jamis RviZli Svili, misi

damokidebuleba droisadmi avlens maxasiaTebel niSans, garegnulad

dafaruls.

`dro Cven ho saSineleba gvgonia da ro arc aris, ver gagvigia. aris

raca kvdeba, arc aris da kvdeba, rac ara kvdeba, arc aris da arc

SeiZleba ro iyos. dro mxolod Cveni saTvalavia da mec SemeZlo

gadameTvala, rogorc meneba. vdgavar cdunebis winaSeca, raRa Tqma unda.

sikeTe brZane, Torem maxe ho yovel nabijzea dagebuli yovel nabijze.

yvela kuTxidan eSmaki gviTvalTvalebs“ (58. 210).

eSmaks minebda Tea, romlisTvisac dro mxolod saTvalavia da ara

`maradisobis mucladyofnis periodi~ (arqimandriti rafaeli), amitom ar

aSfoTebs codvis gancda. mkiTxavma uwinaswarmetyvela `qaliSvilobas

gamoeTxovebi ocdaori wlisao~ da mas Semdeg drois gancda imas

ukavSirdeboda, rodis gaxdeboda 22 wlisa _ `vwuxdi. vwuxdi. maSin

Tormeti wlisa viyavi~.

aRisrula sawadi, gaSmagebuli alersiTa da ùnda wavide... unda...

unda... albaT meZeben. meZeben!.. meZeben!.. aq Tu momagnes, Seni ubedurebac

albaT es iqnebao~, _ am fraziT gahqra im dilidan da luos binidan.

`drosTan TamaSis~ sxvagvari kombinacia gvxvdeba `TeTri daTvis~

tragikul epizodSi, roca afxazeTidan devnili mosaxleoba svaneTis

mTebiT moemarTeba: àmaT araferi ar ician. miatoves. gaiqcnen. garbian.

isini uswreben. dahyares bedis anabarada. vah, sofelo, raSigan xaro,

netavi is raRas moTqvamda?! albaT es Jami Tu atirebda~ (58. 103).

saukuneebs gahyveba es tragedia tkiviliT danaRmuli, frazaSi Cawnexili

dro-Jami, amitomac moicavs aRzevebisa (XII s.) da tragediis




- - 192

gamamTlianebel dro-sivrces (1993 wlis seqtemberi) `raxan dro wuTia,

saukunec ho wuTi iqneba da imis mere rva wuTi gavidoda, rva wuTi da

raRac wamebi, _ es Tu atirebda~ (iqve). rusTavelis epoqac iqneb winaswar

godebda am sinamdviles: `qarTuli miwidan saqarTvelos erekebian~ (60.

105). aq droTa Soris TiTqos mistikuri kavSiria, romelsac sulisa da

gonebis TvaliT gaazreba sWirdeba.

nawarmoebis naratologiuri kvlevisas yuradReba maxvildeba

fiqcionalurobaze. Teoretikosebis azriT, xelovnebaSi fiqcia

komunikaciis gansakuTrebuli formaa. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania

damokidebuleba nawarmoebsa da recipients Soris. xelovnebis qmnilebis

daniSnuleba aris ara mxolod misiT tkboba, aramed is, rac recefciis _

gamocdilebis miRebisa da axlis SeZenis _ procesSi xdeba. amas

komunikacia ganapirobebs.

am misias gansakuTrebiT nayofierad asrulebs mxatvrul-

_dokumenturi qronikebi, mas axasiaTebs yvelaze metad realuri da

fiqciuri sakomunikacio situaciebi.

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelos realuri suraTi Seiqmna

oTar CxeiZis trilogiaSi, sadac komunikacia nawarmoebsa da recipients

Soris Sobs daskvnas epoqis xasiaTze, im periodis politikaSi

moasparezeTa zneobriv saxeze. es aris `Setyobineba“, romelic

mizanmimarTulia mwerlis enobrivi qmedebiT.

nawarmoebis fiqcionalobas qmnis avtorisa da mkiTxvelis

TanamSromloba, radgan nawarmoebi fiqcionaluria, Tu adamianebi mas

rekvizitad iyeneben. vTvliT, rom nawarmoebis aRqma komunikaciis

saSualebad (mediumad) ar gamoricxavs zemoT naTqvams, rom nawarmoebi

aris `Setyobineba~.

oTar CxeiZis `TeTri daTvi~ mTxrobelis piriT (kategoria `xma~)

gveubneba: `gaero TviTona xuWavs Tvalebsa, oRond DdaTvi ar

gagvibrazdeso. is SiSi mosdevT, isev isa, _ stalinis droindeli.

frTxiloben iseve: `daTvi vaTamaSoTo”...

`TviTonve TamaSobs daTvi, anTu aTamaSebs aq afsuebsa, iq osebsa da

moaqvs Tavi CagrulTa mosarCleda. politika!... ra Rirseuli ram aris

RirseulTa xelSi da ra sibilwea bilwTa xelSi~ (60. 185).




- - 193

mocemul SemTxvevaSi fiqcionaluri teqsti signifikatis (Sinaarsis)

mixedviT aRiqmeba.

mxatvruli nawarmoebi mTlianobas qmnis gamomsaxvelobisa da

STabeWdilebis gamowvevis ZaliT, rasac xels uwyobs personaJTa

saxeebisa da naratologiuri kategoriebis ostaturi gamoyeneba.

oTar CxeiZis romanebi cxadyofs naratologiur kategoriaTa siuxves,

maT SemoqmedebiT gamoyenebas mxatvruli qmnilebebis formisa da

Sinaarsis daxvewilobisTvis.

amgvarad, oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumentur prozaSi ikveTeba

Semdegi naratologiuri Taviseburebebi:

a) sxvasdasxva diskursis monacvleoba (anonimi avtori, personaJi,

Tematuri monacvleoba, ironiuli diskursi);

b) TxrobiTi xmis monacvleoba;

g) anaqroniis, diegerzisis, mimesisis funqcia narativSi;

d) drois filosofiuri da naratiologiuri kategoria.




- - 194

daskvna

oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza warmodgeba, rogorc XX

saukunis saqarTvelos sulier-materialuri cxovrebis piruTvneli

matiane.

maradiul SekiTxvaze: `ra unda qnas mweralma, TavisTvis dajdes da

ganagrZos Zveleburad wera?~ Semoqmedma vrcel pasuxSi konkretulad da

dabejiTebiT miuTiTa: `mwerali upirveles yovlisa xelovania, magram

sxva movaleobac dahkisrebia, JamTaRmwerelia piruTvneli da Seupovario:

_ sxva riTi aRvadginoT Tunda es axlo warsulis bneli wlebi,

bneli ukuni da kidev ufro Caluskumebuli istorikosebis,

publicistebis, Jurnalistebis, kritikosebis da aTasi juris mosyiduli

propagandistebisagana, _ riTi?.. riTi?... Tu ara isev mwerlobis meoxebiTa,

devnili, Seuracxyofili da gawamebuli mwerlobis meoxebiTa~ (70. 770).

oTar CxeiZisaTvis JamTaaRmwerelis misia aris simarTlis warmoCena

da sikeTis gadarCena: `madloba RmerTsa xalxi ro darCa isev xalxada,

mwerali – mwerlada, da isev ro erTada dganan da isev ro erTad

iRvwian kvlavac simarTlis gadasarCenada, simarTlisa da sikeTisai,

orive ro erTia da orive gadasarCenia~ (iqve).

mxolod madliT cxebuli kalami da rainduli, utexi neba itvirTavs

am misias. `matiane qarTlisa~ swored aseTi xelovanis Semoqmedebis

nayofia.

1) oTar CxeiZis trilogiis mxatvrul samyaroSi gansaxovnda

saqarTvelos XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis epoqaluri movlenebi.

imavdroulad, am romanebiT mwerali daupirispirda aTasgvarad movlenil

da aRzevebul borotebas.

trilogiis pirveli wigni àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ mematianis

sizustiT gadmoscems movlenebis arss, Taviseburebas, amxels tragediis

organizatorebs Tu Semsruleblebs. TviT romanis saxelwodeba SesaSuri

mignebaa: òrador sityvaSi Cawuruli sabediswero Jami, umwvavesi

erovnul-politikuri movlenebis ukiduresi lakonizmiT warmosaxva~ (70.

768).

mwerlis SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi umTavresi svegamwarebuli qveyana da

misi satkivaria, Seupovari xelovani ar dabrkoldeba imiT, rom




- - 195

sisxliani gadatrialebis kvalze mosulni xelisuflebaSi ganlagebulan,

rom es Zala `ver moiTmenda yvelafrisaTvis im saxelis darqmevas,

sinamdvileSi rogorc iyo; ver moiTmenda propagandistuli saburvelis

Semofxrewvas; ver moiTmenda simarTles, Tanac aseTi eqspresiiT

warmosaxuls~ (iqve).

àrtistuli gadatrialeba~ `1993 wels iwereboda, 1994-Si gamovida.

wina zamTris ambebi marTlac ise cocxali, ise axlobeli gaxldaT, is

adamianebi isev ise da imgvarada brdRvnavdnen, sxva saxelebi rogor,

ranairad momexvia amaTTvisa?! “ (70. 779).

im periodis apokalifsuri movlenebi foni iyo, literaturuli

qmnileba ki gviCvenebs personaJebs, romlebic am fonze mkvidroben, xatavs

maT urTierTdamokidebulebas, sulier samyaros, maT bedisweras. `romanze

msjeloba aqedan unda daiwyoso _ Seagonebda mwerali yvelas,

profesionalsac da araprofesionalsac~ (70. 775).

2) trilogiis meore wignic, `TeTri daTvi~, Seqmnilia dokumenturi

masalebis safuZvelze; aqac sakuTari gvar-saxeliT gvxvdebian 90-iani

wlebis mTavari moqmedi pirebi. es mwerlis arCevani da mxatvruli xerxia.

zogadad, saxelebi oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul qargaSi gansakuTrebul

funqcias asruleben, magram mxatvrul-dokumentur qmnilebaSi Janrobriv

specifikasac qmnian. o. CxeiZe ambobs: `cocxal movlenebTan rom mqonda

saqme, cocxali adamianebica moqmedebdnen. Zveli saliteraturo

gamocdilebis mixedviT, eseni prototipebi unda yofiliyvnen da amaTi

mixedviT me unda Semeqmna axali saxeebi. axal saxeebs axali saxelebi

sWirdeboda. saxelebis Serqmeva arc ise advilia. mSoblebsac uWirT.

avtorsac uWirs, miTumetes, bevri nawarmoebi Tu dauweria” (70. 777).

mwerals saxelebis Secvla Cafiqrebuli hqonia saboloo variantisTvis,

magram darwmunda: àRar moixdinao~.

Zlieri da boroti saxelmwifos mosazRvreobas usvams xazs `TeTri

daTvi~. mas Tavdapirvelad ufro grZeli saTauri hqonda `TeTri daTvi,

TeTri mela da ruxi mgeli~. `yvela simbolo Tu miniSneba gamWvirvalea –

TeTri mela, cxadia, eduard SevardnaZea da ruxi mgeli – johar

dudaevi~ (70. 789).

3) `bermudis samkuTxedi~ _ arc am romanis saxelwodebaa SemTxveviTi.

mweralma aq xazi gausva 90-ani wlebis tragediis safuZvels XX saukunis




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dasawyisSi, roca wiTelma ruseTma avtonomiebi Cawnexa qarTul

sivrceSi; mas Semdeg, am avtonomiebis misia aris saqarTvelos daTrgunva-

daqucmaceba. saTauri gadawyda bermudis samkuTxedis Teoriis arsis Rrma

Seswavlis Semdeg, es `sWirdeboda xedvis kuTxis SerCevisa da

ganaTebisaTvis~ (70. 794)

4) oTar CxeiZis romanebis istoriuli sicxade, `Seufaravi realizmi~

erwymis literaturul-saxismetyvelebiTi qargis ostatur ganfenas da

mkiTxvels axal-axal saxesa Tu simbolos awvdis jvarsaxovnebiT

sivrceSi. mwerali Taviseburi stiliT, sityvisadmi gansakuTrebuli

damokidebulebiT amZafrebs mkiTxvelTan TanamSromlobis process.

mkiTxvelis funqcia is aris, rom àdresatis SerCevaSi xdeba avtoris

sinamdvilisadmi damokidebulebis realizacia. adresati, rogorc

avtoris cnobierebaSi arsebuli mkiTxvelis saxe, uwinares yovlisa

warmoadgens erT-erT im `formas~, romelSic avtori axdens istoriuli

sinamdvilisadmi saerTod da masSi moqmedi sazogadoebrivi Zalebisadmi

Tavisi damokidebulebis realizacias~ (54. 56).

vfiqrobT, umTavresi adresati oTar CxeiZis qmnilebebisa aris

Tanamedrove mkiTxveli, magram, imavdroulad, momavalic, radgan

movlenebi daxatulia ara mxolod dRevandelobis, aramed maradisobis

gadasaxedidan. qveynis av-kargis moyuriade, marTalma mweralma

STamomavlobas auwya, rogor SeiZleba qveyana daZabundes da rogor

irRveva sulier-saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura, qveynis samtrod garegan-

Sinagani mizezebis gamTlianebisas.

es aris mxileba, pirvel rigSi, qveynis gadarCenisaken mimarTuli;

adresati ki orive mxarea: mxilebulic da simarTles mowyurebuli

mkiTxvelic.

5) sityva oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebebSi zogjer personaJic aris,

madlic da Zalac, amitom mTliandeba drosivrcul mikromodelad.

naSromSi gamokveTilia enis mistikuri funqcia, àdamianobis niSani~. am

niSanTan mimarTeba amJRavnebs mTavrobisa Tu personaJTa sulier wyobas,

struqturis simrTeles.

mxatvrul-dokumenturi proziT mweralma mravlismetyveli daskvna

dagvitova, rom yovelgvari ubedurebis saTavea simrTelis rRveva. am




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arakanonzomier safuZvelze damkvidrebuli saxelmwifo struqtura

darRveulia xiluli Tu uxilavi aspeqtiT.

6) mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi salaro amouwuravia ostaturi mignebiT,

xelovanis xedviT akinZuli pasaJebiT, mxatvruli gaazrebis

ganumeoreblobiT. am mxriv, yuradReba gavamaxvileT epigrafebis, igavebis,

saxelebis funqciaze oTar CxeiZis romanebSi.

7) saintereso paralelebi iSleba jvarsaxovnebiTi veqtorebis

kvlevisas, rac gansakuTrebul Rirsebas, mxatvrul-filosofiur siRrmes

aniWebs oTar CxeiZis prozas. misi Semoqmedeba Tanamedrove mkiTxvels

gamocdilebis fsiqologiuri kodiT miizidavs. ès kodi gulisxmobs, rom

mkiTxvels sakuTari gamocdilebiT aqvs gancdili nawarmoebSi

warmodgenili movlenebi da rom is SeZlebs kiTxvis procesSi am

gamocdilebis aqtualizacias”. (54. 126). aqtualizaciis xarisxi

damokidebulia mkiTxvelis sulier wyobaze.

oTar CxeiZis mxatvrul-dokumenturi proza kidev ufro

mravlismetyveli da siRrmiseuli interesis obieqti iqneba xvalindeli

mkiTxvelisTvis, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis, XX saukunis 90-iani

wlebis tragediis arsiTa da SedegebiT, an wiTeli reJimis pyrobilebaSi

myofi saqarTvelos xvedriT rom dainteresdeba.




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gamoyenebuli literatura

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5. axali aRTqumaÁ, mecnierulad dadgenili teqsti wmida eqvTime da

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6. alxaziSvili g., ,,romani-matiane~ (o. CxeiZe ,,artistuli

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7. amirxanaSvili iv., ,,istoriis Ria kompozicia~. Tb., 1998.

8. asaTiani g., ,,saukunis poetebi~ _ Tb., `merani~, 1988.

9. baqraZe ak., ,,mwerlobis moTviniereba~ t. III, Tb., `nekeri~- `lomisi~,

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10. baqraZe ak., ,,rwmena~ _ Tb., `merani~, 1990.

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12. gamsaxurdia k., ,,Ria werili ulianov leninisadmi~ _ ,,oqros

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19. zaqaraia m., ,,terori, Tu reaqcia tiraniaze?~, Tb., 1998.




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20. TiTmeria j., ,,sanitaruli dRe, werilebi, esseebi~ _ Tb., `~ 1991.

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35. netari Teofilaqte bulgareli, ,,maTes saxarebis komentarebi~,

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36. naTaZe n., ,,eri da erovnuli kultura~ _ Tb., `mecniereba~, 1988.




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37. nemoianu v., ,,mokle Teria meoradisa~, inglisuridan Targmnes paata

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zeda~ – Tb., 2003.




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53. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli, arn. Ciqobavas

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qarCxaZesTan




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sarCevi

Sesavali ........................................................................................ 2-11

Tavi I

a) sityva, rogorc drosivrculi mikromodeli ---------------- 12-33

b) realobis transformacia mxatvrul teqstSi --------------- 34-59

Tavi II

a) erovnuli sulis struqturis rRveva ------------------------- 60-93

b) mxatvruli realoba politikuri konteqstiT ------------- 94-112

Tavi III

jvarsaxovneba oTar CxeiZis trilogiaSi

a) jvris horizontsa da vertikalze gaazrebuli personaJebi 113-145

b) prototipidan personaJamde ----------------------------------------- 146-151

Tavi IV

a) epigrafebisa da igavebis mxatvruli funqcia -------------- 152-164

b) saxelebis mxatvruli funqcia -------------------------------------- 165-177

Tavi V

naratiuli mravalferovneba

a) realizmis variaciebi ----------------------------------------------------- 178-185

b) sxvadasxva diskursis monacvleoba ------------------------------ 186-193

naSromis daskvnebi --------------------------------------------------------------- 194-197

gamoyenebuli literatura --------------------------------------------198-202




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