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BIOMECHANICS AND MEASUREMENT ON ARCHERY ATHLETE:
BALANCING BODY POSTURE
AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN AYUB
BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
JUDUL:
SESI PENGAJIAN:________________
Saya ________________________________________________________________
mengaku membenarkan tesis (Sarjana Muda/Sarjana /Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di
Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP).
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( )
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
SULIT atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub
di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
___________________________ ___________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap:
382 KAMPUNG CACAR DR. ENGR.
23100 PAKA KUMARAN KADIRGAMA
DUNGUN
TERENGGANU
Tarikh: 24 JUN 2013 Tarikh: : 24 JUN 2013
CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh tesis ini perlu
dikelaskan sebagai atau TERHAD.
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara
Penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan
penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
2012/2013
AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN AYUB (900912-11-5147)
BIOMECHANICS AND MEASUREMENT ON ARCHERY
ATHLETE: BALANCING BODY POSTURE
BIOMECHANICS AND MEASUREMENT ON ARCHERY ATHLETE:
BALANCING BODY POSTURE
by
AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN AYUB
Thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
JUNE 2013
EXAMINER’S APPROVAL DOCUMENT
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
I certify that report entitled ‘Biomechanics and measurement on archery athlete: balancing
body posture’ is written by Ahmad Taufiq bin Ayub with matric number MG09022. I have
examined the final copy of this report and in my opinion, it is fully adequate in terms of
language standard, and report formatting requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering.
MOHD HASNUN ARIF BIN HASSAN
Examiner Signature
ii
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate in
terms of scope and quality for award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering.
Signature :
Name of Supervisor : DR. ENGR. KUMARAN KADIRGAMA
Position : SENIOR LECTURER
Date : 24 JUNE 2013
iii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Biomechanics and measurement on archery
athlete: balancing body posture” is the result of my own research except as cited in the
references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature :
Name of Student : AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN AYUB
ID Number : MG09022
Date : 24 JUNE 2013
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 3
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY 3
ix
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION 5
2.2 POSTURAL STABILITY 6
2.3 LEG STANCE 7
2.4 THE IDEAL STANCE 9
2.5 VECTOR ANALYSIS 10
2.6 TYPES OF BOW 11
2.6.1 Recurve Bow 11
2.6.2 Compound Bow 12
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION 14
3.2 PARTICIPANTS 14
3.3 EQUIPMENTS 15
3.3.1 AMTI Force Platforms 15
3.3.2 High Speed Camera (EPIX Silicon Video 643) 16
3.3.3 Digital Cameras 16
3.4 EXPERIMENT FLOWCHART 17
3.5 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 18
3.6 DATA PROCESSING 19
x
3.7 FRONT FOOT ANGLE CALCULATION 19
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION 21
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS
4.2.1 Body Weight Changes 22
4.2.2 Correlation of Postural Sway, Front Foot Angle and
Scores 24
4.2.2.1 Below 12 years old Category 24
4.2.2.2 Below 15 years old Category (Recurve Bow) 25
4.2.2.3 Below 15 years old Category (Compound Bow) 26
4.2.2.4 Above 18 years old Category (Recurve Bow) 27
4.2.2.5 Above 18 years old Category (Compound Bow) 28
4.2.3 Comparison of Mean Postural Sway and Score for
Different Classes Archers 29
4.2.3.1 Recurve Bow Archers 29
4.2.3.2 Compound Bow Archers 30
4.2.4 Comparison of Mean Postural Sway for Different Bow
Type Archers 32
4.2.4.1 Recurve Bow Archers 32
4.2.4.2 Compound Bow Archers 33
4.2.4.3 Recurve and Compound Bow Archer Comparison 34
4.3 SUMMARY 36
xi
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION 37
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 39
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A Average Postural Sway in Different Scores of
Each Age Category 42
APPENDIX B Correlation Table for Each Age Category 43
APPENDIX C Graph of Average Postural Sway versus Age Category 45
APPENDIX D Archers’ Foot Position on Force Platform 47
APPENDIX E Archers’ Position at Full Draw 48
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Num. Title Page
2.1 Suggested drawing weights for recurve bows 12
2.2 Suggested drawing weight for compound bows 13
3.1 Participants Categories, Number and Experience Range 15
4.1 Body Weight Changes Before and After Arrow Release
for All Age Categories 23
4.2 Data Correlation Summary for Below 12 Age Category 24
4.3 Data Correlation Summary for Below 15 Age Category
(Recurve Bow Archers) 25
4.4 Data Correlation Summary for Below 15 Age Category
(Compound Bow Archers) 26
4.5 Data Correlation Summary for Above 18 Age Category
(Recurve Bow Archers) 27
4.6 Data Correlation Summary for Above 18 Age Category
(Compound Bow Archers) 28
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Num. Title Page
2.1 Pictures of common body posture mistakes done
by archers 7
2.2 Example of square and open stance 8
2.3 Example of an ideal stance 9
2.4 Illustration of a recurve bow 11
2.5 Illustration of a compound bow 13
3.1 Experiment Flowchart 17
3.2 Experiment Layout 18
3.3 Axis Labels on AMTI Force Platforms 20
4.1 Example of Weight Changes in Archers’ Front Foot
During Experiment 22
4.2 Mean Postural Sway of Recurve Bow Archers
from Different Classes 29
4.3 Mean Postural Sway of Compound Bow Archers
from Different Classes 30
4.4 Mean Postural Sway Vs Num. of Trials for Recurve
Bow Archers 32
xiv
4.5 Mean Postural Sway Vs Num. of Trials for Compound
Bow Archers 33
4.6 Postural Sway Comparison Vs Num. of Trials for
Different Bow Type Archers 34
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
lbs. Pound
≥ Greater than or equal to
≤ Less than or equal to
m Meters
cm Centimeters
∆ Delta
N Newton
° Degree
r Correlation Coefficient
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