BIOMECHANICS AND MEASUREMENT ON ARCHERY ATHLETE:

BALANCING BODY POSTURE

AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN AYUB

BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

JUDUL:

SESI PENGAJIAN:________________

Saya ________________________________________________________________

mengaku membenarkan tesis (Sarjana Muda/Sarjana /Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di

Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP).

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi

pengajian tinggi.

4. **Sila tandakan ( )

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan

SULIT atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub

di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan

oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

___________________________ ___________________________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat Tetap:

382 KAMPUNG CACAR DR. ENGR.

23100 PAKA KUMARAN KADIRGAMA

DUNGUN

TERENGGANU

Tarikh: 24 JUN 2013 Tarikh: : 24 JUN 2013

CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan.

** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak

berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh tesis ini perlu

dikelaskan sebagai atau TERHAD.

Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara

Penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan

penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).

2012/2013

AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN AYUB (900912-11-5147)

BIOMECHANICS AND MEASUREMENT ON ARCHERY

ATHLETE: BALANCING BODY POSTURE

BIOMECHANICS AND MEASUREMENT ON ARCHERY ATHLETE:

BALANCING BODY POSTURE

by

AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN AYUB

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

JUNE 2013

EXAMINER’S APPROVAL DOCUMENT

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

I certify that report entitled ‘Biomechanics and measurement on archery athlete: balancing

body posture’ is written by Ahmad Taufiq bin Ayub with matric number MG09022. I have

examined the final copy of this report and in my opinion, it is fully adequate in terms of

language standard, and report formatting requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering.

MOHD HASNUN ARIF BIN HASSAN

Examiner Signature

ii

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate in

terms of scope and quality for award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering.

Signature :

Name of Supervisor : DR. ENGR. KUMARAN KADIRGAMA

Position : SENIOR LECTURER

Date : 24 JUNE 2013

iii

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Biomechanics and measurement on archery

athlete: balancing body posture” is the result of my own research except as cited in the

references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently

submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature :

Name of Student : AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN AYUB

ID Number : MG09022

Date : 24 JUNE 2013

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii

STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 3

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY 3

ix

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION 5

2.2 POSTURAL STABILITY 6

2.3 LEG STANCE 7

2.4 THE IDEAL STANCE 9

2.5 VECTOR ANALYSIS 10

2.6 TYPES OF BOW 11

2.6.1 Recurve Bow 11

2.6.2 Compound Bow 12

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION 14

3.2 PARTICIPANTS 14

3.3 EQUIPMENTS 15

3.3.1 AMTI Force Platforms 15

3.3.2 High Speed Camera (EPIX Silicon Video 643) 16

3.3.3 Digital Cameras 16

3.4 EXPERIMENT FLOWCHART 17

3.5 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 18

3.6 DATA PROCESSING 19

x

3.7 FRONT FOOT ANGLE CALCULATION 19

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION 21

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS

4.2.1 Body Weight Changes 22

4.2.2 Correlation of Postural Sway, Front Foot Angle and

Scores 24

4.2.2.1 Below 12 years old Category 24

4.2.2.2 Below 15 years old Category (Recurve Bow) 25

4.2.2.3 Below 15 years old Category (Compound Bow) 26

4.2.2.4 Above 18 years old Category (Recurve Bow) 27

4.2.2.5 Above 18 years old Category (Compound Bow) 28

4.2.3 Comparison of Mean Postural Sway and Score for

Different Classes Archers 29

4.2.3.1 Recurve Bow Archers 29

4.2.3.2 Compound Bow Archers 30

4.2.4 Comparison of Mean Postural Sway for Different Bow

Type Archers 32

4.2.4.1 Recurve Bow Archers 32

4.2.4.2 Compound Bow Archers 33

4.2.4.3 Recurve and Compound Bow Archer Comparison 34

4.3 SUMMARY 36

xi

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION 37

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 39

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Average Postural Sway in Different Scores of

Each Age Category 42

APPENDIX B Correlation Table for Each Age Category 43

APPENDIX C Graph of Average Postural Sway versus Age Category 45

APPENDIX D Archers’ Foot Position on Force Platform 47

APPENDIX E Archers’ Position at Full Draw 48

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Num. Title Page

2.1 Suggested drawing weights for recurve bows 12

2.2 Suggested drawing weight for compound bows 13

3.1 Participants Categories, Number and Experience Range 15

4.1 Body Weight Changes Before and After Arrow Release

for All Age Categories 23

4.2 Data Correlation Summary for Below 12 Age Category 24

4.3 Data Correlation Summary for Below 15 Age Category

(Recurve Bow Archers) 25

4.4 Data Correlation Summary for Below 15 Age Category

(Compound Bow Archers) 26

4.5 Data Correlation Summary for Above 18 Age Category

(Recurve Bow Archers) 27

4.6 Data Correlation Summary for Above 18 Age Category

(Compound Bow Archers) 28

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Num. Title Page

2.1 Pictures of common body posture mistakes done

by archers 7

2.2 Example of square and open stance 8

2.3 Example of an ideal stance 9

2.4 Illustration of a recurve bow 11

2.5 Illustration of a compound bow 13

3.1 Experiment Flowchart 17

3.2 Experiment Layout 18

3.3 Axis Labels on AMTI Force Platforms 20

4.1 Example of Weight Changes in Archers’ Front Foot

During Experiment 22

4.2 Mean Postural Sway of Recurve Bow Archers

from Different Classes 29

4.3 Mean Postural Sway of Compound Bow Archers

from Different Classes 30

4.4 Mean Postural Sway Vs Num. of Trials for Recurve

Bow Archers 32

xiv

4.5 Mean Postural Sway Vs Num. of Trials for Compound

Bow Archers 33

4.6 Postural Sway Comparison Vs Num. of Trials for

Different Bow Type Archers 34

xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS

lbs. Pound

≥ Greater than or equal to

≤ Less than or equal to

m Meters

cm Centimeters

∆ Delta

N Newton

° Degree

r Correlation Coefficient

xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

COP Center of Pressure