Cấu tạo từ trong Tiếng Anh

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CU TO T PHN 1: MT S LU

1) Quan st cu trc ng php ca cu

V d 1:

The equipment in our office needs _____.

A. moderner B. modernizing C. modernized D. modernization.

Cu c ch ng l vt (The equipment) nn sau need s l mt V-ing p n ca cu l modernizing.

Mi mt loi ng t ch i vi mt dng b tr nht nh. Khi cc em bit c cu trc ca n ri th

vic xc nh cu to ca t i sau n rt d dng.

Cc ng t nh mind, enjoy, avoid, finish, keep...th ng t i sau n lun l V-ing. Cc ng t nh

agree, aim, appear, ask, attempt, decide, demand...th b tr lun l ng t nguyn th c to.

V d 2:

That is the most _____ girl Ive seen.

A. beautifuler B. beautiful C. beautifulest D. beautifully

T cn in l mt tnh t b ngha cho girl. Trc v tr trng l the most du hiu ca so snh nht.

n y nhiu em s chn beautifulest v ngh rng tnh t dng so snh nht thm est cui t nhng

quy tc ny ch p dng vi tnh t ngn, i vi tnh t di (hai m tit tr nn ) th cu trc s l the

most + nguyn mu tnh t.

2) Khi 4 phng n A, B, C, D u thuc cng loi t vng (danh t hoc tnh t) th cc em phi xem

xt ngha ca tng t chn p n chnh xc nht.

V d :

Computer is one of the most important _____of the 20th century.

A. inventings B. inventories C. inventions D. inventor

Sau one of phi l mt danh t s nhiu. Tuy nhin inventories li c ngha l bn tm tt, bn kim k

trong khi inventions l s pht minh, sng ch. p n ca cu ng nhin l inventions. Nu khng

cc em hy ch n ui tion, mt cch cu to danh t ch vt t ng t rt thng dng cng c

th suy ra p n ca cu.

3) Xem xt ngha ph nh ca t

Khi thm cc tin t nh in, un, ir, dis... th ngha ca t b o ngc hon ton. Da vo cc yu t

cc em c th nhn bit c ngha ca t l khng nh hay ph nh.

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Tuy nhin mi mt t ch c th kt hp vi mt loi ph t nht nh. V d responsible ch kt hp vi

tin t ir-, illegal ch kt hp vi tin t il-...

V d:

I think its very _____ of him to expect us to work overtime every night this week.

A. reason B. reasonable C unreasonable D. inreasonable

T cn in l mt tnh t. Cm t work overtime every night this week mang hm ph nh nn

tnh t ca cu cng mang ngha ph nh unreasonable. (Reasonable ch kt hp vi tin t un-

to nn t tri ngha).

lm dng bi tp ny cc em phi lin h t cn in vi cc cm t khc trong cu nhn bit

c ca cu l khng nh hay ph nh ri t xc nh dng thc ca t.

PHN 2: MT S CCH CU TO T THNG DNG

1) Cu to danh t

Danh t c cu to t ng t bng cch thm cc hu t nh: -ment (arrangement, management...);

-tion, -ion (repetition, decision...); -ence (reference, dependence). Ch ngi th thm cc ph t nh

ee (empoyee), -er (teacher), -or (competitor), -ist (dentist...)...

Danh t c cu to t tnh t bng cch thm cc hu t nh: -ty (difficulty...), -ness (carefulness...), -

bility (responsibility...), -ce (confidence...)...

2) Cu to tnh t

Tnh t thng c cu to t danh t v ng t bng cch thm cc hu t nh ful (beautiful,

helpful...), -less (harmless, careless...), -ous (dangerous, continuous...), - al (financial, econimical...), - ic

(climatic, politic...), - tive (active, competitive...), -able (trainable...), -ible (defensible...)...

3) Cu to ng t

- ng t c cu to bng thm mt s ph t t vo danh t: en- (encourage); -en (threaten)...

- ng t c cu to bng thm mt s ph t vo tnh t: en- (enlarge); -en (widen); -ise; -ize

(modernize, industrialise), -fy (purify) ...

4) Cu to trng t

Trng t thng c cu to bng vic thm ui ly vo tnh t: quick quickly, beautiful

beautifully... Mt s trng t c hnh thc ging vi tnh t: fast, hard, far, much...

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5) Cc tin t lm o ngc ngha ca t

Khi thm mt s tin t nh un- (unhappy), in- (inactive), dis- (dislike), mis- (misspell, misunderstand),

ir- (irresponsible), il- (illegal)... th ngha ca t s tri ngc hon ton. Tuy nhin mi t li ch c th

kt hp vi mt loi ph t nht nh, v d nh mis- ch kt hp c vi understand, spell ch khng

kt hp c vi happy hay active.

Samples:

Chn phng n ng (A, B, C hoc D hon thnh mi cu sau:

1. The American War of ____ was won in 1776

A. depending B. dependence C. independence D. independent

2. Although the splitting of the atom was one of the greatest scientific _____of this century, there are

many people who wish it had never happened.

A. breakdown B. breakthrough C. breakup D. breakaway

3. Burning coal is an ____ way of heating a house.

A. economy B. economic C. economical D. economically

4. There are very few ____ places left on earth. Man has been nearly everywhere.

A. explore B. exploring C. explored D. unexplored

5. The thing I hate about John is his ____.

A. reliable B. reliability C. unreliability D. unrelying

6. The police are interested in the sudden _____ of the valuable painting.

A. unappearance B. inappearance C. appearance D. disappearance

7. There were 50 _____ in the talent contest.

A. competition B. competitor C. competitors D. competitions

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8. Unless something is done about unemployment, the ____ for the future is not good.

A. lookout B. lookup C. outlook D. look-in

9. His boss told him off because he had behaved _____.

A. responsible B. responsibly C. irresponsible D. irresponsibly

10. In my opinion, all ____ are equally bad, irrespective of which party they belong to.

A. politics B. politic C. politician D. politicians

p n bi thi mu trong bi hc Cu to t

1. Key: C

Hint: T cn in l mt danh t (sau gii t of) nn dependence v independence u tha mn yu

cu. By gi ta xt ngha ca 2 t dependence s ph thuc, independence s c lp th hin

nhin p n l independence. Cuc khng chin ginh c lp ca M thng li nm 1776

2. Key: B

Hint: C 4 phng n u l danh t c cu to t ng t break. Breakdown ni v s hng hc ca

my mc, breakthrough l nhng pht kin khoa hc mi, breakup l s v (trong gia nh),

breakaway l s chia ly, ri xa. p n ca cu ch c th l breakthrough.

3. Key: C

Hint: B ngha cho danh t way l mt tnh t nn economy v economically b loi. Economic vi ngha

l thuc v kinh t/mang tnh cht kinh t cn economical li ngha l tit kim. Xt ngha ca cu th

economical l ph hp hn c. t than l mt cch si m cho ngi nh rt tit kim

4. Key: D

Hint: T few mang ngha ph nh ch mt iu g cn tn ti rt t t ta suy ra c tnh t

trong cu phi mang ngha ph nh - unexplored chnh l p n ca cu. (Nhn bit t tri ngha qua

tin t un).

5. Key: C

Hint: T hate (ght b) mang hm ngha ph nh do danh t (sau his) cng phi mang ngha ph

nh. p n ca cu l unreliability.

6. Key: D

Hint: Ngha ca cu trn c dch ra nh sau: Cnh st ang rt quan tm n s bin mt t ngt

ca bc tranh gi tr . Danh t ca ng t appear (xut hin) phi mang ngha ngc li

disappearance l p n ca cu. (Appear ch kt hp c vi tin t dis-).

7. Key: C

Hint: T in vo trng l danh t ch ngi dng s nhiu competitors l p n ca cu.

8. Key: C

Hint: Cc t hp t u l dng kt hp ca look lookup (s tra cu), look-in (ci nhn thong qua),

outlook (vin cnh/ trin vng trong tng lai), lookout khng tn ti dng danh t m ch c cm ng

t to look out. R rng cu trn cp n vin cnh trong tng lai nn p n s l outlook.

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9. Key: D

Hint: B ngha cho ng t behave phi l mt trng t tuy nhin tell sb off c ngha l ry la, k ti th

trng t b tr cho behave (nguyn nhn dn n vic tell off) phi mang ngha ph nh irresponsibly

l p n ca cu.

10. Key: D

Hint: Sau all l mt danh t s nhiu. Thng thng chng ta nhn bit danh t s nhiu bng ui s tuy

nhin mt s danh t ch mn hc (economics, politics...) c ui s nhng khng phi danh t s nhiu.

p n ca cu l politicians chnh tr gia.