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Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh thực hành - Cấu tạo từ trong Tiếng Anh
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www.TaiLieuLuyenThi.com - Trang chia s ti liu luyn thi i hc, IELTS, TOEFL, TOEIC
CU TO T PHN 1: MT S LU
1) Quan st cu trc ng php ca cu
V d 1:
The equipment in our office needs _____.
A. moderner B. modernizing C. modernized D. modernization.
Cu c ch ng l vt (The equipment) nn sau need s l mt V-ing p n ca cu l modernizing.
Mi mt loi ng t ch i vi mt dng b tr nht nh. Khi cc em bit c cu trc ca n ri th
vic xc nh cu to ca t i sau n rt d dng.
Cc ng t nh mind, enjoy, avoid, finish, keep...th ng t i sau n lun l V-ing. Cc ng t nh
agree, aim, appear, ask, attempt, decide, demand...th b tr lun l ng t nguyn th c to.
V d 2:
That is the most _____ girl Ive seen.
A. beautifuler B. beautiful C. beautifulest D. beautifully
T cn in l mt tnh t b ngha cho girl. Trc v tr trng l the most du hiu ca so snh nht.
n y nhiu em s chn beautifulest v ngh rng tnh t dng so snh nht thm est cui t nhng
quy tc ny ch p dng vi tnh t ngn, i vi tnh t di (hai m tit tr nn ) th cu trc s l the
most + nguyn mu tnh t.
2) Khi 4 phng n A, B, C, D u thuc cng loi t vng (danh t hoc tnh t) th cc em phi xem
xt ngha ca tng t chn p n chnh xc nht.
V d :
Computer is one of the most important _____of the 20th century.
A. inventings B. inventories C. inventions D. inventor
Sau one of phi l mt danh t s nhiu. Tuy nhin inventories li c ngha l bn tm tt, bn kim k
trong khi inventions l s pht minh, sng ch. p n ca cu ng nhin l inventions. Nu khng
cc em hy ch n ui tion, mt cch cu to danh t ch vt t ng t rt thng dng cng c
th suy ra p n ca cu.
3) Xem xt ngha ph nh ca t
Khi thm cc tin t nh in, un, ir, dis... th ngha ca t b o ngc hon ton. Da vo cc yu t
cc em c th nhn bit c ngha ca t l khng nh hay ph nh.
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Tuy nhin mi mt t ch c th kt hp vi mt loi ph t nht nh. V d responsible ch kt hp vi
tin t ir-, illegal ch kt hp vi tin t il-...
V d:
I think its very _____ of him to expect us to work overtime every night this week.
A. reason B. reasonable C unreasonable D. inreasonable
T cn in l mt tnh t. Cm t work overtime every night this week mang hm ph nh nn
tnh t ca cu cng mang ngha ph nh unreasonable. (Reasonable ch kt hp vi tin t un-
to nn t tri ngha).
lm dng bi tp ny cc em phi lin h t cn in vi cc cm t khc trong cu nhn bit
c ca cu l khng nh hay ph nh ri t xc nh dng thc ca t.
PHN 2: MT S CCH CU TO T THNG DNG
1) Cu to danh t
Danh t c cu to t ng t bng cch thm cc hu t nh: -ment (arrangement, management...);
-tion, -ion (repetition, decision...); -ence (reference, dependence). Ch ngi th thm cc ph t nh
ee (empoyee), -er (teacher), -or (competitor), -ist (dentist...)...
Danh t c cu to t tnh t bng cch thm cc hu t nh: -ty (difficulty...), -ness (carefulness...), -
bility (responsibility...), -ce (confidence...)...
2) Cu to tnh t
Tnh t thng c cu to t danh t v ng t bng cch thm cc hu t nh ful (beautiful,
helpful...), -less (harmless, careless...), -ous (dangerous, continuous...), - al (financial, econimical...), - ic
(climatic, politic...), - tive (active, competitive...), -able (trainable...), -ible (defensible...)...
3) Cu to ng t
- ng t c cu to bng thm mt s ph t t vo danh t: en- (encourage); -en (threaten)...
- ng t c cu to bng thm mt s ph t vo tnh t: en- (enlarge); -en (widen); -ise; -ize
(modernize, industrialise), -fy (purify) ...
4) Cu to trng t
Trng t thng c cu to bng vic thm ui ly vo tnh t: quick quickly, beautiful
beautifully... Mt s trng t c hnh thc ging vi tnh t: fast, hard, far, much...
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5) Cc tin t lm o ngc ngha ca t
Khi thm mt s tin t nh un- (unhappy), in- (inactive), dis- (dislike), mis- (misspell, misunderstand),
ir- (irresponsible), il- (illegal)... th ngha ca t s tri ngc hon ton. Tuy nhin mi t li ch c th
kt hp vi mt loi ph t nht nh, v d nh mis- ch kt hp c vi understand, spell ch khng
kt hp c vi happy hay active.
Samples:
Chn phng n ng (A, B, C hoc D hon thnh mi cu sau:
1. The American War of ____ was won in 1776
A. depending B. dependence C. independence D. independent
2. Although the splitting of the atom was one of the greatest scientific _____of this century, there are
many people who wish it had never happened.
A. breakdown B. breakthrough C. breakup D. breakaway
3. Burning coal is an ____ way of heating a house.
A. economy B. economic C. economical D. economically
4. There are very few ____ places left on earth. Man has been nearly everywhere.
A. explore B. exploring C. explored D. unexplored
5. The thing I hate about John is his ____.
A. reliable B. reliability C. unreliability D. unrelying
6. The police are interested in the sudden _____ of the valuable painting.
A. unappearance B. inappearance C. appearance D. disappearance
7. There were 50 _____ in the talent contest.
A. competition B. competitor C. competitors D. competitions
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8. Unless something is done about unemployment, the ____ for the future is not good.
A. lookout B. lookup C. outlook D. look-in
9. His boss told him off because he had behaved _____.
A. responsible B. responsibly C. irresponsible D. irresponsibly
10. In my opinion, all ____ are equally bad, irrespective of which party they belong to.
A. politics B. politic C. politician D. politicians
p n bi thi mu trong bi hc Cu to t
1. Key: C
Hint: T cn in l mt danh t (sau gii t of) nn dependence v independence u tha mn yu
cu. By gi ta xt ngha ca 2 t dependence s ph thuc, independence s c lp th hin
nhin p n l independence. Cuc khng chin ginh c lp ca M thng li nm 1776
2. Key: B
Hint: C 4 phng n u l danh t c cu to t ng t break. Breakdown ni v s hng hc ca
my mc, breakthrough l nhng pht kin khoa hc mi, breakup l s v (trong gia nh),
breakaway l s chia ly, ri xa. p n ca cu ch c th l breakthrough.
3. Key: C
Hint: B ngha cho danh t way l mt tnh t nn economy v economically b loi. Economic vi ngha
l thuc v kinh t/mang tnh cht kinh t cn economical li ngha l tit kim. Xt ngha ca cu th
economical l ph hp hn c. t than l mt cch si m cho ngi nh rt tit kim
4. Key: D
Hint: T few mang ngha ph nh ch mt iu g cn tn ti rt t t ta suy ra c tnh t
trong cu phi mang ngha ph nh - unexplored chnh l p n ca cu. (Nhn bit t tri ngha qua
tin t un).
5. Key: C
Hint: T hate (ght b) mang hm ngha ph nh do danh t (sau his) cng phi mang ngha ph
nh. p n ca cu l unreliability.
6. Key: D
Hint: Ngha ca cu trn c dch ra nh sau: Cnh st ang rt quan tm n s bin mt t ngt
ca bc tranh gi tr . Danh t ca ng t appear (xut hin) phi mang ngha ngc li
disappearance l p n ca cu. (Appear ch kt hp c vi tin t dis-).
7. Key: C
Hint: T in vo trng l danh t ch ngi dng s nhiu competitors l p n ca cu.
8. Key: C
Hint: Cc t hp t u l dng kt hp ca look lookup (s tra cu), look-in (ci nhn thong qua),
outlook (vin cnh/ trin vng trong tng lai), lookout khng tn ti dng danh t m ch c cm ng
t to look out. R rng cu trn cp n vin cnh trong tng lai nn p n s l outlook.
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9. Key: D
Hint: B ngha cho ng t behave phi l mt trng t tuy nhin tell sb off c ngha l ry la, k ti th
trng t b tr cho behave (nguyn nhn dn n vic tell off) phi mang ngha ph nh irresponsibly
l p n ca cu.
10. Key: D
Hint: Sau all l mt danh t s nhiu. Thng thng chng ta nhn bit danh t s nhiu bng ui s tuy
nhin mt s danh t ch mn hc (economics, politics...) c ui s nhng khng phi danh t s nhiu.
p n ca cu l politicians chnh tr gia.