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The Flight Environment
Chapter 4
Section A
Safety of Flight
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Collision Avoidance
Procedures to avoid collisions
Stats - Majority of mid-air collisions
Within 5 miles of an airport
Daylight hours
VFR conditions
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What is VFR? IFR?
VFR (Visual Flight Rules) FARs governingflight when certain weather conditions exist Minimum cloud clearance
Minimum visibility
VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions
IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) FARsgoverning flight when weather conditions arebelow VFR minimums
IMC
Instrument Meteorological Conditions
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More about VFR, IFR
VFR or IFR can refer to
Regulations Weather
Flight plan
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See and Avoid
Visual scanning
Field of vision about 200 Sharp focus only about 10
Effective scanning - use a pattern
Use short, regularly spaced eye movements
Dont exceed 10 at a time
Focus for at least one second
Cover all the sky horizontally and vertically
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Collision course
How do you know if you are on a collision
course?
There will be no apparent relative motion
Stays at the same spot in the windscreen
No lateral or vertical movement, but gets bigger
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Helping your eyes
Clean windscreen, use sunglasses
Fatigue
When transitioning from inside to outside, focus onan exterior part of the aircraft
Empty field myopia
Featureless sky, no objects, no contrasting colors
Eye tends to focus at 10 to 30 feet look atsomething far away, then back to scan
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Know the conditions that help/hurt
Sky conditions
Bright sunlight best, no haze or reduced visibility
Background
Cluttered background makes it more difficult to pick
out other aircraft See Page 4-4
Hazy conditions
Other aircraft and terrain appear to be further away
than they actually are
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Blind spots
View blocked by parts of fuselage and wings
Depends on design of airplane
e.g. high/low wing
Clear the area before turning
High wing below low wing on approach or TO Make shallow S-turns in climbs and descents
Try not to climb or descend at steep angles
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Operations near airports
Extra caution
Controlled airports
Large amounts of traffic
Control tower does not relieve you of see-and-avoid
Uncontrolled airports
Sequencing done by pilots
Aircraft without radios may be operating there
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Lights on your aircraft
Anticollision lights required to be on whenever
the engine is running Day or night
Exception
If they interfere with safety
Strobes off when might be detrimental to vision ofothers
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Operation Lights On
FAA voluntary program
Use landing lights during departures andapproaches
Day and night
Within 10 miles of an airport Or conditions of reduced visibility
Check POH for limits on use of landing lights
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Practicing Maneuvers
Make clearing turns before performing
maneuvers Carefully scan area for other aircraft
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Right-of-way Rules
AC in distress has right-of-way over all others
Approaching head on
Both go right
Overtaking
Faster aircraft goes right and well clear
Same category aircraft converging
Aircraft to right has right-of-way
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Right-of-way Rules
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Right-of-way Rules
Different category aircraft converging
In general, least maneuverable has right of way
Balloon
Glider
Aircraft towing or refueling another aircraft
Airship
Airplane or rotorcraft
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Right-of-Way Rules
Approaching an airport to land
right-of-way belongs to aircraft at the lower altitude
Not intended to be used to cut in front ofanother aircraft
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Minimum Safe Altitudes
Must allow an emergency landing, following
an engine failure, without undue hazard topersons or property on the surface
Minimum
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Minimum Safe Altitudes
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ASRS
Reporting compromises to safety
FAA cannot use ASRS information inenforcement actions
http://asrs.arc.nasa.gov/report_sets_nf.htm
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Flight over hazardous terrain
Mountains and open water
Need specialized training decreased aircraft performance
turbulence
weather
forced landing sites
Need survival gear
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Taxiing in Wind
Position controls to minimize effects of wind ailerons
high wing
tailwheel
elevators
tailwheel
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Positive exchange of controls
You have the flight controls
I have the flight controls You have the flight controls
Visual confirmation
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The Flight Environment
Chapter 4
Section B
Airports
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Controlled/Uncontrolled Airports
Controlled
operating control tower ATC instructions
must have two-way radio and be in contact withtower
Uncontrolled
not required to have two-way radio
you figure it out
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Runway Layout
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Runway Designations
Magnetic direction
nearest 10 degrees omit last zero
Opposite end
Parallel runways
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Traffic Patterns
Entry
Downwind Base leg
Departure
Crosswind
Pattern altitude
Left turns (standard) or right (non-standard)
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Which runway do you use at an
uncontrolled airport?
Radio operator
advise of wind, active runway, traffic
Over fly airport 500 to 1000 feet above
pattern altitude take a look
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Wind Direction Indicators
Wind sock
shows direction, relative velocity, gusty conditions
Wind tee may be manually positioned
Tetrahedron may be manually positioned
Calm wind runway - wind 5 knots or less
preferred runway
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Segmented Circle
locate
winddirectionindicator
indicatetrafficpattern
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Noise Abatement Procedures
Good neighbor
Preferred runway Restrict operations during certain times
Sources
tower
Airport/Facility Directory
info at FBO
Page 4-23
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Airport Visual Aids
Runway Markings
Visual
Non-precision
Precision
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Airport Visual Aids
Runway Markings
Displaced
threshold
Blast pad/stopwayarea X closed
NOTAMs
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Airport Visual Aids
Taxiway Markings
ILS Hold
Line
TaxiwayHoldlines
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Airport Visual Aids
Ramp Area
Handsignals
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Airport Visual Aids
Airport Signs ICAO
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Airport Visual Aids
Airport Signs ICAO
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LAHSO
Land and hold short operations
Accept only if sure you can comply
Refuse if not sure
Page 4-30
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Airport Lighting
Airport Beacon
Operationduring daylighthours indicatesweather below
basic VFRminimums
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Airport Lighting
Visual Approach Slope Indicators
Two-barVASI
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Airport Lighting
Visual Approach Slope Indicators
Tri-color VASI be sure you have the rightlight
above glide path amber
on glide path green
below glide path dark amber to red
Pulsating approach slope indicator (PLASI) above pulsating white light
on steady white
below pulsating red light
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Airport Lighting
Visual Approach Slope Indicators
Precision
ApproachPath
Indicator
(PAPI)
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Airport Lighting
Approach Light Systems (ALS)
Precision instrument runways
as much as 3000 feet before runway on extendedcenterline
steady and flashing lights
rabbit sequenced strobe
Non-precision instrument runways simpler
VFR runway
might have VASI
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Airport Lighting
Runway Edge Lights
High intensity (HIRLs)
Medium intensity (MIRLs)
Low intensity (LIRLs)
Pilot controlled
Yellow runway remaining lights Runway end identifier lights (REILs)
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Airport Lighting
In-Runway Lighting
Some precision approach runways
Centerline white, last 3000 feet yellow
Touchdown zone lighting 100 feet to 3000 feet
Taxiway turnoff lighting alternating green and
yellow, curved off the runway
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Airport Lighting
Taxiway Lighting
Edge of runway blue
Taxiway centerline green
On taxiways
On taxiing paths of runways and ramps
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Airport Lighting
Pilot-controlled Lighting
On specified frequency, within 5 seconds
Key mike seven times all lights on at maximum intensity
Key mike five times
all lights on at medium intensity
Key mike three times
all lights on at lowest intensity
15 minutes
Approach, runway, VASI, REIL
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Airport Lighting
Obstruction Lighting
Obstacles on and off airpot
towers, buildings
Red, white, flashing red, flashing white,strobe
Remember guy wires
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Airport Lighting
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