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CHAPTER 10
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• central nervous system (CNS)
• peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The composition of nervous system:
(include the brain and the spinal cord )
(composed of the neurons and neuroglia cells)
Somatic nervous system
Visceral nervous system
中枢神经系统中枢神经系统
周围神经系统周围神经系统
脑、脊髓脑、脊髓
躯体躯体
内脏内脏
脑脑
脊髓脊髓
内脏内脏躯体躯体
1. Structure and Function of the Neurons
2. Sensory Function of NS
3. Control of body movement
4. Autonomic NS
5. Higher Functions of NS
All contents of chapter 10:
1. Structure and Function of the Neurons神经元神经元
感觉感觉
运动运动
自主自主 NSNS
高级功能高级功能
Structure and maintenance of Neurons
SECTION A
Neurons
• Basic Structure
• cell body (soma) 胞体
• dendrites 树突
• axons (nerve fiber) 轴突
轴丘
朗飞结
Functional Classes Of Neurons
神经元的分类
Three functional classes of neurons:
1. Afferent neurons: receptor CNS
2. Efferent neurons: CNS effector cells
3. Interneurons: connect afferent and efferent neurons
传入神经元
传出神经元
中间神经元
传入 传出 中间
Nerve fibers have myelin sheaths are called myelinated nerve fiber
• myelinated nerve fiber
• unmyelinated nerve fiber.
Nerve fibers lack myelin sheaths are called unmyelinated nerve fiber
有髓神经纤维
无髓神经纤维
有髓鞘
无髓鞘
Nerve Fiber
Classification of nerve fibers 分类
1. Electrophysiologic properties 电生理学的特性
divides fibers into three groups :
A , A , A ,AType A:
Type B: myelinated.
Type C: unmyelinated.
Table 10-1 Classification of fiber types
Fiber Type Function Fiber Diameter(m)
Conduction Velocity(m/s)
SpikeDuration(ms)
Absolute RefractoryPeriod(ms)
A A Proprioception; Somatic motor
1322 70120 0.40.5 0.41.0
A Touch, Pressure 813 3070
A Motor to muscle spindles 48 1530
A Pain, Temperature, Touch 14 1230
B Preganglionic autonomic 13 315 1.2 1.2
C sC Postganglionic sympathetics 0.31.3 0.72.3 2.0 2.0
drC Pain, Reflex responses 0.41.2 0.62.0
传导速度
Fiber type
Origin Diameter(m)
Conduction Velocity(m/s)
Electro-Physiologictypes
Ⅰ a b
Muscle spindle, annulospiral endingGolgi tendon organ
1222
About 12
70120
about 70
A
A
Ⅱ Muscle spindle, flower-spray ending,Touch receptors
512 2570 A
Ⅲ Pain and temperature receptors, some touch receptors
25 1025 A
Ⅳ Pain and other receptors 0.11.3 1 C
纤维的直径及来源 2. based on origin and diameter of fibers
来源直径
• Conduction Velocity of nerve fiber
1. fiber diameter:
depends on:
2. whether or not the fiber is myelinated:
3. temperature:
The larger has the axon diameter, higher the conduction velocity
myelinated fibers is fasterthan unmyelinated fibers.
(saltatory conduction)
Lower was the temperature, the slower the conduction velocity.
传导速度
直径大传导快
有髓比无髓快
温度低则慢
•characteristics of nerve fibers conduction: 传导特征
(1) Integrity
(2) Isolated propagation
(3) bidirectional propagation
(4) Indefatigability
生理完整性
绝缘性
相对不疲劳性
双向性
Axonplasmic Transport 轴浆运输
cell body
• Anterograde 顺向轴浆运输
• retrograde 逆向轴浆运输
快( 40-500 mm/d ),慢( 1-12 )
nerve terminal
cell body nerve terminal
Axonplasmic transport
Tetanus toxin, herpes
Linking proteins, microtubules
Glial (Neuroglia ) Cell
• The classification of Neuroglia Cell
1. oligodendrocytes
2. Astrocytes
3. microglia
4. Schwann cells
星形 ~
少突 ~
小 ~
施万C
• The functions of neuroglia cells:
(1)Supportability 支持
(2) plerosis and regeneration 修复与再生
(3) Substantial metabolism and nutritive function
(4) isolated and Barrier 绝缘屏障
(5) Maintain the suitable ionic concentration
(6) intape and excrete neurotransmitter 神经递质
代谢营养
离子浓度
SECTION B
Synapse突触
•Two kinds of synapse by mechanism:
2. chemical synapses: 化学突触
1. electrical synapses
use chemical transmitter(s)
electrical mechanism.
电突触
Chemical Synapses
1. Typical Chemical Synapse
2. Non-synaptic chemical transmission
经典突触
非突触性化学传递
Synapse:
Synapse is the anatomically specialized junction between
two neurons, where information is transmitted from one
neuron to another.
一个神经元的轴突末梢与其他神经元的胞体或突起相接触并进行信息传递的部位。
Typical Chemical Synapse
• includes three components:
1. pre-synaptic membranes
2. post-synaptic membranes
3. synaptic cleft.
• Structure of Synapse :
突触前膜
突触间隙
突触后膜
membrane
Structure of Synapse :
A. axon-somatic synapses
B. axo-axonal
synapses
C. axo-dendritic synapses
• Classification of synapses
1. based on the contacting position of the synapses
轴 - 体
轴 - 树
轴 - 轴
分类
• Classification of synapses
2. based on the functions:
A. Excitatory synapses
B. Inhibitory synapses
兴奋性
抑制性
Mechanism of synaptic transmission
(Electric-chemical-electric transmission processes)
电—化学 --- 电
过程:
( 1 )突触前膜去极化;
( 2 ) Ca2 +进入突触小体;
( 3 )递质释放;
( 4 )递质与受体结合;
( 5 )产生突触后电位( PSP )
ion
ion
Electric-chemical-electric transmission processes:
presynaptic processes
AP propagate to synaptic knob Ca2+ influx
Vesicle move to presynaptic membrane
Release neurotransmitters
synaptic cleft: transmitter diffused to the postsynaptic membrane
postsynaptic membrane
transmitter binding to the receptors
cause the Postsynaptic Potential ( PSP )
递质
What will happen in neurotransmitters ?
1. decompose: by enzymes
2. reuptake: be transported back into the synaptic knob
(Acetylcholine cholinesterase )
( epinephrine and norepinephrine )
AChEACh
3. Go to peripheral interstitial space
递质
分解
重利用
外周组织
Electric-chemical-electric transmission processes:
presynaptic processes
AP propagate to synaptic knob Ca2+ influx
Vesicle move to presynaptic membrane
Release neurotransmitters
synaptic cleft: transmitter diffused to the postsynaptic membrane
postsynaptic membrane
transmitter binding to the receptors
cause the Postsynaptic Potential
递质
( PSP )
Postsynaptic Potential
1. Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
2. Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
兴奋性突触后电位
抑制性突触后电位
(1) Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Concept:
The excitatory transmitter cause the
Depolarization of postsynaptic membrane.
兴奋性递质引起的突触后膜去极化。
• The mechanism of EPSP
Action potential Presynaptic membrane released excitatory transmitters
excitatory transmitters diffuse to postsynaptic membrane in synaptic cleft
chemically gated channels open, Na+ influx (main) and K+ efflux
postsynaptic membrane is depolarized
EPSP
bind to receptor
(Local potential)
轴突冲动 → 突触前膜释放兴奋性递质
→ 经突触间隙扩散并与突触后膜受体结合
→ 突触后膜提高对 Na+ 、 K+ ,尤其对 Na+
的通透性→突触后膜去极化
( 2 ) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
The inhibitory transmitter cause the
hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane.
Concept:
抑制性递质引起的突触后膜超极化。
Inhibitory nerve
terminal excite
• The mechanism of IPSP
Presynaptic membrane released inhibitatory transmitters
inhibitatory transmitters diffuse to postsynaptic membrane in synaptic cleft
bind to receptor
chemically gated channels open,Cl- influx (main) and K+ efflux
postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized
IPSP
(graded potential)
抑制性 N 元末梢兴奋 → 释放抑制性递质 →
经扩散与突触后膜的受体结合 → 提高突触
后膜对 Cl- 的通透性 → 突触后膜超极化
Action potential develop on the postsynaptic neurons
The summation of EPSP
depolarized to threshold potential
generated the action potential
突触后电位的总和
总和
去极达阈电位
动作电位
Characteristics of synaptic transmission
(1) One Way Conduction
(2) Synaptic Delay
from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic neuron
The delay is due to the time it takes for the release of neurotransmitter and its action on the postsynaptic membrane.
单向传布
突触延搁
(3) Integration (Summation )
• more than one synaptic knob activate at the same time spatial summation
• repeated afferent stimulus temporal summation
Characteristics of synaptic transmission
时间总和
总和
空间总和
(4) susceptibility
Internal Environment change
affect the release of transmitters or transmitter
bind to receptors
( hypoxia, acid poisoning, some drug )
(5) Fatigue Stimulate a synapses continuous
the number of discharges
( due to exhaustion of transmitters.)
对内环境变化的敏感性
缺氧 、酸中毒等
易疲劳性
递质耗竭
(6)Synaptic plasticity
突触传递的功能可发生较长时间的增强或减弱,与脑的高级功能密切相关。
突触传递的可塑性
Characteristics of synaptic transmission
2. Non-synaptic chemical transmission非突触性化学传递
Varicosity :
release transmitter
bind to the nearly receptor
of the effector cells
曲张体
效应细胞 R
非突触性化学传递与经典突触传递的区别:
1. 没有经典突触的一对一关系
2. 是否成为靶细胞以及是否出现效应,
取决于递质扩散范围内神经元上的受体。
Electrical synapse
• Basic structure: gap junctions
• Characteristics:
bidirectional transmission
• Function:
cause the synchronization of
discharge of different neurons
bidirectional propagation
缝隙连接
双向性
传递信息并促进不同神经元同步性放电
the propagation of AP in an unmyelinated nerve fiber
Saltatory conduction
the propagation of AP in an myelinated nerve fiber
Mechanism: Local Current
局部电流 跳跃式传导
A nerve trunk
impulse
nerve-fibers
smell
pain
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