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4 12 14 18 22 30 34 39 42 46 48 52 56 58 60 66 74 76 80 82 90 94 Open Source C NVIDIA Linux- . Linux
Notes . , , . , . , , , . . , , . , , , . just for fun, Linux , . , . . , , , , Linux . , , . , , , RPM-, . , , , -, , . , , Fedora Core 3, , , . LiveCD- Knoppix 3.7. Linux. , ! ,
Interview
Success story Linux
Linux Familiar iPAQ.
Hardware Desktop
Pocket PC
Fedora Core 3
,
Linux
Audacity
Windows- Cedega
GNOME 2.10,
, LVM
Advanced
...
Unison
Linux
mutt
Stargazer
Python
FAQ
Review
4
notes
Open
Source
, , , amaroK. AmaroK Live PCLinux OS LiveCD, , amaroK, , Creative Comons Wired CD. AmaroK Live . , . , , Beastie Boys David Byrne, . amarok.kde.org
EMC Centera Centera Seek. , , Centera. , , , . . Centera . , API . Seek . Seek Centera Chargeback Reporter, Centera . Red Hat Linux Enterprise Server 3.0. www.networkworld.com
Adobe, , , Open Source. , . Adam Eve . , . Eve . Adam . , , : , Adobe. , Adobe . opensource.adobe.com
Deutsche Bahn, , Lotus Notes IBM eServer zSeries 990 SuSE Linux Enterprise Server Version 8. I . ( SAP R/3) Linux . Linux. Lotus Notes Deutsche Bahn 5,5 . . www.computerworld.com
- Beagle , , . , SuSE Linux. Beagle , e-mail, IM- . Novell Linux, Beagle . SuSE Linux Pro , Beagle Open Source, , , Novell. www.gnome.org/projects/beagle
,
5
Opera LynuxWorks, , Opera Software. , BlueCat Linux ( LynuxWorks) Opera. , BlueCat Linux . LynuxWorks Opera ( Lynx OS) Linux (Application Binary Interface, ABI). Linux- Lynx OS - . www.rtsoft.ru
Novell Open Enterprise Server, NetWare SuSE Linux Enterprise Server , , . , , Novell Linux. - , - 7 . . , , Novell iManager, Novell Storage Services, Novell Cluster Services, . , Novell, , NetWare. www.novell.com
Roaring Penguin Software - CanIt AntiSpam. , 50 , . , . CanIt, Linux Unix, 2002 . , , . , . www.roaringpenguin.com
TransGaming Win32- Cedega ( WineX). Cedega 4.3 Stilton , Star Wars Battlefront, Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II The Sith Lords Sid Meier's Pirates! Live the Life, SimCity 4. , Half-life 2 World of Warcraft, , (prelinking), exec shield . . World of Warcraft OpenGL. . Cedega 4.3 Point2Play Cedega. , Cedega 4.3 ( ), System Test. www.transgaming.com
6
notes
Open
Source
Linux eWeek.com, Instant802 DeviceScape UWP (Universal Wireless Platform) 2.0, Linux Eclipse. Instant802 . , DeviceScape Wi-Fi, . 20 (designs) , Linux, DeviceScape. www.eWeek.com
Adobe Open Source Adobe . , Cnet News, , Adobe Systems, Linux: Linux , Linux . , , . , , Unix , Linux. , , . , . , Linux -, . news.com.com
? Novell Open Source Hula. , . , Novell, 200 Hula Novell NetMail. Hula Microsoft Exchange IBM Domino, Novell GroupWise. , , Hula . Novell Netline Internet Service, Hula. , Novell , . Novell Open Source , . Hula LGPL Mozilla Public License. www.novell.ru
Mozilla Foundation, Firefox Mozilla Thunderbird , Microsoft. , Mozilla Europe, , , Firefox Thunderbird 100 000 : , Firefox Thunderbird, , Microsoft Office. uk.news.yahoo.com
,
7
IBM- ! Computerworld, IBM Unix- . eServer p5 510 Express $4 . , , 1,5- Power5 512 . IBM AIX, Linux . IBM, , , Sun Microsystems Hewlett-Packard. www.computerworld.com
Wine , Windows Visual C++ 6.0 . , Wine Visual C++, . , Windows, Linux, Visual C++ Wine , , , . www.inehq.com
, . , , , . IconBox. , . , . , . , . www.elrodeo.de/velopment/iconbox
8
notes
Open
Source
Linux. , , O Windows, Linux. Nero. Linux. , , NeroLinux : Nero Windows. www.nero.com
(Free Software Foundation) BIOS. BIOS , , , Phoenix. , , BIOS . BIOS . , BIOS. BIOS (, LinuxBIOS), Free Software Foundation , . BIOS, , , . www.fsf.org
RAD Netscape Netscape . America Online - Netscape 8. AO Gecko (Mozilla Netscape, Firefox) Trident, Internet Explorer. , - Netscape , - , . - , . Netscape, , , , . Firefox, Internet Explorer. -, Gekko. Netscape , RSS- . browser.netscape.com , Interface, Gupta Technologies, - Gupta Team Developer 2005. (Rapid Application Development RAD). Windows-, Linux-. Interface, Gupta Team Developer 2005 RAD-, , Windows, Linux-. www.osp.ru
,
9
- IBM , . , , , Open Source. , , , IBM Academic Initiative, . , , IBM, . , Academic Initiative IBM/Linux. www.ibm.com/us
- Linux . Puppy Linux LiveCD- ( , CD), -, . Puppy Linux , . , , , -. Puppy Linux , 1.0.0 Alpha, . www.goosee.com/puppy
Linux . Open Source : , . , . Linux 2.6.x () 2.5.x (). 2.5.x , , 2.6.x. Linux 2.6.x Linux 2.6.x.y, . , Linux, Linux 2.6.x, 2.6.x.y Open Source. linux.slashdot.org
SuSE Linux R-Style . , Linux Professional Institute Certification (LPIC). , Junior Level Administration (LPIC1) Intermediate Level Administration (LPIC2), Novell Business Partner Training Provider (BPTP). ASPLinux . . . . ASPLinux , Linux . LPI. , ASPLinux. www.osp.ru
10
notes
Open
Source
RealPlayer , Windows, Linux Mac OS X. WAV- SMIL- . , SMIL- RealPlayer -. , , RealPlayer Windows : Internet Explorer SMIL- . RealPlayer 10.5, RealPlayer 10, RealOne Player V2, RealOne Player V1, RealPlayer 8 RealPlayer Enterprise Windows; RealPlayer 10 RealOne Player Macintosh; RealPlayer 10 Helix Player Linux. RealNetworks. RealPlayer Enterprise service.real.com/help/faq/security/ security022405.html. informationweek.com
PalmSource, , HotSync. , PalmSource, HotSync SyncML. , . , , . PalmSource , Palm OS Linux. Palm OS Linux , PalmSource. www.palminfocenter.com
StarOffice 8. Sun 11 . , . - LinuxWorld, . StarOffice 8, , OpenOffice.org 2.0 Macro Migration Tool ( Microsoft Office). , StarOffice, , . - StarOffice Sun. www.sun.com
Mozilla Foundation , - Mozilla. : Firefox Thunderbird. , Mozilla Suite 1.8 ( Seamonkey), Mozilla , , 1.7.x Mozilla . 1.7.6, Mozilla . - - Seamonkey 1.8 , 1.8. , Mozilla Foundation, 1.8 . www.mozilla.org
,
11
. . : , , . . . , , ; , IP-; . , . , Windows XP 2000, Mac OS X Panther, Red Hat Debian Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD Windows for Pocket PCs 2002.
Novell SuSE Linux Professional 9.3 . Xen Open Source, Microsoft EMC VMware . Xen , . , . Xen . www.novell.com
Mac Apple Macintosh. lkml.org , x86. Linux- , x86 . ZDNet Australia , , Unix x86, . , , : G5 (aka PowerPC 970), 2 . Apple Mac, , , Linux, , ;). , - , , , , x86, , - , . www.zdnet.com
12
interview
Linux . NVIDIA. Linux Windows . , Linux, NVIDIA., . , ? , NVIDIA. . NVIDIA , . , , , ? , , . , . , , , PR. , . , , , , , , , . NVIDIA , , . , NVIDIA ? , , API. , API , -
NVIDIA
13
. , Doom 3 Unreal Tournament. , , ForceWare , SPEC Viewperf8, c Quadro Linux. - , , ? - NVIDIA , , , . , . , , CD, , . -, . RPM-, . , ? , OEM, , , Linux . , Linux, , , Linux. Linux Update (www.nvidia. com/object/linux_update.html), . , . . Linux Update Linux 32- 64- nForce. , Linux Update. , , , Windows, . Linux, , , : ,
, , . NVIDIA , . Unreal Tournament! Windows- . Linux-, - , Linux? , ! , , . ForceWare Linux. Linux NVIDIA . , ? , . OEM Customer Design Linux, , . , Linux, NVIDIA Linux. , : . ? ? NVIDIA , 10 250 . (Unified Driver Architecture UDA), , , 95%. , , . ForceWare ! UDA, . Linux- , Open Source ? Unified Driver Architecture, , Linux. Open Source NVIDIA. : Linux Installer Open Source. . , , NVIDIA . |
14
success story
. Linux Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition. Linux . , Linux . . , , . , . -, , , , . -, , , . -, . , , . : ? , SDL. , , , , , . Freevo, - . , . , . ? . . Linux . GeForce FX 5200. - . /FM- brooktree878 - Tekram Irmate 210. Freevo . , , .
| | Freevo , RPM-, Gentoo Linux, Debian SuSE Linux. Fedora Core. yum, Freevo . yum . /etc/yum.conf: [freevo] name = Freevo RPM Repository for Fedora Core baseurl = http://freevo.sf.net/fedora gpgkey = http://freevo.sourceforge.net/fedora/tcwan_freevo_key.asc [dag] name = Dag RPM Repository for Fedora Core baseurl = http://apt.sw.be/fedora/$releasever/en/$basearch/dag [freshrpms] name = Fedora Linux $releasever - $basearch - freshrpms baseurl = http://ayo.freshrpms.net/fedora/linux/$releasever/ $basearch/freshrpms [updates] name = Fedora Linux $releasever - $basearch - updates baseurl = http://ayo.freshrpms.net/fedora/linux/$releasever/ $basearch/updates Freevo : yum install freevo lirc pylirc:
Linux
15
yum install lirc pylirc xmltv MPlayer XINE, DVD, xmltv .
| | /etc/freevo/freevo.conf, , ~/.freevo/local_conf.py. python . /usr/share/freevo local_conf.py ~/.freevo . . .
ROM_DRIVES = [('/mnt/cdrom','/dev/cdrom','CD')]
| | , Freevo CD-Rom:
| | . , T-, : plugin.remove('tv')
PlayStation , , Linux. . : /documentation/input/joystick_parport.txt. : Sony PlayStation, Sega Megadrive, Super Nintendo, Dendy. Sony PlayStation 60 . . . : CONFIG_INPUT_JOYDEV = m CONFIG_INPUT_JOYSTICK = y CONFIG_JOYSTICK_GAMECON = m : make modules modules_install , , , : modprobe joydev modprobe gamecon gc = 0,7 .
| , | , : VIDEO_ITEMS = [ ('','/mnt/media/film') AUDIO_ITEMS = [ ('','/mnt/muzik)] IMAGE_ITEMS = [('','/mnt/media/foto')]
| | c Freevo : Blurr, Info Noia. - : SKIN_XML_FILE = 'blurr' XML, .
Freevo MythTV www.mythtv.org /FM- Linux www.linuxlabs.biz/ articles/tvcard.html LIRC www.lirc.org , , xmltv eugene.renice.org/ onlytv.html
| - | Freevo . : plugin.activate('www') WWW_PORT = 10808 WWW_USERS = { test : password} , Freevo . :
16
success story
? TV_RECORD_SERVER_IP = 'localhost' TV_RECORD_SERVER_PORT = 18001
,
Option "NoLogo" "True" EndSection Section "Screen" # Identifier "Screen1" Device "Nvidia1" Monitor "TV" DefaultDepth 16 Subsection "Display" Depth 24 Modes "640x480" EndSubSection EndSection X-. . Freevo : DISPLAY = :0.1 freevo
| T- | , NVIDIA, . , NVIDIA, . , . , , : , , . /etc/X11/xorg.conf : Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "m0sia configured" Screen 0 "Screen0" Screen 1 "Screen1" InputDevice "Mouse0" "CorePointer" InputDevice "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard" EndSection Section "Monitor" # Identifier "TV" HorizSync 60 VertRefresh 30-150 VendorName "Thomson" ModelName "Thomson TV" EndSection Section "Device" # T- Identifier "Nvidia1" Driver "nvidia" Screen 1 BusID "PCI:1:0:0" BoardName "Asus GeForce FX 5200" Option "RenderAccel" Option "ConnectedMonitor" "TV" Option "TVOverScan" "0.692" Option "TVStandart" "NTSC-M" Option "TVOutFormat" "COMPOSITE"
| lirc | lirc : modprobe lirc_sir lirc . lirc : irrecord -d /dev/lirc0 /etc/lircd.conf , /etc/lircd.conf. . Freevo. /etc/freevo/lircrc. : begin prog = freevo button = < /etc/lircd.conf> config = end
Linux
17
, Down Down: begin prog = freevo button = Down config = Down end , , : Up, Down, Left, Right, Play, Stop, Pause, Exit, Select, FFWD, Rew, VOL+, VOL-, Enter Subtitle. , , , , . local_conf.py , : LIRCRC = '/etc/freevo/lircrc'
: freevo recordserver start . , Freevo: TV_DRIVER = 'v4l2' TV_DEVICE = '/dev/v4l/video0' TV_INPUT = 0 TV_SETTINGS = '%s television %s %s' % (CONF.tv, CONF.chanlist, TV_DEVICE) , . |
| T- | Freevo video4linux, . , . , tv, local_conf.py : plugin.activate('tv') Freevo , XMLTV. tv_grab xmltv, - , tv_grab . : , , , onlytv, . , onlytv. : export PYTHONPATH = PathToPython ./GuiConfiguration.py : ./tv_grab_ru.py > /tmp/TV.xml local_conf.py: TV_CHANNELS = [('1tv.ru','',''),('rutv.ru','',''),('ntv.ru','',''),('ctctv.ru','','')]
, , . Unicode, . - Unicode Rewriter. : http://sourceforge.net/projects/unicoderewrite. Beep Media Player XMMS , ID3v2-.
1. Freevo , . . /usr/share/freevo/fonts/ , . UTF-8, Windows. KOI8-R : ftp.vn.ua/pub/win/win3.x/fonts.
3. - . , local_conf.py : VIDEO_ITEMS = [ ('', '/mnt/save/film')] . , pygame, Freevo. TTF_RenderUTF8 TTF_RenderText. , pygame ichip.ru.
2. ID3- MP3- ID3- Windows-1251. , Freevo .
18
hardware
Linux Linux , , , . , , , . Linux. Linux , . . , , . ! ! . Linux iPAQ, . , , Sharp Zaurus. , , iPAQ. , .
| | Windows Mobile Familiar, Debian OpenEmbedded. 0.8.1 iPAQ h3600, h3700, h3800, h3900, h5400, h5500, Siemens Simpad Sharp Zaurus. , , , , , , . Linux iPAQ 5550. , Bluetooth. handhelds.org/mailman/listinfo/familiar, . , Familiar,
Linux
iPAQ
19
, . , , , Windows Mobile. Microsoft , Linux.
| Opie vs. GPE |, , . Familiar : Opie, Qtopia, GPE, GTK. , , KDE GNOME. , . , GPE . , Opie: Minimo, , , . - , 90. Opie Palm , , , , , . Familiar . , , . Opie, , . , familiar.handhelds.org Familiar. ( ), . Opie GPE bootstrap , . , TAR, , , .
Familiar iPAQ. Opie iPAQ h5550. wince.gz. - . , iPAQ . , 40 , , . . . , iPAQ . Flash p Program (- bootldr.bin.gz). , 15 , . , ( Verify). , , iPAQ.
| | . BootBlaster . : ActiveSync, Synce, FTP . BootBlaster3900-2.6.exe bootldr-pxa-2.21.12.bin ( ). BootBlaster . -, . , Linux BootLoader Windows Mobile, ,
20
hardware
Opie - Palm OS
GPE GTK, GNOME
Familiar, Windows Mobile. Linux. , , , , help. , : load root , HyperTerminal, (Send File) jffs2. Ymodem-G. minicom Ctrl+A, Z S. ( , Space). , , 2030 . : Erasing sector 00140000 Erasing sector 00180000 ... addr: 00360000 data: 781590DB addr: 00370000 data: 642637AE Erasing sector 00FC0000
| Familiar | Familiar . CF- . 51**, 54**, 55**, . Windows HyperTerminal, Linux minicom. , . . , BootLoader. . , 55**, . ( ), iPAQ . HyperTerminal minicom , COM-. minicom , . , : minicom -s Serial Port Setup Enter. E. I, 115 200 , Q (Data bits 8, Parity None, Stop Bits 1) Enter . F G, (flow control). .
BootBlaster
iPAQ 5***,
Linux
iPAQ
21
Linux handhelds.orgwriting flash.. addr: 00100000 data: E0021985 addr: 00110000 data: E3BAD617 ... addr: 00600000 data: E0021985 addr: 00610000 data: FFFFFFFF addr: 00620000 data: FFFFFFFF addr: 00630000 data: FFFFFFFF verifying ... formatting ... done. boot> -, , . boot, , , Linux. , - , SSH-.
minicom , root_image 33 030 144 . : gzip -9 root_image : boot wince Microsoft Windows Powered . , : load bootldr saved_bootldr.gz. , , iPAQ . |
| Windows Mobile | - Linux , iPAQ . , . , handhelds.org/download/feeds/wince. Linux, , ( , ). , . Windows Unix-, unxutils.sourceforge.net/UnxUtils.zip. gunzip wince_image.gz , : dd bs = 1k count = 32256 if = wince_image of = root_image
Windows HyperTerminal
22
desktop
Linux , , , . , , . ? , , (, , ). , , , . Fedora Core 3. , .
| | , , . , . : . , . Fedora Core 3 (FC3) , , . Anaconda (- FC3) , . , Fedora Core 3 Microsoft Windows, Partition Magic, Acronis Partition Expert Paragon Partition Manager. FC3
| |, , , , , : 3 , Fedora Core Red Hat Linux. 3 , Red Hat Inc. Red Hat Linux , . , , Fedora Core . 3 , . Fedora
Fedora
Core
3
23
memtest86 Linux, , .
| | ReiserFS XFS Anaconda . : linux reiserfs xfs Linux , . ? , mem. . ? -, , , , . -, . , , mem : linux mem = 196M , memtest86 ( , linux). 80 , : cp /boot/memtest-3.0.bin /dev/fd0
Disk Druid ,
| | . , . . .
| | Disk Druid , . , : (swap) (/). swap- . 3 (2,5 ). /tmp, /var, /usr, /home . , ? . , . , , , . XFS. , , , . , , , . . , . , /tmp 777,
| | , Russian (Win). , , , Windows-. (KOI8-R, CP1251, ISO8859-5 UTF-8) , FC3 Unicode. .
24
desktop
, . , SUID- , noexec, nodev, nosuid. , /tmp, EXT2. . , , , , (, ), , . , , , , /var . . . ? . : swap . /tmp , , Audacity. - . ? , , . : /var/log
SELinux , firewall , . logrotate ( ), . . , . . , .
| | , , . Anaconda . ? -, FC3 swap- LVM-. LVM (Logical Volume Manager)? , .
, / /tmp /var /var/log /usr /home /video
ReiserFS Ext3 Ext2 ReiserFS Ext3 ReiserFS Ext3 ReiserFS Ext3 ReiserFS Ext3 XFS
( , . .) ( . .)
Fedora
Core
3
25
. , LVM, , /dev/sda, /dev/hda. , LVM , Fedora Core Team, , LVM . , , ( swap), /home, /usr, /tmp, /var, /var/log . . , , , LVM , , . LVM, . VolGroup00 vg, LogVol00, , root. , LogVol01 swap. , , : /dev/vg/root /dev/vg/swap. , , , (/dev/VolGroup00/ LogVol00 /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01).
. , 3 IP- (192.168.0.102); 3 (255.255.255.0); 3 (fc3.home.lg); 3 IP- (192.168.0.1); 3 IP- DNS- (192.168.0.1). , IP- , . IP- DNS- IP- , , IP- DNS- .
| | SELinux , . , . SSH , . -.
| | . . , , , .
| | ethernet-, . , : , DHCP- ( ), , . , : . ( ):
| | , , , , . ,
26
desktop
apg, . FC3 GNOME. KDE XFCE4, . , , , . .
X- . (, /usr/share/fonts/TTF) .
| | . , Fedora Core 3 , , , . , , . system -config-services ( p p ). ntsysv. , , , Linux . ( ), , . . , , : 3 NetworkManager , . IP-, . 3 acpid , ACPI-, . , . 3 anacron, crond , ( , ) . 3 apmd , . , , . 3 atd , . 3 cpuspeed .
| | , , . FC3 firstboot, , , , NTP-, . , , . , .
| | , FC3, . , , , Microsoft Core Fonts (corefonts.sf.net). , : Arial, Courier New, Times New Roman. Verdana ( , Tahoma ), Impact, Webdings, Trebuchet, Comic Georgia. KDE, TTF-, KDE, , . , , . -
Fedora
Core
3
27
, NTP3 autofs , . 3 bluetooth , bluetooth-. 3 chargen, chargen-udp xinetd, . 3 cups . 3 cups-config-daemon cups. 3 cups-lpd xinetd, lpd cups. 3 daytime, daytime-udp xinetd, Wed Nov 13 22:30:27 EST 2002. 3 diskdump , dump- diskdump- . (). 3 gpm . , / - . , , . 3 gssftp FTP-, xinetd Kerberos-. 3 echo, echo-udp xinetd, - . 3 eklogin , Kerberos-. 3 haldaemon . 3 iptables , . 3 irda , -. 3 irqbalance , . 3 isdn , ISDN-. 3 klogin, kshell, krb5-telnet , xinetd, Kerberos-.
3 ktalk KDE- talk- ( MS Windows 9x WinPoPup) 3 kudzu , . 3 lisa , Microsoft. 3 lm_sensors , , (, ). 3 mdmonitor , RAID. 3 messagebus , . 3 microcode_ctl . . 3 netdump , . oops- , . 3 netfs , (NFS, SMB, Netware). 3 netplugd , . 3 network , . 3 nfs, nfslock NFS-.
FC3 EXT2 EXT3, ReiserFS. EXT2/EXT3 . , ReiserFS . ReiserFS , EXT3. . , 100 . , , ( EXT3 1, 2 4 ). ReiserFS, EXT2 ( EXT3, ), , . , . ReiserFS EXT3, ( ), XFS, ReiserFS. , , .
28
desktop
KDE TrueType3 nscd , LDAP, NIS, NIS+. 3 ntpd NTP-, . 3 pcmcia , PCMCIA. 3 portmap , , , NFS- NIS-. 3 psacct . 3 readahead, readahead_early , . 3 rhnsd , Red Hat Network . 3 rpcgssd, rpcidmapd, rpcsvcgssd , NFS- NFSv4. 3 rsync , xinetd FTP-, . 3 saslauthd , . 3 sendmail . 3 smartd , , S.M.A.R.T. 3 snmpd, snmptrapd , SNMP- . 3 spamassassin , . 3 sshd , . 3 syslog . 3 vncserver , . 3 winbind , Samba. 3 xfs .
. 3 xinetd , . 3 ypbind , NIS-. 3 yum , . . , , , .
| | , , . Fedora Core, Red Hat, RPM (Red Hat Package Manager). , RPM, system-config-packages. , , . , APT (Advanced Package Tools). apt4rpm FC3. : http://ftp.freshrpms.net/pub/freshrpms/fedora/linux/3/apt/apt-0.5.15cnc6-1.1.fc3.fr.i386.rpm , , rpm- : rpm -ivh apt-0.5.15cnc6-1.1.fc3.fr.i386.rpm /etc/apt/sources.conf /etc/apt/apt.conf, ( APT - /mnt/cdrom) : Acquire::CDROM::Copy "true"; Acquire::CDROM::mount "/media/cdrom"; , APT : mkdir -p /var/state/apt/{apt,lists}
Fedora
Core
3
29
,
APT synaptic /etc/apt/source.list ( , -, # , sources.list): rpm cdrom:[FC3_CD1]/ ../../../../../var/state/apt/apt FC3_CD1 - , . . APT . , , synaptic, APT. FC3 : http://ftp.freshrpms.net/pub/freshrpms/fedora/linux/3/synaptic/sy naptic-0.55.3-1.1.fc3.fr.i386.rpm , , , apt4rpm, (apt-get update) APT. , /etc/apt/sources.list freshrpms.net: rpm http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/3/i386 core updates freshrpms , FC3 (core), (updates) , FC3 (freshrpms). , , , apt-get update, , .
- . /mnt/cdrom, , LFS, /media/cdrom ( , ): mount /media/cdrom RPMS.F3_CD1 (F3_CD1 - ): ln -s /media/cdrom/Fedora/RPMS/ /var/state/apt/apt/RPMS.F3_CD1 , : genbasedir --bloat --flat /var/state/apt/apt F3_CD1 (-, , ): mv /var/state/apt/apt/base/release.FC3_CD1 /var/state/apt/lists/FC3%5fCD1_.._.._.._.._var_state_apt_apt_ base_release.FC3%5fCD1 %5f, , , . , %20. /var/state/ apt/cdroms.list : CD::eaa3a6aea1bd513cb06ce1246f19648a-2 "FC3_CD1"; - . , apt-cdrom ident.
| | , , , , , , , . , : , , . . , . |
30
desktop
. : , , . $250 . MP3/OGG-, , , , . , , , , . , - , . : Palm OS PalmOne Windows Mobile Microsoft. Linux Palm OS , Linux Windows Mobile . : 3 PalmOne ; 3 PalmOne Linux. Pocket PC Linux. http://synce.sourceforge.net/synce. , . , . SynCE RPM, : rpm -Uvh synce-0.9.0-1.i386.rpm , . SynCE , : USB- Bluetooth Ethernet/WLAN . USB-. Fedora Core : USB . , :
| SynCE | SynCE, Windows Mobile Linux.
PC
Linux
31
VDCCM dmesg kernel: hub.c: new USB device 00:14.2-2, assigned address 3 kernel: usb.c: USB device 3 (vend/prod 0x49f/0x3) is not claimed by any active driver. kernel: usb.c: registered new driver serial kernel: usbserial.c: USB Serial support registered for Generic kernel: usbserial.c: USB Serial Driver core v1.4 kernel: ipaq.c: USB PocketPC PDA driver v0.5 kernel: usbserial.c: USB Serial support registered for PocketPC PDA kernel: usbserial.c: PocketPC PDA converter detected kernel: usbserial.c: PocketPC PDA converter now attached to ttyUSB0 (or usb/tts/0 for devfs) , . , , dccm. , Enter. , : synce-serial-config
Konquerorifconfig ppp0 , . , SynCE: pcp pls pmkdir pmv () prm prmdir prun pstatus synce-install CAB- , - . , , dccm. , : synce-serial-abort
, . dmesg, . ttyUSB0. : synce-serial-start , PPP-, . , , , . :
, FAQ , . SynCE , , Pocket PC.
| Orange | Pocket PC , CAB- \Windows\AppMgr\Install, -
32
desktop
wceload.exe, . , , CAB-, . Orange , CAB- . http://synce.sourceforge.net/synce/orange.php. CAB- .
Partnership creation succeeded, , . multisync Evolution SynCE, . gnome-vfs, GNOME , .
| SynCE-KDE | KDE , .
| Unshield | CAB- InstallShield. , , . Orange Unshield .
| RAPIP | RAPI-Protocol KDE, , Drag&Drop.
| RAKI | RemoteAccess-Kicker-applet. , KDE. , KDE.
| Dynamite | , PKWARE. Dynamite Orange. , Pocket PC Evolution. , , . , multisync ( www.multisync.org) Pocket PC. . : synce-partnership create
| VDCCM | dccm, , . , RAKI. KCEMirror. , . . |
34
desktop
, . , , . , Linux Unix- , . DOC LaTeX, HTML TXT, XLS Gnumeric XML . . , , . Linux , . , . , , (- CP1251, - KOI8-R), , . , Windows Mac OS X: Google Desktop Spotlight. , . , .
| | . , , . , . , cron, . , , . , Fedora Core updatedb, , . , -. . , . , , , .
35
Beagle , , - , , Beagle.
Swish-e -, Beagle, . , . Beagle DBUS, , , : www.freedesktop.org/Software/dbus. B.E.S.T, Bleeding-Edge Search Tool. , . , , . , B.E.S.T , , ICQ . . , inotify , ( ), . , Linux . , beaglewiki.org . . : gtk-sharp, glade-sharp, geckosharp, gnome-sharp, dbus-sharp, gconf-sharp, gmime-sharp mono 1.0.4. 0.0.6.1 Beagle dbus 0.23.1 CVS dbus. , ./configure --help
| Beagle | IT- Ars Technica 2005 . Beagle Ximian Novell, . Beagle Novell, Mono Microsoft .NET. Beagle . beagled. , , . , . inotify. , . Beagle : DOC, XLS, PPT, SXW PDF, RTF; JPG, PNG; MP3, OGG Vorbis, FLAC, MIDI, Musepack, Monkey Audio; C, C++, C#, Java, Python; Texinfo LyX. , - RSS- Blam liferead - Gaim. Beagled , Lucene, Java Mono. . -
36
desktop
Medusa Optional Features . , ./configure enable-epiphany-extension, Beagle, Epiphany -. Beagle mozillaextension, Firefox, beagled .
user , Swish-e HTML . , , , , -t nfs -t smbfs. , : $ swish-e -c user-html.conf : swish-e -f avp_html.index -w beagle # SWISH format: 2.4.3 # Search words: beagle # Removed stopwords: # Number of hits: 5 # Search time: 0.001 seconds # Run time: 0.034 seconds 1000 /home/avp/articles/search/beagle/msg00047.html "Beagle roadmap." 18582 1000 /home/avp/Desktop/data/search/beagle/msg00047.html "Beagle roadmap." 18582 791 /home/avp/articles/search/beagle/msg00039.html "Beagle Networking" 5236 791 /home/avp/Desktop/data/search/beagle/msg00039.html "Beagle Networking" 5236 608 /home/avp/cvs/beagle/Tiles/template-mockup.html "Beagle List" 3713 , Perl, -, .
| Swish-e | Swish : Swish-e Swish++, , , Swish-e, . Swish-e : , , . , . Beagle , Swish , Perl. : ./configure; make; sudo make install. , . indeces ( swish.conf ), . : IndexDir /home/user IndexOnly .html IndexFile ./user_html.index
37
Swish-e , . HTML, TXT, .DOC .PDF . , *.pdf, Swish-e , . , (, catdoc .DOC .XLS), Swish-e Google Desktop.
medusa-gui , , : 3 . , , , . Medusa MIME- GNOME, , . 3 . , Medusa, , Nautilus. Nautilus , , : , , . . (, ssh) msearch-gui msearch.
| Medusa |Medusa , GNOME. , medusa-indexd, URI , . (http://members.cox.net/sinzui/medusa/) 6.1, 6.3, , , . : export CVSROOT = :pserver:anonymous@anoncvs.gnome.org:/cvs/gnome cvs login : cvs -z3 -d :pserver:anonymous@anoncvs.gnome.org:/cvs/gnome co medusa medusa : cvs update -Pd GNOME gnome-common, gnome-autogen.sh, - CVS GNOME . , ./configure . , , Medusa /usr/local, -perfix = /_, : -prefix = /opt. , . , . ~/.medusa .
| | , - , .
| slocate | slocate , . , , , updatedb, . Slocate (secure locate) locate. , locate , . slocate : updatedb -l 0. , renice, /etc/cron.daily/ slocate.cron, , : #!/bin/sh ./etc/updatedb.conf renice +19 -p $$ >/dev/null 2>&1 /usr/bin/updated
38
desktop
, , . +5 , , . slocate . , : slocate *search*.sxw : /home/avp/articles/search/search_v2.sxw /home/avp/articles/linux_search/linux_search_0.3.sxw
| grep | grep ( egrep fgrep) , . , , grep . grep . , ( , -binary-files = text, ). , , grep , Genesis genesis, sort: grep '[Gg]enesis' -r ./ | sort ./Genesis/1970_Trespass/03 Genesis Angels.ogg ./Genesis/1970_Trespass/04 Genesis Stagnation.ogg grep Linux . , /root, conf. : ls /root | grep conf grep find: vi $(find) / -print | grep fooname , find , grep, , fooname. vi ( , ).
| find | find . find : find /home/fc3/ -name '*gnomeprint*.rpm' | sort /home/fc3/cd2/Fedora/RPMS/libgnomeprint15-0.3710.i386.rpm /home/fc3/cd4/Fedora/RPMS/libgnomeprintui22-devel-2.8.01.i386.rpm /home/fc3 , *gnomeprint*. . , , , , *gnomeprint*.rpm, : sudo rpm -Uvh `find /home/fc3/ -name '*gnomeprint*.rpm'` find , . , -amin n , . , ( ), , : find . -amin 10 '*' -atime -n, n , . , find , . -type, . , *win* : find . -type l '*win*'
| | , , . , . , , , ( ) . GNOME Storage DBFS. , , . |
desktop
Linux
39
Linux , -, . , . Linux . , , , . Linux , , , Windows-. , Linux . , . , , . , , , . , , . , , : , ? , , , , .
| | , , , . , Linux XINE MPlayer. . , .
| MPlayer |MPlayer , . . . : MPlayer DivX 1:1 ,
40
desktop
MPlayer, , . : SVCD (Super Video CD), DVD, MPEG-1/2, RIFF, ASF, WMV, WMA, QT, MOV, MPEG-4, RealAudio, RealVideo, OGG, VIVO, FLI, NuppelVideo, FILM, RoQ, PVA, Matroska, NSV, HTTP, RTP, RTSP, MMS, MMST, MPST SDP. , . . , - , , . , MPlayer ,
XINE DVD- KMplayer, GTK 2 Player . KMplayer KDE , Konqueror , MPlayer.
| XINE | . , MPlayer. , , : http://xinehq.hu/index. php/features. , , API, xinelib. , , XINE. GNOME Totem. KDE xinelib. Noaton. , , , , Advanced. .
MoviXMoviX Linux, , CD-, -, , . : , , . , . MPlayer, , . . : http://movix. sourceforge.net/Docs/MoviX/ README.ru.html.
| Totem | , Totem xinelib , , , XINE. , Totem GNOME , . ,
Linux
41
Rhytmbox iTunes
XMMS Winamp . , , Totem . GNOME, Totem , , GTK2. , , , , Winamp.
| Noaton | | Kaffeine |Kaffeine xinelib, . , . Drag&Drop, , KDE, Konqueror, Kaffeine , KDE. , KDE, . . , . , Noaton KDE, , arts. KDE . , . , , , Winamp, .
| Rythmbox | , , iTunes , . , ID- 8- , Unicode. MP3- gstreamer.
| | Linux . - , http://freshmeat.net, : audio player. , , Linux, - .
| Helix | | XMMS |X MultiMedia System Winamp. , , , . , , XMMS , . Helix, RealNetworks . Helix, , . , , , RealPlayer. , , . |
42
desktop
Linux . , 90- Linux , , . , Linux 800 . , , : ReZound, Rosegarden Audacity. , Windows Linux: Audacity Cool Edit Pro. , , , , Audacity , , . , .
| | Audacity , . WAV, OGG Vorbis, AU, AIFF MP3. , . , . , MP3 Audacity, . MP3- . : /usr/lib/libmp3lame.so. AUP Audacity, , .
| : |, Audacity , . , , . , , . , , , Play Shift, . . , , . Copy, Paste, Undo, Redo Zoom. ,
| | , . , . . , . , -, , . , , ,
Audacity
43
Audacity
,
. , , http://jamtracks.narod.ru, , , , . , -. . , . : File p Open, Project p Import Audio (Ctrl+I). Audacity , . , File p Open , Project p Import Audio , . , , . , , , .
. Audacity , . , . View Plot spectrum , . , , . , , , . Project , . Project p New Lable Track . , , Label Track .
, , Delete. , , , . , , , Edit p Silence. , , , . : , , , . - . , , Selection. , , , , (Edit p Select p All (Ctrl+A), (Ctrl+C) (Ctrl+V) ). , . File p Preferences, Audio I/O , Audacity / ( dev/dsp) Stereo. , , , . Play other tracks while recording new one, .
| |, . Record ( R) . , . , . , , , . , . . -
44
desktop
Envelope
Draw Tool
, ( Solo Mute) , Sample rate Sample format. . , . Envelope, . , , . , Draw . , , , , , . Time Shift. , , . , . , Time Shift , . , Multi-Tool. , Audacity , .
Audacity. , , , , , . , , Effects . BassBoost, WahWah , , , - . Fade in Fade out. . , . . , . Effect p Fade In. . , . Change Speed, Change Tempo Change Pitch.
. , , , , Generate p Click Track. , . , . , , . : , Wite Noise, VST, Ladspa Nyquist. Audacity, .
| |, , , . Audacity , , , . , , , - http://plugin.org.uk LADSPA Linux Audio Developers Plugin API. , , , -
Audacity
45
Fade In
Plot spectrum
, , . , , - E A. , , , . Invert. ( ) . , , , . , . . Split Stereo Track, , , Invert. Mono . , , .
| | , Audacity, . , , . -, , Help p Online Help. , . , , , , . -, , http://audacity.sf.net, , , , . . , Audacity , . . |
, Audacity
46
desktop
Cedega , Windows-, DirectX. . . - , . , , , , Windows-, . Windows , Need for Speed, . , , : , -. Cedega , WineX. , , Cedega, Wine. , Windows Linux, , . , - . , . Cedega, , , , . , Cedega ( WineX) , Windows. , , , , , Microsoft, DirectX, .
| |, . - : www.transgaming.com. $15. , , 7 . : rpm ivh
, Cedega . , , . , . : setarch i386 cedega
| Exec-Shield | , , Cedega . -
Cedega
47
Half-Life 2 Need for Speed Underground 2 Linux - : can't exec "file": error = 21 PRELINK_OPTS = "-m --no-exec-shield" error = 21, Exec-Shield, Cedega, . , Cedega , . , . : su : prelink ua /etc/sysconfig/prelink : , , : prelink -am --no-exec-shield PRELINK_OPTS = -mR
| | , . , , cedega: cedega . , , . , . ! |
- Cedega
prelink,
Point2Play
48
desktop
GNOME , . , . KDE, . XFCE, , , . , KDE GNOME : , . GNOME , , . GNOME 2.10, SoundJuicer, Totem, GnomeMeeting, , . .
GNOME , , . , .
| | SoundJuicer, , -. , , , . , , - Rhythmbox, , Rhythmbox . . grip, , , Goobox. , , Goobox, GStreamer. , , , , . Goobox -.
GNOME
2.10
49
-, , . , Exchange Groupwise, , , , . -, . , , , , , , , . -, , - . . -, Actions. Places, Nautilus, Desktop. Places , - . , GTK- . , Nautilus . Desktop Preferences Administration, Log out, Lock screen GNOME. Freedesktop, , . , , Qt, GTK, GNOME, .xml. redhatmenus . . Nautilus, Gthumbs .
Totem XINE, GStreamer. , , , . GNOME Totem, , DVD , Totem . - , p p DVD . GnomeMeeting , - , H.323, Microsoft Netmeeting. - Video4Linux (V4L). , Evolution, URL . -, , Skype, , GnomeMeeting .
| Metacity | KDE, , GNOME, Metacity Sawfish. , Metacity , - - ICQ. , Metacity , , Devil's Pie (www.burtonini.com/ blog/computers/devilspie), , , Metacity .
| |Evolution, GNOME, .
50
desktop
GNOME
SoundJuicer Rhytmbox
- CD-RW. , , . , , , , . , , , . , , - . . GNOME : , , , . CPU frequency scaling. , , . , . , Gedit , - , , . , File Roller RAR-. .
. , , , Gmail , POP/IMAP .
| | GNOME , , . - , 20 . , - GNOME . GNOME 2.4. XFCE KDE . , XFCE GNOME, . GNOME 2.0 GNOME 2.10 , D-Bus, Freedesktop, , GNOME, , . , Novell Sun, , , .
| | GNOME 2.10 . CD-. GNOME CD Player, . , , . , -
| | Linux - , GNOME LiveCD (www.gnome.org/start/2.10) . GNOME 2.10 Ubuntu Linux 5.04 Hoary Hedgehog. yum, apt urpmi Fedora Core, Debian Mandrake . |
52
advanced
, LVM LVM , . . . , . LVM. , , . , . LVM.
| |, , Linux-, . : . , , /test, : df -h | grep test /dev/sda1 241M 239M 0 100% /test , , . , , . ( , - ), , , , . . , RAID.
| LVM | LVM (Logical Volume Management) . : ? fdisk . parted. , , , . , RAID. RAID , LVM . , LVM, , , . , LVM . -, - - . -, LVM, .
| PV VG | , LVM. , . , . , . , , . -
53
LVM, Physical Volume, PV. PV , . Logical Volume (LV), LV . PV LV , . , , . Volume Group (VG). - , . . , . , , LVM: pvcreate -v /dev/hde Set up physical volume for "/dev/hde" with 2001504 available sectors Physical volume "/dev/hde" successfully created , , (1 ). , . , test, : vgcreate test /dev/hde Volume group "test" successfully created
Total PE 244 Free PE 52 Allocated PE 192 PV UUID 477bCS-EKut-Ql2b-OulY-F67k-uHJv-Vny5He : lvdisplay test Logical volume LV Name /dev/test/stor VG Name test LV UUID yaKBSz-lkLP-6AwM-JAvR-V7C7-omW4-mmAzJV LV Write Access read/write LV Status available LV Size 768.00 MB Current LE 192 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors 0 Block device 253:2 : , , . , . , : mkfs.reiserfs /dev/test/stor mkfs, . , : mkdir /newtest mount /dev/test/stor /newtest cd /test cp -R * /newtest cd umount /newtest , /test , /test : umount /test mount /dev/test/stor /test rmdir /newtest , : mount | grep test && df -h | grep test /dev/mapper/test-stor on /test type reiserfs (rw) /dev/mapper/test-stor 768M 269M 500M 35% /test
| LV | , . , , LV : vgchange -a y test 0 logical volume(s) in volume group "test" now active C , . . : lvcreate -L768 -nstor test Logical volume "stor" created LV 768 stor ( - ). , . : pvdisplay /dev/hde Physical volume PV Name /dev/hde VG Name test PV Size 976.00 MB / not usable 0 Allocatable yes PE Size (KByte) 4096
54
advanced
| LV | , . /test , . ( 1 , 768 ) . LV, , 300 . , , . LVM . , , : vgdisplay test | grep Free Free PE / Size 52 / 208.00 MB , 208 . LV : lvextend -L+208M /dev/test/stor Extending logical volume stor to 976.00 MB Logical volume stor successfully resized : resize_reiserfs -f /dev/test/stor resize_reiserfs 3.6.18 (2003 www.namesys.com) resize_reiserfs: On-line resizing finished successfully. df -h | grep test /dev/mapper/test-stor 976M 269M 708M 28% /test , , . , EXT2/EXT3 , , , .
vgdisplay test | grep Free Free PE / Size 61 / 244.00 MB lvextend -L+244 /dev/test/stor /dev/hde1: open failed: No such device or address Extending logical volume stor to 1.19 GB Logical volume stor successfully resized resize_reiserfs -f /dev/test/stor resize_reiserfs 3.6.18 (2003 www.namesys.com) resize_reiserfs: On-line resizing finished successfully. df -h | grep test /dev/mapper/test-stor 1.2G 269M 952M 22% /test
| LV PV | , , . , , . : , . /dev/sda. , , LV ( , ). LV . , . , , : umount /test resize_reiserfs -s-300M /dev/test/stor resize_reiserfs: Resizing finished successfully. mount /dev/test/stor /test df -h|grep test /dev/mapper/test-stor 920M 269M 652M 30% /test . LV ( ). , . UPS: lvreduce -L-300M /dev/test/stor WARNING: Reducing active and open logical volume to 920.00 MB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce stor? [y/n]: y Reducing logical volume stor to 920.00 MB Logical volume stor successfully resized
| PV PV VG | , , . . PV ( ): pvcreate /dev/sda Physical volume "/dev/sda" successfully created PV VG ( ): vgextend test /dev/sda Volume group "test" successfully extended :
55
( ): vgreduce -v test /dev/sda Finding volume group "test" Using physical volume(s) on command line Archiving volume group "test" metadata. Removing "/dev/sda" from volume group "test" Creating volume group backup "/etc/LVM/backup/test" Removed "/dev/sda" from volume group "test" , /dev/sda . ( ) pvmove. , , : pvscan | grep sda PV /dev/sda LVM2 [244.00 MB] , . , . : pvcreate /dev/sda Physical volume "/dev/sda" successfully created vgextend test /dev/sda Volume group "test" successfully extended lvextend -L+2G /dev/test/stor Extending logical volume stor to 2.90 GB Logical volume stor successfully resized . /dev/hde , VG: pvmove -v /dev/hde Finding volume group "test" Archiving volume group "test" metadata. Creating logical volume pvmove0 Moving 244 extents of logical volume test/stor Found volume group "test" Updating volume group metadata Creating volume group backup "/etc/LVM/backup/test" Found volume group "test" Loading test-pvmove0 Found volume group "test" Loading test-stor Checking progress every 15 seconds Found volume group "test" Loading test-pvmove0 Found volume group "test" Found volume group "test" Loading test-stor
Found volume group "test" Removing temporary pvmove LV Writing out final volume group after pvmove Creating volume group backup "/etc/LVM/backup/test" VG: vgreduce test /dev/hde Removed "/dev/hde" from volume group "test" , ? , . ( , ) . |
LVM . . , : , . , - , . LVM . LV, , , LVM, . , LV, , . , : lvcreate -L1000M -s -nstorbackup /dev/test/stor Logical volume "storbackup" created ( ) , : mkdir /storbackup mount /dev/test/storbackup /storbackup/ , : ls /storbackup/ lost+found Photo mkdir /test/testsnap ls /storbackup/ lost+found Photo , , , . , LV : umount /storbackup/ lvremove /dev/test/storbackup Do you really want to remove active logical volume "storbackup"? [y/n]: y Logical volume "storbackup" successfully removed
56
advanced
... , . , , . , , . - . , . - , , , , , , . , , . . . , , . , , . tar , . date, date -help. /home/user/work, , exclude.conf. gzip , .
| | . ( , ), . - , exclude.conf. . , : #!/bin/sh cd /home/user/backup && rm -f ./*.tar.gz tar -vcf up'date +%F'.tar /home/user/work --excludefrom=./exclude.conf gzip -9 ./up'date +%F'.tar exclude.conf :
| | . , , . cron , , : crontab -e : 02 5 * * * /home/al/backup/backup.sh : :qw
/home/user/work/no , , , . |
58
advanced
c
- , , . , , Unison, rsync. x . , ( , , , ), . , , . , - . 2056? rsync, , , . , rsync, , , , . -, , , , . -, rsync - , . Unison, rsync, , , , , , .
| Unison | , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , . SSH. , , , rsync. , . , rsync, , - , -, , .
Unison
59
, /.unison, , . default.prf: # Unison preferences file backup = Name * maxbackups = 10 log = true logfile = /home/user/.unison/unison.log rshargs = -C
| | , : www.cis.upenn. edu/~bcpierce/unison/download/stable/latest. unison.linux-gtkui. , : chmod +x ./unison.linux-gtkui : ./unison.linux-gtkui . , . , . , , Restart, , Go . , . , . , ,
, , , . , /home/user, , , : # Unison preferences file root = /home/user root = ssh://server.ru/home/user2 ignore = Name *.mp3 ignore = Path .unison include default ignore , . . , , default.prf, .
| | , , : www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/ download/stable/latest/unison-manual.html. , . |
,
60
advanced
Linux . , .Linux . . Fedora Core 3. NAT . Pentium MMX, 64 , 3 , , , . , ADSL USB. , , IP- , IP- . DEVICE = IPADDR = IP- NETMASK = NETWORK = IP- BROADCAST = IP- ONBOOT = BOOTPROTO = : none bootp BOOTP dhcp DHCP USERCTL = : yes no root : /etc/hostname, , my.domain.ru, /etc/resolv.conf , IP- . , , : order bind,hosts DNS, /etc/hosts multi on nospoof on IP- (IP spoofing) /etc/hostname: search domain.ru nameserver IP-, DNS order . , DNS-, /etc/hosts. multi , , /etc/hosts, , (, ). ,
| | p p . , . , , . , . IP-, . , , . , . /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ifcfg-eth0 , ifcfg-eth1 . . , :
61
, ON. nospoof . IP spoofing , , . . /etc/sysconfig/network: FORWARD_IPV4 = yes /etc/sysctl.conf: net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 , : /etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart :
, , . , Modem. . : ( COM1 Unix- ttyS0), , ( 115 200 /), ( ). , p p . . . DNS , , . . (, , ). .
| |ifconfig lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:1667 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1667 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 . . . , . , , WvDial. /etc/wvdial.conf. , . pppd. /etc/ppp/ options, : modem crtscts asyncmap 0
| | . . , : ( , ),
, ,
62
advanced
, IP- pppd: pppd ttyS0 57600 lock connect 'chat -V -f /etc/ppp/ISP1' defaultroute noipdefault debug nodetach , chat ( , , . .), /etc/ppp/ISP1: ABORT "ERROR" ABORT , , chat ABORT "NO DIALTONE" TIMEOUT 5 AT , AT OK ATZ OK ATS7 = 120 , ABORT BUSY ABORT NO ANSWER ABORT NO CARRIER ABORT Login Incorrect OK ATDP(9)1234567 , TIMEOUT 125 CONNECT \c CONNECT 30 ; \c , TIMEOUT 30 login maksim password 1234567 } \c , ifconfig , ppp0, ping -
, . , .
| |, , , . IP- , , ? NAT, -. . Fedora Core iptables. 1.2.11. , . iptables , , . : iptables -V ( loopback), : ACCEPT , DROP , REJECT . , . iptables, . . iptables, , /etc/rc.d/rc.firewall. -
63
, . : chmod 744 /etc/rc.d/rc.firewall iptables : iptables -L . INPUT , OUTPUT , FORWARD , . (ACCEPT), (REJECT), (DROP). , . , : iptables -P : iptables -N : iptables -A -j : -p --dport
--sport -s -d -i INPUT --icmp-type icmp
| | , : 3 . 3 ( ) . 3 , FTP (21) DNS (53). rc.firewall : #!/bin/sh # ( ppp0; eth0) INET_IFACE = "eth0" # iptables IPTABLES = "/sbin/iptables" # $IPTABLES -P INPUT DROP $IPTABLES -P OUTPUT ACCEPT $IPTABLES -P FORWARD DROP # , $IPTABLES -F $IPTABLES -X # , # TCP $IPTABLES -N bad_tcp_packets # TCP, $IPTABLES -N allowed
GNOME, Modem
,
64
advanced
# $IPTABLES -N tcp_packets $IPTABLES -N udp_packets $IPTABLES -N icmp_packets # $IPTABLES -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT # DOS- SYN- $IPTABLES -A bad_tcp_packets -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,ACK SYN,ACK -m state --state NEW -j DROP # $IPTABLES -A allowed -p TCP --syn -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A allowed -p TCP -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # $IPTABLES -A allowed -j DROP # , # 21- FTP $IPTABLES -A tcp_packets -p TCP -s 0/0 --dport 21 -j allowed # 53- DNS $IPTABLES -A udp_packets -p UDP -s 0/0 --sport 53 -j ACCEPT # ICMP $IPTABLES -A icmp_packets -p ICMP -s 0/0 --icmp-type 3 -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A icmp_packets -p ICMP -s 0/0 --icmptype 11 -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A icmp_packets -p ICMP -s 0/0 --icmp-type 12 -j ACCEPT # $IPTABLES -A INPUT -p ALL -i $INET_IFACE -m state -state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT $IPTABLES -A INPUT -p TCP -i $INET_IFACE -j tcp_packets $IPTABLES -A INPUT -p UDP -i $INET_IFACE -j udp_packets $IPTABLES -A INPUT -p ICMP -i $INET_IFACE -j icmp_packets
ADSL- ,
| NAT masquerade | (masquerade) (NAT) Linux . , . . ? (, www.ru) , (123.123.123.123). www.ru, (123.123.123.123). , www.ru , . , . iptables, : iptables -A FORWARD -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT 192.168.1.0/24. iptables -A FORWARD -d 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT 192.168.1.0/24. , 192.168.1.0/24. iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j MASQUERADE , ? cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 1, . 0 : echo 1 >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
65
NAT : , www.ru, , . www.ru, (123.123.123.123). , . NAT iptables : iptables -A FORWARD -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -d 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j SNAT --to-source 123.123.123.123 iptables , Xwindow . Firewall Builder , iptables. : fwbuilder.sf.net.
--enable-useragent-log --enable-err-language = lang : make && make install , /usr/local/etc/squid.conf: http_port 3128 ( 3128). cache_mem 20 MB Squid cache_dir /usr/local/squid/cache 500 16 256 Squid, , 500 16 256 1- 2- . , Squid cache_access_log /usr/local/squid/logs/access.log cache_log /usr/local/squid/logs/cache.log cache_store_log /usr/local/squid/logs/store.log acl net src 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 acl all src 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 acl net src 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 http_access allow net http_access deny all Squid , -z: /usr/local/squid/bin/squid -z , , . Linux Squid . |
| Squid | , -. , , . -? , Squid. . Squid www.squid-cache.org : tar -zxvf squid-2.5.STABLE5.tar.gz cd ./squid-2.5.STABLE5 ./configure : --prefix = PREFIX --enable-delay-pools
, , firewall Firewall Builder
- Bifrost
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advanced
, ? , , ? , Postfix Courier-IMAP. , , ISPMail-HOWTO. , , . : 3 ; 3 ; 3 . Linux. , , , RPM, . : . MySQL, , : yum install mysql chkconfig mysql on /etc/init.d/mysqld start - . - , . . home.multik.org. , , . , . , , multik.org.
| | , , Postfix Courier-IMAP. . - , . , . , Gentoo, Fedora Core FreeBSD. , , . Fedora Core 2 3
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multik.org. , , home.multik.org, . , , .
| MySQL |, , MySQL. . MySQL : 3 DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE User = ''; 3 root UPDATE mysql.user SET Password = PASSWORD('newpwd') WHERE User = 'root'; 3 , , grant USAGE on test.* to ping; , MySQL , /etc/init.d/mysqld RESPONSE = '/usr/bin/mysqladmin uUNKNOWN_MYSQL_USER ping 2>&1' RESPONSE = '/usr/bin/mysqladmin -uping ping 2>&1' /etc/my.cnf , . [mysqld] bind-address = 127.0.0.1 . InnoDB .
, , MySQL, Postfix . , Fedora ( SQL), . (rpmbuild -ba postfix.spec) Postfix. (--nodeps) sendmail - . Postfix , . /etc/postfix/main.cf : myhostname = home.multik.org mydomain = home.multik.org inet_interfaces = all mydestination = $myhostname, localhost mynetworks_style = host in_flow_delay = 1s smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name : strict_rfc821_envelopes = yes broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes transport_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/transport.cf virtual_mailbox_base = / virtual_uid_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/ids.cf virtual_gid_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/gids.cf virtual_mailbox_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/aliases.cf virtual_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/remote_aliases.cf relay_domains = $transport_maps smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,check_relay_domains disable_vrfy_command = yes smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_sasl_local_domain = home.multik.org smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous smtpd_sasl_application_name = smtpd local_transport = virtual local_recipient_maps = $virtual_mailbox_maps smtpd_data_restrictions = reject_unauth_pipelining , smtpd_recipient_restrictions RBL-. , , . in_flow_delay, smtpd_data_restrictions, strict_rfc821_envelopes. , , . - ,
| Postfix | , Postfix, Fedora Core, SQL. SRPM . postfix.spec: %define MYSQL 1 Epoch: 3
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3 aliases.cf: user = postfix password = postfix dbname = mail table = aliases select_field = maildir where_field = alias hosts = localhost 3 remote_aliases.cf: user = postfix password = postfix dbname = mail table = remote_aliases select_field = rcpt where_field = alias hosts = localhost . .
, Postfix . , . 3 transport.cf: user = postfix password = postfix dbname = mail table = transport select_field = transport where_field = domain hosts = localhost 3 ids.cf: user = postfix password = postfix dbname = mail table = aliases select_field = id where_field = alias hosts = localhost 3 gids.cf: user = postfix password = postfix dbname = mail table = aliases select_field = gid where_field = alias hosts = localhost
| | . create database mail; grant insert,select,delete,update on mail.* to postfix@localhost identified by 'postfix'; use mail; create table transport (domain varchar(255) PRIMARY KEY, transport char(8)); create table aliases (id int(6), gid int(6), alias varchar(255) PRI-
, , . , . , , , . . , , : 3 KAV (www.kav.ru); 3 ClamAV (www.clamav.net); 3 Dr.Web (www.antivir.ru); , . Dr.Web. Yandex.ru Mail.ru. , , . Dr.Web , , , . Unix- ( ). , , . , . , , . : rpm -Uvh drweb-4.31.4glibc.2.3.i586.rpm :
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MARY KEY,maildir varchar(255),password varchar(128), info varchar(128)); create table remote_aliases (alias varchar(255) PRIMARY KEY, rcpt varchar(255)); , : insert into transport values ('home.multik.org','virtual:'); : insert into aliases values (1000,12,'multik@home.multik.org','/var/spool/vmail/home.multik.org_multik/','password','multik@home.multik.org account'); 1000 UID, Postfix . : mkdir /var/spool/vmail chown nobody.mail /var/spool/vmail chmod 777 /var/spool/vmail . Postfix , .
/etc/init.d/postfix start newaliases mail multik@home.multik.org - : Mar 13 14:49:14 home postfix/pickup[12804]: 96BC718E74B: uid = 0 from = Mar 13 14:49:14 home postfix/cleanup[12811]: 96BC718E74B: message-id = Mar 13 14:49:14 home postfix/qmgr[12805]: 96BC718E74B: from = , size = 300, nrcpt = 1 (queue active) Mar 13 14:49:14 home postfix/virtual[12817]: 96BC718E74B: to = , relay = virtual, delay = 0, status = sent (delivered to maildir) Mar 13 14:49:14 home postfix/qmgr[12805]: 96BC718E74B: removed , . , , www.google.com . Postfix debug_peer_level, main.cf. MySQL : mysql> insert into mail.remote_aliases values('root@home.multik.org', 'multik@home.multik.org'); ,
| | . :
tar xzvf drweb-postfix-4.31linux.tar.gz /etc/postfix/master.cf, : filter unix - n n -- pipe flags = R user = drweb argv = /opt/drweb/drweb-postfix -f ${sender} -- ${recipient} : smtp inet n - n - - smtpd smtp inet n - n - NN smtpd -o content_filter = filter:dummy
NN -. , /etc/cron.hourly , . : $ touch drweb.update /etc/cron.hourly drweb.update :
#!/bin/bash /opt/drweb/update/update.pl : chmod 777 /etc/cron.hourly/drweb.update Dr.Web www.antivir.ru/download, , , . , , -
. , - . -, , , , .
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, : MAILER-DAEMON, postmaster, abuse, noc. . /usr/lib/sasl2/smtpd.conf : pwcheck_method: auxprop mech_list: PLAIN CRAM-MD5 DIGEST-MD5 LOGIN allowanonymouslogin: no allowplaintext: no sasl_auxprop_plugin: sql sql_engine: mysql sql_database: mail sql_user: postfix sql_passwd: postfix sql_select: select password from aliases where alias = "%u@%r" , , : SASL authentication problem: unable to open Berkeley db /etc/sasldb2: No such file or directory : saslpasswd2 -c test saslpasswd2 -d test . , , . , ( multik@home.multik.org password ), . , : Received: from 192.168.1.118 (ppp83-237-195-35.pppoe.mtunet.ru [83.237.195.35]) by multik.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8259E8F80D4 for ; Sun, 13 Mar 2005 04:05:12 -0800 (PST) ESMTP . , , . , . , .
FAQ, RPM-. , spec-, openldap fam. , gamin. , - . /etc/authlib/ Courier. authdaemonrc authmysql: authmodulelist = "authmysql" authmysqlrc : MYSQL_SERVER localhost MYSQL_USERNAME postfix MYSQL_PASSWORD postfix MYSQL_SOCKET /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock MYSQL_PORT 3306 MYSQL_OPT 0 MYSQL_DATABASE mail MYSQL_USER_TABLE aliases MYSQL_CLEAR_PWFIELD password DEFAULT_DOMAIN home.multik.org MYSQL_UID_FIELD id MYSQL_GID_FIELD gid MYSQL_LOGIN_FIELD alias MYSQL_HOME_FIELD maildir MYSQL_MAILDIR_FIELD maildir MYSQL_NAME_FIELD info /usr/lib/courier-imap/etc . POP3, : POP3DSSLSTART = NO POP3_STARTTLS = NO POP3DSTART = NO ourier-IMAP. /etc/init.d/courier-imap restart - : Mar 13 16:06:11 home imapd: onnection, ip = [::ffff:127.0.0.1] Mar 13 16:06:11 home imapd: authdaemon: s_connect() failed: No such file or directory
| IMAP | www.courier-mta.org/imap, Courier-IMAP , -
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, authdaemon , /etc/init.d/ courier-authlib start , : Mar 13 16:39:14 home authdaemond: Authenticated: sysusername = , sysuserid = 1000, sysgroupid = 12, homedir = /var/spool/vmail/home.multik.org_multik/, address = multik@home.multik.org, fullname = multik@ home.multik.org account, maildir = , quota = , options = , , .
openssl . , , : openssl genrsa -des3 -out multik-client.key 1024 openssl req -new -key multik-client.key -out multikclient.csrEnter pass phrase for multik-client.key: openssl x509 -req -in multik-client.csr -out multik-client.crt -sha1 -CA multik-ca.crt -CAkey multik-ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 1825 , PKCS12: openssl pkcs12 -export -in multik-client.crt -inkey multikclient.key -name "Viacheslav Kaloshin cert" -out multik-client.p12 . , . , : cp multik-server.key multik-server.key.orig openssl rsa -in multik-server.key.orig -out multik-server.key cp home-multik-server.key home-multik-server.key.orig openssl rsa -in home-multik-server.key.orig -out home-multikserver.key - . , , apache /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt ssl.key. main.cf : smtpd_use_tls = yes smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key/home-multik-server.key smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/home-multik-server.crt smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/multik-ca.crt smtpd_tls_loglevel = 3 smtpd_tls_received_header = yes smtpd_tls_session_cache_timeout = 3600s tls_random_source = dev:/dev/urandom Postfix, TLS . - : Mar 14 12:39:01 home postfix/smtpd[6851]: setting up TLS connection from home.multik.org[127.0.0.1] Mar 14 12:39:11 home postfix/smtpd[6851]: TLS connection established from home.multik.org[127.0.0.1]: TLSv1 with cipher
| | , , , . . , SSL TLS. , , . , VerySign , , , . , , . : openssl genrsa -des3 -out multik-ca.key 2048 openssl req -new -x509 -days 1825 -key multik-ca.key -out multik-ca.crt multik-ca.crt . . multik.org: openssl genrsa -des3 -out multik-server.key 1024 openssl req -new -key multik-server.key -out multik-server.csr openssl x509 -req -in multik-server.csr -out multik-server.crt -sha1 -CA multik-ca.crt -CAkey multik-ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 1825 home.multik.org: openssl genrsa -des3 -out home-multik-server.key 1024 openssl req -new -key home-multik-server.key -out home-multik-server.csr openssl x509 -req -in home-multik-server.csr -out home-multik-server.crt -sha1 -CA multik-ca.crt -CAkey multik-ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 1825
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DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA (256/256 bits) Mar 14 12:39:11 home postfix/smtpd[6851]: 8D9C918E772: client = home.multik.org[127.0.0.1], sasl_method = CRAM-MD5, sasl_username = multik@home.multik.org : Received: from [127.0.0.1] (home.multik.org [127.0.0.1]) (using TLSv1 with cipher DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by home.multik.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8D9C918E772 for ; Mon, 14 Mar 2005 12:39:11 +0300 (MSK) TLS , - , . , . , . . . Thunderbird Options p Advanced p Certificates p Manage p Certificates p Authorities Import. Your certificates multik-client.p12. Postfix , : smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1 smtpd_tls_ask_ccert = yes relay_clientcerts = hash:/etc/postfix/relay_clientcerts relay_clientcerts , . : openssl x509 -fingerprint -in multik-client.crt : MD5 Fingerprint = 90:B6:12:52:57:D3:35:93:5D:85:91:4A:04:0F:DA:5B relay_clientcerts : 90:B6:12:52:57:D3:35:93:5D:85:91:4A:04:0F:DA:5B multik , , , . :
postmap relay_clientcerts postfix reload , -. , , : Mar 14 12:50:48 home postfix/smtpd[6995]: Verified: subject_CN = Viacheslav Kaloshin, issuer = multik.org : Received: from [127.0.0.1] (home.multik.org [127.0.0.1]) (using TLSv1 with cipher DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA (256/256 bits)) (Client CN "Viacheslav Kaloshin", Issuer "multik.org" (verified OK)) by home.multik.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5D87E18E779 for ; Mon, 14 Mar 2005 12:50:48 +0300 (MSK) . , , , . . ourier-IMAP : cp home-multik-server.key /etc/cert/home-multik-server.pem cat home-multik-server.crt >> /etc/cert/home-multik-server.pem imapd-ssl : TLS_TRUSTCERTS = /etc/cert/trusted.crt TLS_CERTFILE = /etc/cert/home-multik-server.pem TLS_VERIFYPEER = PEER IMAP-. : Mar 14 12:59:13 home imapd-ssl: couriertls: connect: error:140890B2:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE:no certificate returned , , . : cat multik-client.crt > /etc/cert/trusted.crt , . , TLS c 143, SSL 465- . ourier , .
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, : Mar 14 15:22:33 home imapd-ssl: Connection, ip = [::ffff:127.0.0.1] Mar 14 15:22:33 home imapd-ssl: LOGIN, user = multik@home.multik.org, ip = [::ffff:127.0.0.1], protocol = IMAP , IMAP, imap-ssl. . , . starttls. TLS IMAP , , : error:1408F10B:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_RECORD:wrong version number , -, , TLS IMAP, .
Postfix , . . , , : Received: from home.multik.org (unknown [195.166.171.193]) (using TLSv1 with cipher DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA (256/256 bits)) (Client CN "home.multik.org", Issuer "multik.org" (verified OK)) by multik.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id B04E28F80D4 for ; Mon, 14 Mar 2005 04:53:02 -0800 (PST) Received: from [127.0.0.1] (home.multik.org [127.0.0.1]) (using TLSv1 with cipher DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA (256/256 bits)) (Client CN "Viacheslav Kaloshin", Issuer "multik.org" (verified OK)) by home.multik.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0326B18E77D for ; Mon, 14 Mar 2005 15:53:01 +0300 (MSK) , , , , , .
| | | , , . , . home.multik.org : smtp_use_tls = yes smtp_tls_key_file = /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key /home-multik-server.key smtp_tls_cert_file = /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt /home-multik-server.crt smtp_tls_CAfile = /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/multik-ca.crt
| | . : . , (ClamAV, KAV Dr.Web, ), SPF SpamAssassin. . |
-
e-mail , -. IMAP, - Squirrelmail. . : yum install squirrelmail - : http:///webmail . mail.company.com. - Apache. /etc/httpd/conf.d/squirrelmail.conf Alias , /mail. , -. Squirrelmail www.squirrelmail.org.
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Linux- . , , Evolution, GNOME. Evolution . , , , , , , , . .
| | : , , . . , . , , SSH. , . , , : - , , -. - SSH, . , mutt. Linux, : www.mutt.org.
Mutt , . Mbox, MH DF. POP3, IMAP. , $MAIL.
| mutt |, . , IMAP. , . , mutt , .muttrc, (/home/_): set spoolfile = imap://mail.firma.ru/INBOX mutt. , . :
mutt
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(r)eject, accept (o)nce, (a)ccept always
hdr_order Date: From: To: Cc: Subject: set sort = threads ; color header ; ignore * ; unignore From: To: Date: Subject: . hdr_order . : . Enter . , R. , , , . .muttrc: set editor = vim , vim. , mcedit. , ( ) . vim : Esc :wq Enter . Y, sendmail, .
, . . , .muttrc: set imap_user = name set imap_pass = pass set certificate_file = ~/.mutt/certificates , , . , .mutt , . , mutt, IMAP. , . .muttrc : set sort = threads color hdrdefault white black color header brightyellow black ^date: * color header brightyellow black ^from: * color header brightyellow black ^subject: * color header brightyellow black ^to: * color header brightyellow black ^delivered-to: * color header brightyellow black ^cc: * color header brightyellow black ^bcc: * color header yellow black ^reply-to: * color header yellow black ^mail-followup-to: * color header yellow black ^old-return-path: * color header brightblue black ^x-mailer: * color header brightblue black ^user-agent: * color header brightblue black ^x-operating-system: * color header red black ^x-mailing-list: * color header red black ^in-reply-to: * ignore * unignore From: To: Date: Subject:
| | , . , . , , , : , . |
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,
. , . , ? . , , , , , . , , . , - ( , ), . . $200 $700, , . , . , , LANBilling (www.lanbilling.ru). , . Stargazer, : http://stargazer.dp.ua. , , . , Stargazer .
| | : trafd, MySQL . , . . NetUP UTM (www.netup.ru) , , -
| | , , , , . Stargazer -. Linux FreeBSD
Stargazer
77
,
make make install. , inetaccess.2.44.6.win.rar . /sbin/stargazer. .
| | Stargazer : /etc/stargazer/stargazer.conf /etc/stargazer/rules /etc/stargazer/OnConnect /etc/stargazer/OnDisconnect /etc/stargazer/OnUserAdd /etc/stargazer/OnUserDel /etc/stargazer/OnChange iptables. , , . rules, stargazer.conf OnConnect OnDisconnect. . , OnConnect, . iptables , IP- . OnDisconnect, , . , , OnUserAdd OnUserDel . , , . . /var/stargazer/users/username. ,
Windows. , iptables. . . , , . , , , . . MySQL - . . , MySQL , , Stargazer, .
| | . , , all_in_one_2004_12_28.zip. sgconfig.1.55.7.win.exe stargazer.2.011.7.6.src.tgz. Windows, . . , , libexpat (sourceforge.net/projects/expat). , ./configure --prefix = /usr, make make install. Stargazer
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advanced
, , , , , . stargazer.conf . , . , IP-, . AdminAllowFrom. DirNameN, N ( 0 9), . , Stargazer. , , , . rules . . (TCP, UDP, ICMP, TCP_UDP ALL), . - , . , . , , . . , , .
| | , ( 5555), SMTP- , , ( 5 ). , , . , , , . admin, 123456.
| | , . , IP- . , ,
| | , , .
| | , Windows.
,
Stargazer
79
IP- . , IP- . . . Stargazer , . IP- , .
Windows, . , , .
| | IP- ( 5555). . .
| | . . , , , : , , .
| | , , . . .
| | , . : . . . , . , , , .
| | Stargazer . , . , , , , . - . . , , , IP- . Stargazer . . , , . |
| | , , . .
| | , , , . ,
80
advanced
, , , . , , , , . . , . , . , . , C++ Java. 80% . C++ , , , Java -. , , . , , , , . Perl, - PHP, Python, . Python , . Java, . - , , , , Lisp.
| | Python . . python. Enter, : python Python 2.3.4 (#1, Feb 2 2005, 12:11:53) [GCC 3.4.2 20041017 (Red Hat 3.4.2-6.fc3)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> , . , 10 103030: >>> (30 * 30 * 10) / (10 * 10 * 10) 9 >>> . , , . .
| Python | Python Basic. , . Python, , , Python, . , Python , , . Python , C++ Java? Python , , , .
Python
81
, , , : >>> v_korobke = (30 * 30 * 10) / (10 * 10 * 10) >>> v_korobke 9 , : >>> v_korobke * 6 54 >>> , . , print: #!/usr/bin/python v_korobke = (30 * 30 * 10) / (10 * 10 * 10) print v_korobke * 6 . , Python. . - . shop.py : 1. #!/usr/bin/python 2. v_korobke = (30 * 30 * 10) / (10 * 10 * 10) 3. print " ?" 4. korobok_bylo = int ( raw_input() ) 5. kubikov_bylo = korobok_bylo * v_korobke 6. print " ?" 7. korobok_stalo = int ( raw_input() ) 8. kubikov_stalo = korobok_stalo * v_korobke 9. rezultat = kubikov_bylo kubikov_stalo 10. if rezultat > 0 : 11. print " %d , " % rezultat 12. elif rezultat < 0 : 13. print " %d , ." % (-rezultat) 14. else: 15. print " , , " . , , print. , , print , . korobok_bylo , .
: raw_input() , int , . rezultat . 1015 . , , . , , , , rezultat . 11 . 11, %d . Python , % . rezultat. 12 : rezultat , :. , 13 . - rezultat 13. . rezultat (, -9), - . 14 12 , , . , , rezultat 0. . . (, begin end Pascal "{" "}" C++). Python , . , , rezultat . 11 12 : 11.75 print " %d ." %((1 float (kubikov_stalo) / kubikov_bylo)*100) float kubikov_stalo , , , , .
| | , Python . . . , , , . |
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, , . , , FTP ( ). . , NFS! (NFS Network File System) Unix. Windows Mac OS , , . NFS , , .
| | Windows NetBIOS, Mac OS AppleTalk. : , , . NFS -
, , , . , , NFS. , . , , , IP-. NFS , , . , . , NFS , . Linux NFS , . NFS
83
, . , , , ( ). Linux , NFS .
| NFS | Linux NFS, , , ntsysv p p . , portmap. NFS, NFS- , . Linux NFS , /etc/exports. , NFS, , . /etc/exports , NFS - . /etc/exports man exports. , ( ), (, IP-, , ), . , /home : /home -alldirs , -alldirs , (, /usr /home). . , ( ) , : /usr -ro -alldirs office.domain.ru managers.domain.ru 192.168.0.16 /etc/exports NFS. : /etc/rc.d/init.d/nfs restart
, NFS- , ntsysv , showmount. , /etc/exports, : showmount -e Exports list on localhost: /usr Everyone /home/lena 192.168.0.47 /home/vasya 192.168.0.49 / 192.168.0.1
| NFS | NFS , . NFS , . NFS .
| | NFS mount. , , : mount -t nfs office:/home /home2 . , , df:
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ntsysv p p . : amd -a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map /net /etc/amd.map amd cd /host . , , : cd /host ls # , , NFS : ls office # homes /host office, homes, , office:/homes. /host . : ln -s /host/office/homes /home2 /home2 office:/homes , . . amd, /etc/amd.conf. man amd.conf.
Sambadf Filesystem 1K-blocks /dev/hda1 992239 /dev/hda2 26704179 procfs 4 office:/home 9924475
Used 54353 4872963 4 1642343
Avail Capacity 858597 6% 19694882 20% 0 100% 7488174 18%
Mounted on / /home /proc /home2
, umount: umount /home2 , NFS /etc/fstab, : Device Mountpoint Fstype office:/home /home2 nfs Options Dump Pass# rw,-T,-i,noauto 0 0
NFS : mount /home2 man mount.
| Windows | , Windows? NFS Unix-, . Windows . Linux , -
| | amd NFS . ( ) , .
85
, Windows. - Linux. , Samba, - Windows Windows.
| Samba | Samba , Windows. SMB , . , , named pipes (mailslots). SMB NetBIOS, IBM 1985 , , , layer 3 TCP/IP, SPX/IPX, DECnet; NetBIOS- NetBEUI. NetBIOS/ SMB , (browsing) SMB-, . , , , . SMB (share level) (user level). (
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