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ckdjdi N+f.da, úoHdj
udkj N+f.da, úsoHdfõs Wm úsIhls b;sydih wd¾:sl úsoHdj, k.r yd .%du ie<iqïslrKh jeks úIhka
ir,u ks¾jpkh
ñksid úsiska N+;,h u; msysgqjk ,o oDIH igyka
mrsirfha lgql núska ñoSug
fijk ,nd .ekSug
wdrCIdj ioyd
óg ksjdi mukla fkdj .nvd ud¾. jegj,a hkdos ish,q foa we;=,;ah
ckdjdihl m%Odk wx. folls
ñksid yd iudch
fN!;sl mrsirh
;j;a wdldrhlg fuh wxY 5 lg fnohs
iajNdj O¾uh
ñksid
wdjrK
iudch
oE,sia
ckdjdihka hkak yqol,d ckdjdihl isg kd.rsl m%foaY olajd ishj,a, wh;afõ
.%dóSh ckdjdi
.%dóSh ckdjdil we;s uQ,sl wx.
Homogenous f.dúìsu - iucd;Sh ,CIK we;s m%foaY
Centre ksjdi msyás m%foaYh - kHIaÀh
Circulation mdrj,a - fiajd ,nd .ekSu ioyd
Special wdY%uh ^fjku msysás ia:dk& - wE;ska msysá mdi,la jeks
fohla
kd.rsl
ksjdi
lvidmamq
ud¾.
úsfYaI fldgia ^m¾hka;fha msysá fldgia&
ckdjdi ks¾jpkh
Trewartha
udkjhska iuqyhla ckdjdihla fõ
f.j,a, fjk;a f.dvke.s,s, ud¾., yqol,d ckdjdihl isg kd.rsl iduqys;
olajd ish,a, óSg wh;ah
ixpdrl ckdjdij, isg ia:djr ckdjdi olajd ^yqol,dj msyá isg tldrdYs jq
kHIaÀ&
Ratzel
fmdf,da;,fha ùYd, m%foaYhl me;srs ;sfnk ud¾.hkaf.a kdNsfha msysgd we;s wêl.K;ajhlska ñksiqka yd f.dvke.s,s talrdYsj ;sfnk f.dvke.s,sj, úúO ld¾Hhka ixfCo%Kh jq lD;S%u mrsirhls
Dickinson
fmd,j ;,fha ñksid úiska f.dvk.k ,o jdi N+óhls
mrsmd,k ;;ajh u.ska kshu kd.rsl ,CIK ms<snqTq fkdjk njo Tyq fmkajd oqkay
Luwis Worth
iudc ,CIK w;ska úúO;ajla we;s mqoa.,hska iuqyhla idfmaCI jYfhka úúsO cd;ska jdihlrk ckdjdihls
k.rfha .ulg jvd úfYaIs; cSjk l%uhla we; m%d:ñl fjkqjg oaú;Sl ino;d we;
.%dóh ckdjdi ks¾pkh
Agunsky
m%d:ñl ld¾Hhka jeä jYfhka lrk óksiqka jdih lrk ckdjdihls
Schwarz
ñksid úiska me,Eá yd i;=ka m%fhdackhg f.k wdydr yd frosms<s ioyd wjYH oe,ndf.k cSj;ajk m%foaY
óSg wu;rj Rural-urban Fringe and Ruban settlements o oelsh yel
ckdjdij, ,CIK
1 rEmdlD;sh ^ìï ie,eiau&
isria yd ;sria jHdma;sh
ks¾udK Ys,amh
f.dvke.s,s ;ekSug fhdod .kakd o%jH
ixialD;sl yd f:;sydisl ,CIK
iajrEmh
ckdjdi rgd ^wdl¾K yd úl¾K&
ckdjdi jHdma;sh
ckdjdij, ld¾Hh
úYd,;ajh
2 ckdjdij, ld¾Hh1 úisrs ld¾Hh
2 uOH ld¾Hh
ckdjdij, Wm; j¾Okh yd mrsydkshg n,mdk idOl yd fya;= b;d jeo.;a fõ
ckdjdilrKh yd ckdjdi w¨;ska we;s lsrsu fyda ùSu
1 ckmolrKh
2 bfís we;sjk ckdjdi
%
ckdjdi wOHhkfha jeo.;alu
ckdjdi ixj¾Okh l< hq;= fohla fukau rgl iudc wd¾:sl ixj¾OkfhaoS m%fhdackhg .; yels WmlrKhla f,io i,lhs
WodyrK - fkdoshqKq m%foaYj, ckdjdi msysgqùu
ckmo jHdmdr ixj¾Okh yryd myiqlus iemhSu
fiajd iemhSu
há;,h j¾Okh
kd.rsl uOHia:dk j¾Okh
wd¾:sl j¾Okhla we;s lsrsu
fj<o m,, /lshd iemhSu, ús/lshdjg ms<shï iemhSu
udkj ckdjdi msysgqùfï wruqKq
ckdjdih ;=< wd¾:sl iudc yd mrsird;aul ;;ajhka jeäs oshqKq lsrsuhs
ckdjdi ixj¾OkfhaoS ;SrK .ekSu ioyd m%cdiyNd.s;ajh wjYH fõs
ckdjdi ixj¾Okhg jeo.;ajk wxY
ksjdi
mrsird;aul hás;,h - ikSmdrCIl, c,h, úoq,sh, c,l<ukdlrKh, le<sli, bj; oeóSu,
wmodjkag ,lajk m%foaYj,g jeâs wjOdkhla fhduql< hq;=hs
^fuh ;sridr ixj¾Okhg wjYHu ;;ajhls&
ckdjdi wOHhkh ioyd fhdod.kq ,nk wdlD;Ska
f:;sydisl oDIaÀfldakfhka
m%;Hfhal wOHhk u.ska
m%dfoaYsh jYfhka
f:;sydisl m%fõYh
m%;HdjD;a;sh ^ckdjdifha w;S;h&
m%;Hdjf,dalkh ^j¾;udkh ioyd w;S;h wOHhkh lsrsu&
Ndú;jH ^w;S;h yd jra;udkh wOHhkh ;=<ska wkd.;h yeoErSu
w;S;h w;S;h
j¾;udkh j¾;udkh
wkd.;h
ckdjdi iajrEmh
;ks ckdjdihl f.j,a yd f.dvke.s,s úysos we;s wldrhhs
tlu iajrEmhla we;;a iïsNjh yd ld¾Hh fjkia fõ
fï ksid iajrEmh wOHhkfhka woyia jkafka jsjrKh lsrsuls ta ioydf:;sydisl ;;ajh wOHhkh l, hq;= fjhs
ckdjdihl iajrEmh ;SrKh ùu ioyd fN!;sl, ixialD;sl yd iudcSh idOln,mdhs
%
iajrEmh
wdlS¾K
kSyev iúê
bfí wl%uj;aj we;úh ie<iqï iys;hs
Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmh kdNs.; f¾Äh
c¾uksfha vDn,a m,a,sh
cmdkfha nrdld rch úiska we;sl,
fyda l¾udka; ysushka
;kk .usudk
ud,s.d
;Kmsáhla jgd msyá ckdjdi - Plaza f,i yoqkajhs
.%dóSh iajrEmhls ^i;=ka wdrCIdlr .ekSu ioyd&
ueo msgÜgkshla we;
msáfha yevh wkqj ckdjdifha yevh ;SrKh fõ ^rEmigyka&
msáfha ueo fmdoq whs;shla mj;shs
j¾;udkfhaoS tjeks ckdjdi j, ld¾Hhka fjkia ùS we;
.x.d
ud¾.
WodyrK
nqIauka jrekaf.a .ïudk ^tfvsreka& - kSyev ljdldr fõ fN!;sl idOl fya;= ù we;
Y%S ,xldfõs l=Tqrej, jHdma;sh ^wd¾:sl idOl&
W;=re weursldfõ ixialD;sl n,mEu Ydka; f,darkaia kosh osf.a f¾Åhj jHdma; ùu m%xY cd;Ska mosxÑs m%foaY
bvï ;Sre f,i fnod we;
wdckagskdfõ loqlr m%foaYj, c¾ukajre yd W;=re TiafÜ%%s,shdkq cd;Ska mosxÑjwe;
ñska yqol,d nj wvù we; wi,ajeis weiqr jeäùu m%jdyk yd wfkl=;a fiajdjka ,nd .ekSfï myiqj ud¾. md,ï úshoï wvqùu wdosh ksid ñsksiqkaf.aleue;a; u; bvïs fnodf.k we;
y;/ia .ïsudko we; wdckaákdfõs fjksiqfj,dfõ n%iS,h jeks rgj, ud¾. oE,siaj,g wkqrEmjk f,i tf,i bvïs fnodf.k we;
ckdjdi iajrEmh fjkiaùug fya;=
ck.ykh bj;ùu
;dCIKsl oshqKqj
kd.rSlrKh
m%idrKh ^bvïs len,Sùu fyda fnodoSu&
ixfldapkh ùu ^taldnoaO lsrsu fyda w;ayerhdu&
ld,h;a iu. isoqjk n,mEu
mdr
..
mdr
ckdjdi rgd Settlement Patterns
mOdk rgd folhs ckdjdi w;r ino;d ñka ms<sTssnq lrhs ,.ska fyda oqriaj ckdjdi msysghs
wdlS¾K ckdjdi
úls¾K ckdjdi
fuu ckdjdi j¾. foflys b;sydih wkqj j¾. 04 lg wkqj oelaúh yelsh
m%%d:ïl úsirKh
m%d:ñl kHIaGaslrKh
oaú;Sl úirKh
oaú;Sl kHIaÁlrKh
wdls¾K ckdjdi rgd
Hamlets l=vd .ïudk ^fN!;sl ie<iqïs& c,h we;s yd ke;s m%foaY ^úh<s m%foaY ydnx.,dfoaYh jeks rgj,&
iïsmsKavkh jq ckdjdi ^yrhla fyda kHIaGshla ke; f.dvke.s,s tl;=jla wdishd;slrgj, oelsh yel&
kHIaGs.;hs ^.K;ajh jeähs wE;g hk úg jeä fõ&
ix>; ckdjdi ^,. ,. msysá ckdjdi yd j;= ckdjdi - fnda¾kshdfjs ;Kìï j, we;sckdjdi&
kHIaGs.; ùug n,mdk idOl
c,w;srsla;h fyda c, ys.h ^Wet points and Dry points)
bxoshdfõ uyd rdiag% m%dka;h yd ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmh - c, ys.h
nx.,dfoaYfha c,fhka hgjk m%foaY j,oS Wiaìï j,g talrdYSùu, tluq;= nj, ksIamdokyqjudrej, l=, l%uh
hkdosh .%dóh kHIaGs lrKhg fya;= fõ
ixl,amjdoS idOl
- iuQy f.dúm, l%uh
reishdfõ Kolhoz, BY%d,fha Kibbutz yd Communs
fmdl=re .ï - Y%S ,xldfõ uyje,s tlai;a ckmofha Mormon and Amish
Ujama gekafiakshdfõ, uE;ld,fha ñksiqka talrdYslr ;ekq ckdjdi, fiajdiemhsu myiqhs, fuh .%dulrKh ;=<ska isoqfõ BY%d,fha Wmfoiau; Y%S ,xldfõ
úlafgdrshd c,dYh wi, fujeks ckdjdi we;slr we;
kj ckdjdi msysgq ùfïoS fuu rgd ms<sno i,ld n,hs
úlS¾K rgdj
yqol,dj fyda ;ksj msysá úlsrK ckdjdi oelsh yel fuh idfmaCIs;hs tfukau ixls¾K iudc wd¾:sl ino;d we;
n,mdk ,o idOl
iudc wd¾:sl yd fN!;sl idOl
fN!;sl idOl
mdrsirsl oqIalr;d
iïm;a iSudùSu ^hqfrdamfha fmkhska, bkaoshdfõ ysud,h, fj,aia jeks loqlrm%foaY&
wd¾:sl yd iudc idOl
hqold, j, hqoaoh wjika ùfuka miq ;ukag yqremqreoq f.dúm, j,g hdu^tx.,ka;h, fvkaud¾lh&
1950-80 bvï fldgq lsrsu werTqkS
1750-80 tlai;a ckmofha bvï taldnoaO lsrsu ^fmars, brs.= máh, ;srs.= máh m%foaYj, Rank System tllg bvïs fnod oS we;, iudk len,s&
hdka;%SlrKh
bvï ñ, wvùSu
iu;,d N+ñh
kHIaGsl mjq,a ksid Tjqkf.a is;=ï me;=ï u; úsisrs rgdj we;s fõ
wd.ñl fya;= Moman and Amish jre fjku .ïudkj, mosÑj we;
hqdrdamd rgj,g n,mdk idOl fjkiah 1750-80 ld,fha hfrdamd rgj, bvïfnodoSu wdrïN úh b;d mgq bvï úh
fko¾,ka;h - merKs kq;k
kHIaGs.; ckdjdi ìyùSu ixfrdaOl ksid isoqfõ tu ixfrdaOl bj;ajQ úsg kej; úsisrshyel ^c,h, fCIau N+ós, ;dCIKh&
foaYmd,ksl idOl
.%dulrKh ;=< mqoa.,hska .ï w;yerhdu
ckdjdi mrskduh Evolution of the Settlementsckdjdi fkdlvjd fjkia fõ
i;aj yd Ydl fuka WmoS
j¾Okh ùs iuyr úg mrsydkshg m;aù wNdjhg hhs
i;ajhska yd Ydl fuka ish,qu ckdjdi wNdjhg fkdhhs
Lksc iïm;a iys; m%foaYj, iïm;a wjika ùSfuka miq mrsydkshg m;aúh yel
fndfyda úg ckdjdi mrskdukh ù ;j;a ckdjdi j¾.hla njg m;aúh yel fï ioyd os¾> ld,hla .;fõ
fï ksid ckdjdij, b;sydih foi n,k úg ckdjdi mrskdufha úfYaI wjê lSmhla yoqkd.; yelshs
1 wixúê;jq merKs udkj ckdjdi wjêh (Phase of Primitive Non-organized)
wdos ld,fha ;kk ,o ckdjdi fï .khg wh;a fõ
mrsirh fjkia fkdlr ;djld,slj fyda ia:srju fyda fjk;a m%foaYj, mosxÑ jQ miq;kk ,o ckdjdi
jir oioyila fuu hq.h mej;=ks
iajdNdjsl wdjrK fyda miqj ir<j ;ekSfï ,CIK ±lsh yel
2 ixúOdkd;aul ckdjdi wjêh (Eoplolis) .ïudk hq.h
jir 10000-12000 la mej;=ks T;a f.dú;ek wkq.ukh l, ld,fha ia;srju ksjdik¾udKh úh
iudc ixúsOdk ;ìk
foaY.=khg yd wd¾:sl ;;ajhg .e,fmk mrsos foaYsh iïm;a m%fhdackhg f.kp;=rdY%dldr yd fjk;a yevfhka hqla; f.j,a ;kk ,oS
3 ia;s:sl kd.rsl ckdjdi wjêh (Phase of Static Urban Settlements – Polis)
jir 5000-6000 lg fmr mej;s lDIs w;srsla;hla we;sjq ld,fha yia; l¾udka; fj<odu oshqKq fjñka ud¾. uxikaosj, k.rìyúh
rcjreka fyda fjk;a md,lhska mosxÑ fuu merKs k.r wdrCIdj ioyd oshw.,lska fyda ;dmamhlska jgù mej;sk .x.d keïul, lfmd,a,l fyda fjk;awdrCId iys; ;ekl n,fldgqjla iys; k.r ;kd ;sìk fuu k.r mQ¾j ld¾ñl (Pre-Industrial) k.r jYfhka yoqkajd ;sfì ^bkaoq ksïk, fuifmdfÜñhdkq YsIaGdpdr óg WodyrK fõ&
4 .;sl k.r wjêh (Phase of Dynamic Urban Settlements – Dynapolies).;sl k.rj, uq,a wjêfhaoS - lDIsld¾ñl úma,jh yd oqïrsh uydud¾. ixj¾Okh ksid k.r wixúOdkd;aulj m%idrKh úh k.r ixLHdjo is>%fhkaj¾Okh úh 18 jk ishjfia w.Nd.fhaoS tx.,ka;fha idOl úYd, m%udKhlau; fuu k.r we;súh
ld¾ñl yd fudag¾r: wjêh - fudg¾r: m%%jdykh oshqKqúh
k.r wdikakfha ud¾. osf.a úsysfok iajNdjhla oelsh yel
.;sl wjêhg jvd fndfyda fjkia ,CIK oelsh yel
k.rhg msg;ska Wmk.r lSmhla j¾Okh úh
tla Wmk.r ljh;a we;sjQjdg miq Bg msg;ska ;j;a Wmk.r ljhla we;úh
msg;g isoqjk ixl%ukh nyq,hs
fuu Wmk.r j, .eñrsl ,CIK uq,skau mj;shs
mqqrjr ìyùSulao isoqfõ
iuyr k.r ^frdauh& fj<odu yd wêrccHjdoh ksaid oshqKúh
wêrdcHjdofha ìo jeàu;a iu. fuu k.r msrsyS ;sfí
wêrdcHjdoh ìo jegqk;a msrsyS fkd.sh k.r f,i ,kavka mqrjrh oelúhyel
oaú;Sh ;D;Sl ld¾Hhka ixflakao%Kh ùu óg fya;= úh
uq,oS ñ,shk ì,shk k.r we;úh
(Millian Cities and Mega Cities)
Wmk.r wdY%S;j k.rdhkh j¾Okhùsu ksid Wm k.r ld¾ñl fyda fkajdislWmk.r úh yelshs
%
kd.rsl mqrjr, iduQys; yd k.rhdhmqrjr
ckdjdi mrskdufha WÑp;u wjia:djhs
uq,skau k.r ks¾udKhg n,mEfõ flakao%dNsidrs ;;ajhkah
k.rfhka msg;g hdu ksid k.rh m%idrKh úh
Wmk.r .eñrsl yd .%dóh ,CIK mqrjrh ;=< ;ìh yel
Wmk.r Wmk.r
kdNsh
uq,a k.rh
k.r me;srSu
iduQys; -mqrjr lSmhl tl;=jlstal kHIaGsl yd nyq kHIaGsl iduqys;hka mj;shstx.,ka;fha m%Odk iduqys; 07 lsfya;=j – ld¾ñSlrKh .,a w.=re ridhksl o%jH frosms<s hlv yd jdfka wdY%s; kd.rslrKhhs
uyd tx.,ka;h.sKsfldkos. ,exlIh¾ngysr .%Ska,ka;hfhdalaIh¾,Sj¾*q,a ^u¾is .. wi,&ghska ihsâ ^ghska .. winv&la,hsâ ihâ ^la,hsâ .. winv&
k.rhdh - Megalopolis1 Great Lakes (Chicago, Detroit, Toronto, Montreal, Pittsburge)2 North Corrido (Newyork, Boston, Philadelphia, Washinton)3 Blue Banana (London, Frankfirt, Amsterdam, Dublin, Zurich)4 Pearl River Delta (Hong kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen)5 Bohai Economic Rim ( Beijing, Tiangin, Qingdao)6 Yangtze River Delta (Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Suzhou)7 Tokaido Belt (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya)Other ………tlai;a ckmofha kef.kysr oejeka; kd.rsl l,dmh ^fndiagka - fjdIskagka&ud¾. osf.a k.r tlg iïnkaOúh1960 jkúg m<, ie;mï 30-100 w;r úhj¾. ie;mï 54,000la óg wh;afõNñfhka 2% l ck.ykfhka 20% la isáhsóSg we;=<;a iduqys;hka
BoltomoreNew YorkFidelfiaWashingtonBoston
,CI 1-10 w;r ck.ykhla we;ck.K;ajh j¾. ie;mqug 800 ls1960 miq m%idrKh úhwdrïNfhaoS mej;s jdis iy.; ;;ajh n,md we;
ckhd jeä jYfhka mosxÑj isàu jrdh msyàu 1800 miq hmia yd .,a w.=re ksid rg we;=,; jf.au fjr< m%foaY oshqKùsu Y%u yuqodfjka 23% la fuys isgsu
mqyqKq yd oCI ;dCIKsl m%foaY ùu
jeâ m%;sYs¾I wdodhï l,dmhla ùuoaù;Sl wxYhg jvd ;D;Sl yd pd;=¾H l¾Hhka ;sîuixl%uK nyq, ùSuf,dalfhau fmdfydi;=ka fuu m%foaYj, jdih lsrsuud¾. oE,siaj,ska tlsfkl iïnkaOj mej;Su
fïjd w;r r:jdyk, ,sms yqjudrej, oqrl:k, c,mrsjykh, f;,a mrsjykh, NdKav mrsjykh, u.s mrsjykh jekss .,khka we;n,h oeKqu yd Okh talrdYsj mej;Subf,lafg%dksl yd jdkscuh uQ,dia:dkhka ùSufldgia fj<o fmd, nexl= rlaIK wdosh;a iu. foaYmd,k n,h yd wd¾:sl n,h flakao%K .;j we;cd;Hhka;r n,ho ùYd,hcd;Hhka;r ld¾Hhka jYfhka f,dal nexl=j cd;Hhka;r uq,H wruqo, wdoshtalrdYsj mj;shsm¾fhaIK uOHia:dk yd úYaj úoHd, msysgd ;îuixialD;sl uOHia:dk tlrdYsj mej;SukHIaGska rdYshla mej;SuúúO cd;Ska isák úúO iudc ;,hka ksfhdackh lsrsulao fuys oelsh yelóg wu;rj
Ñldf.dale,sf*dakshd f,diawxc,Sia ieka*eiaflda l,dmho jeo.;a fÉ
cmdkfha fydlhsfvda k.rhdhkef.kysr ud¾.fha fgdlsfhda isg lsfhdafgda olajd*eismsla fjr< ;Srefõ osiafõkd.rSlrKh yd ld¾ïSlrKh ksid we;sjqjlsfuh fgdlsfhda lsfhdfgda Tild fldfí fhdafldyud hk l,dmolajd úysfohsfgdalsfhdaj m%Odk mrsmd,k uOHia:dkhhs
Koichin fojk l,dmhhsTild lsfhdfgda uy fldfí m%foaY óg wh;a fõfïsjd m%Odk jrdh yd r:jdyk ksIamdok l,dmhkah
Chukyo f;jk l,dmhhskf.dahd tys m%Odk k.rhhs
Kitacushu isõjk l,dmhhsisria j¾Okh nyq,hsjrdh wdY%S; ke.eTqre ;Sr f.dvlr we; m%Odk oïrsh ud¾. ydwêfõ.S ud¾. j,ska iïnkaOj mj;shs
tlai;a ckmofha k.rhdhka mßamd,k m%Yak j,g uqyqK oS we;
m%jdyk .eg,qj
úúO ckdjdi wka;¾.;j mej;Su
tla m%Odk ,CIhla mej;Su
1
2
3
4
5
wdrïNl wjia:dj
m%idrK iajrEmh
;D;Sl iajrEmh
w;ayrsk ,o iajrEmh
ixfldapk iajrEmh
%
iduQys; - Cornabation
mqrjr fyda kd.rsl iduqys;
iduqys;hla fjk fjku kHIaGs lSmhla tl;= ù ks¾udKh fõ,kavka, mersia jeks iduqys; tal kHIaGsl iduqys;hka fõs
k.rh jgd Green Belt tlla we;
k.rh m%idrkh j,lajhs
lDIs lghq;= lrkq ,nhs
f.dvke.s,s ;eKsu úsfYaI wjir u; l< hq;=hs
rch Green Belt tflka msg; Wmk.r we;slr ;sfís
nyq kHIaGsl iduqys;
ngysr .%ska,ka;fha n¾ñsxyeï wi, l,dmh- f,day NdKav ksIamdkhlrk .,a w.=re nyq, l¨q k.rh f,i yoqkajk l,dmh ógwh;afõs
iduqys;h mqrd tal yd iudkj ckdls¾K ùs ke;
.eusrsl yd lDIsld¾ñsl ìïs mj;shs Wod- .sKsfldK os. uekafpiag¾ yd ,ekalIh¾
Ring city o nyqflakao%sh iduqys;hla fõ
fko¾,ka;fha fjr< osf.a wYaj ,dvul yevhgjHdma;j we;
mqrjr ;=kls
The Hague
Amsterdam
Utrecht
fuu mqrjr ;=k tl;= ùu ksid k.rh j¾Okhùu isoqù we; ùjD; lDIs ìï mj;shs
k.rhdh - Megalopolis
kj tx.,ka;fha isg fjdIskagka olajd ^fndiagka isg fjdIskagkaolajd& úysfohs
Bos-Wash k.rhdh m<uqfjkau yoqkd.;a k.rhdhhs
Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, Fidelfia hkmqrjr óg wh;ah
1961 os fuh yoqkd .kakdúsg os. ie;mqïs 450 ls miq ld,Skjie;mqïs 600-700 la olajd oshqKq ù m<,o jeäúsh
ck.ykh ìs,shk .kkls
we;=<; m%Odk k.r Wmk.r mrsjdr k.r .eñrsl hk ckdjdi iduqys; mqrjr;=< oelsh yel
fïjd k.r f,i yoqkd .kafka mqrjr w;r we;s wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh ksihsfïjd oE,sia j,ska iïnkaOj we;
oïrsh uydud¾. we< ud¾. úoq,s ixfoaY ixl%uK r:jdyk jeks wxY j,skaiïnkaOj we;
fïjdfha ,CIK
wêl ck.ykh
oE,siaj,ska iïnkaOj mej;Su
w;s úYd, iudc wd¾:sl úúO;ajh
fïjd fN!;sl jYfhkauo iïnkaOj mj;shs
iudcSh jYfhka.;a úg úúO cd;ska cSj;ajk m%foaYhls
úúO iudc mx;Ska ksfhdckh lrkakka jdih lrhs
wd¾:sl júO;ajhla mj;shs
f,dalhgu lrKq ,nk n,mEu by,hs
Okh n,h yd oeKqu talrdYS jq ia:dkhls
wvla muK lDIsld¾ïl ìï mj;shs
uqo,a n,h u; /oS mj;shs
oeKqu talrdYSj mj;shs ^úYaj úoHd,, ;dCIKsl úoHd,&
bf,lafg%dKsl yd jdkscuh uQ,ia:dkhka ùu
foaYmd,k ,nh talrdYsj mej;Su
wd¾Ól n,h talrdYSj mej;Su
cd;Hka;r n,h m%n, ùu
cd;Hka;r wdh;khkayS uQ,ia:dk msysgd .sîu
m¾fhaIK uOHia:dk yd úYaj úoHd, msysgd ;sîu
kHIaÁka rdYshla msysgd ;sîu
úúO cd;Ska isák úúO iudc ;,hka ksfhdackh lsßu
%.%duSh ckdjdi rEmdka;rkh jSurEmdka;rkh hkq ir< ckdjdihl m%d:ñl l%shdldrlï j, isoqjk fjkiaÖuhs'
fuu fjki m%udKh" ckixLHdj" .%dóh ckdjdihl fj<odfï isoqjk fjkiaÖïs hkdoshhs'
m<uq wêh ^uq,skau fjkia jkafka .%dóh uxikaoshhs&
fkdoshqKq .ul i;sfmd<la muKla we;'
rEmdka;rkh;a iu. ta wjg lv fma,s we;sÑh yel'
b,a,qula mj;Skï iq: l¾udka; yd ÑfYaIs; l¾udka; o we;sÑh yel'
ux ikaosh yer ta jgd .%dóh ,CIK mej;sh yel'
fojk wjêh
fuu wjêfhaoS ;rula ÑYd, .ïudk j, ud¾. ÑsysoSu yd ckixLHdj jeâÖSu oelsh yel'
f;jk wjêh
m%Odk ud¾.h osf.a jdksc lghq;= j¾Okh fÉ'
ksjdi ixLHdj jeâ fÉ'
wikak .ï j,ska ixl%uKh isoqfÉ'
wdrïNl ,CIK l%ufhka ke;sj hhs'
ì%;dkH jeks rg j, m<d;a md,k wdh;k j,ska ;;kq ,enq ksjdi ñg we;=,;a fjs os.= l,la .;Öfuka miq tu ksjdi
iS>%fhka fjkia Ö ld¾ñl l,dm fyda Wmk.r f,i oshqKq Ñh yel'
fujeks fjkiaÖï j, we;s ÑfYaIs; ,CIK
fujeks ckdjdi Ruban" mqrjr .ï" ix.uk .ï" ihkd.dr .ï" hkdoS jYfhka m%foaY wkqjyeoskaÑh yel'
* .%dóh kd.rsl bfï msysáSu Rural Urban Fringe
* flko%dNsidrh Flight from the city
* iudc fjkiaÖu ms<sno m%:Hfhal m%foaY Öu Frontier of Social Changes
* ld¾Huh jYfhka fjkiaÖu Functional Transformation
* .u yd k.rh w;r fN!;sl tallhla ÖSu Physical Entity
* .u yd k.rh w;r iudc tallhla ÖSu Social Entity
* N+ñ mrsfNda.h fjkia ÖSu ^ysia;eka msrÖSu& Infilling Conversion
.Eñrsl ckdjdi^.%dóh l,dm yd bosl< m%foaYhkaf.ka fjkiajk l<dmhhs&* Wm k.r l<dmfha .%dóh m%foaY ;=< msysgd we;'* ckixLHd j¾Okh b;d wêlhs'* ixl%uK nyq,hs'* ixl%uKh fowdldrhs flkao%dNsidr
.%dóh ixl%uK* f.dvke.s,s bosÖSu fÉ.j;ah'* fN!;sluh jYfhka fjkajq Ñix.ukhlao oelsh yelshs'* k.r lrd fhduq jQjka fuys oelsh yel' ^k.rhg ks;r hk tk hkak ñka woyia fÉ&* /lshd jHqyho fjkia fÉ'* w¾Old,Sk f.dÑ;eka oelsh yelshs'* N+ñ mrsfNda.h fjkia fÉ'* ÑfYaIs; mrsj¾:khka oelsh yelshs'
flá ld,hlska iS>%fhka fjkia fÉ'f.dÑìï m%udKh wvq fÉ'fkajdisl wxYh jeâ fÉ'
* lDIs kd.rsl NñmrsfNda.hla mej;Su' ^.%dóh - lDIs" c,dY" j.=re kd.rsl - mdie,a frday,a&* fuh l%dka;Sh l,dmhls'* ie<iï fkdl< l,dmhls'* m%qoa., leue;a; u; fjkiaÖï isoq fÉ'* ixl%uKfhaoS bvï ñ, n,mdhs'* wkd.;fhaoS bvïs ñ, jeâfÉ hehs is;d bvï ñ,oS .kshs'* fldgia jYfhka uqo,a f.jd bvï ,nd .ekSfï yelshdjlao mj;shs'* bvï len,slr ÑlsKSu nyq,hs'* m%jdykh l%ufhka oshqKqfjñka mj;shs'* ixj¾ê; rgj, mrsirh ie,ls,a,g .kshs'* fuu ckdjdi yryd m%Odk ud¾. ;snqfkd;a .%dóh m%foaYlrd iSudj ;,a,q fjñka mj;shs'* wNHka;r iSudjkao ;,a,qfjñka mj;shs'* .;sl ,CIK l%dka;sh l,dm ;=< mj;shs'* ÑÑO iïNjhka yd miqìula we;s mqoa.,hska talrdYsjk m%foaYhls' ^uQ,sl .%dóh ,CIK fï
ksid ke;s fjñka mj;shs&
ixj¾ê; rgj, .eñrsl ckdjdihkayS fmdoq ,CIK* 1960 .kka j,oS fujeks ckdjdi ms<sno wOHhkhjka isoqlr we;'* fojk f,dal hqoaofhka miq ckdjdi fCI;%fha we;sjq kj keïuls'* Galpin – Rural – Urban ksid Ruban f,i yoqkajd we;'* Chritchen (1964) oS ix.ukh jk mqoa.,hska fjfik .ï f,i yoqkajd we;'* Mosser – Stroud Ñiska mqrjefha msysáu ksid fjkiajk .ula f,i olajhs'* uOHu k.rh ksid we;sjq .ula hkak bka woyiq fÉ'fujeks .ï ks¾udkhg n,mdk idOl* tlai;a ckmofha hqoaofhka miqj k.rfhka msg;g mekhdu ksid we;sÖu'* k.rfha mj;sk wmsrsisoq nj" wêl >k;ajh yd jd¾.sl .egqï jeks ;;ajhka
^Pahl –Sociologist)'
* ,kavka k.rfha ÑY%dñlhska .%dóh m%foaYj,g olajk we,auk.rfha mj;sk mrsir oQIKh" l<n,ldrs;ajfhka ñosug<uhskag fydo wOHdmkhla ,nd oSugoskm;d k.rhg myiqfjka hd yels Öuix.uk ;SrefÉ mosxpsj isáSuuq,oS Okj;=ka fuu m%foaY j, isáuoqïrsh m%jdykh flf¾ jeâ we,aula oelaÖuk.rfha bvï ñ, yd ksjdi l=,sh wêl Öum<d;a md,k wdh;k j,ska ksjdi ;kd ckmo we;s lsrsuÑÑO mqoa.,hska fïjdfha mosxpsj isáu
ì%s;kH mqrjr .ul ,CIK* fkajdisl lghq;= wêlhs'* rdcH wxYfha f.dvke.s,s ;ekSug .eïrsl ckdjdi f;dard .kshs'
.fï Wmka whmsg;ska f.kÑ;a mosxps l< whksjdi ñ,g f.k mosxps jqjka
* ksjdi ñ,g .;a whf.ka 18% ie;mqus 5 jeks oqr m%udKhlska meñKs whhs'* wfkla ish,a, ie;mqï 20 jeâ oqr m%udKhlska meñK we;'
kqiqoqiq ;;ajhkafmdoq m%jdykh wvq Öuwju myiqlï ^c,h" Ñoq,sh" fj<om,&qiudcuh jYfhka weiqre lrkakkaf.a wvqlu
iqoqiq ;;ajhka.%dóh m%foaYj, we;s iduldó mrsirhk.rh wdikakfha msysáuiqyoYS,sj lghq;= lsrsug yelsÖSu
,xldfÉs .eñrsl ckdjdi,xldfÉ ckdjdi ms<sno lreKq fiÖu myiq ld¾Hhla fkdfÉ ^ckixHd jd¾d fidhd .ekSfï wmyiqj&/lshd yd ix.ukh wdoS f;dr;=re fiÖu wmyiqhs.%dóh fjkiaÖï fidhd.; yels tlu wxYh N+ñ mrsfNda.hkaf.a fjkia ÖSuwOHhkh lsrsuhstys fjkiaÖï idlpsPd ud¾.fhka fidhd.; yelshs
WodyrKleianEj ms<shkao,
uq: Wmosidm;s fldgsGdYfhau rn¾ l=reoq fmd,a yd ÑjD; ìïs nyq, Ñh1981 jk Ñg fylaghd¾ 1559 la kd.rsl N+ñmrsfNda.h Ñh1994 oS th fylaghd¾ 2518 la olajd j¾Okh Ñh
fydaud.u 1956 fylaghd¾ 20 1981 fylaghd¾ 622 1994 fylaghd¾ 1942uyr.u1956 - 113 1981 - 1230 1994 - 1895le<Ksh 1956 - 69 1981 - 598 1994 - 1222ms<shkao, 1956 - 25 1081 - 1559 1994 - 2518kshus; ,CIK j,g wkqj .eñrsl ckdjdi olakg ,efnkqfha fld<T k.rhwjgh20 jk Y;j¾Ih uq,oS .eï kd.rsl bula yg f.k we;19 jk Y;j¾IfhaoS j¾;udk Wmk.r .eñrsl ckdjdi f,i mej;sk
WodyrK - 1981 oS ksjdi yd ckixLHdjg wkqjf.j,a ckixLHdj
r;au,dk 594 3461.,alsiai 666 3466foysj, 252 1477keosud, 431 2934
20 jk ishji wdrïNfhaoS k.r mrsmd,kh wdra:sl yd fjk;a myiqlï flako%Kh Öuksid ixl%uk jeâÑh'1921-31 w;r ld,fha jeâjqjka f.ka 91.8% la ixl%uK fya;=fjks'1931 miq ixl%uK fÉ.h wvqÑh fya;j 1931 jk Ñg ÑYd, jYfhka j.=re ìï yd c,fhkahgjk ìï mej;Suhs'c,hg hg fkdjk Wiaìï j, ixl%uKslhska mosxps jqy'1931 mi fld<T wjg l=vd .eñrsl bula we;sÑh'1981 jk Ñg fld<T k.rh jgd foysj,-.,alsiai fldaásfás fudrgqj jeks Wm k.rrdYshla ìysÑh'wvlj folla ìysÑh
fld<T k.rfha wjia:d lSmhla oelsh yelm<uq wjêh - ixl%uKfojk wjêh - w,a,d .ekSïsf;jk wjêh - k.rhg ixl%uKh jq msrsia wvq fkdjq w;r ck>k;ajh jeâÑhk.r j¾Okh isoqÑSu
n;a;ruq,a,1963-71 f.dvke.s,s j, is<% j¾Okh (35% 1971-2001 f.dvke.s,sj, j¾Okh (154%
ckixLHdjWmka ckhd foj¾.hls f.dÑ;eka lrkakka
/lshd ioyd hkakjqkamiqj ÑÑO ixl%uKslhks tl;=Ñhbfï msysá .ïj, msysáu wkqj .fï Wmka yd msg m%foaYj,ska meñKs wh w;r fjkila Ñh^wkqmd;h&fjk;a m%foaY j,ska meñk mosxps jqjka foi ne,SfïoS Tjqka jeâ msrsila wdikak .ïj, l=,shg mosxpsj isáhsfndfyda msrsia bvï ñ,g f.k f.j,a ;ekq whhs/lshd imhk m%Odk ia:dkh fld<T k.rh ksid k.rhg ixl%uKh Ñh/lshd ioyd hkakjqka isák w;r Tjqka .%dóh miqìula we;s whhs
ld¾Hhuh fjkia Öï
m%d:ñl wxYh wfkl=;a wxY folg mrsj¾:kh Öu ld¾Hhuh fjkia Öuhs
m%d:ñl lghq;= wvq fjñka mj;shs
oaÑ;Sl ;D;Sl wxYj, odhl;ajh jeâhs
m%Odk fya;= folls mjq,aj, /lshd jHqyh fjkia Öu
ixl%uKslhkaf.a /lshd jHqyh
ixialD;sl l¾udka; frday,a jeks wxY ioyd ÑYd, ìï m%udkhla k;=Ñh
1946-62 ld,h ;=< fld<T osia;%slalfha muKla wlalr 29000la f.dÑìï fkajdisl ydfjk;a lghq;= ioyd mrsj¾:kh Ö we;
m;;a ìï f.dv lsrsuo ó wh;ah
bvï ñ, jeâÖu
1978 1981
n;a;ruq,a, m¾' 600 2500
2500 7000
uyr.u 1000 3000
2800 12000
f.j,s iys; bvï fldgialr ÑlSkSu
lDIs nsus kd.rsl nsus njg yerjsu ^lDIs-kd.rsl j.=re-ksjdi ksjdi-jdksc&
Agri-Urban, Mashy-Residence Residence-Commercial
iudc ,CIK
weiqre lrkakka m,a,s mkai,a fldaÑ,a we;s w;r ixialD;sl ino;d yd ffoksl p¾hdjkao jeo.;a Ñh
flkao%ia:dkjdoh Central Placesk.r NdÑ;h wkqj .ula fyda l=vd k.rhla wjg m%foaYfha whg NdKavhla iemhSu
fyda fiajdjla iemhSuÑÑO ckdjdij, msysáu ld¾Hh oqr m%udKh meyeos,slr .; yels rduqjla
flako%ia:dkjdofhka imhhsckdjdi N+f.da, ÑoHdfÉ moku f,io yeoskaÑh yelj¾;udkh ioyd mukla fkdj wkd.; ie<iqïlrKh ioyd odhl Öula fuu.ska
isoqfÉfiajd iemhsfï m%foaYh fiajd uOHia:dkh oshqKq Öu;a iu. mq:,a fÉ
.ul my< .kfha fiajdjka msysghsBg by<g hk Ñg by, .kfha fiajdjka oelsh yel.ul ;sfnk my< .kfha ld¾Hhka wjg mosxps lrejkaf.a tosfkodwjYH;djhka imhhs ^frday,la mdi,la ;sìh yel&rch yd mqoa.,sl wxYh Ñiska imhka ld¾Hhkao ;sìh yelshs
jeâ msrsilg wvq Ñhoñka jeâ m%;s,dNhla ,ndosh yels ld¾Hhka rch Ñiska imhhsuOHhu yd by< .kfha ld¾Hhkao we;
uOHu >kh - ks;r wjYH fkdjk NdKav ^uid ksul< weoqïf.dvke.s,s o%jH&by< >kh - r:jdyk r;a;rka ,Snvq cd;Hhka;r fiajd frday,a
flao%ia:dkjdoh ks¾jpkh ioyd fukau uek oelaÖu ioydo iq;%hla we;C=N-L -Central place=Nordality – Local Consumption
flakao%ia:dkh=kdNs.; ld¾Hh-ckdjdifha mdrsfNdackhckdjdifha we;=<; yd wjg whg lrKq ,nk fiajdj kdNs.; ld¾Hh f,i
yoqkajhsth miqìï m%foaYh n,mEï m%foaYh wkqmQrl m%foaYh hkdos kï j,ska yoqkajhsñ,g .ekSfï yelshdj wkqjo miqìï m%foaYh fjkia fÉ
m%jdyk myiqj NdKav wf<Ñl, yels uOHia:dkfha msysáu wkqjo miqìï l,dmfhaiSudj fjkia fÉ
flkao%ia:dkh fiajSu idfmaCIj isoq lrhsth k.rhl idfmaCI jeo.;alu fmkajk ñkqulsfï ksid flkao%%ia:dkjdoh wOHhkhg jeo.;ajk Wml,amkhkao mj;shs
NdKavhl mrdifha m%dka;rh.uka lrk oqr ^leu;s oqr&m¾hka; ck.ykh ^NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla mj;ajd f.k hdu ioyd wjYHwju ck.ykh&
flfia fj;;a uQ, O¾ufha mj;akd wNsWm.ukhka lSmhla ksid ienEf,dalfha ;;ajh ir< l<
yelsnj Walter Christaller fmkajd fohs1 iSud rys; ;eks;,djla mej;Su2 ;eks;,dj mqrd iudkj ckhd jHdma;j we;3 ÑÑO flkao%ia:dk fuys ;sìh yel4 mdrsfNda.slhska ,.u we;s fiajd uOHia:dkhg .uka lrhs5 mdrsfNda.slhska ,.u we;s ia:dkh f;dard .kshs6 my<u yd uOHu .kfha fiajdjka hï fiajd uOHia:dkhlskaiemhsh yelshs7 mdrsfNda.sl l%h Yla;sh yd b,a,qu tl iudkh
fï wkqj NdKav yd fiajdjkaf.a msysáu oelaÑh yelshs - rjqï yevhfkdj YvdY%hl yevh .ekSu
fj<o fmd, uQ,O¾uh K=3l%siagd,¾g wkqj uOHu .kfha fiajdjla myiqfjka ,nd .kafka kï;=ka .=Khlska ÑYd,jq m%foaYhla olajd m%%.ukh jk njhs
1+1/3*6=3fìlrsh âiafmkairsh nexl=j weo olajkakm%jdyk uQ,O¾uh K=4lsishïs m%foaYhl iEu fiajd uOHia:dkhl isgu ud¾. Ñysfohs iEu
my< .kfhauOHia:dkhlau Bg by< .kfha uOHia:dk folla w;r msysghs
1+1/2*6=4 weo oljkakmrsmd,k uQ,O¾uh K=7 1+6=7 weo olajkak
m%.ukh Öu1 3+1 9+3+1 27+9+3+1 81+27+9+3+1
243+81+27+9+3+1 etc.my< .kfha ckdjdihl ;sfnk iEu ld¾Hhlau by< .kfha ckdjdi
j, ;sfì fï ksidmiqld,fha fuys wvx.= lreKq fjkia l< hq;=j nj we;eï wh olajhs
August Losch – Christaller f.a wdo¾Yh ;j;a msrsisoq lrk ,oS tfukauWml,amkhkao fjkia Ñh
;eks;,dj mqrd tl iudk oqrska yqol,d f.dÑm, msysá nj olajhstla tla NdKavhg yd fiajdjg wkqj K w.h fjkiajk nj olajhsimhk NdKavh wkqj mrahka;h fjkiajk njth ;=ka .=khlska fkdj tla .=khlska jeâjk nj (K3, K4, K5,
K6,. K10 etc)Figure – Christallet Figure – Losch (tla me;a;l k.r jeâÑh
yels nj&DiagramsLosch g wkqj ÑysoSu ^rEmigyk&
fuh jvd;a kuHYS,shsK w.h iene f,dal ;;ajhka wkqj fjkiafÉienE f,dalfha ;;ajhg .e,fma
USA j, bkaoshdkd fmd,sIa wdY%fhka Losch Ñiska lrk ,o wOHhkhla u.ska tu k.rh jgd iy Toledo k.rh jgd mej;s ;;ajh ms<sno lreKq olajd we;Figure Toledo Figure Indiana Polis
Losch olajkqfha mqrjrh jgd lr;a; frdaohl yevhg kdNsfha isg ud¾. Ñysfok njhsk.r ueo isg m%Odk ud¾. Ñysfohsk.r jeâ fldgfia ud¾. jeâhswvq fldgfia ud¾. wvqhsIndiana polis j, ud¾. 13 la Ñysfok w;r bka 10 l ckixLHdj jeâ l,dm Ñysfohsfuh l%siagd,¾f.a woyig fjkiaj olajk ,o woyils
Walter Ishard - Losch woyi ;j oqrg;a Ñ.%y lrhsfuh ;joqrg;a ixfYdaokh lr we;uOHu k.rh mqrjrh fia ie,l=jfyd;a mqrjrfha isg oqr jeâj;ao ck.ykhwvq fÉYvdY%dldr yevho ke;sjk nj lshsth l=rEmkh Öula f,i olajhsmgq m%foaY yryd iïm;a Ñysfok wdldrhg ck.K;ajh hkdosh u; k.rmsysghstjeks m%foaYhl fiajd m%foaY os.aj ÑysfohsTla ,CIKhla flako%Kh fldg k.r msysgsh yel
k.rj, msysá ck.K;ajh fiajd m%foaY hkdosh u; l=rEmkh isoqfÉ
l=rEmKh ioyd n,mdk idOl
ck.ykh” iïm;a" ;dCIKsl oshqKqj" ld,hg wkqj fjkiaÖu" udkj yeisrSu"
ud¾. oshqKqj ;=< ;dCIKsl oshqKqj" YS;lrK NdÑ;h" /lshd lrk ia:dk j,ska NdKav ñ,oS .ekSu ksid m%foaYfha iSudj fjkia fÉ
WodyrK lekvdj
Mononite Canadian
k.rh msysá ia:dk j,g hhs' wE; msysák.r j,g hhs'
wjYH;d iSñ;hs ie;mqï 25 la muk hhs
jeâu oqr ie;mqï 8 hs
ÑYd, k.rlvd k.r
flakao%ia:dkjdos ixl,amfha NdÑ;hY%S ,xldfÉ Ñh<s l,dmh
tla ld,hlg hk oqr wfkla ld,hg hk oqrg jvd fjkia fÉuqo,a jeâÑu yd wvq Ñu u; oqr fjkia fÉi;s fmd<la mej;sh fyd;a ;;ajh fjkia fÉby< .kfha fiajd yd NdKav wkqj oQrdj,sh yd fiajd m%foaYho fjkiafÉ
m%fhdackie<iqï l< hq;= iqoqiq m%foaY fidhd.; yelrgl fiajd m%foaYj, j¾;udk ;;ajh yoqkd .ekSuoQrdj,sh yoqkd.; yelsÖul¾udka; nexl= frday,a jeks fiajd ia:dk.; l< hq;= ia:dk fidhd.; yelsÖuie<iqïlrKfhaoS m%foaYfha wvqmdvq fidhd .ekSug yelsÖu
flakao%ia:dkhla msysgq ÖSfï wruqKqflkao%hkaf.a wiudk;d yd fiajd myiqlï j, wiudk;d wvq lsrsug fya;= fÉ
ixj¾ês; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, kj ìïj, flakao%ia:dk msysgq Öug fuh fhdodf.k we;jk mosxps lsrsïs ioyd jeo.;a fÉm%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhgo n,mdhsfmd<j,a wOHhkg jeo.;a fÉKet settlements msysgqÖfïoS NdÑ;dlr we;^we;eï ckdjdi mrsydkshg m;aÖu yd kej; kj ckdjdi ie<iqï lsrsu&
ì%s;dkHh.%dóh m%foaYj, ckydhkhla oelsh yel wE; m%foaYj, fï ;;ajh fydoska oelsh yel
W.;a ;reK msrsia k.rhg ixl%uKh fÉ b;srs jkafka jhia.; jQjkahm¾hka;fha ckhd wvqjk Ñg wdodhï Wmhd.; fkdyelsj lvidmamq jid ouhs rch fujeks wjia:d j,oS ÑÑO
fiajd imhhswe;eï Ñg rch Ñiska we;eï fiajd uOHia:dk jid oud ckdjdi m%;sixialrKh lrhs
fuys mej;s tjeks m%foaY wOHhkh lr flakao%ia:dk yryd we;eï m%foaYj,g fiajd imhd weta wkqj is,a,r lvhlg 3000la" uia lvhlg 2000 la" fodia;r flfkl=g 2000 - 2500 la" m%d:ñal mdi,lg
5000 la" yd oaÑ;Sl mdi,lg10"000lao wjYH nj olajhsfko¾,ka;hf*d,av¾ ìïj, ckdjdi we;s lsrsu flakao%ia:dkjdohg wkqj isoqlr we;s w;r Bidk os. f*da,avrfhka mgkaf.k
we;uq,ska ie,iqula ke;sj leu;s ;ekaj, mosxpshg wjir oS we;fojkqj flakao%ia:dkhg wkqj msysgqjd we;m%foaY iu;,d ksid tl iudkj ÑisrS we;ñksiqkag fudag¾ r: ;snqKq ksid k.rhg ixl%uKh Ñhfï ksid .ï oshqKq Ñh
m%fhdack j,g WodyrK
BY%d,h m%Odk k.r folg wu;rj l=vd l=vd k.r bosl<y
ixl%uK ckhd .ïj, mosxps Ñh
my<u .Kfha ckdjdi msysgqÑSh (Kibutz)
Kibutz 6lg tla l=vd fiajd uOHia:dkhla msysgq Ñh
Kibutz 30lg ^ie;mqï 10 l wrhlg& .%du kd.rsl iOHia:dk msysgq Ñh^oajs;Sl mdie,a" iq: l¾udka; fuys we;&
Bg by< uOHu yd by< .Kfha fiajd uOHia:dko msysgqÑh - th oQrdj,shls
ixj¾Okh jk rgj, ,CIK
wm%sldj” u,dÑ" khscSrshdj" whsjrs" isïndìfÉ" lSkShd" .dkd
.%dóu iQrd lEu u. yerÖu ioyd fiajd uOHia:dk flakao%ia:dkjdohg wkqj msysgqÑh
tajd Rural Service Centres f,i yoqkajhs tajd my< yd uOHu .Kfha f,i msysgqjhs
fï yryd lDIs ksIamdok j¾Okh lsrsu
oreo%;djh wju lsrsu
wdodhï ÑÑOdx.SlrKh lsrsu
fiajd iemhSu
kj ckdjdi jQ m%foaYj, j¾Okh flakao%ia:dkh ;=<ska l< yelsh
wiu;=<s; ;dj há;,h iemhSfuka wju l< yelsh
mrsmd,h ÑuOH.; lsrsug myiqh
%.%duSh kd.rsl wka;ra neoSus iy ckdjdi ixjraOkhk.rfha m%Odk wruqKq
mrahka;hg fiajd iemhSu
lDIsldrausl fhojqus iemhSu
lFIsldrausl ksuehqus ioyd fj<om, iemhSu
lDIsldrausl fkdjk wxYj,g /lshd wjia:d iemhSu
lDIs fkdjk wxYj,g ;reKhska mqyqKq lsrsu
lDIs ksIamdok u; mokus jq lraudka; we;s lsrsu yd jraOkh lsrsu
mrahka;hg wjYH uQ,H myiqlus iemhSu
mrahka;h ^.%dush ckdjdi& lDIs ldrausl mrahka;h
k.rfha mj;sk fiajd ioyd fj<o m, iemhSu
ksIamdok ksuehqus yd fhojqus ioyd k.rh iusnkaOj mej;Su
lDIs fkdjk wxYj, /lshdj, ksr; jsu
ffoksl ixp,;djh
Y%u ixl%uKh
udra. cd,h yd neos mj;akd mrsjyk moaO;sh
fuu tlsfkl ldraHhka yryd mj;akd wka;ra iusnkaO;djkaf.a m%n,;dj ckdjdi^kd.rsl .%dush& ixjraOkhg odhljSu
Y%u iemhqfus iajNdjh
.usj, iajNdjh
j.d lghq;= j, iajNdjh
lkak wkqj we;s fjkia jsus
.u yd k.rh w;r iusnkaO;dj
kd.rsl wxYhg msgia;r m%foaYj,ska Y5uh .,d tau
fjk;a wxYj, ksr; jSfuka lDIs wxYhg lrkq ,nk n,mEu
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