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Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 2004
KURSUS LATIHAN KEKOMPETENAN
Unit PerlindunganSeksyen Latihan Penghantaran
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS)
PERLINDUNGAN PENGHANTARAN(SETAKAT 132kV)
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 2
ICT DIVISIONTENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD
Basic TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 3
Overview• Role of Telecommunication Dept.• Basic Telecommunications System• Analog System - Power Line Carrier
System• Digital Transmission Equipment
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 4
Role of Telecommunication Section
Provide secure teleprotection signaling channels for intertripping functions
Provide reliable data (RTU, SCADA. Etc) network.
Provide internal voice network.Plan, design and implement TNB’s private
telecommunication network for operational and administrative purposes
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 5
BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 6
Telecommunications
The greek ‘tele’ prefix means distant, and nothing else.
Communication, is defined as ‘ the imparting, conveyance or exchange of ideas, knowledge or information. It might be done by word, image, instruction, motion, smell - or maybe just a wink.
Telecommunication - distant communication - is communication by electrical, radio or optical (e.g. laser) means.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 7
Telecommunications SystemsThere are four essential for effective telecommunications between two points:
• a transmitting device
• a transport mechanism
• a receiving device
• the fourth requirement is that the conveyed information is coded in such a way as to compatible with, and comprehensible to, the receiver.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 8
Common Types of Communications SystemsIn order to meet differing telecommunications needs, a number of different types of telecommunications equipment have been developed over time. These include, in chronological order:
• telegraph
• data networks using either circuit-, packet-, frame-, or cell-switched conveyance
• telex
• integrated voice and data networks
• telephone
• computer LANs, MANs, and WANs.
• Multimedia networks
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 9
TRANSMISSIONMEDIUM
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 10
Media Use•Copper wire Very common, especially by telephone
companies•Coaxial cable Increasing common, especially by
computer network
•Microwave radio Common in high traffic area, especially where terrain is difficult for cable laying
•Satellite Common for general application
•Fibre optic Increasingly common in high density area, especially long unbroken lines
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 2004
ANALOG TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
POWER LINE CARRIER(PLC)
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 12
power transmission line
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 13
Then, why power line?
• already exist, so relatively cheap
• own, manage and supervise by TNB
• readily available (e.g. for remote station)
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 14
PLC - BASIC CONFIGURATION`
Line Trap
CVT (Capacitor Voltage Transformer)
LMU (Line Matching Unit)
HF Cable
PLC Equipment
S/S
Transmission Line
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 15
Line trap - on pedestal
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 16
Line Trap(hanging type)
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 17
Line trap
CVT
Incoming (from end station)
Outgoing
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 18
Earthing Switch
Lightning arrester
Matching transformer
Combination transformer
Filter
HF Cable
Line Matching Unit
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 19
HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) CABLE
•Inserted between the LMU and PLC equipment
•Normally a pair cable of 140-150 ohms is used
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 20
PLC - CONFIGURATION
PLC Equipment
LMU
CVT
Line Trap Line Trap
S/S A S/S B
PLC Equipment
Transmissionline
HF Cable
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 21PLC Equipment
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 22
PLC Equipment
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 23
SERVICES
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 24
Speech channel is mainly used for operational purposes. PAXs are installed at various strategic PMUs and power stations all over peninsular. Extension to remote stations are carried out through various telecommunications medium.
Speech Communication
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 25
Data Communication
Data channel is mainly used for SAS, SCADA communication between NLDC and the remote terminal unit (RTU). Other application include administrative channel, remote metering LAN & WAN, tie-line monitoring and Remote Alarm Monitoring System (RAMS)
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 26
The two most important application of teleprotection channels are:
Teleprotection
b) direct tripping of circuit breaker from protection devices at the other end of the line
a) transfer of discrete information from protection relays at one end of the line to those at the other end
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 27
FACTS
• PLC network has reached the limit of expansion and cannot provide quality channel required for prevailing services
• PLC communication uses analog transmission technology which is already superseded by digital transmission technology
• Digitalization of communication network offer a lot ofadvantages in term of capacity, speed, reliability andsecurity
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 2004
DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORK
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 29
Why Digital System?• An analog system is susceptible to changes in amplitude, frequency and phase. A digital signal is immune to noise.
• A digital network is possible to interwork with different transmission rates and the network is capable of carrying many type of services.
• Digital transmission system do not encounter intermodulation as in analog system.
• Digital transmission gives tremendous advantages in terms of operation and maintenance.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 30
SATELLITE
The system requires the setting up of earth station at
major stations along the trunk route of the network.
To acquire lease channel from satellite operator.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 31
SATELLITE
Constraint:- cost per channel is high- not suitable for time crucial function
(e.g teleprotection) as the time delayis very high
- future expansion is also limited.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 32
MICROWAVE RADIO
an attractive solution for provision oftrunk links to important stations in
the network.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 33
MICROWAVE RADIOConstraint:
• permission to operate, license, operating frequency etc
• acquisition of suitable as well asaccessible sites for the repeater station (long distance communication)
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 34
MICROWAVE RADIOConstraint (Contd.) :
• Security and staff for manning the station. High maintenance cost.
• Required suitable area for line-of-sight communication.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 35
OPTICAL FIBREThe most attractive solution for TNB’s requirement
for more reliable telecommunication system.
Cost effective fibre optic network can be established using existing and new transmission
line configuration
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 36
Advantages of Optical Fiber as a telecommunication media
• Low loss ~0.2dB/km• High Bandwidth - up to 10Gbit/s• No signal interference : emi, rfi (induction,
cross-talk)• Light weight, thin & flexible cables• Fire and shock safe?• Low cost
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 37
Type of Optical Fiber Cable• Wrap around (Sky wrap)
– The Optical Fiber cable is wrapped around the ground wire
• ADSS– All dielectric self supporting
• OPGW– Optical ground wire
• Submarine• Underground
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 38
Type of Optical Fiber Cable
OPGW
Wrap Around
ADSS
Approach cable
Joint-box
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 39
SPACER TYPE STAINLESS TUBE TYPE
Fiber UnitAluminum Unit
Aluminum Spacer
Aluminum Clad Steel
Aluminum Alloy
LOOSE TUBE TYPE
Fiber UnitAluminum Pipe
Aluminum Alloy
Stainless tube
Steel
STRUCTURE OF OPGW
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 40
STRUCTURE OF ADSS
All-Dielectric Self-Supporting Loose Tube Cable
Polyethyleneouter sheath
Polyethyleneinner sheath
Buffer Tube
Aramid yarn
Flooding/fillingcompoundsOptical fiber
Dielectric central member
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 41
Optical Fiber Cable(Step index fiber)
Jacket
Cladding
Core
Glass or plastic coreSpecially designed jacket
travelling light
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 42
Digital Transmission Equipment
• Equipment to transmit signal digitally
• The PCM signals need to be transmitted over very long distance (more than 100 km).
• The conversion, multiplexing and transmission is done by the digital transmission equipment
• For efficient transmission, many signals are multiplexed before transmission.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 43
Hierarchy in Digital Transmission System
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 44
HIERARCHY IN DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
ITU-T (CCITT) has specified two hierarchical system to be used in digital transmission
system. They are the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) and synchronous digital
hierarchy (SDH)
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 45
PDH Higher Order Systems
• The 30-channel (32 time slots) system is not suitable for transmission over long distance network. It is mainly used in urban networks using existing pair cables.
• In long distance networks a much higher capacity is usually used. For this purpose the use of hierarchy system in PCM transmission has been specified. This will increase the number of channels and subsequently, increasing the bit rate.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 46
PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
Higher Order Multiplexer
2 8 MUX 34
MUX 140 MUX
30
PMUX
30 * 4 = 120 ch120 * 4 = 480 ch
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 47
LevelNumber
(Hierarchy)
System Number ofchannels
Bit rate(Mbps)
1 M1 30 2.048
2 M2 120 8.448
3 M3 480 34.368
4 M4 1920 139.264
5 M5 7680 565.154
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 48
Limitation of Plesiochronous Digital HierarchyThere are two main limitations of the PDH:
• The inability to identify individual channel in a high speed bit stream. In order to access a single 2 Mbit/s line the 140 Mbit/s structure must be completely demultiplexed down to its 64 constituent 2 Mbit/s lines via 34 and 8 Mbit/s. Once the required 2Mbit/s line has been identified and extracted, the remaining 2 Mbit/s lines must then be re-multiplexed back up to 140 Mbit/s.
• Lack of performance monitoring capability. The PDH frame format has insufficient provision for network management.
• A lot of Network Element and too many interconnections.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 49
SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
• network management capability within the hierarchy
• overcome the inability of the PDH to extract individual circuit from high capacity systems without
having to demultiplex the whole system
• define standard interfaces between equipment
• facilitate internetworking between North American and European transmission hierarchy.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 50
SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
STM-4 STM-1 STM-1 STM-4
2 Mbit/s
STM-1 155Mbit/sSTM-4 622Mbit/sSTM-16 2488Mbit/s
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 51
PDH SDH
• Stage by stage MUX andDEMUX
• Single stage MUX andDEMUX
• Proprietary optical format • Standard optical format
• No master clock to controlon higher transmission
• Master clock to control
• Limited managementfeatures
• More management features
• High capacity only on140Mbps
• High capacity up to 10Gbps(STM 64)
• Three hierarchy (ANCI,CEPT and Japan)
• Unified interface
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 52
Teleprotection Channel
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 53
Teleprotection Signaling for Distance Protection
1. Teleprotection signaling is used together with some types of relays, for example Distance Relay.
2. Teleprotection signaling for DP can be provided either through analog transmission equipment (e.g. PLC) or digital transmission equipment (e.g. PDH)
3. Service with DP relay can be configured to provide 3 types of protection schemes namely BLOCKING, PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH and DIRECT INTERTRIPPING.
4. Teleprotection signaling can be simple on/off channel, frequency shift channel, a combination of on/off and frequency shift channel, coded system (PLC) or more advanced system through digital equipment.
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 54
Teleprotection Signaling for Distance Protection Scheme
Comm. Transmitter
Comm. Receiver
Relay (Tx.) Relay (Rx.)
110VV
TPE TPE
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 55
Zone 1 for Relay A
Zone 1 for Relay B
A fault at D causes distance relays at A and B to trip circuit breaker at A and B simultaneously and instantaneously..
Distance Protection Permissive Underreach
CircuitBreaker
CircuitBreaker
Distance relay
Distance relay
Decision Decision
A BD
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 56
Zone 1 for Relay A
A fault at C causes distance relay at A to trip circuit breaker at A
The fault is outside zone 1 of B which enter ‘delayed command’ without tripping breaker
During this period, equipment may be damaged and synchronism is lost
Without Teleprotection Signaling
Zone 1 for Relay B
CircuitBreaker
CircuitBreaker
Distance relay
Distance relay
Decision Decision
A BC
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 57
Zone 1 for Relay A
Zone 1 for Relay B
CircuitBreaker
CircuitBreaker
Distance relay
Distance relay
Decision DecisionTele-protection
Tele-protection
AC
B
With Teleprotection Signaling
A fault at C causes distance relay at A to trip circuit breaker at A
The fault outside Zone 1 at B which enters ‘delayed command’ without tripping breaker
But, the permissive command arrives immediately at B which can trip the breaker
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 58
Teleprotection Channel for Current Differential Scheme
• Require high speed data transmission channel, so only works with digital transmission equipment
• Dedicated data channel for continuous communications between two relays.
• 64 kbps data channel with G.703 data interface
• Connected using Screened Twisted Pair cable
Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah(ILSAS)
Unit Operasi Penghantaran - April 20041 April 2010 59
TELECOMMUNICATION FOR TNBSafe, reliable and economical energy supply is closely related to fast, efficient and reliable
telecommunication network.
New development in operation, supervisory and protection function demands faster and more
efficient telecommunication system
Jabatan Telekomunikasi, ICT to continuously upgrading and strengthening TNB private
telecommunication network.
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