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7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
1/22
GigaHertz Centre
CENTRE
Ev a lua t ion o f H igh Ef f i ciency PAs fo r u se in- -
r s an ager, osse n as a ema ,Ulf Gustavsson, ,*Rik Jos, and Herbert Zirath
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden,
Ericsson, Sweden,* NXP Semiconductors, Netherlands
christian.fager@chalmers.se
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
2/22
GigaHertz Centre
Out ine
PA efficiency for modulated signals
Efficiency enhancement techniques
General polar architectures
Static polar characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Load modulation transmitters Load impedance tuning
Static load modulation characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Optimum operation for maximized efficiency
Summary and conclusions Summar of efficienc redictions with modulated si nal statistics Comparison between supply- and load modulation results
Conclusions
22009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
3/22
GigaHertz Centre
Out ine
PA efficiency for modulated signals
Efficiency enhancement techniques
General polar architectures
Static polar characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Dynamic load modulation transmitter Load impedance tuning
Static load modulation characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Optimum operation for maximized efficiency
Summary and conclusions Summar of efficienc redictions with modulated si nal statistics Comparison between supply- and load modulation results
Conclusions
32009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
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GigaHertz Centre
PA e iciency or mo u ate signa s
Overall efficiency is maximized by minimizing the dissipatedpower, P
diss
=
Average PAE is determined by the probability: p(Pou t)Pdiss To im rove efficienc PAE must be increased at intermediate P where
diss out in
42009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
the signal spends most of its time
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
5/22
GigaHertz Centre
PA e iciency or mo u ate signa s
Different efficiency enhancement techniques have beenproposed Dynam ic supp ly m odu la t ion ( EER / enve lope t rack ing / hyb r id EER)
Dynam ic load m odu la t ion
Outphasing (Chireix / LINC)
Doherty
52009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
u se-w mo u a on - , an pass ...
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
6/22
GigaHertz Centre
Out ine
PA efficiency for modulated signals
Efficiency enhancement techniques
General polar architectures
Static polar characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Load modulation transmitter Load impedance tuning
Static load modulation characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Optimum operation for maximized efficiency
Summary and conclusions Summar of efficienc redictions with modulated si nal statistics Comparison between supply- and load modulation results
Conclusions
62009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
7/22
GigaHertz Centre
Dynamic supp y mo u ation princip e
decreased for lower power levels
Different techniques can be defined depending on how the RFin ut ower and V are ointl controlled...
72009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
8/22
GigaHertz Centre
modulation
PA supply voltage is alwayssufficiently high
Out ut ower is controlled binput signal, i.e. PA in linear mode
Pre-distortion of the RF inputonly, like in ordinary PA
Envelope elimination and restoration (EER) Output power is controlled
only by the PA supply voltage
PA operated in saturation
PA operation
Time alignment betweensupply voltage and RF signal
82009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
cr ca
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
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GigaHertz Centre
Genera po ar transmitter arc itecture
all power levels EER: Lower efficiency at low output power
Hybrid EER is considered PAE can be maximized for all power levels by simultaneous control of both RF
in ut ower and su l volta e
92009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
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GigaHertz Centre
Measurement examp e: LDMOS c ass D-
PA ou t . in dd
( ),, out in dd inP P V PPAE P V =
-1
,dc in dd P V
Devices: 2Freescale MRF282
Performance summary =
Pou t = 20W
PAEMAX
= 70%
Gain = 15 dB
Bandwidth (PAE>50%): 90 MHz
102009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
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Static po ar c aracterization resu tsNumbered contours represent output power levels in dBm
Efficiency and output power have mutual dependence on inputpower and supply voltage The V and combination that maximizes efficienc can be determined
112009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
for every given Pout
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
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class D-1 PASimulated results with W-CDMA input signal statistics
O timal drive
D r i v e c ond i t i on
PA ( % )
PAPR
10 . 3 dB
PAPR
6. 6 dB
Traditional PATraditional (Vdd fixed) 24% 36%
EER (Pin fixed) 37% 48%
Optimum Pin/Vdd drive 53% 60%
EER
( )out out out PA
P p P dP
=
Pinand Vddare independent parameters in the figurein out out dc out out p p +
Simultaneous Pin and Vdd control can give a substantialefficiency improvement for the presented LDMOS class D-1 PA
122009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
13/22
GigaHertz Centre
Out ine
PA efficiency for modulated signals
Efficiency enhancement techniques
General polar architectures
Static polar characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Load modulation transmitter Load impedance tuning
Static load modulation characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Optimum operation for maximized efficiency
Summary and conclusions Summar of efficienc redictions with modulated si nal statistics Comparison between supply- and load modulation results
Conclusions
132009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
Gi H t C t
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
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Dynamic oa mo u ation princip e
increased at low power Average dc current is decreased, while maintaining full voltage swing
Desired load impedance variations can be generated actively
142009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
. .
or using a reconfigurable load network...
Gi H t C t
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
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Dynamic oa mo u ation arc itecture
PA load network
Varactors typically used as tuneable elements
Breakdown voltage > 100V ow ser es res s ance, arge un ng range
Simple and efficient electronics can be used for the control No need for high power dc converters etc.
152009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
o en a y w e an mo u a on
GigaHertz Centre
7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
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Static oa mo u ation measurements-
load impedance
ou t . in L
( ) ( ),, out in L inPA in L P P PPAE P =
Similar type of characterization as the supply modulation case
,dc in L
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Measure optimum oa impe ance ocus
Load impedance points tested
e L an in com na on a max m zes e c ency can edetermined for every given Pout At max output power, efficiency is maximized for 50
172009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
g er mpe ance s es re a re uce ou pu power
GigaHertz Centre
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LDMOS class D-1 PAin L
Simulated results with W-CDMA input signal statistics
Variable Pin and LVariable Pin and L = 0
Optimized Pin and L
D r i v e c ond i t i on
PA %
PAPR10 . 3 dB
PAPR6. 6 dB
Traditional (ZL = 50 ) 24% 36%
Optimal drive
Optimum Pin
/L
drive 43% 57%L =
mu aneous in an L con ro can a so g ve a s gn canefficiency improvement even with an existing PA Design of tunable matching networks for high power applications is still a
182009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
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7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
19/22
GigaHertz Centre
Out ine
PA efficiency for modulated signals
Efficiency enhancement techniques
General polar architectures
Static polar characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Load modulation transmitter Load impedance tuning
Static load modulation characterization of LDMOS class D-1 PA
Optimum operation for maximized efficiency
Summary and conclusions Summar of efficienc redictions with modulated si nal statistics
Comparison between supply- and load modulation results
Conclusions
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7/31/2019 Fager PASymposium09 Final
20/22
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characterization for LDMOS class D-1 PA
Summary of efficiency predictions with WCDMA signal statistics
PAPR = 10.3 dB PAPR = 6.6 dB
y[%]
PA peak efficiency
y[%]
PA peak efficiency
erageeffic
ien
erageeffic
ien
A
Traditional Supply mod. Load mod.
A
Traditional Supply mod. Load mod.
Both supply voltage and load impedance modulation showhigh potential for efficiency enhancement with existing PAs
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Conc usions
- modulation transmitter architectures Static characterization used
Both architectures show promising results with the PA tested Similar performance enhancement is observed with other transistor
technolo ies and am lifier classes
Modulator losses are not included Efficiency and bandwidth limitations in envelope modulators for supply
modulation
Varactor and network losses/limitations in load modulation architectures
Careful co-control of two input signals needed for maximum
efficiency performance New challenges in linearization and behavoural modelling
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g
an y ou o r y ou r a en on
Acknowledgements ga er z cen re
Swedish Governmental Agency of Innovation Systems (VINNOVA)
ComHeat Microwave
Infineon Technologies
NXP Semiconductors
Saab
222009-01-19 Power Amplifier Symposium 2009
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