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ARCHITECTURE THESIS BOOK 2015INFRASTRUCTURAL INTERVENTION IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF HAIFA
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These are things we do not know we don't know.Donald Rumsfeld, February 12, 2012
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Things to Come Movie - 1936 :
257
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2095
HOUSIN
GCOMMERC
EPU
BLIC
INFRA
STRUCTU
RESTO
RAGE
TRANSPO
RTATIO
NMANUFA
CTU
RING1863
1929
1940
GERM
AN M
ILITARY
UNDERG
ROUN
D
HOSPITA
LGuernsey, G
ermany
03
Guernsey's W
orld War 2 G
erman M
ilitary Underground
Hospital is the largest W
orld War 2 tunnel com
plex in Guernsey.
Construction of the U
nderground Hospital started in the w
inter of 1940, the first w
inter of the Germ
an Occupation of the C
hannel Islands. It has a floor area of 75,000 square feet and used som
e 15,000 tons of concrete and w
as never finished. It was m
ade to accom
odate 500 patients under normal conditions and double
that in an emergency.
SYDNEY O
PERA HOUSE
CAR PA
RKSydney, A
ustralia 04
The underground car park for Sydney O
pera House is unique in
shape and size. It is the first helical underground parking station and claim
s to be possibly the widest shallow
-cover rock cavern in the w
orld.
With a capacity for 1,100 cars, it is designed as a huge
doughnut-shaped cavern, with a span of up to 19m
, an outer radius of 75m
, and a 12 story high, free-standing double-helix internal concrete ram
p structure that operates on a one-way
only traffic flow. C
ars travel down the ram
p to park diagonally into the parking space and continue going dow
n to exit on the double helix up ram
p. Cross passages through the centre core of
the doughnut provide a cross cut to the exit ramp rather than
having to travel the full 12 stories to the bottom to link w
ith the reverse helix ram
p.
CLUSTER C
ITYPlug-in C
ityArchigram
Peter Cooks proposal is a netw
ork of configurable clusters and replaceable units supplem
enting the city. Plug-In City, Taking
the premise of Yona Freidm
ans Ville S
patiale (1958) to a Pop Art
conclusion, the project consisted of a megastructure of
adaptable, diagrid space-frames that facilitated zoning w
hilst prom
oting endless reconfiguration via the cranes at the top of each structure. C
ommunication pipes connected the different
zones to one another, with a m
onorail system to connect existing
cities and a hovercraft route way running parallel. Part of the
technological flexibility and optimism
of the proposal was the
inclusion of removable roads, railw
ays and public spaces, which
could be sheltered by pneumatic roofs in bad w
eather.
06UN
DERG
ROUN
D CITY
Oscar N
ewman
The architect and spatial planner Oscar N
ewmans spatial
defence theory proposed utilising nuclear warheads to clear
massive underground space for the city in its theoretical
extremity, ironically to protect M
anhattan from nuclear attack.
New
man presents an underground honeycom
b layer of function which m
imics the layers of the upper city. N
ewmans city
projection resonates with nuclear disarm
ament a protest that
repeats in Stanley Kubricks D
r Strangelove (Kubrick, 1964).
New
mans w
ork focused more on com
munity planning. H
e proposed environm
ental design strategies for safer neighbourhoods. The theory follow
ed that crime prevention
could be minim
ised if individuals have a stake in their com
munities, this could be achived through closed streets,
residents policing and other design and planning modes.
07
CITY IN
TERCHANGE
Warren C
halk & Ron
Like a vast hub, City Interchange is a plan for a m
egastructure consisting of a central node w
ith transportation conduits that radiate out in every direction, above and below
ground. The interchange provides access to rapid transportation and com
munication to rem
ote population centers. Long distance and inter-regional rapid transit using "linear induction m
otor propelled" trains connect outlying regions. C
ity Interchange would contain facilities for aircraft and hovercraft w
hile slower
methods of transportation such as subw
ays, busses, cars, and pedestrian conduits operate on low
er levels. The structure itself serves as a m
ega-transmitter of inform
ation: its towers are
communication and broadcasting beacons as w
ell as facilities for transport control. Resem
bling a vital organ with its netw
orks of arteries, C
ity Interchange anticipates Archigram
's "belief in the city as a unique organism
," expressed by the later project Living C
ity.
05
LAYERED CITY
New
YorkFrancisco M
ujica
Mujicas research into the history of the skyscraper visions a
super grid in which the buildings are set-out. 02
TUBE - TRANSPO
RT FO
R LONDON
London, England
01
The London Underground is a public rapid transit system
serving a large part of G
reater London and parts of the home
counties of Buckinghamshire, H
ertfordshire and Essex. The system
serves 270 stations and has 402 kilometres (250 m
i) of track, 52% of w
hich is above ground. The network is considered
the oldest rapid transit system, incorporating the w
orld's first underground railw
ay, the Metropolitan Railw
ay, which opened in
1863 and is now part of the C
ircle, Ham
mersm
ith & City and
Metropolitan lines; and the first line to operate underground
electric traction trains, the City & S
outh London Railway in 1890,
now part of the N
orthern line.
SCALE
BUILT/NOT
MIXED
USES
STORM
SEWER SYSTEM
Saitama, Japan
08
To avoid floodings on typhoon season, the city of Saitam
a in Japan features an im
pressive storm sew
er system. Its
construction started in 1992, and its composed by giant concrete
silos (65m tall, 32m
wide) connected by 6.4km
of underground tunnels 50m
below the surface. It also has a giant tank: 25.4m
tall, 177m
long and 78 wide, w
ith 59 concrete columns.
1963
1964
1969
1959
1992
259
HAIFA BAY
258
2095
2006
ASIA
N CITY O
F TO
MORROW
Bruce Mau, Rem
Such layering of city form
traces rationalised city planning principles and utopian m
odes of city organisation, with H
oward
(1902) the Garden cities is a zoned horizontal space, in O
MA
such zoning appears vertically, like Henard (1908), H
ood (1950) Rudolph (1972), such a strong early m
odernist city narrative reform
s into dystopian models of future cities partly inform
ed through rising critique of the socialites of the city developed by Jane Jacobs (1961).
10
AMFO
RACity under the C
ity in
15
AMFO
RA (A
lternative MultiFunctionele O
ndergrondse Ruimte
Amsterdam
- Alternative M
ultifunctional Underground S
pace Amsterdam
) solves the space and traffic problems of
Amsterdam
: almost 50 km
of tunnels will be built underneath
the canals in the town centre. They w
ill accommodate extended
parking space, sport and leisure facilities like cinemas and
others.
UNDERG
ROUN
D
OIL STO
RAGE
Scandinavia
16
The storage of crude oil and its products in underground rock caverns below
the water table has been an established practice
in Scandinavia for m
any years. The discovery of oil and gas fields in various locations has created a need for storage facilities and the technique of underground storage now
always
merits seriuos consideration w
ith its security and enviromental
advantages.
ALIC
E CITY
Tokyo, Japan
Alice C
ity is an underground city that the Taisei Corporation has
proposed to build in Tokyo, Japan, as building underground costs less in the now
highly built-up Tokyo. The plan proposes that many industrial facilities w
ould be better suited to having subterranean equivalents e.g. w
arehouses, railroads, and certain manufacturing facilities. If built, it w
ill also contain commercial
and residential spaces, which w
ill be serviced by dedicated pow
er and waste recycling facilities.
12
CARG
OCAP
Guernsey, G
ermany 13
CargoC
ap is the 5th transportation alternative to roads, rails, water and air to transport goods fully autom
ated through underground transport pipeline system
s in congested urban areas rapidly, econom
ically, reliably and eco-friendly. Fully autom
ated transport vehicles, the so-called Caps, travel in
underground pipelines with a diam
eter of only 2.00 metres,
loaded with tw
o euro-pallets each. For direct connection, the cargo w
ill be delivered directly to the recipient, or to the im
mediate vicinity of a station by m
eans of connection logistics with delivery vehicles. O
nly these stations provide connection to the surface. They m
ay be located either right in the city centres near huge stores, or im
mediately at the assem
bly line of a factory.
PASO
NA O2: URBA
N
UNDERG
ROUN
D
FARM
ING
Tokyo, Japan
14
CargoC
ap is the 5th transportation alternative to roads, rails, water and air to transport goods fully autom
ated through underground transport pipeline system
s in congested urban areas rapidly, econom
ically, reliably and eco-friendly. Fully autom
ated transport vehicles, the so-called Caps, travel in
underground pipelines with a diam
eter of only 2.00 metres,
loaded with tw
o euro-pallets each. For direct connection, the cargo w
ill be delivered directly to the recipient, or to the im
mediate vicinity of a station by m
eans of connection logistics with delivery vehicles. O
nly these stations provide connection to the surface. They m
ay be located either right in the city centres near huge stores, or im
mediately at the assem
bly line of a factory.
GJOVIK
OLYM
PIC
CAVERN
HALL
Lillehammer, N
orway
Moe-Levorsen
09
Gjvik O
lympic C
avern Hall is an ice hockey rink located w
ithin a m
ountain hall in Gjvik, N
orway. W
ith a capacity for 5,500 spectators, the hall also features a 25-m
eter swim
ming pool and
telecommunications installations. O
pened in 1993 and costing 134.6 m
illion Norw
egian krone (NOK), it w
as built for the 1994 Winter O
lympics, w
here it hosted 16 ice hockey matches. It is the
home of G
jvik Hockey, has hosted the 1995 W
orld Short Track
Speed S
kating Cham
pionships and is also used as an event venue. The structure is the w
orld's largest cavern hall for public use.
LARG
E HADRO
N
COLLID
ER (LHC)
Cern, Sw
itzerland
11
The Large Hadron C
ollider (LHC) is the w
orld's largest and most pow
erful particle collider, the largest and most com
plex experim
ental facility ever built, and the largest single machine
in the world.[1] It w
as built by the European Organization for
Nuclear Research (C
ERN) betw
een 1998 and 2008 in collaboration w
ith over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over
100 countries, as well as hundreds of universities and
laboratories. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres in circum
ference, as deep as 175 m
etres beneath the Franco-Swiss border near
Geneva, S
witzerland.
1995
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2012
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The Adaptation Effect - The adaptation effect pertains to the fact that when disasters are frequent people get used to their effect and live amidst disasters. For instance, in earthquake-prone areas in India as well as in other countries people display high level of adaptation so much so that it no longer frightens the inhabitants living therein. People generally discount the possibilities that the earthquake might victimize them or their families.
Environmental Psychology, Dinesh Nagar, 2006
Crisis Effect - The crisis effect pertains to the fact that perception of hazard is greatest immediately during and following its occurence. However, the intensity of the effect is substantially reduced between disasters. For example, During severe drought several stringent measures are immediately taken to conserve water and to devise strategies of water harvesting. Effort to conserve water is not taken serioudly between droughts and limited attention is given to limit population in areas that are drought prone. The same phenomena holds true for other hazards like floods, earthquakes.
The Levee Effect - The levee effect pertains to the fact that soon after the measures taken to deal with the disaster, protective zones are demarked and people are positioned around these areas. For instance, levee are built to protect flood water in the river so as to prevent water from entering the populated areas. People are prone to thinking that the levee is going to protect them from floods. However, levee is built on projected figures that often go wrong.
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Adger, E., Redeveloping former industrial sites doesn't mean giving up on industry. The Atlantic Cities 2011.
Kim, M.Ben-Joseph, E., "Maufacturing and the city", Paper presented at the annual meetign for the American Collegiate Schools of Planning, Dublin, Ireland, 2013.
Cohen, Stephen S., and John Zysman. Manufacturing matters: the myth of the post industrial economy. New York: Basic Books, 1987.
David J. Whitehill, Post-industrial Production: Industrial Incubation in the Contemporary Urban Fabric, 2008.
Hall, P., Cities of tomorrow. London: Blackwell Publishers, 1988.
Marshall, A., Industry and Trade: a Study of Industrial Technique and Business Organization ,and of their Influences on the Conditions of Various Classes and Nations, London: Macmillian 1920.
McKinsey Global Institute, "Manufacturing the Future: The Next Era of Global Growth and Innovation", 2012.
MIT Taskforce on Innovation and Production, "A Preview of the MIT Production in the .Innovation Economy Report", Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sjoberg, G., "The Pre-Industrial City", in: Chant C. )ed.(, The Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology Reader, London; New York: Routledge in association with The Open University, 1999.
Dinesh Nagar, Environmental Psychology, 2006.
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