These are things we do not know we don't know.Donald Rumsfeld, February 12, 2012

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HOUSIN

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RING1863

1929

1940

GERM

AN M

ILITARY

UNDERG

ROUN

D

HOSPITA

LGuernsey, G

ermany

03

Guernsey's W

orld War 2 G

erman M

ilitary Underground

Hospital is the largest W

orld War 2 tunnel com

plex in Guernsey.

Construction of the U

nderground Hospital started in the w

inter of 1940, the first w

inter of the Germ

an Occupation of the C

hannel Islands. It has a floor area of 75,000 square feet and used som

e 15,000 tons of concrete and w

as never finished. It was m

ade to accom

odate 500 patients under normal conditions and double

that in an emergency.

SYDNEY O

PERA HOUSE

CAR PA

RKSydney, A

ustralia 04

The underground car park for Sydney O

pera House is unique in

shape and size. It is the first helical underground parking station and claim

s to be possibly the widest shallow

-cover rock cavern in the w

orld.

With a capacity for 1,100 cars, it is designed as a huge

doughnut-shaped cavern, with a span of up to 19m

, an outer radius of 75m

, and a 12 story high, free-standing double-helix internal concrete ram

p structure that operates on a one-way

only traffic flow. C

ars travel down the ram

p to park diagonally into the parking space and continue going dow

n to exit on the double helix up ram

p. Cross passages through the centre core of

the doughnut provide a cross cut to the exit ramp rather than

having to travel the full 12 stories to the bottom to link w

ith the reverse helix ram

p.

CLUSTER C

ITYPlug-in C

ityArchigram

Peter Cooks proposal is a netw

ork of configurable clusters and replaceable units supplem

enting the city. Plug-In City, Taking

the premise of Yona Freidm

ans Ville S

patiale (1958) to a Pop Art

conclusion, the project consisted of a megastructure of

adaptable, diagrid space-frames that facilitated zoning w

hilst prom

oting endless reconfiguration via the cranes at the top of each structure. C

ommunication pipes connected the different

zones to one another, with a m

onorail system to connect existing

cities and a hovercraft route way running parallel. Part of the

technological flexibility and optimism

of the proposal was the

inclusion of removable roads, railw

ays and public spaces, which

could be sheltered by pneumatic roofs in bad w

eather.

06UN

DERG

ROUN

D CITY

Oscar N

ewman

The architect and spatial planner Oscar N

ewmans spatial

defence theory proposed utilising nuclear warheads to clear

massive underground space for the city in its theoretical

extremity, ironically to protect M

anhattan from nuclear attack.

New

man presents an underground honeycom

b layer of function which m

imics the layers of the upper city. N

ewmans city

projection resonates with nuclear disarm

ament a protest that

repeats in Stanley Kubricks D

r Strangelove (Kubrick, 1964).

New

mans w

ork focused more on com

munity planning. H

e proposed environm

ental design strategies for safer neighbourhoods. The theory follow

ed that crime prevention

could be minim

ised if individuals have a stake in their com

munities, this could be achived through closed streets,

residents policing and other design and planning modes.

07

CITY IN

TERCHANGE

Warren C

halk & Ron

Like a vast hub, City Interchange is a plan for a m

egastructure consisting of a central node w

ith transportation conduits that radiate out in every direction, above and below

ground. The interchange provides access to rapid transportation and com

munication to rem

ote population centers. Long distance and inter-regional rapid transit using "linear induction m

otor propelled" trains connect outlying regions. C

ity Interchange would contain facilities for aircraft and hovercraft w

hile slower

methods of transportation such as subw

ays, busses, cars, and pedestrian conduits operate on low

er levels. The structure itself serves as a m

ega-transmitter of inform

ation: its towers are

communication and broadcasting beacons as w

ell as facilities for transport control. Resem

bling a vital organ with its netw

orks of arteries, C

ity Interchange anticipates Archigram

's "belief in the city as a unique organism

," expressed by the later project Living C

ity.

05

LAYERED CITY

New

YorkFrancisco M

ujica

Mujicas research into the history of the skyscraper visions a

super grid in which the buildings are set-out. 02

TUBE - TRANSPO

RT FO

R LONDON

London, England

01

The London Underground is a public rapid transit system

serving a large part of G

reater London and parts of the home

counties of Buckinghamshire, H

ertfordshire and Essex. The system

serves 270 stations and has 402 kilometres (250 m

i) of track, 52% of w

hich is above ground. The network is considered

the oldest rapid transit system, incorporating the w

orld's first underground railw

ay, the Metropolitan Railw

ay, which opened in

1863 and is now part of the C

ircle, Ham

mersm

ith & City and

Metropolitan lines; and the first line to operate underground

electric traction trains, the City & S

outh London Railway in 1890,

now part of the N

orthern line.

SCALE

BUILT/NOT

MIXED

USES

STORM

SEWER SYSTEM

Saitama, Japan

08

To avoid floodings on typhoon season, the city of Saitam

a in Japan features an im

pressive storm sew

er system. Its

construction started in 1992, and its composed by giant concrete

silos (65m tall, 32m

wide) connected by 6.4km

of underground tunnels 50m

below the surface. It also has a giant tank: 25.4m

tall, 177m

long and 78 wide, w

ith 59 concrete columns.

1963

1964

1969

1959

1992

259

HAIFA BAY

258

2095

2006

ASIA

N CITY O

F TO

MORROW

Bruce Mau, Rem

Such layering of city form

traces rationalised city planning principles and utopian m

odes of city organisation, with H

oward

(1902) the Garden cities is a zoned horizontal space, in O

MA

such zoning appears vertically, like Henard (1908), H

ood (1950) Rudolph (1972), such a strong early m

odernist city narrative reform

s into dystopian models of future cities partly inform

ed through rising critique of the socialites of the city developed by Jane Jacobs (1961).

10

AMFO

RACity under the C

ity in

15

AMFO

RA (A

lternative MultiFunctionele O

ndergrondse Ruimte

Amsterdam

- Alternative M

ultifunctional Underground S

pace Amsterdam

) solves the space and traffic problems of

Amsterdam

: almost 50 km

of tunnels will be built underneath

the canals in the town centre. They w

ill accommodate extended

parking space, sport and leisure facilities like cinemas and

others.

UNDERG

ROUN

D

OIL STO

RAGE

Scandinavia

16

The storage of crude oil and its products in underground rock caverns below

the water table has been an established practice

in Scandinavia for m

any years. The discovery of oil and gas fields in various locations has created a need for storage facilities and the technique of underground storage now

always

merits seriuos consideration w

ith its security and enviromental

advantages.

ALIC

E CITY

Tokyo, Japan

Alice C

ity is an underground city that the Taisei Corporation has

proposed to build in Tokyo, Japan, as building underground costs less in the now

highly built-up Tokyo. The plan proposes that many industrial facilities w

ould be better suited to having subterranean equivalents e.g. w

arehouses, railroads, and certain manufacturing facilities. If built, it w

ill also contain commercial

and residential spaces, which w

ill be serviced by dedicated pow

er and waste recycling facilities.

12

CARG

OCAP

Guernsey, G

ermany 13

CargoC

ap is the 5th transportation alternative to roads, rails, water and air to transport goods fully autom

ated through underground transport pipeline system

s in congested urban areas rapidly, econom

ically, reliably and eco-friendly. Fully autom

ated transport vehicles, the so-called Caps, travel in

underground pipelines with a diam

eter of only 2.00 metres,

loaded with tw

o euro-pallets each. For direct connection, the cargo w

ill be delivered directly to the recipient, or to the im

mediate vicinity of a station by m

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100 countries, as well as hundreds of universities and

laboratories. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres in circum

ference, as deep as 175 m

etres beneath the Franco-Swiss border near

Geneva, S

witzerland.

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The Adaptation Effect - The adaptation effect pertains to the fact that when disasters are frequent people get used to their effect and live amidst disasters. For instance, in earthquake-prone areas in India as well as in other countries people display high level of adaptation so much so that it no longer frightens the inhabitants living therein. People generally discount the possibilities that the earthquake might victimize them or their families.

Environmental Psychology, Dinesh Nagar, 2006

Crisis Effect - The crisis effect pertains to the fact that perception of hazard is greatest immediately during and following its occurence. However, the intensity of the effect is substantially reduced between disasters. For example, During severe drought several stringent measures are immediately taken to conserve water and to devise strategies of water harvesting. Effort to conserve water is not taken serioudly between droughts and limited attention is given to limit population in areas that are drought prone. The same phenomena holds true for other hazards like floods, earthquakes.

The Levee Effect - The levee effect pertains to the fact that soon after the measures taken to deal with the disaster, protective zones are demarked and people are positioned around these areas. For instance, levee are built to protect flood water in the river so as to prevent water from entering the populated areas. People are prone to thinking that the levee is going to protect them from floods. However, levee is built on projected figures that often go wrong.

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Adger, E., Redeveloping former industrial sites doesn't mean giving up on industry. The Atlantic Cities 2011.

Kim, M.Ben-Joseph, E., "Maufacturing and the city", Paper presented at the annual meetign for the American Collegiate Schools of Planning, Dublin, Ireland, 2013.

Cohen, Stephen S., and John Zysman. Manufacturing matters: the myth of the post industrial economy. New York: Basic Books, 1987.

David J. Whitehill, Post-industrial Production: Industrial Incubation in the Contemporary Urban Fabric, 2008.

Hall, P., Cities of tomorrow. London: Blackwell Publishers, 1988.

Marshall, A., Industry and Trade: a Study of Industrial Technique and Business Organization ,and of their Influences on the Conditions of Various Classes and Nations, London: Macmillian 1920.

McKinsey Global Institute, "Manufacturing the Future: The Next Era of Global Growth and Innovation", 2012.

MIT Taskforce on Innovation and Production, "A Preview of the MIT Production in the .Innovation Economy Report", Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Sjoberg, G., "The Pre-Industrial City", in: Chant C. )ed.(, The Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology Reader, London; New York: Routledge in association with The Open University, 1999.

Dinesh Nagar, Environmental Psychology, 2006.

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