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ImamAlKadhim(A.S)
Author
:
Al
Balagh
Foundation
Foundation'sWord
ImamAlKadhim
HisSchoolandKnowledge
Politicaland
Social
Conditions
During
Imam's
Time
TheImam(A.S.)andHaroonAlRasheed
ImamCaliphaAliBinMusaAlRidha(A.S.)
TheEternalBeacon
Endnotes
Foundation'sWord
AllpraisebelongstoAllah,Whodestroyskingsandreplacesthemwithothers.Peaceandthe
blessingsofAllahbeontheleaderoftheMuslimpreachers,theSealoftheProphetsand
Messengers,Muhammad,thechosenProphet,andontheguardsofshar'iah,thesuccessors
ofthegreatMessenger,hishousehold,andonhispiousfollowers.
SinceSatantemptedAdam(a.s.)toeattheforbiddenfruit,andhewasdrivenoutofParadise,
whenCainmurderedhisbrotherAbel,thefierce,andbloodystrugglebeganbetweenvirtue
andvice,truthandfalsehood,justiceandinjustice,humblenessandarrogance,moralityand
corruption,goodandevil,guidanceanddeviation...andinanutshell,betweenIslamand
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ignorance.ThisstrugglewillgoonuntiltheAwaitedOneeliminatesallnegativecharacteristics
ofman.
Whenevertheswordofoppressionwasdrawn,itwasthetonguethatsaidnothingbutthe
truth,thebloodofafreemanwhofortifiedhimselfwithpiety,andthetruepreacherwho
heldonto
Allah,
the
Almighty,
that
confronted
it.
EveryconflictonearthendsinthetriumphofAllah'sword,andthefulfillmentofHiswill.The
tyrants'wordremainslow,andtheirpowerdiminisheslikethesea froth.
TheAbbassidsinheritedthecorruptruleandunjustpowerfromtheUmayyads,butthey
outrantheminbrutalityandoppression.Theypersecuted,murdered,andmadehomelessthe
membersofthefamilyoftheProphet(s.a.w.),theleadersofMuslims,whostooduptotheir
tyranny,andtradedtheirsoulsforthepleasureofAllah.Thesepeopleshedtheirbloodand
laidouttheirsoulschallengingtheforcesofdeviation,defendingthefaith,andaidingthe
Muslims.TheywonimmortalityuntiltheJudgementDay.Theirenemiesreapednothingbut
disgrace,shameanddamnation.
Likeahighmountain,ourrevolutionaryImamMusaalKadhim(a.s.),thescionof
prophethoodandgrandsonofthepurefamilyoftheProphet(s.a.w.),stoodboldlyintheface
ofcorruption.Liketrue,bravewarnors,hefoughtthepoliciesofextravagance,debauchery
andterrorism.Hekeptupdefendingtheshar'iahfromthefalsehoodsoftheoppressorsand
corrupters,andprotectingtheummahfromthebrutalitiesofthetyrants,untilhewas
martyredbypoison,inhisshacklesinsidehisjail,andhisbodywasthrownonabridgein
Baghdad.
AlBalaghFoundationishonouredtopresenttoitsdearreaders,glimpsesfromthelifeofthis
divinelyinfallibleImam.
WepraytoAllahtograntussuccessinkeepingupourjihad,andpurifyingtheearthfromthe
mischiefofthemischiefmakersandthecorruptionofthecorruptrulers,untilAllahmakesHis
religiontriumphoverallreligions,evenifthepolytheistshateit.
AlBalaghFoundation
INTRODUCTION
"..Allahonlydesirestotakeawayuncleannessfromyou,Opeopleofthehousehold,andto
purifyyoua(thorough)purifying."
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HolyQur'an(33:33)
Thegreatmessagebegetsgreatmen.Theimmortalprinciplesproduceimmortalleaders.The
uniquelygreatcreediscertainlyabletonurtureuniquelygreatmen.
Islam,the
great
faith,
the
immortal
creed
and
the
divine,
uniquely
great
message,
came
to
changelifeforthebetter,teardownthefoundationsofignorance,uprootthecausesof
backwardnessandcorruption,andmouldman'scharacteronthebasisofdivineguidance,and
inaccordancewiththemoralvaluesandtheprinciplesofequityandperfection.Bythis
religion,mancanreachperfectionandjoinhimselftotheEternal,AbsoluteTruth.
Islamispractical,takinglife'sfactsintoconsideration,whenitlaystheplanforman'slife,
refinesbehaviour,leadshumankind,andcreatescivilization.
ThephenomenonofleadershipandImamateisunmistakablythemostcriticalphenomenonin
man'ssociallife.Themostcontroversialandimportantissuefacedbythecreeds,principles
andvaluesistheexistenceofthepioneeringman,theexemplarypersonality,andthegood
examplewhounderstandshisrole,carriesouthistask,andleadsthewayforotherpeopleto
march.AllahchosetheImamsandleadersofthisummahfromtheProphetichousehold,
CommanderoftheFaithful,ImamAliandhissons(a.s.).TheQur'anicexegetessaythatthe
abovementionedversewasrevealedconcerningAlibinAbiTalibandhiswifeFatimah(a.s.),
thedaughteroftheMessengerofAllah(s.a.w.),andtheirsons,HassanandHussein(a.s.).
AbuHurayrah,quotedUmmSalamah,mayAllahbepleasedwithher,assaying,"Fatimah
cametoseetheApostleofAllahwithanearthenwarepotfilledwithsweetpastesheherself
hadmade.Sheplacedthepotinatrayandputitinfrontofhim.'Whereisyourcousinand
yourtwosons?'askedtheProphet.'Athome,'repliedFatimah.'Callthemover'orderedthe
ApostleofAllah.ShewenttoAliandsaidtohim,'TheProphet(s.a.w.)wantstoseeyouand
yourtwosons.'
UmmSalamahwenton,"Whenhesawthemcoming,hestretchedouthishandtoashawlon
thebedandspreaditoutonthefloorandseatedthemonit.Then,withhislefthand,he
grabbedthefourcornersoftheshawlanddrewthemtogetherovertheirheads.He
motioned,withhisrighthand,tohisLord,mayHisNamebeexalted,andsaid,'OLord!,these
aremyfamily.Removeuncleannessfromthemandpurifythem'"[1]
TheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.)isreportedtohavesaid,"Allahhadcertainlymadetheoffspring
ofeveryprophetinhisloins,andhasmademyoffspringintheloinsofthisman,"pointingto
Ali.[2]
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Thetruthful,trustworthyProphet(s.a.w.)alsosaid,"Allthesonsofafatherareinclined
towardshim,withtheexceptionofthesonsofFatimah.IamtheirfatherandIamtheoneto
whomtheyarecloselyrelated".[3]
IbnAbbasisreportedtohavesaid,"IheardtheMessengerofAllah(s.a.w.)saying,'IAli,
Hassan,Hussein,
and
nine
men
from
the
loins
of
Hussein
are
purified
and
infallible".[4]
TheCommanderoftheFaithful,ImamAli(a.s.),bytheexactwordsoftheMessengerofAllah
(s.a.w.)andtheconsensusofthecompanionsoftheProphet(s.a.w.),wasthemost
knowledgeable,judicious,andcourageousman,amongthem.Heprecededthemin
embracingIslam.Bythesevirtues,hedeservedtrulytobetheImamofMuslims.Onthe21st
oftheholymonthofRamadhan,40A.H.theCommanderoftheFaithful,ImamAli(a.s.),just
beforehismartyrdom,gatheredhissons,membersofhisfamilyandcompanions,and
appointedhiselderson,Hassan(a.s.),asthenextImam.ImamHassan(a.s.)didthesame
thingwhenhewasonhisdeathbed.Heappointedhisbrother,Hussein(a.s.),thenextImam
afterhim.OnhismartyrdomdayatKarbala,ImamHussein(a.s.)appointedhisson,al Sajjad
AlibinHussein(a.s.),thenextImam.ImamAlSajjad(a.s.)appointedhisson,Muhammadal
Baqir(a.s.),hissuccessortotheofficeofImamate.ImamAl Baqir(a.s.)appointedhisson,
Ja'faralSadiq(a.s.),theImamwhowouldsucceedhim.ImamAlSadiq(a.s.)appointedhis
son,MusaalKadhim(a.s.),thenextImam.ImamalKadhim(a.s.)appointedhisson,Alibin
MusaalRidha(a.s.),thenextImam.ImamalRidha(a.s.),inturn,appointedhisson,
Muhammadal Jawad(a.s.),thenextImam.ImamalJawad(a.s.)appointedhisson,Alial
Hadi(a.s.),asImamafterhim.ImamalHadi(a.s.)appointedhisson,HassanAlAskari(a.s.),
thenextImamafterhim.ImamAlAskari(a.s.)appointedhisson,MuhammadbinalHassan
alMahdi(a.s.),thenextImam.TheAwaitedMahdiisbelieved,byallMuslims,tobethehope
ofhumanityandtheawaitedsaviourofhumankind.Muslims,fromallschoolsofthoughtand
denominationsagreeonthefactthatheisadescendantoftheProphet(s.a.w.),buttheyhold
diverseviewsregardingthesaying,
"DaysandnightswillnorceaseuntilAllahsendsamanfrommyhousehold,whosenameis
similartomine.Heshallfillitup(theearth)withjusticeandequity,thesamewayithasbeen
filledupwithinjusticeandoppression."[5]
Humanityisstillwaitingforthisgreatsaviour,andleadingreformer,whowillestablishthe
stateofdivinejusticeandpullout,forever,therootsofloathsomejahiliyyah(preIslamicera
ofignorance).
HistoryrecordedtheascensionoftheImamsfromthefamilyoftheProphet(s.a.w.)tothe
officeofImamate,whomtheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.)praisedbysaying,"Myhouseholdis
certainlylikethearkofNoah.Hewhoembarksonitshallfindsalvation,buthewholags
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behindshalldrown"
He(s.a.w.)urgedMuslimstofollowthem.Hesaid,"Iamleavingamongyoutwoweighty
things:theBookofAllahandmydescendants,myhousehold.Aslongasyouholdontothem
youshallnevergoastrayafterme".
Theirreligious,militaryandpoliticalroleswererecordedbyhistoryforthecoming
generations.Everyoneofthemcarriedouthisresponsibility,boretheburdenofthemessage
inhistime,raisedthebanner,andlaterhandeditovertothefollowingImam.
IfonecloselyexaminestheProphetictraditions,historicalaccounts,Qur'anicexegesis,Islamic
beliefs,biographicalbooks,Islamicsciences,andprobesthepoliticalhistoryofthedawnof
Islam,andthatoftheUmayyadandAbbassideeras,hewillcertainlyfindthatthetwelve
Imams,camesuccessivelyanduninterruptedlytohoisttheIslamicbanner.Eachoneofthem
wastheImamofhistime,andthemostprominentandleadingmaninknowledgeandjihad.
Theywerenotfuqaha'squattingintheirschoolsandclassrooms,norweretheyworshippers,
shutoutofffromlife.Theywerebeaconsofguidance,andwellknownhistoricalsymbols.
Theywereleaderstowhomfingerswerepointed,andleaderswhompeopleresortedtoin
adversities,andindefenseofthefaithandtheummah.Thetyrantsfearedthem.Thescholars
feltdwarfedbeforethem.Theminds,howeversharp,weremodestcomparedtotheirs.They
wereexemplaryimagesfortheasceticsandordinaryworshippers.
ThatiswhyAhlulBait(a.s.)hadenteredallthepure,faithfulheartsacrossgenerationsand
decades.Theirimpactandinfluenceremainvividaslongasthefaithisimmortalonearth.This
istheDivineWill.
"Nay,Wehurlthetruthagainstfalsehood,soitknocksoutitsbrainsandlo!itvanishes..."
HolyQur'an(21:18)
"...thenasforthescum,itpassesawayasaworthlessthing;andasforthatwhichdoesgood
topeople,ittarriesintheearth"
HolyQur'an(13:17)
Ontheotherside,theirfoesandadversariesachievednothingbutashortlivedecstasyof
power,enjoyingcheapwordilygains.
ThusthestudyofthehistoryofAhlulBait(a.s.),theexaminationoftheirlives,horizonsof
thought,andjihadareofgreatimportanceforMuslims.TheImamsofAhlulBait(a.s.)
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representtheschoolofIslam,thespiritualleadersofthisummahandtheleadersofits
historicalmarch.Theirparamountconcernwascontinuousfightingforthesakeofpreserving
Islam'soriginalityandpureness.Theresearcherwouldfindabitter,longdrawnepicof
strugglebetweentheImams(a.s.)andtheirenemies.Itisastrugglethatstillpoundsonthe
gatesoftime,andkeepsthespiritofjihadalive.
ImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.)isagoodexampletobefollowedbyMuslims,especiallyregarding
hisoppositiontooppressionandinjustice.HeisamemberofahouseholdchosenbyAllah,
theExalted,fromamongthesonsofAdam(a.s.).Hepurifiedthem,andsetthemasgood
examplesandbeaconsofguidanceformankind.Theyare,astheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.)said
regardingthem,"Wearemembersofahouseholdtowhomnoonecouldeverbecompared"
ItisonlynaturalthatAhlulBait(a.s.)wouldsufferfromtheoppressionoftherulers,andthe
injusticeofthetyrants.
Theyweremadehomeless,hunteddown,killed,throwninprisonandintimidated.TheImams
(a.s.)ledtheummah,liftedthebannerofopposition,andcalledfortheimplementationof
Islam'slaws.Asaresult,people'sheartsleanedtowardthem,andtheireyeswerefixedon
them.Thedowntroddenralliedaroundthem,seeinginthemthehopeofsalvation.Anditis
onlynaturalthatthetyrantswouldfightthem,anduseeverymeanspossibletosilencethem.
ThisisafactpointedoutbytheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.).Heisreportedtohavesaid:
"WeareafamilyforwhomAllahpreferredtheHereafteroverthislife.Themembersofmy
familyshallcertainlyfacetribulations,madehomeless,andexiledfromtheirhomeland.That
shallgoonuntilsomepeoplecomefromtheeast,raisingblackstandards.Theyshallaskfor
theirright,butshallbedeniedit.Theyshallfight,helpedbyothers,andshallbegivenwhat
theyseek.Theyshallnotacceptituntiltheygiveit(theleadership)overtoamanfrommy
family,whoshallfilltheearthwithjusticeafterbeingfilledwithinjustice.Whoeverisluckyto
liveatthattime,lethimjointhemevenifitishardforhimtodoso,ashardascrawlingovera
snowyland"[6]
MuslimsagreethatthisgreatmanisfromthehouseholdoftheProphet(s.a.w.).Heisthe
Mahdi,thesaviour.Heshallimplementtheshari'ah,andmakethedreamoftheprophets
(a.s.)ofastateinwhichjusticeprevails,areality,andraisethebannerofmonotheismoverall
partsoftheworld.
ImamAlKadhim
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ImamMusabinJa'faralSadiqbinMuhammadalBaqirbinAliZainalAbideenbinHusseinbinAli
binAbiTalib(a.s.)isthesonofthehouseholdoftheProphet(s.a.w.),andthemanwhowasborn
intoafamilyknownforitshonourandloftyglory.Hisfather,ImamJa'faralSadiq(a.s.),wasthe
Imamof
Muslims,
the
mas
ter
of
ulama'
and
fuqaha',
and
the
leading
unchallenged
master
of
the
descendantsofImamAli(a.s.).
ImamMusaalKadhim(a.s.)inheritedhisfather'sImamateandgreatstature.Heistheseventh
ImamoftheImamsoftheJa'fari(twelveImams)schoolofthought.Hismother,Hamidah,wasa
freedslavegirl,whohailedfromAndalus.ItissaidshewasaBerber,or,asothersmaintain,a
Roman,butshewasmostlikelyofanAndalusianextraction.Shewasnicknamed"Lu'lu'ah"(Pearl).
ImamMuhammadalBaqirboughtherandpresentedherasagiftofhissonalSadiq,whomarried
her.ShegavebirthtoImamMusabinJa'faralKadhim(a.s.).AbuAbdullahJa'faralSadiq(a.s.)
paidspecialattentiontoHamidah'seducation.Asaresultshebecamealeadingfaqih.Imamal
Sadiq(a.s.)assignedhertoeducatewomen,andsteerthemtoIslam'steachings,beliefs,and
concepts.
ImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.)wasbornunderthecaliphateoftheUmayyadtyrantAbdulMalikbin
Marwan,atalAbwa',theveryplacewherethemotheroftheNobleProphet(s.a.w.),Aminah,the
daughterofWahab,hadpassedawayandwasburied.Itislocatedmidwaybetweenthecitiesof
MakkahandMadinah.
OnSunday,Safar7,128A.H.,littleMusaopenedhiseyestotheworld.Thegoodnewsofhisbirth
wasgiventohisfatherwhilehavinglunchwithagroupofhiscompanions.Happyandoverflowing
withpaternalloveandkindness,herushedtoseehisnewbornson.NotlongafterthatImamal
Sadiq(a.s.)leftalAbwa'toMadinah.AccordingtoArabtraditiononthebirthofachild,heinvited
peopletoagreatfeastforthreedays.PeoplefloodedtothepresenceoftheImam(a.s.)to
congratulatehim.Hecouldn'tresistmakingpublichisoverwhelmingloveforhischild.He
welcomedhimbysaying,"IwishIhadnosonotherthanhim,sothatnobodywouldsharemylove
forhim."[7]
Thefatherknewhowgreatthebabywouldbe,andwhataleadingrolehewouldplayintheworld
ofIslam.HewouldbeagreatMuslimleaderwhowoulddohisbesttoservetheDivineMessage.
ImamalKadhim(a.s.)livedunderthecareofhisfather,andlearnedfromtheschoolofhisfather,
towhichthescholars,jurisprudents,philosophersandpreachersflocked.Heinheritedfromhis
fatherhisknowledge,mannersandmorals.
Hecametoepitomizehighmorals,generosity,asceticism,patience,bravery,perseveranceand
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jihad.DuringtheImamateofhisfatherhedirectedhisattentiontoacquiringknowledge,andafter
hisfather'sdeath,heshoulderedtheresponsibilityofleadingtheummah.
ImamJa'faralSadiq(a.s.)emphasizedthisfact,andpraisedhissonbysaying,"Praiseisdueto
AllahWhomadeyouasubstituteformyparents,asourceofdelightamongmysons,anda
replacementfor
my
friends."[8]
ImamalKadhim(a.s.)earnedmanynicknamesforhisgreatstatusamongthepeopleandhis
uniquerefinedcharacter.Hewascalledal'AbdalSalih(TheGoodServant)forhisperfect
characterandmanners,ZainalMujtahideen(TheOrnamentofToilers)forhislengthyworship
andsupplication,alKadhim(TheonewhocurbshisAnger)forhisextremeendurance,patience
andbraveryinthefaceofadversities,hiscurbingofpainandanger,andforbeingkindtothose
whoharassedhim,BabalHawa'ij(TheGatewaytoSatisfactionofpeoples'needs)forhisgreat
positioninthesightofAllah,andthefulfillmentofone'sdesiresandneedswhenonebeseeches
Allah,invokinghisname.HewascalledalsoAbulHassanalAwwal(FatherofHassanI)andAbu
Ibrahim(FatherofIbrahim).
Peopledescribedhimasbeingfairskinned,handsomeandthin.
Helivedtwentyyears,ornineteenyearsaccordingtoanotherversion,intheshadeofhisfather,
butremained,asImamoftheummah,thirtyfiveyearsafterhisfather.Hefirsttookonthat
responsibilityattheageof20.
Hissonsanddaughterswerenumerous.HissonswereAlialRidha,Ibrahim,alAbbas,alQasim,
Isma'il,Haroon,alHassan,Ahmad,Muhammad,Hamzah,Abdullah,Ishaq,Ubaydullah,Zayd,al
Fadhi,andSulayman.
HisdaughterswereFatimahalKubra,FatimahalSughra,Ruqayyah,Hakimah,UmmAbiha,
RuqayyahalSughra,Kaltham,UmmJa'far,Lubabah,Zainab,Khadijah,Aliyyah,Aminah,Hassnah,
Burayhah,A'ishah,UmmSalamah,Maymoonah,UmmKulthoom.[9]
AhlulBait(a.s.)wereaschoolandawellconnectedchain.Itappearspurelytransparenttothe
researcher,ifstudiedfromtheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.)totheMahdioftheummah.Thehistoryof
Islam,withitsvalues,itswaragainstitsenemiesconceptsaboutlife,rule,politics,andshari'ah,
pointstothisfact,andoutlinesthisschool.ThatiswhyanyoftheAhlulBaitImams(a.s.)appoint
theImamwhosucceedshim.Likewise,ImamJa'farbinMuhammadalSadiq(a.s.)appointedhis
sonMusabinJa'far(a.s.),ashissuccessor.Numerousstatementsconcerningthisappointment
exist,butwehavechosenthefollowing:
"MansoorbinHazimwenttoseeImamAbuAbdullah,andaskedhimtospecifytheImamwho
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wouldsucceedhim.'Maymyfatherandmotherbeyourransom',saidhe,'soulsshallcertainly
tastedeath.Ifthatistobe,thenwhowillsucceedyou?saidtheImam,pointingto,'Thisisyour
man',AbulHassanMusa.Thenheplacedhishandontheshoulderofhisson,asagestureof
emphasis.Musawas,atthetime,fiveyearsold."[10]
Yazidbin
Saleet
al
Zaydi
is
reported
to
have
said;
"On
our
way
to
Makkah,
we,
anumber
of
travellers,metAbuAbdullah(a.s.).'Maymyfatherandmotherbeyourransom',saidItohim'You
arethepurifiedImams.Andnobodycanescapedeath.SotellmesomethingwhichImayconvey
tosonsandrelatives.'Yes',repliedhe,'thesearemysons,andthisoneistheirmaster.Andhe
pointedtoMusa(a.s.),hisson.nllTheperiodduringwhichheassumedImamatewastheworst,
themostbrutalandtroublesomeforAhlulBait(a.s.)andthedowntrodden.ButtheImam
enduredalltheatrocitieswithhisperseverance,patience,andcourage.Forhisabilitytocontain
hissorrow,painandsuffering,hewonthenicknameofal Kadhim.
TheDevotedWorshipper
WhenaMuslimknowslittleaboutAllah,andhasnoideaabouthisrelationshipwithhisLord,he
endsupconfused,troubled,uncertainwhichwaytotake,withnostableandsatisfactory
relationshipwithAllah.Suchconditionisexpressedinlaziness,thelackofdesiretoperformthe
religiousobligations,thedisruptofone'stiewithAllah,theemergenceofatroubled,confused
character,tornapartbylowdesiresandthevaluesandidealsofIslam.Tothecontrary,theman
whoisneartoAllah,enjoysastrongdesiretokeephimselfclosetoHim,asHeisthesourceof
graceandperfectioninthisworld.Suchamanknowsthepathhetreads,holdsfirmlyto
monotheism,faithfullyworshipshisLord,andhisLordalone.Hefeelsheisaboveworldlygains,
andtrivialpleasures,tiedtotheExaltedAllah.
ThesecretbehindthegreatnessofAhlulBait(a.s.)andtheirperfection,whichsetsthemaside
fromtherestofpeople,istheirdivineknowledge,andtheirabsolutedevotiontotheOneand
OnlyAllah,theembodimentofgraceandabsolute,pureperfection.Theywerewholeheartedly
devotedtoAllah,fullygraspingthemonotheisticconceptswhichwerereflectedclearlyintheir
conduct,attitudes,anddeeds.Itisn'tsurprisingthentoseethemrefrainfromenjoyingthis
world'spleasures,thinkinglittleofthem,whentheycontradicttheprinciplesofrightandthe
marchoftheImamstowardsperfection.ItcomesasnosurprisealsotoseedevotiontoAllah,and
truehumblenessencompasstheheartoftheImam,anddirecthisfeelings,desiresand
aspirations.IsitasurprisethenthatImamMusabinJa'farwonthenicknamesofZainal
MujtahideenandalAbdalSalih.Hewhospendshisdaysandnightsinworshipanddeepthought,
riskingbeingthrownintheterribleprisons,overlookingthepleasuresoflife,givingouthimself
andhiswealthsoastowinAllah'spleasure,workinghardtosavehumanityandguidingitonthe
rightpath?
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HistoryportraystherelationshipbetweenImamalKadhimandAllah,hisworship,asceticismand
uniquespiritualcharacter.Hewas,ashisfatherandgrandfatherswere,educatedandbroughtup
tolovetheQur'anandliveit,asitistheBookofAllah,the"container.oftherevelation,andthe
sourceofeverygoodandguidance.
ImamMusa
al
Kadhim
(a.s.)
was
in
the
habit
of
reciting
the
Qur'an.
He
was
at
pains
to
learn
it
by
heart,reciteit,actinaccordancewithitsteachings,andholdontoitsmessageandmethodology.
HewasimpressedbytheQur'anwheneverhereadit.Theverseswouldmovehimtotears.
Itwassaidthat:"HewasthebestoneamongthememorizersoftheBookofAllah,theExalted.He
hadamellifluousvoicewhenherecitedtheQur'an.WhenherecitedtheQur'an,thosepresent
wouldbesomovedthattheywouldbreakintotearsformerelylisteningtohim.Peopleinthecity
ofMadinahcalledhim'TheOrnamentoftheToilers.'"[12]
HisclosenesstoAllah,hislongingtomeetHimandhisendeavourstopleaseHim,madehim
journeytotheSacredHouseofAllahonfoot.ItwasreportedthathehadgonetoMakkah,along
withhisbrother,AlibinJa'far,fourtimesonfoot.Ittook26daysforhimtoreachMakkahthefirst
time,25daysthesecondtime,24daysthethirdtime,and21daysthefourthtime.
Asforhisprayer,hewasunmatched.Thedevotedandpiousonesfollowedhisexample.Itissaid
that"WhenhestoodinthepresenceofAllah,toperformhisprayer,tearswouldrolldownhis
face."
HeusedtoaskAllah'sforgivenessandthankHimforhisgraces.Ibrahimbinal Biladsaid,"Abul
Hassansaidtome;'IaskAllah'sforgivenessfivethousandtimesaday.'"
HishambinAhmarisreportedtohavesaid:"IwasridingwithAbulHassan(MusabinJa'far)ona
streetinMadinahwhenhedismountedandprostrated.Heremainedso,motionless,foralengthy
periodoftime.Thenheraisedhisheadandremounted."MayIbeyourransom",askedI."Isaw
yougoingdowninalongprostration?"Hereplied;'IrememberedagracewhichAllahfavoured
mewith.IlovedtothankmyLordforit."[13]
ImamalKadhim(a.s.)wasapious,monotheisticsaint.HisheartwasbrimmingwithloveforAllah.
ThemostofAllah'sbelovedthingsforhimwasworshipandtheremembranceofAllah.He(a.s.)
wishedthatAllahwouldgranthimanopportunitytoserveHim.Oneofthespiesplacedinthe
prisonwiththeImam,tokeepawatchfuleyeonhim,reportedtothegovernorIsabinJa'far,that
hehadheardtheImam(a.s.)saying,"OmyLord,YouknowthatIhadbeenaskingyoutospareme
timetodevotemyselftoYourservice.Youhavedonethat.PraisebetoYou."[14]
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TheImam(a.s.)wouldnotthinkmuchofjails.Norwouldhegetboredbythem.Hesimplydidn't
feartherulers,hisopponents.Hewastoweringoverthislife,loftyandhigh,nojailwoulddeteror
intimidatehim.Hehadgivenupthepleasuresoflife,foramoresublimegoal,todefendtheright,
andservehisLord.
Heconsidered
prison
life
adivine
favour.
It
is
reported
that
al
Rasheed
would
sit
in
aplace
overlookingtheprison.HesawtheImaminprostration."Whatisthatgarment?",alRasheed
askedalRabi',"whichIseeeverydayonthatspot?"Al Rabi'replied;'Itisnotagarment.Thatis
MusabinJa'far.Heprostrateseverydayfromsunriseuntilnoon'".[15]
ItwasnosecretthattheImam(a.s.)lovedtoserveAllahdevotedlyandwholeheartedly.
Historiansandbiographerswroteabouthisworshipandprayer.
"ItbecamewidelyknownamongpeoplethatAbulHassanMusawasthehighestinstatusfrom
amongalSadiq'ssons,themostdevotedinhisfaith,andthemostfluentinexpressinghismind.
Notonlywashethemostdevotedinhisworshipamongthepeople,buthewasalsothemost
wellversedmaninIslamicsciencesandjurisprudence.Itisreportedthathewouldperformthe
optionalprayersofthenightuntilthemorningprayer.Hewouldperformitandremainawake
recitingsomesupplicationsuntilsunrise.Hethenwouldgodowninprostrationduringwhichhe
praised,thankedandglorifiedAllah,andwouldnotlifthisheaduntilitwasnoon.Hesaid,inhis
prostration:"Thesinofyourservantisshamefullyugly.Letyourforgivenessandpardonbe
bountiful"[16]
QuotingalIrshad(guidance),abookauthoredbySheikhalMufid,theauthorofBiharalAnwar
(SeasofLights),adds:
"HeusedtoweepoutofhisfearofAllahuntilhisbeardgotwet.Hewasdistinguishedbyhiscare
forhisfamilyandrelatives,whomhewouldvisitandhelpiftheyneededhim.Inthedeadofnight,
heusedtocallonthepoorpeopleofMadinah,carryingtothem,inabasket,goldDinarsand
ordinaryDirhams,flouranddates.Hewoulddeliverallthattothemwithoutlettingthemknow
whohewas,orwhothedonorwas."[17]
Hisfoeandjaileracknowledgedhisreligiousdevotionandpiety.AlFadhlbinal Rabi'quoted
HaroonalRasheedassaying,"ThisiscertainlyasaintfromtheHashimites;'Then,'enquiredI,
'whyhaveyouharassedhimbythrowinghimintoprison?'"Alas,"repliedhe,"ThisissomethingI
cannotresistdoing."[18]
Hafsreportedfromanumberoftraditiontransmitters,thefollowing:"Ihaveneverseenaman
moregodfearingthanMusabinJa'far.NorhaveIseenamanmorehopingforAllah'skindness
thanhe.HisrecitationoftheQur'anarousedsorrow(onthepartofthelistener.)Itwasasifhe
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wasaddressingahumanbeingwhenhereadtheQur'an."[19]
Whatahighminded,devotedmanwasImamalKadhim!
GiverofForgivenessandFreedom:
"Thosewhospendineaseaswellasinadversityandthosewhorestrain(their)angerandpardon
people.AndAllahlovesthedoersofgood(toothers)."
HolyQur'an(3:133)
Islamaimedatliberatingman,andmakingslavesenjoythefavouroffreedom.Forthisgrand
civilizedgoal,Islampresentedasetofconceptsandvalues,teachingsandlaws.AhlulBait(a.s.)
contributedeffectivelytothiscause.ImamAlibinHusseinbinAlibinAbiTalib(a.s.),forexample,
wascalled'TheLiberatorofSlaves'duetothegreatnumberofslavesheboughtandsetfree.
Fatimah(a.s.),daughteroftheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.),themotherofthetwelveImams,soldher
necklaceandwiththemoneyshegotsheboughtaslaveandemancipatedhimforthesakeof
Allah.ImamalKadhim(a.s.),likewise,setfreenumerousslaves.Historiansnarratedthatoncea
youngblackslave,burdenedwiththeshacklesofslavery,andtroubledbytheyokeofbondage,
longedforthefragranceoffreedom,andthelifeofthefreemen.Hefoundnonetorelievehimof
histroubleotherthanthesonofprophethood,alKadhimMusabinJa'far(a.s).Tonguetied,the
slavecouldn'texpresshisdemand,sohepresentedamodestgifttotheImam(a.s.),Thestoryis
asfollows:
"ImamMusaKadhim(a.s.),accompaniedbyhisentourageandsomeofhissons,leftYathrib
(Madinah)forhisfarmsatSayah.[20]Beforereachingtheirdestination,theystoppedtohave
somerestataspotnearby.Itwasextremelycold.Theywerestillrestingwhenablackslave,
speakinggoodArabic,carryingaboilingpotonhishead,approachedthem.Hesawtheservants
oftheImam(a.s.)andaskedthem:
"Whereisyourmaster?"
"Overthere"saidtheypointingtotheImam(a.s.).
"AbulHassan,"saidthey.
TheyhesteppedforwardandimploringlysaidtoImamMusaKadhim(a.s.):
"Thisissweetmeat.Itismypresenttoyou,sir."
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ImamMusaKadhim(a.s.)acceptedhispresentandaskedhimtohandittotheservants.Theblack
slavedidsoandwentaway.Itwasnotlongbeforehereturnedcarryingabunchoffirewood.He
wentovertotheImam(a.s.)andsaid:
"Thisisfirewood.Itismypresenttoyou,sir."
TheImam(a.s)acceptedhispresentandorderedhimtobringfire.Themaninstantlycarriedout
Imam'sorder,whereupontheImam(a.s.)orderedhisnameandthenameofhismastertobe
writtendown.Herecommendedthatthenamebekeptathand.Then,theyproceededtothe
farmswheretheystayedforafewdays.FromtheretheywenttotheHolyHouseofAllah.Having
finishedhisumrah(Minorpilgrimage),theImam(a.s.)orderedSa'idtolookforthemasterofthe
blackslave.
"Shouldyoufindhishouse,tellme,soImaycallonhim.IhatetosendforsomeonewhileIneed
him."
Sa'idwentout.Hesearchedfortheman,andfinallyfoundhim.Herecognizedhimandlearned
thathewasaShi'ite.Sa'idapproachedandgreetedhim.ThemanaskediftheImam(a.s.)had
cometoMadinah,towhichquestionSa'idreplied'No.'Themanthenaskedwhyhadhecometo
thecity.Sa'idtoldhimthathehadsomebusinesstodo.Unconvinced,thinkingthattheImam
mightbeinthetownafterall,themanfollowedSa'idwhohadbidhimfarewell.Sa'idfelttheman
followinghim,buttriedinvaintoevadehim.Resigned,Sa'idwalkedwiththemanuntilthey
reachedtheImam'sresidence.Whenbothmenwentin,theImam(a.s.)severelyblamedSa'idfor
tellingthemanabouthisarrivalinMakkah.Sa'idapologizedbutsaidthathedidn'ttelltheman
aboutthat,butthemanhimselfhadfollowedhim,againsthiswill.Whenthemanseatedhimself,
theImam(a.s.)welcomedhimandasked:
"Doyousellyourslave?"
"MayIbeyourransom,"saidtheman,"theslave,thefarm,andallmypropertyareallyours."
"Asforthefarm,Idonotwanttostripyouofit,"repliedtheImam(a.s.).
ThemanpleadedwiththeImam(a.s.)andentreatedhimtoacceptboththefarmandtheslave.
TheImam(a.s.)turnedhisofferdown.Butfinallyheboughttheslave'sfreedomandgavehimthe
farm.WiththeblessingoftheImam(a.s.)Allahmadetheslave'sbusinessprosperuntilhissons
becameamongMakkah'smostwealthymenandmoney changers."[21]
TheImam(a.s.),historytestifies,onceboughtawholefamilyofslaves,thenheemancipated
them.
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AllamahalMajlisireportsinhisfamousbook'BiharalAnwar'ontheauthorityofalKafi,froma
chainoftransmitters:
"MuhammadbinYahyareportedontheauthorityofMuhammadbinAhmad,ontheauthorityof
Alibin
al
Rayyan,
on
the
authority
of
Ahmad
bin
Abi
Khalaf,
aslave
of
Abul
Hassan
whom
the
Imam(a.s.)hadbought,alongwithhisfather,motherandbrotherandsetthemallfree.Thenhe
madeacontractwithAhmadbywhichAhmadbecameImam'ssteward."[22]
KindnessandGenerosity:
ImamMusaalKadhim(a.s.)iswidelyknownforhiskindness,altruism,generosityandhis
tendencytohelpthepoorsecretlyandpublically.Hehelpedthepeopletosolvetheirproblems,
settheslavesfree,paidthedebtsoftheindebted,andkeptgoodrelationswithhisrelatives.
SheikhalMufid,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,explains,inhisbook"alIrshad",Imam's
attributes:
"AbulHassanwasthemostdevotedworshipperamongthepeopleofhistime,andthemost
versedinfiqh.Hewasthemostgenerous,andthekindestofallpeople...""Hewasverykindtohis
familyandrelatives,readytohelpthemwhentheyneededhim",addedSheikhalMufid."Inthe
deadofnight,heusedtocallonthepoorofMadinah,givethemmoneyandfoodsecretlysothat
theydidnotknownwhohewas."[23]
Historiansmaintainthatwhensomeonereviledhimorsaidsomethingbadabouthim,theImam
(a.s.)wouldsendabagstuffedwith200300Dinars.Thushereturnedthebadwithgood,lavishing
hiskindnessonallpeople.Suchbagsweresenttotheneedyandindebted.Themoney bagsof
MusabinJa'far(a.s.)becameproverbial."[24]
AboutthegenerosityofImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.)MuhammadbinAbdullahal Bikrisays:
"IcametoMadinahseekingsomeonewhowouldlendmesomemoney.Ifoundnone.Whynotgo
toAbulHassanandcomplaintohimaboutmytrouble?"Isaidtomyself.Accordingly,Iwentto
seehimataplacecalledNiqma[25]wherehehadafarm.Hecameoutwithoneofhisservants
carryingasievefilledwithveined,curedmeat.Isawnothingelsetobeeaten.Hesetouteating
andIfollowedsuit.Thenheaskedmeaboutmytrouble,andInarratedmystory.Hewentintothe
house,andreturnedshortly.'Getoff,'saidhetohisservant.Heputouthishandwithabagof
money.Therewere300Dinarsinit.Thenherosetohisfeetandleftme.Istoodup,mountedmy
animalandleft."[26]
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Heusedtoforgivethewrongdoers,returningtheirbadbehaviourwithgoodness."Whenheheard
someonetalkingevilofhim,hesenthimamoneybagfilledwithDinars.Eachbagcontainednearly
200300Dinars."[27]
Anexcellentinstanceofhistoleranceandforgivenessisdetailedinthefollowingstory:
"TherewasamanwhousedtorevileAlibinAbiTalib(a.s.)whenhemetImamMusabinJa'far.He
missednochanceofannoyinghimwheneverhesawhim.SomeofImam'sservantsandfollowers
askedhimtopermitthemtokilltheman,buttheImamrejectedthis.Thenhemountedhis
donkey,andwentacrossthefarmoftheman,crushingthegrass.'Donottrampleonthegrass!'
criedouttheman.TheImam(a.s.)didnotanswerhim.Drawingneartheman,hedismounted,sat
downandbegantalkingkindlyandhumorouslytotheman.'Howmuchdidyouspendonthis
farm?'askedtheImam(a.s.).'OnehundredDirhams,'repliedtheman,'Andwhatprofitdoyou
hopetogain?'inquiredtheImam.'Idonotknow,'saidtheman.'Ihaveaskedyou:howmuchdo
youhopetoget?'repeatedtheImam.'AnextraonehundredDirhams,'answeredtheman."The
Imam(a.s)gotout300Dinarsfromhispocketandhandedthemtohim.Theman,movedby
Imam'sgesture,rosetohisfeetandkissedtheImam(a.s.)onthehead.WhentheImam(a.s.),
afterwards,enteredthemosque,themansprangup,greetedhim,andsaid,Allahknowsbest
whomtoentrustwithHismessage''Whatisthat?'thefriendsofthemanrebukedhim.Theman
reviledthem.
Fromthattimeon,themanbegantostandupasasignofreverenceandgreetImamMusa(a.s.)
wheneverheenteredthemosque.ImamMusa(a.s.)saidtothosewhowantedtogetridofthe
man'whatwasbetter,whatyouwantedorwhatIdid?'"."[28]
SuchwasAhlulBait's(a.s.)manners,andtheirtolerance.Thisisoneanecdoteofnumerouswhich
reflectsImam'sforgiveness,andthecurbingofhisanger.HewasnotcalledalAbdalSalih,Zayn
alMujtahideenandalKadhimfornothing.
"Wefeedyou,forAllah'spleasureonly Wedesirefromyouneitherrewardnorthanks."
HolyQur'an(76..9)
Suchgenerosity,forgiveness,openhandednessandloveoffreedomaredifferentwhentheyissue
fromtheImam(a.s.).Otherpeoplespendliberally,givelavishly,andgrantboundlessly,butthey
dothisonlyinpursuitoffame,socialstatus,andthebuyingofotherpeople'sconscience.
AsfortheImam(a.s.),hisselfistoosereneandperfecttoseekpraise,socialpositionand
reputation.Hedidgood,gavelavishly,helpedtheneedy,andemancipatedtheslavesforthesake
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ofAllah,demandingnothinginreturn.
HisSchoolandKnowledge
A.HisPositionasaScholar:
"...Notonlywashethemostdevoutinhisworshipamongthepeople,buthewasalsothemost
wellversedmaninIslamicsciencesandjurisprudence."[29]
ImamMusabinJafar(a.s.)isthegrandsonoftheProphetMuhammad(s.a.w.),andtheinheritor
of
the
knowledge
of
Ahlul
Bait
(a.s.).
He
was
the
disciple
of
his
father,
Imam
Ja'far
al
Sadiq
(a.s.),
thegreatspiritualleader,andthetopscholarofhistime,aboutwhomMalikbinAnas,theleader
oftheMalikiyyahschoolofthought,said:
"Neverhasaneyeseen,norhasanearheard,norhasamindofamaneverthoughtofaman
betterthanJa'faralSadiqinhisoutstandingmerits,knowledge,worshipandpiety."[30]
ThewellknownhistorianalYa'qoobiwrote,describinghim,"Hewasthebestamongpeopleand
themostwellversedinthefaith.Thescholarswhoreportedfromhim,wouldopentheir
narratives,iftheyconveyedthemfromhim,withthesewords,'Thegreatalimtoldusthat..."[31]
ImamJa'faralSadiq(a.s.)appointedhissonMusaalKadhimashissuccessortotheofficeof
Imamate.AlibinJa'far,thebrotherofImamMusaalKadhim(a.s.),adependable,trustworthy
narrator,isreportedtohavesaid,"IheardAbuJa'farbinMuhammad(a.s.)sayingtosomepeople
fromhisentourageandclosefriends,'Takegoodcareofthissonofmine,Musa.Heisthebestof
mysons,andthebestamongwhomIleaveafterme.Heshallbemysuccessorandtheproofof
Allah,theExalted,overallhisservantsafterme."[32]
ImamalSadiq(a.s.)himselfoncesaidtoacompanionofhis,"Shouldyouaskthissonofmine,
whomyouknow,aboutwhatisbetweenthetwocoversoftheQur'an,hewillcertainlyanswer
youknowledgeably."[33]
AndsoImamalKadhim(a.s.)receivedtheheavytrustofguidingtheummahfromhisfather.The
Imam(a.s.)raisedagenerationof'ulama',preachersandnarratorsofProphetictraditions.His
missionlasted35years.
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Hiserawasabundantwithideologicalandphilosophicalcurrents.Divergentviewsonfiqh,
Qur'anicexegesisandscienceoftraditionsemerged.
ThaterawasthemostcriticalinthelifeofMuslims.Atheism,polytheism,andhyperbole
penetratedtheMuslimsociety,andnewideologicaltrends,withconflictingbeliefsanddoctrines
surfaced.Schools
of
fiqh
diversified
and
new
sciences,
including
logic,
philosophy,
linguistics,
in
additiontocomparison,appreciationandpersonaltastes,wereadoptedasbassfordeducingfiqh
decrees.Somejudgesandfuqaha'distortedtheirjudgementsanddecreessoastosuittherulers.
Distortedandfabricatedtraditionswerespread.
Thoughextremelyrestrictedandbeleaguered,ImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.)didn'tgiveuphis
mission.ItwashistopprioritytocorrecttheIslamicmarchbyshowingtotheummahwhatwas
originalandwhatwasnonIslamic.Aidedbyhisdisciples,hefacedthenewideologicaltrends,
exactlyashis.
father,alSadiq(a.s.),andhisgrandfather,alBaqir(a.s.),haddonebefore,anddisplayedtheir
flaws,anddemonstratedthattheywereonlydistortedviewsoftheoriginalIslam.Asforfiqh,he
enricheditwithhisexplanations,statementsanddeductions.Bysodoing,theImam(a.s.)
solidifiedthepillarsofIslam,purifiedmethodologiesoffiqhandIslamiclaws.Hekepttheschool
ofAhlulBait(a.s.)original,andenrichedit.
Biographicalbooksandthoserelatedtotraditionsmaintainthatupwardto300menhadreported
fromImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.).ProudlyhistorycitesalistofImam'sstudentswhowere
distinguishedasgreatscholars,andprominentulama'.Mostofthemauthoredandcompiledrich,
andgreatbooksonthedifferentsciencesofIslam.
SheikhalToosiwrites,"Thefollowersofourschoolofthoughthaveagreedontheprobityand
trustworthinessofsixfuqaha',whoweretaughtandeducatedbyal KadhimandalRidha(a.s.).
Theywere:YunusbinAbdulRahman,SafwanbinYahya,Bayya'alSabiri,MuhammadbinAbi
Umayr,AbdullahbinalMughirah,alHassanbinMahboobalRadandAhmadbinMuhammadbin
AbiNasr."[34]
DistinguishedamonghisstudentswerealsoHishambinalHakam,thegreataliminthescienceof
monotheismandIslamicbeliefs,AlibinSuworyd,MuhammadbinSinan...etc.
FollowingareverybriefbiographiesoffourofImam'sstudentsandfollowers.Thesemightgiveus
anideaofhowgreatwastheimpactoftheschoolofImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.)ontheummah.
AlibinSuwaydalSoo'i:
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HetransmittedtraditionsfromImamalKadhim(a.s.)andImamalRidha(a.s.).Hecorresponded
withAbulHassanI,namelyImamalKadhim(a.s.)whenthelatterwasinprison.Judgingfromthe
letterstheImam(a.s.)senthim,hewasamanofgreatsocialposition,andwasawellknown
scholar.HeauthoredabookmentionedbyAhmadbinZaydalKhuza'i.[35]
Muhammadbin
Sinan:
MuhammadbinalHassanbinSinanwasknownbythenameofhisgrandfatherbecausehisfather
diedwhilehewasstillachild.Hisgrandfathertookcustodyofhim.HewasnicknamedAbuJa'far
andalZahiri,afterthenameofZahir,theservantofUmarbinalHumqalKhuza'i,awellknown
companionofbothImamAbulHassanalKadhim(a.s.)andImamAbulHassanalRidha(a.s.).He
authoredbooksmentionedby,amongothers,alHassanbinSham'oon,Muhammadbinal
Hussein,AhmadbinMuhammad,andMuhammadbinAlial Sayrafi.Anumberofreputedpeople
likeSafwanandalAbbasbinMa'roof,andAbdulRahmanbinalHajjaj[36],quotedhim.
MuhammadbinAbiUmayralAzdi:
HisfatherisZiyadbinIsa.HewasBaghdadibybirthandlivedinBaghdad.Inthesightofall
people,thecommonandthoseclosetotheImams,hewasoneofthemosttrustworthy,pious
anddevoutamongpeople."Hewasunique,amongallpeople,inallhisqualities,"wrotealJahidh.
"HewasaleadingShi'ite,"addsal Jahidh."UnderalRasheedhewasthrowninprison,soasto
forcehimtonametheShi'ites,andespeciallythefollowersofMusabinJa'far(a.s.).Hewasso
severelybeatenthathewasabouttoconfess,whenheheardMuhammadbinYunusbinAbdul
Rahmansayingtohim,'FearAllah,MuhammadbinUmay.'HebravelyenduredtortureuntilAllah
grantedhimfreedom."
AlKishshireportsthat,inthedaysofHaroon,Muhammadwasbeaten120timeswithathick
pieceofwood.AlSindibinShahikbeathimbecauseofbeingaShi'ite.Hewasimprisonedand
keptthereuntilhepaidatotalof21,000Dirhamsfromhisownmoney.
ItwasalsosaidthatalMa'moon,theAbbassidecaliph,kepthiminprisonuntilheacceptedthe
postofjudgeinaMuslimtown.AccordingtoSheikhalMufid,inhisbookalIkhtisas(abookof
traditions)hewasimprisoned17years.Hissisterburiedhisbooksforfouryears,duringwhich
periodthebooksdecayed.Itwasalsosaidthathehadkepttheminaroomwheretherain
destroyedthem.Sohedependedonhismemory,oronthetraditionsandnarrativeshehad
conveyedearliertopeople,whenhestartedonceagainorallynarratingthetraditionsorwriting
themdown.HelivedduringtheImamateofalKadhim(a.s.)[37]butdidnotquotehim,but
quotedbothalRidhaandalJawad(a.s.).Hediedin217A.H.[38]Historianssaythathewrote94
booksondifferentIslamicsciencesandarts.[39]
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HishambinalHakam:
AbulHakamHishambinalHakamalBaghdadialKindiwastheservantofthefamilyofShayban.
Shi'iteagreeonhisprobityandgreatpositionintheeyesoftheImams(a.s.).Hehadlong
discussionswiththosewhodifferedwithhimonmanyaspectsofthefaith.Heassociatedwith
AbuAbdullah
Ja'far
al
Sadiq
(a.s.),
then
with
his
son
al
Kadhim
(a.s.),
then
with
al
Ridha
(a.s.),
untilhisdeathin179A.H.inthecityofKufa.[40]
Historiansmaintainthathewasamanofprofoundknowledge,particularlyintheareasof
philosophyofmonotheism,ImamateandIslamicbeliefs.Hewrote30books.[41]
TheseareonlyfourleadingscholarswepickedthemfromalistofstudentsofImamalKadhim's
school.SayyidIbinTawoossays,"ThecompanionsandclosefriendsoftheImamusedtoattend
hisassembly,carryingebonyboardsandsticksintheirsleeves.Theywouldwritedownanything
hesaid,oranyjudgementhegaveonanyaffair".[42]
B.SomeofImam'sStatementsonMonotheism:
Withoutanyphilosophizationorcomplication,Muslimstookplainlyandsimplymonotheismfrom
thepreacherofmonotheism,Muhammad(s.a.w.).TheygraspeditfromtheBookofAllahand
believedinit.Theyfullyunderstoodthisdoctrineandbelievedinprophethood,revelation,the
Hereafter,Paradise,Hell,attributesofAllah,theGlorified,andHisrelationwiththedeedsofHis
servants,theuniverse,sustenanceofHisservants,thingscloselyrelatedtomonotheism.But
throughthepassageoftime,philosophy,logic,anddialecticsinfiltratedIslamicbeliefs,andpeople
begantodifferonsuchthingsasthedivineattributes,thedeedsofpeople,theHereafterand
otherthingslinkedtocoreIslamicbeliefs.SomepeoplesaidthatAllah,likeanyofhiscreatures,
hadabody.OtherssaidAllahdescendedtoourskyonawhitedonkey.SomeMuslimsbelievedin
fatalismandfreechoice.Agroupofpeopledeniedthetortureofthegrave,whileanothergroup
deniedthatpeoplewouldberesurrectedbodilyontheJudgementDay.Somepeoplecalledfor
asceticismandthecuttingofone'stieswiththislife,ImamsofAhlulBait(a.s.),especiallyalBaqir,
alSadiq,alKadhimandalRidha(a.s.),withtheirstudentsstoodagainstallkindsofideological
deviations,andrefutedthemwithproofs,logic,andreasonedanswers.
WhensomepeopleclaimedthatAllah,theBlessedandExalted,descendedtothesky,hesaid,
"Allahneverdescends.HeneednotdescendHeisthesame,whethercloseorremote.Noremote
thingisfarfromHim,noraclosethingisnearHim.Heneedsnobodyandnothing,buteverybody
andeverythingareinneedofHim.HeistheGenerousandPowerfulThereisnogodbutHe,the
MightyandWise.
AsforthosedescriberswhosaythatHedescends,theBlessedandExaltedAllahisfarabovethis
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description.ThosewhosaysobelievethatAllahisvulnerabletodecreaseorincrease.Any
movablethingneedssomeoutsideforcethatmovesisorservesasamediumforitsmovement.
DoomedishewhosefaithinAllahisshaken.BewaretoattributetoAllahqualitiesthatdepictHim
asdecreasingorincreasing,movingorbeingmoved,changingordescending,standingorsitting.
Allah,theAlmightyandPowerful,iscertainlybeyondthewordsofthedescribers,thedepictionof
depicters,and
the
fancy
of
the
fanciful"[43]
Somepeopleexplainedtheverse"TheBeneficentisestablishedontheThroneofPower."by
sayingthatAllahsitsonathronelikeachair.Hecorrectedtheirideawhenhesaid,"Themeaning
ofthis"TheBeneficentisestablishedontheThroneofPower"isthatAllahhaspoweroverall
things,tinyorhuge.[44]ThatmeansHehastruepoweroverthewholeuniverse.'Sitting'hereis
equal,initsmeaning,tothedescriptionofAllah,theExalted,asbeingPowerfulandenjoying
masteryoverallthings.Thoughnearandpresenteverywhere,Hedoesnotgofaraway,nor
diminish."
Oneofhiscontemporariesarguedwithhimabouttheexegesisofthisverse.Themansaid,'Isee
hereacomingoutoftheunseen,andadescensiontotheearth.IthinkMuhammad(s.a.w.)saw
hisLordwithhisheartbutitwasattributedtohiseyesight.Howcanthisbeexplained?'
'Hedrewnearandcamedown,'repliedtheImam(a.s.),'ButHedidnotleaveaplace,nordidHe
comedowninabody.'
'IdescribeHimbyHisowndescription,'saidtheman.'HedidnotcomedownfromHisplace
withoutleavingit.Ifthematterwasnotso,HewouldnotdescribeHimselfinthisway.'
'ThisisanexpressionusedbythetribeofQuraish,'saidtheImam(a.s.).'Whenamanfromthem
wantstosay'qadsam'it'Ihaveheard,hesays'qadtadallayt' Ihavecomedown.'Comingdown'
meansunderstandingintheQuraishidialect."[45]
InanotherstatementImamalKadhim(a.s.)explainstherelationbetweenAllah'swillandman's.
Heshowshowman'sbehaviourhasdeveloped,whetheritisgoodorbad.Heemphasizesthefact
thatmanisfree,andheenjoysthefullfreedomofchoice.Hecandosomethingandcanrefrain
fromdoingit.Allahneverabolishesman'swill.Butthisfreedomtoactonthepartofmandoesn't
meanthatAllahisunabletopreventHisservantsfromdoingevil,orthatHecan'tforcethemto
dogood.Allahsimplywantstotestmaninthislife,ImamalKadhim(a.s.)says:
"WhenAllahcreatedHiscreatures,Heknewwhattheirfateswouldbe.Heorderedthemtodo
certainthingsandforbadethemtodootherthings.IfHeorderedthemtodocertainthings,He
leftthemfreetodothemornot.TheycannotdosomethingorabstainfromdoingitwithoutHis
will.NeverdidAllahforceanyofHisservantstodisobeyHim.'HesimplytestsHisservantswith
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tribulations'."[46]
C.ImamStatesKeySourcesofIslamicThoughtandLegislation:
Herewehaveabrieflookatcertainideas,conceptandbasicstandardslaiddownbytheImamto
controlthe
foundations
of
fiqh,
deduction
of
Islamic
laws
from
Islamic
text,
and
thought.
They
werestatedandexplainedinaletterhewroteatthebehestoftheAbbassidcaliph,Haroonal
Rasheed."Iaskyou,bythenamesofyourfathers,tosummarizethediscussionwehavejusthad
innumbered,comprehensivewords,"askedHaroonalRashid."Yes,"agreedtheImam(a.s.).An
inkpotandpaperwerebroughttohim.Hewrotethefollowing:
"InthenameofAllah,theCompassionate,theMerciful.Allthatconcernreligionscanbesummed
upinfourcategories,concerningwhichthereisnodissent:Therearematterssoclearthatpeople
unanimouslyagreeontheirauthenticity,amongwhicharethereligioustextsandtraditions,the
authentic,agreeduponones,inthelightofwhichdoubtedmattersareexamined,andnew
judgementsareinferred.TherearemattersthatappeardoubtfulTheyaresettledbyaskingthe
knowledgeable,whoseekaproof,fromtheBookofAllah,onwhichallMuslimsasauthentic,or
syllogismreasonsacknowledgeitsfairness,andneitherscholarsnorthecommonpeopledoubtit.
Thesetwocategoriescoverallmatters,includingmonotheismandwhatislessgrave,andthe
compensationoneshouldmakeforaslightinjuryonecausestoothers,andwhatisgraver.So
thesearebasicstandardsaccordingtowhichreligiousmattersarescrutinized.Whatisprovedto
becorrectyoushouldaccept,andwhatremainsvagueanddoubtfulyoushouldputaside.Any
oneofthesethreeistheconclusiveproofwhichAllahemphasizesisHisaddresstoHisMessenger.
Suchconclusiveproofisunderstoodbytheignorant,inspiteoftheirignorance,andalsobythe
knowledgeable,byvirtueoftheirknowledge.ThatisbecauseAllahisJust,andnevertreatsHis
servantsunjustly.HeargueswithHisservantswithwhattheyknow.Hecallstowhattheyblow,
nottowhattheydonotblowordeny."[47]
TheImam(a.s.),bythesewords,statesthesourcesofthefaithandIslamiclaws,soastokeep
reason,thinking,andconductfromslippingintodeviation.HenamesspecificallytheNoble
Qur'an,theauthenticSunnah,andsyllogismbasedontheBookandSunnah.ImamalKadhim
(a.s.)definessyllogismasawaytokeepthinking,andreligiousinferencesawayfrom
methodologicalmistakes.Thatiswhyhecallstounifyourthinking,understanding,studyingand
judgementinference,inordertopreservetheoriginalityofthefaithononehand,andtoenrich
Islamicthoughtandlegislation,ontheotherhand.HedecidesthatweshouldmaketheQur'anic
concepts,acceptedbyMuslimswithoneinterpretation,andthereligiouslyauthenticSunnah,a
basisfordeducingideas,conceptsandjudgements.Healsomakessyllogism,whichisviewedas
fairbymatureintellects,amethodbywhichopinions,conceptsandjudgementsarededuced
fromthesetwosources.Thus,neithervariousinterpretationsofQur'anicconcepts,norevery
traditionandstatementhandeddownfromeachnarrator,northefairlookingsyllogism,that
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appearstotheresearchergood,canbejustifiablymadeabasisforthecomprehensionofthe
faith,ordeductionofthelawsandjudgements.
And,aswehavesaidbefore,theImam(a.s.)raisedagenerationoffuqaha',ulama',andtradition
transmittershebestowedonhiscompanions,studentsandfellowulama',religiousdecrees,
judgements,lessons,
arguments...etc.
HistoryconveyedtoussessionsinwhichtheImamhadarguedwiththeaccomplishedthinkers
andfuqaha'ofhistime,amongwhomAbuHanifah,andAbuYusuf,thesupremejudge,under
HaroonalRasheedandothers.TheyallacknowledgedthecorrectnessofImam'sjudgementsand
decrees.
ThechieffaqihofHanbalis,AhmadbinHanbal,confidentlyandrespectfullyconveyedcertain
thoughtsandconceptsfromhim.Thisfactisattestedtobyagroupofnarrators,authorsandmen
concernedwiththetraditions.AhmadbinHanbalisquotedassaying,"MusabinJa'farsaidtome,
ontheauthorityofAbu Ja'farbinMuhammad...ontheauthorityoftheProphet."Ahmadthen
added:"Thischainoftransmittersissoindisputablyauthenticthatifitisreadtoafool,hewould
certainlyrestorehisreason."[48]
D.Reason,itsScientificandBehavioural
ValueintheSightof,heImam:
ReasonenjoysgreatvalueandimportanceinIslam.ByitAllah,theExaltedandHigh,isknownand
Hisgreatnessisgrasped.Byitknowledgeandsciencesareacquired,andsolifeprogresses.Byit
mantakesthepathleadingtogood,anddifferentiatesbetweengoodandevil.Andfinallyby
virtueofreasonman'shumanityandvaluefindtheirsense.ThatiswhyIslamregardsreasonas
somethingunequallyprecious.Itrespectsreasonandthemenofsoundjudgements,andattaches
muchimportancetoknowledgeandtheknowledgeable.Itmakesthinkingobligatory,andurges
thegooduseofreasonandtheconquestofnewhorizonsofresearchandthinking.
WhenImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.)describesreason,andexplainsitsvalueandimportance,hein
factconveystheviewoftheQur'anandstatesthestandpointofIslam.Thefollowingadvicegiven
bytheImamtoHishambinalHakam,oneofhisdisciples,isconsideredasoneofthemost
valuablestatementseversaidaboutreason,itspreciousnessandresponsibility.Herewequote
partsofthestatementoftheImam(a.s.):
TheImam(a.s.)said,"Allah,theBlessedandExalted,certainlygavethegoodnewstothe
possessorsofgoodreasonandunderstanding,inHisBook,bythesewords,"...sogivegoodnews
toMyservants,wholistentotheWord,thenfollowthebestofit.SucharetheywhomAllahhas
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guided,andsucharethemenofunderstanding."
"OHisham!Allah,theAlmightyandHigh,completedHisproofstopeoplewithreason,
communicatedtothemHismessagewithplaineloquence,andacquaintedthemwithHisLordship
bymeansofHisguides.
"OHisham!Thenheexplainedthatreasongoeswithsciencebysaying,"Andtheseparables,We
sentthemforthforpeople,andnoneunderstandthembutthelearned."
"OHisham!Allahsays,"AndcertainlyWegaveLuqmanwisdom,..."whichmeansunderstanding
andreason."OHisham!Luqmansaidtohisson,'Behumbletowardrightandyoushallbethe
sagestamongpeople.Thesagaciousaremodesttowardright.Mylittleson!Lifeisadeepsea,in
whichagreatnumberofpeopledrownedSomakefearofAllahyourshiponit.Andmakefaithits
contents,trustinAllahitssails,reasonitscaptain,knowledgeitsguide,andpatienceitsrudder.
"OHisham!Everythinghasaguide,andtheguideofthesagaciousiscontemplation.Andthe
guideofcontemplationissilence.Everythinghasamount,andthemountofthesagaciousis
modesty.Itiscertainlythepinnacleofignorancetodowhatyouareforbiddentodo.
"OHisham!Allahhascertainlytwoproofsbeforepeople:Arevealedproof,andahiddenone.As
fortherevealed,itistheMessengers,ProphetsandImams,andthehiddenisreason.
"OHisham!Whodestroyshisreason,heundoubtedlyspoilsbothhisfaithandlife.
"OHisham!PeoplewerecreatedtoserveAllah.Thereisnosalvationwithoutobedience.
Obedienceisthefruitofknowledge.Knowledgeisacquiredbylearning,andlearningisspurredby
thedesiretoknow.Thereisnoknowledgeequaltothatacquiredfromaspiritualscholar.The
learnedgainknowledgebyvirtueoftheirreason.
"OHisham!Asagaciousmanagreestobegiftedwithwisdomthoughhisshareoflife'sspoilsis
little.Buthecannotbesatisfiedwithalittleshareofwisdom,evenifprovidedwithluxuryinthis
life.
"OHisham!TheCommanderoftheFaithful,AlibinAbiTalib(a.s.)said,'Thereisnothingbetter
thanreasonwithwhichAllahisserved'
"OHisham!TheCommanderoftheFaithful(a.s.)said,'Nooneshouldleadanumberofpeople
withoutenjoyingthreequalities:Heshouldbeabletoprovideanswersforeveryquestionposed
tohim.Heshouldbeabletospeakplainlywhenotherpeoplefailtodoso.Andheshouldbeable
toofferthecounselwhichbenefitspeople.Heiscertainlyafoolwholacksthesethreequalities
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butseekstheleadership.'
"HassanbinAli(a.s.)said,'Whenyouareinneedofsomething,askitfromthoseabletograntit.'
'OsonoftheMessengerofAllah,,hewasasked,'andwhoarethese?''Theyarethosewhose
mentionwasmadebyAllahinHisBook,whenHesays,"...onlymenofunderstandingmind'which
meansthose
endowed
with
good
reason.'
"AlibinHussein(as.)said,'Sittingwiththerighteouspeopleleadsonetouprightness.Politeness
ofscholarsisacomplimentaddedtotheirsoundunderstanding.Obedienceofthelegitimate
rulersofjusticeisthepeakofpower.Investmentofone'smoneyistheepitomeofunselfishness.
EnlighteningadviceseekersisanactofgratitudeinreturnforAllah'sfavours.Abstentionfrom
harmingothersisasignofsagacity.Itisthesourceofthebody'srest,inthislife,andthenext
one.'
"OHisham!Asagaciousmandoesnottellsomethingtosomeonewhomhefearstogivethelieto
himonaccountofit.
Hewillnotaskthefavourofwhomhefearstorefuse,nordoeshepromisewhatheisnotableto
deliver,nordoeshehopetogetwhathewouldbescoldedonaccountofnordoesheadvance
voluntarilytodowhatheisunableto.TheCommanderoftheFaithful(a.s.)isreportedtohave
givenhiscompanionsthispieceofadvice,'IadviseyoutofearAllahinprivacyandinpublic,stick
tojusticeintimeofsatisfactionandanger,workispovertyandrichness,keepyourrelationswith
whoeverendshisrelationswithyou,forgivewhoeverwrongsyou,andtobekindtowhoever
deprivesyou.Letyourcontemplationbeforthesakeofdrawingusefullessons,yoursilencebe
thinking,yourwordsberemembranceofAllah,andyournaturegenerosity,fornomiseris
entitledtoenterParadise,andnophilanthropistisgoingtoenterHell'
"OHisham!ThebestwaystogainclosenesstoAllah,afterknowingHim,areprayer,kindnessof
one'sparents,andgivingupenvy,vanityandpride.
"OHisham!Isa(a.s.)saidtohisdisciples.'People,withregardtowisdom,fallintotwocategories;
thosewhomasteritinwordsandsuittheiractionstotheirwords.Andthosewhomasteritin
wordsbutmissitwiththeirmisdeeds.matagreatdifferenceistherebetweenthem!Blessedbe
thelearnedwiththeirgooddeeds,andwoetotheknowledgeablewhoonlytalk'
"Makeyourheartsabodesofpiety,butnevermakeyourheartsthedwellingofpleasures.Those
whoextremelygrieveintimeofadversityarethosewhoexcessivelylovethislife.Thosewho
patientlybeartribulationsarecertainlythosewhoarelessattachedtothislife.Itisnouseto
purifyyourskinsaslongasyourheartsareimpure.
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"Donotbelikeasievethatpassesthefineflourandretainsthebran.Hereyouarebringingout
wisdomfromyourmouths,whileyourchestsremainfullwithrancour.Oslavesofthisworld!
Youarelikeacandlewhichgiveslighttopeople,butbumsitself]OIsraelites!Payspecial
attentiontoattendlearnedmen'sassemblies,evenifyouhavenootherchoicebuttocrawlon
yourhands
and
knees,
for
Allah
certainly
revives
the
dead
hearts
in
exactly
the
same
way
He
revivesthedeadearthwithadownpour.'
"OHisham!matabadservantofAllahistheonewhoisdoublefaced,whopraiseshisbrother
whenheseeshim,andbackbiteshimduringhisabsence,theonewhoenvieshisbrotherwhenhe
acquiressomewealth,andfailshimwhenheisafflictedwithanadversity...Therewardofgood
deedsiscertainlyathand,andtheretributionforaninjusticeissurelyathand.Themostevil
servantsofAllaharecertainlythosewhomyoudetesttotalktoonaccountoftheirobscenity.
Whatcausespeopletoenterhellfacedownotherthantheproductoftheirtongues?Asignof
one'sgoodfaithisone'sleavinganythingthatdoesnotconcernone.
"OHisham!Bewareofpride,fornoonewhonurturesaniotaofprideinhisheartisentitledto
enterParadise.PrideisAllah'smantle,andwhoevertriestoshareitwithHim,Hethrowshiminto
hellfacedown..butwhosubmitstoAllah,Allahcertainlyraiseshimup.
"OHisham!Hewhodoesnotmakeareckoningwithhimselfattheendofeveryday,withthe
intentionofdoingmoregoodworks,ifhehasgotmanygooddeedsonthatday,andnotasking
Allah'sforgivenessandturningtoHiminrepentanceifhehasdoneevilthingsonthatday,is
certainlyoutofourfold(AhlulBait).
"MindtotakerefugeinAllah,putyourtrustinHim,andfightyourselftopreventitfromfollowing
itsownlowdesires..."[49]
ThisisabunchofrosespickedfromImam'sgardensofknowledge.Itgivesthearomaof
faithfulness,andbloomswiththebeautyofworshipandspirituality.Thesearethegardensof
prophethood,thefragranceoftheQur'an,andIslam'sbeautifulroses,growninImam'sserene
soul.
HowimportantisforustolearnfromtheImam(a.s.),andwalkinthelightofhisguidance,soas
nottostrayinthewrongdirectionorhaveablurredvision.WhattheImamsleftforusisinfacta
highlyvaluedintellectuallegacy,whichcontributestothemakingofman,andcorrecthismarch.It
isafortunethatcan'tbefoundanywhere.Weshouldmakegooduseoftheserich,educational,
andintellectualtreasures,byemployingtheminimprovingoursociallife,buildingourIslamic
cultureandraisingcommitted,faithfulmen.Nootherpeople,intheworldofIslam,havethe
privilegeof"designing"thecharacterofmanandlife,andplanningitsoutlinesandframe,beside
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theguidingImamsfromthehouseoftheProphet(s.a.w.),whowereuniqueintheircharacters.
Theyhadpureconscience,uprightconduct,soundreason,ripeawarenessoflife,deepspiritual
sense,andthegiftoftakingthewholeshari'ah,fromtheirgrandfather,theApostleofAllah
(s.a.w.),who,inturn,hadgottenitthroughJabra'il(a.s.),fromAllah.
Theseare
the
people
whom
the
faithful
should
follow,
in
the
light
of
their
guidance
the
reformers
andrighteousmenshouldwalk,andtotheirprinciplesthereligiousgoodmen,whoseekthe
shortestwaystoAllah'spleasure,shouldcling.
E.GuidelinesonEducation:
Followingareeducationalguidelinesandgeneralteachingsonsocialbehaviour,ethics,worship,
andmediation,quotedfromtheImamofMuslims,theguideofpeople,martyrMusabinJa'faral
Kadhim(a.s.).
Heisreportedtohavesaid,"ThatwhoknowsAllahwell,shouldnevermistrustAllahwithregard
toHissustenance,norshouldhethinkillofthewayHemanagesHisservants'lives."
Askedaboutcertitude,hesaid,"Itisputtingone'strustinAllah,submittingtoAllah,being
satisfiedwithAllah'sordinance,andcommendingoneselftoAllah."
Healsosaid,"HewhodiscussesthenatureofAllahisdoomed.Hewhoseeksleadershipis
doomed.Hewhothinksveryhighlyofhimselfisdoomed"
"Goodneighborlinessisnotrefrainingfrommischief.Itispatienceandtolerancetowards
mischief."
Oncehesaidtooneofhissons,"Mylittleson,takecarenottoletAllahseeyoucommittingasin
Heforbidsyoutodo.TakecarenottoletAllahmissyoudoingaritualofdevotionHeordersyou
todo.NeverthinkthatyouarenotremissinworshipandobediencetoAllah,forAllahisnever
servedasHeshouldbeserved.Bewareofjoking,foritremovesthelightofyourfaith,and
deprivesyouofsolemnity.Bewareofdisinterestandlaziness,astheyblockyoursuccessinthis
lifeandthehereafter."
HesaidtoZiyadbinAbiSalamah,pointingouttheattitudeoneshouldtaketowardsthe
oppressors,emphasizingthenecessitytoboycottthem,
"OZiyad,beingthrowndownfromahighplace,andcutintopieces,ismorepleasingtomethan
workingontheirbehalf,orsettingfootonamatofoneofthem."[50]
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"Ifoppressionwasprevailing,andrightwasshrinking,onehadnottothinkwellofanyoneelse
untilhehadknownonetoberighteous.""Workhardtodivideyourdayintofourtimes:Onefor
prayingtoAllah.Oneforbreadwinning.Oneforsittingwiththebrothersandtrustworthywho
knowyourfaultsandarefaithfultoyoufromthedepthsoftheirhearts.Andoneforyour
pleasures,withoutdoingtheforbidden.Itisthistimethathelpsyoutomanagetheotherthree
timesproperly."
Donotthinkofpovertyorlonglife,forwhoeverthinksofpovertyturnstomisery,andwhoever
thinksoflivinglongcovetsworldlyspoils.Letyourselvesenjoylifebymoderatelygettingwhat
halalyoudesire,whichdoesnotharmyoursolemnity.Fortifyyourselveswiththis,sothatyoucan
performyourreligiousduties.Itisreportedthathewhohasgivenuphisworldlylifeforthesake
ofhisfaith,orhisfaithforthesakeofhisworldlylife,iscertainlynotcountedasoneofour
followers."
"Hewhoispunishedunjustlyknowsfullwellwhatinjusticemeans."
"Acalamityisonetrialforthepatient.Butitisdoubledfortheimpatient."
"Conveywhatisgood.Saywhatisgood.Donotbeanaiveimitator."'Whatismeantbynaive
imitator?'askedI."Donotsay,"repliedtheImam(a.s.)"Iamwithpeople.AndIamoneof
them."[51]TheMessengerofAllah(s.a.w.)isreportedtohavesaid,"Opeople!Thereareonlytwo
pathsaheadofyou',thepathofgoodness,andthepathofevil,donotletthepathofevilbemore
desirabletoyouthanthatofgoodness."[52]
WehavequotedthesestatementsandadvicefromtheImam(a.s.)withoutcommentingonthem.
Theyareselfexpressiveandclear.HowgreatisourneedtodaytostudythelivesoftheAhlulBait
Imams(a.s.),andexamine,unbiasedly,theirlegacy.Weneedtomakethemourexemplaries.
"ThesearetheywhomAllahguided,sofollowtheirguidance..."
HolyQur'an(6:91)
PoliticalandSocialConditionsDuringImam'sTime
ImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.)wasbornintheclosingyearsoftheUmayyadrule.ImamalKadhim
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(a.s.)wasn'tfiveyearsoldwhentheUmayyadswereoverthrown.Peoplewerehopingthat
politicalandsocialconditionswouldgetbetter.AhlulBait(a.s.)andtheoffspringofAbuTalib,in
general,borethebulkoftheUmayyadsterrorandoppression.TheUmayyadsshedthebloodof
AhlulBait(a.s.)andtheleadingmenfromthedescendantsofAlibinAbiTalibandFatimahal
Zahra'(a.s.)anddealtwiththeminthemostbrutalandsavageways.Themostbitterandpainful
tragedyfor
Ahlul
Bait
(a.s.)
was
the
massacre
of
Karbala'
which
was
perpetrated
by
the
Umayyad
dictatorYazidbinMu'awiyah,onthetenthofMuharram,61A.H,inwhichImamHusseinbinAli
binAbiTalib(a.s.),thegrandsonoftheProphet(s.a.w.),alongwithanumberofthemembersof
hisfamilyandfollowersweremartyred.
Thesecondheartrendingtragedytookplacein121A.H,inthemonthofSafar.ZaydbinAlibin
HusseinbinAlibinAbiTalibwasmartyredontheordersoftheUmayyadruler,HishambinAbdul
Malik.
AbulFarajalAsfahani,thefamoushistorian,mentioned33martyrsfromthedescendantsofAbu
Talib,whowereslaughteredatthehandsoftheUmayyadrulers.ThelistbeginswithImams
HassanandHussein(a.s.),thetwomasteryouthsofParadise,andthesonsofImamAli(a.s.)and
FatimahMu'awiyahbinAbiSufyan,thefirstUmayyadruler,wasthefirstmurdererofthesonsof
Abu Talib.ThevictimswerealldescendantsofImamAli(a.s.),Ja'farandAqeelbinAbiTalib,
ImamsHassanandHussein(a.s.)thetwosonsofImamAli(a.s.)andFatimahalZahra'(a.s.),the
MistressoftheWomenoftheWorld.Theywerealllookedatbythepeopleasmenofoutstanding
meritsandpiety.TheUmayyadscouldn'ttoleratethemandunjustlyandbrutallyslaughtered
them.Theyliquidatedthembecausetheywouldn'tyieldtooppressionandhatedtobe
humiliated,andforsuchconsiderationstheydeclaredwarontherulers,indefenceofIslam,
hopingtoimplementitsteachings.InhisbookMaqatilalTalib(MurdersoftheDescendantsof
AbuTalib),AbulFarajalAsfahanisaysthat33membersofthefamilyofAbu Talibwerekilledas
fromthedayAbulAbbasalSaffahseizedpoweruntilthedeathofImamMusaalKadhim(a.s.).
Thethreemostwellknownmartyrsamongthemwere:MuhammadbinAbdullahbinalHassan
(alNafsalZakyyah),whowaskilledin145A.H.,HusseinbinAlibinalHassan(MartyrofFakh),
whowaskilledonthe8thofDulHijjah,169A.H.atthehandsoftheAbbassidruler,MusaalHadi
binAbiJa'faralMansoor,nearthewellofFakhinthevicinityoftheholycityofMakkah,and
ImamMusabinJa'faralKhadhim(a.s.),thechiefandImamofAhlulBaitonthe25thofRajab,183
A.H,whowaskilledontheordersoftheAbbassidrulerHaroonalRasheed.Butthese33
victimizedShi'iteswereonlytheleadingmen,famousanddistinguishedamongthedescendants
ofAbuTalib.Asfortheactualnumberofthevictims,itisbelieved,basedonhistoricalaccounts,
thatthenumberisatleastmanytimeslarger.
ImamalKadhim(a.s.)livedinthemostcriticalandcrucialtimeinthelifeofAhlul Bait(a.s.).
TheAbbassidshunteddownthedescendantsofImamAlibinAbiTalib(a.s.)andtheirfollowers,
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prosecutingthemineverypartoftheIslamicstate.Menrecruitedforthispurposeweretreated
lavishly.TheirjobwasuprootingtheAlawites,gettingridoftheirleadersbecauseoftheirfearof
thehostileactivitiesoftheAlawitesandthelovethecommonpeopleheldforthem.
Inthiseventfulperiodoftimerevolutionserupted,followedbyarrestsandsingleormass
murdersof
the
descendants
of
Imam
Ali
bin
Abi
Talib
(a.s.)
and
their
followers.
It
was
adark
age,
menwerecaughtandsentencedtodeathontheslightestsuspicion.TheAbbassidsmonopolized
powerandthoughtlittleofpeoples'dignity.Eventually,imprisonment,beatingandkillingbecame
commonpractices.TheIslamicstatewasturnedintoanempiregovernedbyahereditary
dictatorshipinwhichtheIslamicstatewasdividedintofieldoms.Governorsruled,abusingpower,
andactingaccordingtotheirownwishesaslongastheyremainedloyaltothecentral
governmentandtheAbbassidcaliph.
Therulerssoughtmenofthiscaliberwhowouldremainfaithfultothem.TheAbbassidswerenot
concernedwithestablishingjustice,implementingIslamiclawsandintroducingreforms.Theyonly
thoughtoftheirthronesandlusts.Theybusiedthemselveslayingplanstoeliminatetheir
Entertainment,singingandbaseartspermeatedtheMuslimSociety.Thepalacesofcaliphs,
princes,governors,ministersandtheirentouragewerefilledwithmaidensandmusical
instrumentsanddancers,andpoetswhosemainwerecollectingmoney.
Therulersbeganeagerlytobuymaidens,[53]jewels,perfumes,clothes,toolsofentertainment,
pleasureandluxury.
Theypilferedmillionsandsquanderedthewealthoftheummahwhichtheymilkedfromtheveins
oftheoppressed,thehunted,theprisonersorthosesentencedtodeathInspiteofthis
oppression,science,literatureandculturebloomed.Knowledgeingeneral,literaryworks,arts
anddiscoveriesprosperedandnewschoolsinphilosophyandfiqhsurfaced.Suchtrendshadboth
positiveandnegativeeffectsonthelifeofMuslims.Theydeepeneddivisionanddissension
amongMuslims.Theysplitintonumerousideologicalschoolsthatledtothegrowingofdistrust,
disbelief,anddistortionsinthebeliefsofMuslims.Positively,suchnewtrendscontributedtothe
developmentofIslamicwayofthinking,enrichmentoftheIslamicmentalityandpushingit
towardnewhorizonsofinnovationandadvancement.Islamicstudiesexpandedtonewareasand
realms.
ImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.)followedinthefootstepsofhisfather,alSadiq(a.s.).Heplayedakey
roleinstandingagainstdecadenceinpolitics,moralsandtheIslamicwayoflife,broughtaboutor
helpedbytheAbbassidrule.Eveninprison,ImamalKadhim(a.s.)didn'tgiveuphisresponsibility
towardsthefaithandthefaithful.Somescholars,andmanyofhisfollowersandstudents,kept
contactwithhimsecretly,askinghimaboutanyaspectofIslamicthoughtandbeliefs.Hehadhis
meansofwritingbacktothemansweringtotheirquestions.
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DuetotheharshconditionsImamalKadhim(a.s.)wentthrough,duringhisImamate,researchers
findthatthepercentageoftraditionsandstatementsonthevariousbranchesofknowledge
handeddownfromhimislesscomparedtothoseofImamalSadiq(a.s.),andImamMuhammad
alBaqir(a.s.),hisgrandfather.
IfhisfatherandgrandfatherweremostlybusyexplainingtheknowledgeofAhlul Bait(a.s.)and
outliningtheirschoolofthoughtanditsmethodologyconcerningfiqh,Islamicbeliefs,Qur'anic
exegesis,politics,morals,etc.,whichtheytookfromtheirforefatherImamalSajjad(a.s.),who
tookitfromhisfatherImamalHussein(a.s.),whotookitfromhisfatherImamAlibinAbiTalib
(a.s.),whotookitfromtheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.);ImamalKadhim's(a.s.)rolewasmanifestin
hispoliticalmilitancy.Hepeacefullychallengedtherulers,and,asaresult,wasthrowninto
prison.Heactedwiselyaccordingtotheconditionsofhistime.
Itisonlynaturalthatthe"official"historians,whoadheredtotherulersoutoffearoftheirpower,
wouldendearthemselvestothem,falsifyingthetruth,lavishingthequalitiesofgreatness,
sacrednessandidealismonthesetyrants.Theytriedhardtodrownthevoiceofrightandavoid
thementionofrejectionandoppositiontotheoppressors.Theywoulddepictthepolitical
opponentsintheirwritings,assubversives,mutineesandoutlaws.Muchhavewereadaboutthe
Abbassiderabeingdescribedas"thegoldenage".Itiscorrectthatsciencesandknowledge,in
general,advancedclearly,thankstothehardworkofthescholars,menofletters,intellectuals,
fuqaha',philosophers,andresearchers,butthedynastyoftheAbbassidsonlyspreadterrorand
savageness.
AhlulBait(a.s.),andthereformers,fuqaha'andscholarswerethevictims,whilethemaidens,
singers,entertainers,opportunists,royalpoets,judges,governors,thewelloffandtheirlikes,
baskedinthewealthoftheummah.
Thetruevalueofthecivilizationcanonlybejudgedthroughitshumanside,itseffortstoestablish
justice,andthecourseittread,notthroughthematerialsidewhichonlyrepresentsthetoolof
therulerstoplunderandexpandtheirpower.
Duringthatterribleera(148183A.H.)ImamalKadhim(a.s.)tookontheresponsibilityof
Imamate.
FollowingisabrieflookatthedevelopmentofeventswhichweretothedisadvantageofAhlul
Bait(a.s.),duringthatcriticalera.
A.TheImam(a.s.)andAbuJafaralMansoor:
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UndertheruleofAbuJa'faralMansoor,Alawitessufferedbeyonddescription.Theywere
terrorizedinthemostheartbreakingway.AsthepicturewascrystalclearforImamalKadhim
(a.s.),heknewinadvancethatarmedstrugglewouldyieldnothing,heavoidedmakinghisreal
attitudepublic,preferringtokeephisoppositiontoAbuJa'faralMansoorsecret.Theyearsofal
Mansoordraggedon,heavyandbitter,forImamalKadhim(a.s.),andthesonsofAbuTalibin
particular,and
the
opposition
of
the
broad
sections
of
the
ummah
in
general.
Abu
Ja'far
al
MansoorconfiscatedthepropertyoftheAlawites,threwthembehindbars,andhuntedthem
down.Hesubjectedthemtounspeakabletorture,innovatednewwaysofkillingthem,andshed
theirbloodruthlessly.Heputtheminhalfbuiltpillarsandcompletedthebuildingleavingthem
theretodie.Healsowithheldfoodandwaterfromtheprisonerstoletthemdiefromstarvation
inthedepthsofhisdarkhorriblecells.Healsousedtoweighthemdownwithshacklesandchains
ofwhichtheyslowlydied.ThetermofImamalKadhim's(a.s.)Imamate,underal Mansoor'srule,
lastedtenyears.HistoriansagreethatalMansoordidn'timprisonImamalKadhim(a.s.),butthey
saidthathewasundersurveillanceassigningafewmentospyonhim.
WhenalMansoordiedonthethirdofThilHijjah158A.H.,hisson,MuhammadalMahdi,took
over.
B.TheImam(a.s.)andMuhammadalMahdi:
TheyearsofAbuJa'faralMansoor,themiserandmurderer,whoplunderedpeople'swealth,
shedblood,stifledfreedomandthrottledpeople,finallycametoaclose.Peoplereceivedthe
newsofhisdeathwithreliefanddelight,fortheyfeltthechainsbrokenwhichboundthem.
However,thefear,gloomandgeneralmistrustintheAbbassidpolicyremained.Inaccordance
withhereditaryruleadoptedbytheAbbassids,MuhammadalMahdisucceededhisfatherand
ascendedtothecaliphate.AlMahdisensedthebrutalityofthepolicyhisfatherhadtakenand
triedtosoothepeople'spainsatthebeginningofhiscaliphate.Hereleasedprisonersandgave
backconfiscatedproperty.ThisdecisionappliedalsotothedescendantsofAbuTalib.[54]The
propertyofImamJa'farbinMuhammadalSadiq(a.s.),takenbytheAbbassidauthorities,was
turnedbacktohisson,ImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.).
Thatperiod,extendingfrom3ThulHijjah158A.H.to22Muharram169[55]wasabreathingspace
fortheImamandthedescendantsofAbuTalib.ButfearofthestrongpersonalityofImamMusa
binJa'far(a.s.)waseatingawayatalMahdi'sheart.Hesawhowthemassesralliedaroundthe
descendantsofAbuTalib,andhewasworriedthattherewouldbeanuprisingagainsthisrule.His
enmityforAhlulBait(a.s.)increased.Asaresult,heorderedhisgovernorinMadinahtoaskImam
alKadhim(a.s.)totraveltoBaghdadtostandtrialandmaybefaceaprisonsentence.The
governorinstantlydidalMahdi'sbidding.ImamalKadhim(a.s.)didn'tresist.Hesetoutonalong
journey,acrossextendeddeserts,toBaghdad.Ashestartedhistrip,theheartsoftheShi'itesand
hisfollowershoveredoverhiscaravan,frightenedandtroubled.ButImamMusaalKadhim(a.s.)
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wassurethatalMahdiwouldn'tdohimanyharm.Heassuredhiscloseassociatesand
companionsofthis.
AssoonasImamKadhim(a.s.)arrivedinBaghdad,alMahdiorderedhisguardtoarresthimand
throwhiminprison.ButAllahwouldn'tforgethisdevotedservant.Heguardedhisservantagainst
anyevil.
Astrangethinghappenedafterwards.AlMahdi,inadream,sawtheCommanderoftheFaithful
(a.s.),threateninghimandsaying"OMuhammad,'Butifyouturnaway,youaresuretomake
mischiefinthelandandcutoffthetiesofkinship."AlMahdiawoke,seizedwithgreatpanic.He
sentforalRabi',hisvizier,andorderedhimtosetImamKadhim(a.s.)free.
ImamKadhim(a.s.),releasedfromprison,returnedtothecityofhisgrandfather,theApostleof
Allah(s.a.w.),andresumedhisreligious,educationalandculturalmission.
C.TheImam(a.s.)andMusaalHadi:
AlHadi'srulewasoneofthemostdifficultperiodsforthedescendantsofAbu Talib.Headopted
thepolicyofhatredtowardtheAlawites,thedescendantsofAlibinAbiTalib,andthesonsof
AbuTalibingeneral.Hepersecutedandharassedthem.TheAlawites,whocouldenduresuch
savagenessnomore,revoltedagainsthimundertheleadershipofalHusseinbinAlinearaplace
calledFakhin169A.H.ThatwasduringtheImamateofImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.).
ThatrevoltreflectedthespiritofthestrugglebetweenAhlulBait(a.s.)andtheirfollowers,and
thecorruptAbbassidrulers.BecausetherevolttookplaceinthetimeofImamalKadhim(a.s.),
andbecauseofitshistoricalimportance,anditssignificanceasabeaconforthemilitants,we
provide,inthefollowingpages,anearlydetailedaccountofit
1."Fakh":StarintheSkyofHistory:
IntheSkyofIslamichistory,places,eventsandpersonalitiesshone.Fromtheheartoftheummah
anditsarteriestoomuchpurebloodflowedandirrigatedthesaplingoffaith.Withglitteringtitles
andshiningletters,thisbloodwrotetheepicsofgloryandjihad.ThelandofFakhisoneofthose
neverforgottenplaces.Soistheleaderoftheuprising,alHusseinbinAlibinalHassanbinal
HassanbinAlibinAbiTalib,andhisdevotedfollowers.FakhwasperpetuatedthesamewayBadr,
Karbala'andtheirlikeswereimmortalized.
ThegreattragedyofFakhisactuallyarepetitionofKarbala',andanechoofthegreatmartyr
ImamHussein(a.s.).
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IfyoureadtheprosecutionofZainabtothepeopleofKufa,andlistentohercomplaintand
lamentation,youwillhavenodoubtsthatKarbala'wasrepeatedatFakh.Thedisasterthathad
befallenAhlulBait(a.s.)atKarbala'wasrecountedonthepuredustofFakh.Zainab,thedaughter
ofImamAlibinAbiTalib(a.s.),andherholinessFatimah(a.s.),hadonlyjustaddressedthepeople
ofKufahaftershehadwitnessedthetragedyandsurveyedthebattlefieldexaminingthebodies
ofher
slaughtered
family
with
these
words,
"Woetoyou!DoyouknowhowyoutoretheliveroftheApostleofAllah?Whomofhiswomen
folkyouexposed?Whatbloodofhisyoushed?Whathonourofhisyoudefamed?"
Historyrepeateditself.YearsafterthetragedyofKarbala',Zainab,thedaughterofAbdullahbin
alHassanbinalHassanbinAlibinAbiTalib,themotherofal HusseinbinAli,theleaderofthe
uprisingofFakh,livedthesametragedy,andsufferedthesameanguish.Thiswomanmourned
herfather,brother,husband,hercousinsandtheirsonswhowereputtotheswordbyAbuJa'far
alMansoor,andworeonlycalloushairygarments,asasignofherdeepgriefovertheirdeath.
Thisdevoutwomanusedtolamentthem,cryinguntilshefainted.Shewouldn'trevileAbuJa'far
alMansoor,lestsheshouldfindconsolationinsomethingdispleasing.Shewouldsay,"OYouwho
createdtheskiesandtheearth,OYouWhoknowstheunseenandthevisible,Whojudges
betweenHisservants,judgebetweenusandourpeoplefairly,andYouarethebestamongthose
whojudge."[56]
"ZainabusedtopranceaboutwithalHussein,whowasstillalittleboy,andalHassan,his
brother,chanting:
"Youknow,OthesonofZainabandHind,howmanymenyouhaveinthedesertreadyforbattle.
Howmanytruthful,honourablematernalunclesyouhave,howmanygreatgrandfathersyou
have."[57]
Timehadcomeforherson,alHussein,therevolutionaryAlawitetofollowinthefootstepsof
ImamHussein(a.s.),hoistthebannerofjihadandmartyrdom,shedhispureblood,andleavethe
ApostleofAllah(s.a.w.)togrieveoverhim,ashehaddoneoverthemartyrsofKarbala'.Both
tragedies,FakhandKarbala',movedtheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.)andthemembersofhisfamilyto
tears.Hetalkedabouttheminadvanceandcriedbitterlyforthetribulationshisfamilywould
face.
ShaikhAbulHassanAlibinMuhammadalMawardialShafi'i,inhisbook,A'lamalNubuwwah
(SignsofProphethood),p.83,theeditionpublishedinEgypt,says:
"OfhisforewarningsisthatwhichwasreportedbyUrwah,ontheauthorityofA'ishah(awifeof
theProphet).Urwahsaid,'HusseinbinAli(a.s.)wenttoseetheMessengerofAllahofthetime
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whenhewasreceivingrevelationsfromhisLord.HusseinmountedthebackoftheProphet
(s.a.w.)whowasprostrate.Husseinplayedthere.'OMuhammad,'calledGabrial,'yourummah
wouldcertainlysufferfromdissensionafteryourdeath.Thissonofyourswouldcertainlybekilled
afteryou.'Gabrialstretchedouthishandandbroughtahandfulofwhitedust,andsaid,'Onthis
landyoursonwillbeslaughtered.Itiscalledal Taff'"AfterGabrialhadgone,theApostleofAllah
(s.a.w.)came
out
to
meet
his
followers,
including
Abu
Bakr,
Umar,
Ali,
Hudaifah,
Ammar
and
Abu
Thar.TheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.)wascrying.'Whatmakesyoucry,OMessengerofAllah?'asked
hisfollowers,towhichquestionhereplied,'Gabrialhasjusttoldmethatmyson,Hussein,willbe
killedaftermydeathinthelandofal TaffHehasbroughttomethisdustandsaidthatitwas
takenfromthespotwherehewouldbemurdered"[58]
InadditiontothetragedyofKarbala',theMessengerofAllah(s.a.w.)hadtoldhiscompanions
aboutthebattleofFakh.AbuJa'farMuhammadalBaqirbinAli(a.s.)isreportedtohavesaid
throughachainoftransmitters,that,"theProphet(s.a.w.)oncepassedbyFakh.Hedismounted
andofferedtworuk'ahprayer.Inthesecondruk'ahhiseyeswelledwithtears.Whenpeoplesaw
theProphet(s.a.w.)cryingtheycriedWhentheyleftthatplaceheaskedthem,matmadeyou
cry.?''Whenwesawyoucrying,wealsocried,OApostleofAllah,,saidthepeople.'Attheendof
thefirstruk'ah,Gabrialdescended,'repliedtheProphet(s.a.w.),'andsaid:'OMuhammad,aman
fromyourdescendentswillbemurderedinthisplace.Thedivinerewardforeveryonewhowould
bemartyredwithhimshallbetwofold."[59]
ImamJa'farbinMuhammadalSadiq(a.s.)stopped,ononeofhisjourneysfromMadinahto
Makkah,atFakh.Thereheofferedaprayer."MayIbeyourransom,"askedalNadhrbinArwash,
theownerofthecamelsrentedforthejourney,"Ihaveseenyoudosomething.Isitoneofthe
ritesofhajj?"
"No,"saidtheImam(a.s.),"butamanfrommyhouseholdwillbekilledrighthere,fightingalong
sideabunchofmenwhosesoulswillflyaheadoftheirbodiestowardsParadise."[60]
ZaydbinAlibinalHusseinisreportedtohavesaidthattheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.)had
performedprayeratFakhandsaid,"Righthere,amanfrommyownfamilywillbekilledalong
withagroupofdevoutmen.Theirshroudsandperfume(whichisrituallyappliedtothedead)
shallbebroughttothemfromParadise.TheirsoulswilloutruntheirbodiestoParadise."[61]
IftheApostleofAllah(s.a.w.)andAhlulBait(a.s.),whodidn'twitnessthemassacre,weregreatly
shockedatthehorrendousnews,ImamMusabinJa'faral Kadhim(a.s.),theImamofMuslims
andthechiefofAhlulBait(a.s.)ofthetime,musthavebeenmovedbeyonddescriptionbythe
tragedyasitunfoldedinfrontofhim.Thattragedyhadaheavyimpactonhislifeandmission.
ThatisbecausethedayofFakhwasaterriblysaddeningmemoryinthehistoryofAhlulBait(a.s.).
ImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s.),thegrandsonofImamalKadhim(a.s.),wasquotedassaying,
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longerendurethebrutalitiesdonetoAhlulBait(a.s.).WhenImamMusabinJa'far(a.s.)sawthat
alHusseinbinAliwouldn'tyield,andthathisdecisiontorevoltwasfinal,heexpressedhisgrief
overalHussein'sinevitablefate,andtookfarewellofhim,sayingthesewordswhichsignalhis
convictionthathewouldseealHusseinnomore:
"Youwill
surely
be
killed
So
strike
hard
in
the
battle,
for
those
people
are
irreligious.
They
pretend
tobefaithful,buttheyhidetheirhypocrisyanddisbeliefWearefromAllahandtoHimweshall
return.IseekAllah'srewardbyyourloss,Ogoodpeople."[63]
Historianswroteaboutthisheroicuprising,analyzingitsterribleandtragicoutcome.AbulFarajal
Isfahanisays:
"ThereasonwhyalHusseinbinAlibinalHassanbinalHassanbinalHassanbinAlibinAbiTalib
revoltedwasthatMusaalHadiappointedIshaqbinIsabinAliasthegovernorofMadinah.Ishaq
putamancalledAbulAzizbinAbdullahal Umari[64]inhisplace.AlUmarihatedthehouseof
AbuTalib.Heoffendedthemandwenttoexcessivelengthsinmaltreatingthem.Heorderedthem
toreporttohimeverydayatthereceptionhallofhispalace.Eachoneofthemstoodsuretyfor
hiscompanionorrelative.AlHasanbinMuhammadbinAbdullahbinalHassanwasguaranteed
bybothalHusseinbinAliandYahyabinAbdullahbinalHassan.
AlHusseinbinMuhammadarrivedinthefirstdaysofhajj.AboutseventymenfromtheShi'ites
alsocamewithhim.TheyallstayedatthehouseofIbnAflahatalBaqi'.There,theymetal
Hussein,amongmanyothers.AlUmariheardofthatandheflewintoafury.Beforethat,alUmari
hadarrestedalHassanbinMuhammadbinAbdullah,IbnJundubalHuthali,thepoet,andaslave
ofUmarbinalKhattab[65]whiletheywerepresentatameeting.Heclaimedpublicallythatthey
werecaughtdrinkingwine.HeorderedalHassantobegiven80lashes,IbnJundub15,andthe
slaveofUmarbinalKhattabseven.Thenheorderedthemtobedisplayedthroughoutthecity,
withbarebacks,sothattheywouldbedisgraced..."[66]
Finally,hebackedoffalthoughheonceagainbegantopersecutethedescendantsofAbuTalib.
AbuBakrbinIsaalHa'ik,whomheappointedinchargeoftheiraffairs,maltreatedthem.One
FridayhelockedtheminthemosquetillthetimeoftheFridayprayerentered.Hethenallowed
themonlytodotheirablution(wudoo').Havingfinishedtheprayer,hethrewtheminthe
receptionhall.Intheafternoonhecheckedthem,lookingforalHassanbinMuhammadwhohad
notpresentedhimselfforthreesuccessivedaystoAbuBakrbinIsa.Notfindinghimamongthe
detaine
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