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การออกแบบที่เปนมิตรตอสิ่งแวดลอม (Introduction to EcoDesign)
ดร.กิตตินันท อันนานนท ศูนยเทคโนโลยีโลหะและวัสดุแหงชาติ (เอ็มเทค)
หัวขอการบรรยาย
• ที่มา และ ความสําคัญของการออกแบบเชิงนิเวศเศรษฐกิจ EcoDesign
• EcoDesign คืออะไร • หลักการเบื้องตนของการออกแบบเชิงนิเวศเศรษฐกิจ • EcoDesign Tools
• ตัวอยางงาน EcoDesign
Sustainable Development
Econ
omy
Soci
ety
Ecol
ogy
Law for the Promotion of the Effective Utilization of Resources (Promote “3Rs)
Basic Environment Law
Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law
Law on Promoting Green Purchasing
Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling-based Society
Containers and Packaging Recycling LawHome Appliances Recycling LawConstruction Materials Recycling LawFood Waste Recycling LawAutomobile Recycling LawFluorocarbons Recovery and Destruction Law
Recycling lawsfor individual
fields
Japan legislation (all laws below are already enforced)
Source: Eco-management Institute (Japan)
NonNon--Tariff Barrier (NTB)Tariff Barrier (NTB)
EU Legislation
Source: EGG 2004 + Materials
• End-of-life
management
• Specify %
Reuse/
Recycle/
Recovery
• Prohibit 4
heavy metals
Auto-products
ELV
•End-of-life
management
•Specify %
Reuse/
Recycle/
Recovery
WEEE
• Prohibit 6
heavy metals
EE products
RoHs
• EcoDesign
with Life Cycle
Considerations
of Products
All energy-use-products
EuP
• Register
• Evaluate
• Authorize
• Control the
uses of
Chemicals
REACH
EU environmental directives for products EU environmental directives for products import/ export to EUimport/ export to EU2002 2005 2006 2007
ELV WEEE RoHS EuP REACH
2018
ที่มา: คณะกรรมการ “ยทุธศาสตรเพิ่มขีดความสามารถอุตสาหรรมไทยในการแขงขนัภายใตกฎระเบียบของสหภาพยุโรป”
All chemical-use-productsEE products
Environmental Labels by third-party Organizations
EcoEco--markmark International Energy StarInternational Energy Star SaveSave--energy labelenergy label
FSC Forest FSC Forest accreditationaccreditation
PET bottle recycling PET bottle recycling recommendation markrecommendation mark Certification of low Certification of low
emission vehicleemission vehicle
Environmental Labeling by Self-Declaration of Businesses
Environmental Labeling by Self-Declaration of Businesses
NECNEC OkamuraOkamura ToshibaToshiba
HitachiHitachiSONYSONY
AustraliaUSA
Brazil Czech RepublicEU, UK
Sweden (SSNC)
New Zealand
Republic of China
Croatia Germany
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea
PhilippinesSingapore SpainThailand
Canada
Eco-Product
ตัวอยางของ Eco-Labelตัวอยางของตัวอยางของ EcoEco--LabelLabel
ตัวอยาง การผลิตรถยนต กับ สิ่งแวดลอม
โดยประมาณโดยประมาณ ในการพนสีรถยนตในการพนสีรถยนต 1 1 คันคัน เราตองเราตอง……....
ที่มา: Clean Technologies In U.S. Industries, US-AEP
ปลอยปลอย VOC VOC 6 6 กโิลกรัมกโิลกรัม
ปลอยปลอย Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide 9 kg9 kgปลอยปลอย Nitrogen oxide Nitrogen oxide 13 kg13 kgปลอยปลอย carbon dioxide carbon dioxide 1.5 kg1.5 kgปลอยปลอย HAPs HAPs 1.41.4--6.3 kg6.3 kgปลอยน้ําเสยีปลอยน้ําเสยี 7 7,250 L,250 Lทิ้งขยะทิ้งขยะ 2 2.8 kg.8 kgทิ้งขยะอันตรายทิ้งขยะอันตราย 5 5.3 kg.3 kg
ใชน้ํา 7,940 ลิตรใชน้ําใชน้ํา 7,9407,940 ลิตรลิตร
ใชสารเคมี
23.3 ลิตรใชสารเคมี
23.3 ลิตรใชถานหิน 400 กิโลกรัมใชถานหิน 400 กิโลกรัม
Goals of (Eco) Design
To design better products, in
shorter time frame at lower cost ,for better quality of life and environment.
Challenges : Trade-offHow Eco is it?Team-Oriented
Product Life Cycle Thinking
Expands the traditional focus on manufacturing processes to incorporate various aspects over its entire life cycle.
The life cycle of a product – and closing the loop
Product Cost Commitment
Time
% o
f Pro
duct
cos
t com
mitt
ed
Mar
ket
Dev
elop
men
t
Con
cept
ual
Des
ign
Pro
duct
Des
ign
Man
ufac
turin
g
Cost incurred
Cost committed
100%
Eco-design has synonyms
DfE: Design for Environment
ECD: Environmentally Conscious Design
LCA: Life Cycle Assessment
EcoDesign Paradigm ‘Cradle-to-Grave’
MakeManufacturing, production, distribution, use
WasteLandfill, incineration
TakeRaw material extraction and synthesis
Raw Material Manufacture Distribution Use End of Life
•Weight•Volume•Materials used•Problematic material
•Production Technology•Production waste•Supply parts•Environmentalperformance
•Packaging•Transportation
•Lifetime•Functionality•Usability•Energy consump•Waste•Noise, vibrations•Emissions•Maintenance•reparability
•Fasteners, joints•Disassembly time•Reusability•recycling
Environmental parameters for product modeling
Guidelines for Ecodesign
• Do not design products but life cycles • Natural materials are not always better • Energy consumption: often underestimated • Increase product life time • Do not design products but services • Use a minimum of material • Use recycled materials • Make your product recyclable • Ask stupid questions
Source:http://www.pre.nl/ecodesign/ecodesign.htm
1. Do not design products but life cycles
• Do not design "green" products. Instead, you should design environmentally sound product life cycles. Think about all material inputs and energy use of a product during its whole life cycle. From cradle to grave, or even better from cradle to cradle!
• A simple way to document your findings is the MET matrix (Materials, Energy, Toxicity). Just write down some of the most important facts in a matrix.
2. Natural materials are not always better
• It is common believe that "natural" materials are more environmentally friendly than "artificial" or man made materials. Is this always true?
• Of course, the production of 1 kg of wood causes less emissions than the production of 1 kg of plastic. But have you thought about the paint to preserve the wood, the energy needed to dry, the sawing losses?
• In some products, you would need about ten times as much wood than plastic. Plastics can often be recycled, wood cannot. Can you really compare on a kilogram basis?
• Environmentally sound materials do not exist, but environmentally friendly products and services do. Life cycle thinking helps a designer to develop these.
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3. Energy consumption: often underestimated
• Many designers focus their attention on material selection. This is not always justified. If a product consumes energy in the use phase, there is a ten to one chance that energy consumption is dominant.
• Perhaps this simple example helps you understand:– 10 kWh electricity needs 2 kg of oil. – Making 1 kg of plastic needs 1.5 to 2.5 kg of oil. – A coffee machine uses 300 kWh electricity during its
lifetime, equal to 60 kg of oil. For the production of the machine less than 1 kg of plastic is used....
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4. Increase product life time
• Make it more durable from a technical point of view
• Make it upgradeable (allowing to place the latest chip in a computer or washing machine).
• More importantly, try to design the product in such a way people will feel attached to it.
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5. Do not design products but services
• People do not always want a product. • They want a solution for a certain problem. A
service rather than a product can be the right solution.
• For example, a car sharing system is a solution for people that need a car occasionally. Greenwheelsis getting very popular in the crowded inner cites of the Netherlands, where parking space is at a premium. You can use one of the cars in your neighborhood when you need it. Reservations are made with a phone call or online. You don't need to care about maintenance, insurance, parking licenses or road taxes. Payment is done on a monthly basis according to your use.
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6. Use a minimum of material
• Using less materials may seem obvious, but it is more complex than you think.
• Often you can reduce the amount of material by critically looking at dimensions, required strength and production techniques. It can even be beneficial to use materials that have a high environmental load per kilogram, if you can save weight. This is particularly true in transport, where less weight means less fuel consumption.
• The Eco-indicator is one of the methods to make such assessments
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7. Use recycled materials
• Do not only make your product recyclable, but use recycled materials as much as possible.
• If you and other designers only make a product recyclable, there will never be a demand for recycled materials in the future.
• If there is a demand for recycled materials the supply will follow certainly. BackBack
8. Make your product recyclable
• Most products can be recycled, but only few are. Only products that are disassembled easily and have a high enough yield will be chosen for recycling. You can increase the chance that the product is recycled, by optimizing its design.
• There are a few simple rules to keep in mind:If you want to recycle thermoplastics:
-Do not use a lacquer.-Do not use paper stickers on plastic.-Do not combine different plastics.
If you want to recycle thermo-sets or textiles, think twice. It has no use. It is better to burn them and reclaim the energy.
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9. Ask stupid questions!• Very often decisions are based on common practice: "We have
always done it this way and it has always worked well". You can make huge improvements in the environmental performance of products, with consequential cost savings, by simply asking the very obvious "Why?".
• Use the stupid question as a tool:
– A company used 3 kg of raw material to make 1 kg polyester. After asking the same stupid question ("why") again and again, it was discovered it could be done with just 1.5 kg of material input.
– A company produced a packaging designed to keep a foodstuff fresh for 18 months. After critical questions, we discovered that their products were consumed within 3 months. This gave way for completely differentpackaging solutions.
– Rainwater piping in the Netherlands traditionally had a diameter of 80 mm. After studying building regulations and a simple optimization of the water inlet, we found 30 mm was sufficient.
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Before Production
Production Process
End of Pipe
Software
Hardware
Institution
TGDN
Pollution Control Officer
ＬＣＡ
Environment Assessment（Prediction）
Analysis/Measurement Technology (Sampling，Monitoring）
Environment Assessment
Cleaner
Technology
Energy Conservation Technology
Pollution Prevention Technology
－Prevent emission of the pollutants－（exhaust gas/ wastewater,
sludge treatment, etc.)
To deal with the pollutants generated through the production process
Methods to decreasethe pollutants beforeproduction activity
ＤｆＥEnergy
ConservationManagement Solid Waste
Measures
Preparations for Law / Regulations
Source: JETRO GPP policy dialogue meeting, 25 Apr 2006
Tools for EcoDesign Tools for EcoDesign
EcoDesign Pilot
• Type A: Raw Material Intensive• Type B: Manufacture Intensive• Type C: Transportation Intensive• Type D: Use Intensive• Type E: Disposal Intensive
Source:http://www.ecodesign.at/pilot/ONLINE/ENGLISH/
Raw material intensive product• Use alternative materials
Selecting the right materials
• Use less of a given type of materialReducing material inputs
• Make intensive use of resourcesOptimizing product useOptimizing product functionalityImproving maintenance
• Use resources as long as possibleIncreasing product durabilityImproving reparability
• Reuse materials contained in the productImproving disassemblyReuse of product partsRecycling of materials
Manufacture intensive product
• Use less energy and material in the production processReducing energy consumption in production processOptimizing type and amount of process materials
• More efficient use of materials used in the production processAvoiding waste in the production process
• Purchase of external materials/componentsEcological procurement of external components
• Use the product as intensively as possibleOptimizing product useOptimizing product functionalityImproving maintenance
• Use the product for a longer period of timeIncreasing product durabilityImproving reparability
• Reuse components and/or the productImproving disassemblyReuse of product parts
Transportation intensive product
• Change packagingReduction of packaging
• Change transportationReduction of transportation
Use intensive product
• Realize a high degree of functionalityOptimizing product functionalityImproving maintenance
• Ensure safe use of the productEnsuring environmental safety performance
• Reduce energy and material input at use stageReducing consumption at use stageAvoidance of waste at use stage
Disposal intensive product
• Use alternative materialsSelecting the right materials
• Prolonged Use of the ProductIncreasing product durabilityImproving reparability
• Disassembly and RecyclingImproving disassemblyReuse of product partsRecycling of materials
Example: Water KettleFacts:
• Total weight of product
(include packaging) 870 g
• Injection modeled housing is
made from Poly propylene (PP)
• Life time 3 years
• Electrical device 1300 W
How to improve that product considering environmental aspects and stakeholder requirements?
Product datasheetsMaterials: • Polypropylene (housing) 330 g• Stainless steel (heater) 120 g• Polypropylene (lid) 80 g• PVC (cable) 72 g• Copper (cable) 48 g• PA 6.6 (Switch unit) 20 g• Cardboard (Packaging) 200 g
Product datasheetsManufacturing processes:
– Injection Molding 29 MJ/kg– Machining 20 MJ/kg– Metal forming 6 MJ/kg
Distribution:– Truck 300 km
Product use:– 3 times a week, – 50 weeks a year
End of Life:– 57% recycling– 19.8% incineration– 23% landfill
เปลี่ยนภาชนะบรรจอุาหารจากโพลสีไตรนีเปนกระดาษ (ที่มา: Svoboda and Hart, 1993)
ชนิดของบรรจุภัณฑ
บรรจุภัณฑกระดาษ
แบบมาตรฐาน
บรรจุภัณฑกระดาษ
แบบเปนชั้น
บรรจุภัณฑโฟมโพลีสไตรีน
บรรจุภัณฑกระดาษแข็ง
ใชกระดาษแข็งทําขอบ
บรรจุภัณฑ
พลังงานที่
ใชทั้งหมด
(MM Btu)
1.5
3.5
6.5
9.2
2.7
พลังงานที่ได
จากการเผา
(MM Btu)
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.1
พลังงานที่
ใชสทุธิ
(MM Btu)
1.4
3.3
6.1
8.8
2.5
มลพิษ
ทางอากาศ
(lb)
4.5
9.7
13.8
25.7
8.3
น้ําเสยี
(lb)
0.8
1.4
2.5
4.3
1.4
กากของแขง็
(lb) (ft3)
63.7 2.0
129.5 4.1
159.8 16.5
382.4 11.7
117.1 3.5
McDonald
EcoDesign of a HP Computer Workstation
before
After (redesigned with EcoDesign concept)
Savings• 70% housing parts• 95% screw joints• 50% assembly time• 90% disassembly time• 90% recyclable
Example: Ecodesign of a dishwasher
• Save energy consumption, by using only 256 kWh(Six-star energy rating)
• Save water usage (less than 18 L for a full load)• Greater material efficiencies
(7.5 Kg lighter than previous models)• Easier disassembly for end-of-life recycling
Dishwasher
“If every dishwasher in current usein Australia was replaced by the newDishlex Global 500, we could saveapproximately 10.5 billion litres ofwater - and 700,000 tonnes ofcarbon dioxide - per annum.”
Ref: CFD, RMIT
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