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SKELETAL SYSTEMJoints
Joints
Articulations of bones Functions of joints
Hold bones together Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified Functionally Structurally
Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses Immoveable joints
Amphiarthroses Slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses Freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous joints Generally immoveable
Cartilaginous joints Immoveable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints Freely moveable
Summary of Joint Classes
Fibrous Joints:Joints made of fibrous tissue
Lies between tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane)
Fibrous joint
TibiaFibula
Fibrous Joints:Joints made of fibrous tissue
• Suture:• Between flat bones• Teeth-like projections• Thin layer of connective tissue connects bones• Skull
Cartilaginous Joints:Joints composed of cartilage
• There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses):• Synchondrosis - plate of hyaline
cart.• Symphysis - pad or plate of
fibrocartilage
Cartilaginous Joints:Joints composed of cartilage
• Synchondrosis:• Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones• Epiphyseal plate (temporary)• Between manubrium and the first rib (costal
cartilages)
Costal cartilage
Cartilaginous Joints:Joints composed of cartilage
• Symphysis:• Pad of fibrocartilage between bones• Pubic symphysis• Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Pubis
Fibrocartilage disc of
symphysis pubis
Band offibrocartilage
General Structure of a Synovial Joint
• Synovial joints are freely moveable (diarthroses)
• There are six (6) types of diarthroses• There are specific parts of a diarthroses:
• Articular cartilage• Joint cavity• Joint capsule• Synovial membrane • Synovial Bursae
Joint cavity filledwith synovialfluid
Spongybone
JointcapsuleArticularcartilage
Synovialmembrane
General Structure of a Synovial Joint
Articular cartilage – hyaline cartilage covers the surface of each bone
Joint capsule – double layered capsule surrounding cavity
Synovial cavity – space filled w/ synovial fluid Synovial fluid – viscous lubricating fluid Reinforcing ligaments – ligaments that
strengthen joint - ligament - joins a bone to another bone
General Structure of a Synovial Joint
Other joint features:1. Fatty pad (hips & knee)
2. Menisci or articular discs – separate cavity into 2 compartments (ex. Knee, jaw, sternoclavicular)
3. Bursa – flattened fibrous sacs w/ synovial membrane and fluid that act as “ball bearings” to prevent friction on adjacent structures during joint activity.
a. Cushion movement of one body part over anotherb. Located between skin and bone (where skin rubs over bone) and between muscle, tendons, ligaments and bone
General Structure of a Synovial Joint
Types of Synovial Joints
• Uniaxial• Hinge joint - elbow & knee • Pivot joint - articulation of atlas and axis of cervical
vertebra
• Biaxial• Saddle joint - thumb• Condylar joint - wrists & knuckles
• Multiaxial• Ball and socket joint - hip & shoulder• Gliding joint - intervertebral discs and between
carpals and tarsals
Uniaxial Synovial Joints
• Hinge Joint• Elbow joint• Between phalanges
• Pivot Joint• Between atlas (C1) and the dens of axis (C2)
Hinge joint Pivot joint
humerus
radius
atlas
axis
dens
Transverseligament
Biaxial Synovial Joints
• Saddle Joint• Between carpal and 1st metacarpal (of thumb)
• Condylar Joint• Between metacarpals and phalanges• Between radius and carpals
Saddle joint Condylar joint
Multiaxial Synovial Joints• Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Hip joint• Shoulder joint
• Gliding Joint• Between carpals• Between tarsals• Between facets of adjacent vertebrae
Ball and Socket Joint Gliding Joint
Examples of Synovial Joints
The shoulder, elbow, and knee are large, freely moveable joints.
Shoulder Joint
• Ball-and-socket• Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula• Loose joint capsule• Bursae• Ligaments prevent displacement• Very wide range of movement (circumduction)
• Gliding joint• Between acromion process and clavicle
clavicle
acromionprocess
humerus
scapula
Joint capsule
subdeltoid bursa
Elbow Joint
• Hinge joint• Trochlea of humerus• Trochlear notch of
ulna• Gliding joint
• Capitulum of humerus• Head of radius
• Flexion and extension
• Many reinforcing ligaments
• Stable joint
humerus
radius
ulna
trochlea
Joint capsuleJoint cavity
Knee Joint
• Largest joint• Most complex – 3 joints
• Medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur and
• Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia and
• Femur articulates anteriorly with patella
• Strengthened by many ligaments and tendons
• Menisci separate femur and tibia
• Bursae
femur
tibia
jointcavity
patella
menisci
prepatellarbursa
joint capsule
synovial membrane
Lifespan Changes
• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging• Fibrous joints first to change; can
strengthen however over a lifetime• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral
column diminish flexibility and decrease height (remember water loss from the IVDs)
• Synovial joints lose elasticity• Disuse hampers the blood supply• Activity and exercise can keep joints
functional longer
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