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M.Imran madni BT-08-08Abdul Qadoos BT-08-33Muhammad Amir BT-08-35Ghulam Akbar BT-08-46Zahid Hussain BT-08-55Sajad Ashraf BT-07-16
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Introduction of WSN and Examples ofWSN
Comparison of WSN with ad hocnetworks.
Characteristics of Wireless SensorNetworks
sensors categories
Coverage Applications of Wireless Sensornetworks
Design Challenges
Latest trends of WSN Conclusion
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): Highly distributed networks of small,
lightweight wireless nodes,
Deployed in large numbers, Monitors the environment or system by
measuring physical parameters such astemperature, pressure, humidity.
Node: sensing + processing + communication
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Image Sensor Modules (885.7mm)
WII sensor (2403515mm)
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Network these devicesso that they canexecute more complex task.
Embed numeroussensing nodes tomonitor and interact
with physical world
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The development of wireless sensornetworks was originally motivated by
military applications.Wireless sensor networks are now
used in many wide-range application
areas.
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Wireless Sensor Networks mainly consistsofsensors. Sensors are - low power
limited memory energy constrained due to their smallsize.
Wireless networks can also be deployed in
extreme environmental conditions andmay be prone to enemy attacks.
Although deployed in an ad hoc mannerthey need to be self organized and selfhealing and can face constant
reconfiguration.
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Wireless sensor networks mainly usebroadcast communication while ad hocnetworks use point-to-point communication.
Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensornetworks are limited by sensors limitedpower, energy and computational capability.
Sensor nodes maynot have global ID
because of the large amount of overhead andlarge number of sensors.
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BT-08-08
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Sensors can be classified into twocategories:
Ordinary SensorsData gathering
Ordinary Sensors require external circuitry toperform some dedicated tasks like dataanalyzing.
Smart SensorsData gathering and processing
Smart Sensors have internal circuitry to perform
dedicated tasks.
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Sensor coverage can be classifiedinto three types:
Area coverage
Point coverage
Barrier coverage
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Areacoverage deployment
of sensorsto cover agiven area
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Pointcoverage deployment
of sensors tocover a set ofpoints
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Barriercoverage
To find a pathfrom A to B
For any pointon the path,
the distance tothe closestsensor isminimized.
A
B
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The applications can be divided inthree categories:
1. Monitoring of an area.2. Monitoring of an objects.3. Monitoring of both area and
objects.
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Environmental and HabitatMonitoring
Precision AgricultureIndoor Climate ControlMilitary Surveillance
Treaty VerificationIntelligent Alarms
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Precision agriculture aims atmaking cultural operations
more efficient, while
reducing environmental
impact. The information collected
from sensors is used to
evaluate optimum sowing
density, estimate fertilizers
and other inputs needs, and to
more accurately predict crop
yields.
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BT-08-46
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Structural MonitoringEco-physiology
Condition-based MaintenanceMedical DiagnosticsUrban land mapping
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Intel fabrication plants
Sensors collect vibration data, monitorwear and tear; report data in real-time
Reduces need for a team of engineers;cutting costs by several orders of
magnitude
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Wildlife Habitats Disaster Management Emergency Response Ubiquitous Computing Asset Tracking
Health Care Manufacturing Process Flows
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The Zebra Net Project
Collar-mounted sensors monitorzebra movement in Kenya
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Environmental Observation:Sensor networks can be used to monitor
environmental changes. An example could be water
pollution detection in a lake that is located near a
factory that uses chemical substances. Sensor nodes
could be randomly deployed in unknown and hostile
areas and relay the exact origin of a pollutant. Other
examples include forest fire detection, air pollution
and rainfall observation in agriculture.
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Military Monitoring:
Military uses sensor networks for
battlefield surveillance; sensors could
monitor vehicular traffic, track the
position of the enemy.
continue
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BT-08-55
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Why are WSNs challenging/uniquefrom a research point of view?
Typically, severely energyconstrained. Limited energy sources (e.g., batteries).Trade-off between performance and
lifetime.Self-organizing and self-healing.
Remote deployments.Scalable.
Arbitrarily large number of nodes.
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Heterogeneity.Devices with varied capabilities.Different sensor modalities.
Hierarchical deployments. Adaptability.Adjust to operating conditions and
changes in application requirements.
Security and privacy.Potentially sensitive information.Hostile environments.
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Challenges: 1. Energy Efficiency:Power consumptions are crucial to wireless
sensor network applications because sensornodes are not connected to any energy source.
Energy efficiency is a dominant considerationno matter what the problem is.
Sensor nodes only have a small and finitesource of energy. Many solutions, both hardwareand software related, have been proposed tooptimize energy usage.
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Distributed ProcessingThe algorithms need to be centralized as
the processing is carried out on differentnodes.
Low Bandwidth CommunicationThe data should be transferred efficiently
between sensors
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Large Scale CoordinationThe sensors need to coordinate with each
other to produce required results.Utilization of Sensors
The sensors should be utilized in a waysthat produce the maximum performanceand use less energy.
Real Time ComputationThe computation should be done quickly as
new data is always being generated.
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2. Ad hoc deployment:
Most sensor nodes are deployed in regionswhich have no infrastructure.
We must cope with the changes ofconnectivity and distribution.
3. Unattended operation:
Generally, once sensors are deployed, there isno human intervention for a long time. Sensor network must reconfigure by itself
when certain errors occur.
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4. Dynamic changes:As changes of connectivity due to addition of
more nodes or failure of nodes, Sensor networkmust be able to adapt itself to changingconnectivity.
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BT-08-33
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Sensorscontrollingappliances and
electrical devicesin the house.
Better lighting
and heating inoffice buildings.
The Pentagonbuilding has used
sensors
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Health MonitorsGlucoseHeart rate
Cancer detection Chronic Diseases
Artificial retina Cochlear implants
Hospital SensorsMonitor vital signs Record anomaly
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Remote deployment ofsensors for tactical monitoringof enemy troop movements.
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Numerous industrial and commercialapplications: Agricultural Crop Conditions
Inventory Tracking
In-Process Parts Tracking
Automated Problem Reporting
RFID Radio Frequency Identification Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring
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Cars could usewireless sensors to:Handle Accidents
Handle Thefts
Sensors embeddedin the roads to:Monitor traffic flows
Provide real-time route
updates
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WSN is highly distributed networks ofsmall, lightweight wireless nodes
Helpful in monitoring theenviournment
WSN has wide range of applicationsSelf organized and self healing
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