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8/7/2019 NEUROLOGI - KBK RAHMAN
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SISTEM SARAFSISTEM SARAF
Dr. H.Abd Rachman Tanjung AIFM
BAGIAN FISIOLOGI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERN UISU
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SISTEM SYARAF
----- > sistem yang mengatur dan
mengendalikan semua kegiatanaktifitas tubuh seperti berjalan,
menggerakkan tangan, mengunyah
dsb.
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SISTEM SARAFSISTEM SARAF
Informasi lingkungan dlm dan luar SSP
melalui berbagai reseptor sensorik
Reseptor mrpk transducer merubah
berbagai btk energi potensial aksi di
dalam neuron
Reseptor mrpk bgn dr satu neuron atau
sel potensial aksi di dalam neuron
Mis: mekanis (touch, pressure); termis
(degree warm); electromagnetic (light);
chemical (taste, odor,O2drh)
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Nervous SystemNervous System
A complex array of specializedstructures which serve to:
Receive Store
Transmit information
Consist of the CNS and the PNS Neuron- basic unit of the NS
1 trillion neurons
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NeuronsNeurons
Made up of dendrites
Soma
Axon- axon terminal Has different organelles but no
centromere
Classification according to
1. structure
2. Form
3. covering Schwann cells
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NeuronsNeurons
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PropertiesofNerve FibersPropertiesofNerve Fibers
1. Excitability
2. Conductivity
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MyelinatedMyelinated FibersFibers
Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier Saltatory Conduction
Advantages
faster conduction
saves energy
less loss of ions
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MyelinatedMyelinated FibersFibers
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ActionPotentialActionPotential
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Synapseand SynapticSynapseand Synaptic
TransmissionTransmission
Synapse
an anatomically specialized junction
between two neurons
important in the transport of nerve
signals from one neuron (presynaptic) to
the next neuron (postsynaptic)
100 quadrillon synapses in the CNS 2 types
a. Electrical
b. Chemical
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PresynapticPresynaptic andPostsynapticandPostsynaptic
NeuronNeuron
Presynaptic neuron
has lots of mitochondria
has NTs inside vesicles
usual forms are ; round, dense, flat andsphenoid
intertwining cerebellum
basket and climbing midbrain
Postsynaptic neuron
contains the receptor proteins
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PresynapticPresynaptic andPostsynapticandPostsynaptic
NeuronNeuron
Presynaptic
Postsynaptic
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ClassesofNeurotransmittersClassesofNeurotransmitters
1. Acetylcholine
2. Biogenic amines catecholamines,
serotonin, histamine
3. Amino acids glutamate, GABA
4. Neuropeptides endogenous opioids
5. Miscellaneous nitric acid,
adenosine
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Factors Affecting SynapticFactors Affecting Synaptic
TransmissionTransmission
1. acid-base states
a. alkalosis
b. acidosis2. oxygen and CO2 concentrations
Drugs those that excite
those that inhibit
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Neuromuscular JunctionandNeuromuscular Junctionand
NN--M TransmissionM Transmission
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FactorsaffectingNMFactorsaffectingNM
TransmissionTransmission
1. Ions
2. Drugs curare, antibiotics3. Acid base conditions
4. Temperature
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SISTEM REFLEXSISTEM REFLEX
PADA MANUSIAPADA MANUSIA
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Motor Funct onso theMotor Funct onso the
SpinalCord;theCordSpinalCord;theCord
ReflexesReflexes
Sensory information is integrated at alllevels of the nervous system and causes
appropriate motor response beginning in
the spinal cord with simple muscle reflexes
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REFLEXESREFLEXES
Reflex Arc basic unit of integrated reflexactivity
Components:
1. Sense Organ 3. Synapse2. Afferent Neurons 4.Efferent neuron
5. Effector
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TypesofReflex Arc andTypesofReflex Arc and
ReflexesoccurringinthemReflexesoccurringinthem
1. Monosynaptic one with a singlesynapse between the afferent andefferent neurons
o Monosynaptic Reflexes StretchReflex
When a muscle with an intact nerve
supply is stretched, it contractsClinical Examples of Stretch Reflex
a. Knee jerk or patellar reflex
b. Ankle jerk
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2. Polysynaptic one or more interneurons are
interposed between afferent and efferent
neurons Polysynaptic Reflexes
Clinical Examples:
a.Withdrawal reflex
b. Crossed-extensor reflex
c. Abdominal reflex
d. Cremasteric reflex
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Withdrawal Reflex typical polysynaptic reflexthat occurs in response to a noxious and usuallypainful stimulation of the skin or subcutaneoustissues and muscle. The response is flexor musclecontraction and inhibition of extensor muscle
Crossed Extensor Response part of withdrawalreflex. When a strong stimulus is applied to alimb, the response include not only flexion andwithdrawal of the limb but also extension of theopposite limb
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Importanceo WthdrawalImportanceo Wthdrawal
ReflexReflex
The stimuli are called nociceptive
stimuli (noxious or harmful)
Flexion of the stimulated limb gets it
away from the source of irritation and
extension of the of the limb supports
the body
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Human reflexes
Tendon reflexesThe deep tendon reflexes provide information on the integrity of the
central and peripheral nervous system. Generally, decreased reflexes
indicate a peripheral problem, and lively or exaggerated reflexes a
central one.Biceps reflex (C5, C6)
Brachioradialis reflex (C5, C6, C7)
Extensor digitorum reflex (C6, C7)
Triceps reflex (C6, C7, C8)
Patellar reflex or knee-jerk reflex (L2, L3, L4)
Ankle jerk reflex (Achilles reflex) (S1, S2)Plantar reflex or Babinski reflex (L5, S1, S2)
While the reflexes above are stimulated mechanically, the term H-
reflex refers to the analogous reflex stimulated electrically, and Tonic
vibration reflex for those stimulated by vibration.
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Grading
Grade Description
0 Absent1+ or + Hypoactive
2+ or ++ "Normal"
3+ or +++ Hyperactive without clonus4+ or ++++ Hyperactive with clonus
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