View
222
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 1/19
International Conference on Urban Hydrology for the 21 st Century
14-18th October, Kuala Lumpur
1
Geological Mapping and Groundwater Physical-Chemical Properties Characterization
An Approach to Spring Recharge Area Conservation
D. Erwin IrawanDepartment of Geology, Institut Teknologi dan Sains Bandung
Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 215, 40135 Bandung, Indonesia
e-mail: r-win@centrin.net.id
Deny Juanda P.
Department of Geology, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jl. Ganesha No. 10, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia
e-mail: denyjp@bdg.centrin.net.id
Abstract The overall depletion of groundwater has escalated conservation issues by manygovermental and non govermental agencies. A hydrogeological study has been carried out on spring
belt of Ciremai Volcano, Kabupaten Kuningan, West Java Province, to determine the spring’s
recharge – discharge system. This study used 3 methods: surface geological mapping and spring
observations; interpretation of physical and chemical characteristic of water; and groundwater travel
time prediction.
The spring belt can be divided into 3 zones based on the aquifer: Zone 1 lahar pore space aquifer
system, Zone 2 lava flows fracture aquifer system, and Zone 3 pyroclastic breccias pore space aquifer
system. Field permeability test shows high permeability values. Lahar residual soil shows the largest
permeability value of 1.26 - 2.53 cm/min, followed by pyroclastic breccias soil 1.5 cm/min, and lava
soil 0.5 – 1.2 cm/min. The condition indicates the soil material is potential to infiltrate rain water into
the aquifer.
From chemical analysis, the rain water had low conductivity and bicarbonate type water, while most of
the groundwater samples were classified in to 3 types: Mesothermic, low conductivity, bicarbonate
type; Hypothermic, low conductivity, bicarbonate type (Cibulan spring), Hyperthermic water with
high conductivity, NaK-bicarbonate type (Sangkanurip spring). The type 1 and type 2 water were
likely similar to rain water characteristics. Both water types were included in meteoric water cycles.
While, type 3 is possibly influenced by high mineralization of Na and K from volcanic gas
enrichment.
Potentiometric map on the spring belt area shows a radial flow regionally, showed by 2 major flow
directions, SW-NE on Area 1 with 0.4 of hydraulic gradient and NW-SE on Area 2 with gradient of
0.3. The groundwater flow on both areas were controlled by undulating morphology.
Surface observations around Cibulan spring indicates heterogeneous geological conditions. Permeablelahar deposit serves as confined aquifer. While potentiometric analysis shows eastward groundwater
flow with 0.3 of gradient value. The flow is parallel to ridges and valleys orientation, proving that
morphology plays significant role to control groundwater movement. Moreover, rainfall and spring
discharge fluctuation data shows 3 months of average difference between rainfall’s peak and spring
discharge’s. The result inferred that the groundwater travel time is around 3 months.
All the indications prove a local recharge – discharge system and very dependent to rainfall.
Therefore, the recharge area is very limited and controlled by aquifer distributions, morphology, and
hydrogeologic boundary. The delineation can assist in contructing conservation program.
Key words: groundwater basin analysis, volcanic aquifer system
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 2/19
International Conference on Urban Hydrology for the 21 st Century
14-18th October, Kuala Lumpur
2
1. INTRODUCTION
As widely known, Indonesia is a part of ring of fire, consisting of almost 130 Quartenary volcanoes.
The unconsolidated quartenary volcanic deposit sets up a good volcanic aquifer shown by spring belt
in many cases. Mean while, due to the vast growth of population and industry, the groundwater
resources has been decreasing rapidly. The overall depletion has escalated conservation issues bymany govermental and non govermental agencies.
Concerning the conservation issues, identifying and delineating the groundwater basin should be the
first step in order to determine the suitable groundwater conservation plans. According to Mandel
(1981)1, the delineation of groundwater systems aims at the recognition of the hydrogeologic
boundaries enclosing the system, the mechanisms of recharge, and discharge, along with the flow
paths of groundwater from recharge areas to discharge areas.
Some previous research by the author in identifying the recharge-discharge system on volcanic aquifer
system has been carried out, as follows: Asseggaf and Puradimaja (1998)2; Irawan et.al (2000)
3;
Irawan (2001)4, and Irawan et.al. (2001)
5All the research were using physical-chemical properties
analysis, combined with surface and subsurface geological observations. The general result is that theradial groundwater flow in volcanic area is controlled by the spreading of volcanic aquifer, the
hydrogeologic boundary, and the morphological feature in the area.
Another case study has been carried out on east slope of Mt. Ciremai. It is a strato-type volcano with
elevation of 3072 masl, situated 20 km south of Cirebon, Kecamatan Cilimus – Jalaksana, Kabupaten
Kuningan, West Java Province (Figure 1). Its diameter from the peak to the foot slope is about 10 km.
The location was selected because of the large amount of groundwater which are forming spring belt
with no less than 300 springs; discharged over 1500 l/sec of water (IWACO-WASECO, 19896). The
scientific interest is to determine the hydrogeological conditions and the recharge – discharge system,
which controlled such large amount of spring discharge.
2. THE METHODS
The technique used in this study was a combination of the aquifer characteristic study and
groundwater behaviour study (see Figure 2). The two techniques are: (1). Surface mapping of
volcanic aquifer system on 1 : 25.000 map scale and, (2). Interpretation of physical and chemical
characteristic of water.
The first technique was carried out in order to recognize the geometry of the aquifer and the
hydraulic properties of soil (unconfined aquifer) from 10 field permeability measurements. The
observations were taken on volcanic rock exposures and spring locations.
The second technique was performed with the aim to identify the origin of groundwater and its
movement. This technique consisted of interpretation of physical and chemical properties of
groundwater samples. The samples was taken from 24 springs sites, 1 river sampling site, and 1 rain
water sample. The physical properties measurements included: temperature (oC), conductivity
(S/cm), pH; while the chemical properties measurements consisted of major elements concentration
(Ca2+
, Na+, Mg
2+, Cl
-, K
-, HCO3
-).
More detailed analysis was applied to a spesific spring, which was selected according to the high
amount of its discharges and its contribution to public water supply. In such area, the analysis was also
supported with groundwater travel time prediction as one of the basic consideration to delineate the
recharge area. Basically, the prediction is based on comparison of rainfall gauge fluctuation and the
spring discharge fluctuation. More over, the recharge area delineation also considered themorphological feature as one of the primary feature controlling the unconfined groundwater.
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 3/19
International Conference on Urban Hydrology for the 21 st Century
14-18th October, Kuala Lumpur
3
3. THE RESULTS
3.1 Hydrogeological conditions
A. Aquifer and Spring Characteristics
Based on the aquifer and spring observation, the springs at East slope of Mt. Ciremai (Cilimus-
Jalaksana area) can be divided into 3 spring belts based on elevation: Zone 1 100-250 masl; Zone 2
250-650 masl (largest frequency); and Zone 3 650-1250 masl. Each spring belt corresponded to
volcanic aquifers distribution:
Lahar pore space aquifer system (< 750 masl). The aquifer discharged depression and contact
springs with total spring discharge of 1063 l/sec.
Lava flows fracture aquifer system (750-1250 masl). The aquifer discharged fracture spring
with total spring discharge of 80 l/sec
Pyroclastic breccias pore space aquifer system (1250 – 3100 masl). The aquifer discharged
depression springs with total spring discharge of 18.2 l/sec of total discharge.
The overall spring discharge potential is presented in Table 1, while the 3D geological condition and
the spring types are presented in Figure 3.
B. Field permeability test
From field permeability test (Chow et.al., 19647; Miyazaki, 1993
8), it can be concluded that all types
of soil can functioned as potential recharge materials. The conclusion is confirmed by the permeable
soils that varies upon rock type. Soil derived from lahar shows the largest permeability values of 1.26 -
2.53 cm/min, followed by pyroclastic breccias soil 1.5 cm/min, and soil of lava flow 0.5 – 1.2 cm/min(see Table 2). The high field permeability value (Linsley & Franzini, 19789) indicates that the soil
material is very potential to infiltrate rain water into the aquifer.
3.2 Groundwater movement
3.2.1 Interpretation on physical and chemical properties of water
The interpretation is based on comparison between physical and chemical properties of groundwater,
rain water, and river water. This technique is supported by assumption, that naturally, the
characteristics of meteoric type groundwater is similar to rain water’s. While, the anomalous
characteristics of groundwater indicates that the water does not follow the meteoric water cycles andinterpreted to be undergo a distinct circulation as well as chemical processes.
From Table 3.1-3.3 and Piper Diagram Plot (Piper, 194410
), it can be seen that the rain water had low
conductivity and bicarbonate type water, while most of the groundwater samples were classified in to
3 types (see Figure 4):
1. Mesothermic, low conductivity, and bicarbonate type water (Dominant type)
2. Hypothermic, low conductivity, and bicarbonate type water (Cibulan spring)
3. Hyperthermic water with high conductivity, and NaK-bicarbonate type water (Sangkanurip
spring)
Based on that data and assumption, the type 1 and type 2 water is likely similar to rain water
characteristics. Both water types are included in meteoric water cycles, which the rain water directlyinfiltrate and served as the spring recharge.
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 4/19
International Conference on Urban Hydrology for the 21 st Century
14-18th October, Kuala Lumpur
4
Significant difference is showed by the high amount of Na-K ions on type 3 water. The condition is
supposed to be caused by different kind of cycle and is influenced by high mineralization of Na and K.
The high mineralization of Na and K ions are commonly resulted from volcanic gas enrichment.
3.2.2 Isophreatic reconstruction
Regional isophreatic map based on spring elevation and water table measurements on 2 areas shows 2
groundwater flow directions, SW-NE and NW-SE. Based on the condition, the overall groundwater
flow is appeared to be radial (see Figure 5). The results of groundwater flow reconstruction in Area 1
and Area 2 is shown in Figure 5.
Result on Area 1 shows SW-NE major flow direction with 0.4 of hydraulic gradient, while result on
Area 2 presents NW-SE flow with gradient of 0.3. The groundwater flow on both areas were
controlled by undulating morphology of strato volcano. This condition was found especially on the
slope of river streams which consisted of many small depression springs or seepage zone.
4. DETERMINING THE CIBULAN SPRING RECHARGE SYSTEM
4.1 Detailed aquifer system
Based on surface observations around Cibulan spring, the geological conditions is appeared to be
heterogeneous. The aquifer consists of permeable lahar deposit served as aquifer. In some section, the
aquifer is confined by impermeable layers of lavas (see Figure 6). The impermeable layer of lava
formed a small ridge which covers limited surface of lahar aquifer unit. The confined condition is
confirmed by the artesian condition on Cibulan Spring area.
Furthermore, the isophreatic analysis shows eastward groundwater flow with hydraulic gradient value
of 0.3. The flow seemed to be parallel to eastward orientation of ridges and valleys. This fact were also
the prove that in volcanic area morphology plays significant role to control the groundwater
movement, especially the unconfined groundwater.
4.2 Prediction of groundwater travel time
This technique analysis the behaviour of rainfall gauge and spring discharge at a given time period
(see Figure 7). The time series data, preferably a year data, of rainfall and spring discharge plotted at
the same scale. The peaks and the valleys of plotted data are then being compared. During the
comparison, it can be noticed that the peaks and the valleys of both data series are not exactly
coincides one to another. The difference can be noted as the time travel of groundwater; as the rain
water infiltrate to the aquifer, circulate, then emerge as springs (Freeze & Cherry, 1979
11
; Hem,197012
, Matthess, 198213
). The monthly average rainfall data was taken continuously from 1991-2000
periode, while the spring discharge observation was taken un-continuously on January 1988, March
1988, July 1989, and January-July 2001.
The plotted data illustrated that the rain season occur on January until May, while the dry season occur
on June until December. On the other hand, the maximum of spring discharge was on April, and the
predicted minimum discharge on September until October. The average difference of the peaks and
valleys between both data series were around 3 months. The result inferred that the groundwater travel
time, since the infiltration process begin until emerge to surface as springs, were around 3 months.
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 5/19
International Conference on Urban Hydrology for the 21 st Century
14-18th October, Kuala Lumpur
5
4.3 Delineation of recharge area
The recharge area delineation are based on 2 approaches: theoretical and field (surface-subsurface)
observation. The theoritical approach was based on correlation of rainfall and spring discharge graph
after Todd (1984)14
. According to Todd (1984), from the correlation between rainfall and springdischarge can be obtained recharge area extent.
Based on Todd’s graph, the springs on the area are grouped in to 5 and analyzed using the graph. The
result shows range of spring recharge area extent of 50 to 1000 km2. Regarding the graph, Todd’s
theoritical approach must be supported with more field observation approach, considering that the
graph was constructed based on subtropical climate with dominant sedimentary rock.
The high amount of rain in the area (maximum of 4000 mm) are giving significant influence to spring
discharge as well to recharge area extent. Additionally, undulating morphological control has an
important control to unconfined groundwater. Moreover, the spring is fed from the layer of volcanic
breccia aquifer which is overlain by lava flow ridge. The lava flow is giving an artesian condition on
Cibulan Spring Area. The ridge geometry also controls the groundwater flow path. Furthermore, thephysical and chemical properties of water shows a local circulation, with predicted travel time is 3
months.
Based on above facts, the recharge area is delineated. The delineation is elongate following the
volcanic breccia ridge as the aquifer. The area extent is at least 3 km2
covering the laharic breccia
(Figure 9). The result is more limited if compared to Todd’s graph result because of the various
volcanic geological condition which control the hydrogeologic boundary and distinct morphological
feature.
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. The volcanic aquifer system around Ciremai Mt. can be divided in to: pore space system of
pyroclastic breccia and lahar, fracture system of lava. Each unit consists of residual soil
aquifer and fresh rock aquifer.
2. All of the aquifer units show high heterogenity of permeable and impermeable layers in detail
scale; it is indicated by limited area extent of artesian condition on Cibulan Spring.
3. Based on detailed isophreatic analysis in 2 areas, the groundwater system shows a radial flow.
Such flow is controlled by volcanic deposit geometry and volcanic deposit flow pattern.
4. Geological mapping and groundwater characterization can be used as an approach to
determine spring recharge system and to delineate spring recharge area.
5. Based on the volcanic aquifer mapping and high rainfall measurement, the spring recharge
area extent results is more limited compared to spring recharge area from Todd’s graph.6. More detailed subsurface investigation can give more support in detailing the spring recharge
area delineation.
7. The spring recharge area identification is the first step of groundwater basin management to
plan the groundwater conservation program.
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 6/19
International Conference on Urban Hydrology for the 21 st Century
14-18th October, Kuala Lumpur
6
References
1Mandel S. (1981). “Groundwater Resources: Investigation and Development”. Academic Press,
pp. 217
2Asseggaf, A. & Puradimaja, D.J. (1998). “Identifikasi Kawasan G. Salak – G. Gede sebagai Zona
Resapan dan Luahan Daerah Ciawi – Bogor Kabupaten Bogor – Jawa Barat”. Prosiding PIT
IAGI XXVII, pp. 4-136 - 4-142
3Irawan, D.E., Puradimaja, D.E., Yuwono, S. & Syaifullah, T.A. (2000)., “Pemetaan Endapan
Bahan Volkanik dalam Upaya Identifikasi Akifer pada Sistem Gunungapi. Studi Kasus:
Daerah Pasir Jambu-Situwangi Soreang, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat”, Jurnal Buletin
Geologi, Vol 3, Tahun 2000
4Irawan, D.E. (2001). “Karakterisasi Sistem Akifer dan Pola Aliran Airtanah pada Endapan
Gunungapi Strato. Studi Kasus: Zona Mataair pada Lereng Timur Gunungapi Ciremai,Kecamatan Cilimus-Jalaksana, Kabupaten Kuningan, Jawa Barat”. Tesis Magister
5 Irawan, D.E., Syaifullah, T.A., Puradimaja, D.J. (2001). “Volcanic Aquifer
Characterization and Groundwater Flow Study. Case Study: Volcanic Region with Six
Strato eruption Centers in Pasir Jambu – Situwangi, Soreang – Bandung (West Java)”.
Prosiding PIT IAGI XXX
6IWACO-WASECO. (1989). “West Java Provincial Water Sources Master Plan for Water
Supply: Kabupaten Kuningan”. Vol A, Directorate of Water Supply, Ministry of Public Works
7Chow, VT (ed). (1964). “Handbook of Applied Hydrology”. McGraw-Hill, pp. 12.1-12.30
8 Miyazaki, T. (1993). “Water Flow in Soils”. Dekker, pp. 29 – 45
9Linsley, R.K. & Franzini, J.B. (1978). Water Resources Engineering. McGraw Hill
10 Piper, A.M. (1944). “A Graphic Procedure in The Geochemical Interpretation of Water-
Analysis”. American Geophysical Union Trans., Vol 25, pp. 914-923
11 Freeze & Cherry. (1979). “Groundwater”. Prentice-Hall, pp. 192-301
12 Hem, J.D. (1970). “Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural
Water”. USGS Water Supply Paper, pp. 10-20113
Matthess, G. (1982). “Properties of Groundwater”. John Wiley & Sons
14 Todd, DK. (1984). “Groundwater Hydrology”. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 49
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 7/19
Skala 1 : 1.500.000
Daerah penelitian
A B
C D
Figure 1 Location of study area
Figure 2 Flow chart of the study
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 8/19
Q U A R T E N A R Y
Volcanic Units Absolutage
Relativeage
13.350Lahar
Lava
Pyroclastic flowbreccia
Pyroclastic fallbreccia
STRATIGRAPHIC OF VOLCANIC DEPOSIT UNITS
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
3250
500 m
3 0 0 0
m
2 7 5 0
m
2 5 0 0
m
2 2 5 0
m
2 0 0 0
m
1 7 5 0
m
1 5 0 0
m
1 2 5 0
m
1 0 0 0 m
7 5 0 m
5 0 0 m
5 0 0 m
5 0 0 m
2 5 0 m
S p r i n g z o n e I I I ( 6 5 0 - 12 5 0 m d p l ) Sp r i ng Z o ne II ( 2 50 - 650 md p l )
S p r i ng Z o ne I( 10 0 - 2 5 0 md p l )
Quartenaryvolcanic rockaquifer units
Tertiary foldedsedimentary rock
aquifer units
Figure 3 Summary of geological conditions and spring types
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 9/19
Table 1 Spring discharge based on aquifer type
AquiferElevation
(mdpl)
Number
of spring
Discharge
(l/sec)
Fresh rock
Pyroclastic breccia 1250 2 18
Lava 850 1 80
Lahar 325-825 13 1062
Soil
Pyroclastic breccia 1225 2 0.2
Lava 660 0 0
Lahar 480-550 5 1
TOTAL 23 1161.2
Table 2 Field permeability measurement results
No Soil (derived from) .k (cm/minute)
1 Pyroclastic breccia 1.5509
2 Pyroclastic breccia 1.5426
3 Lava 1.2858
4 Lava 0.5991
5 Lahar 2.5295
6 Lahar 1.78657 Lahar 1.5818
8 Lahar 1.2576
9 Lahar 1.7858
10 Lahar 1.5615
Average 1.5481
F1 = measurement result F2 = calculation result
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 10/19
Table 3.1 Physical characteristic of groundwater
(observation on springs and dug wells)
Code Springs/Dugwells Elv(mdpl) Ta(oC) Tu(
oC) EC(µS/cm) pH
Aquifer unit: Lahar
43 Cikacu 2 800 21 23 83 6
53 Ciwaruling 825 21.5 23 131 6.3
63 Sinang Pangsiraman 475 22 23 132 6.2
73 Silinggonom 475 22 24 135 7.1
83 Ragasakti-1 475 18 20.5 180 6.8
93 Ragasakti-2 500 19 20.5 175 6.5
123 Cibulan 500 22 22.5 207 6
143 Cimanceng 700 22 22 129 6.5
153 Balong Dalem-1 560 20 23 178 6.6
163 Balong Dalem-2 560 21 23 180 6.6
173 Balong Dalem-3 560 21 23 185 6.6
183 Kebon Balong 325 21 23 170 6
193 Sangkanurip 325 40.5 23 3800 5.8
203 Singkup 325 21 23 215 5.9
103 Ck 1 825 20.5 22 110 6.2
113 Ck 2 825 21 22 109 6
233 Cbl 1 500 21 23 151 6
243 Cbl 2 500 20.5 23 126 6
253 Rgs 450 20.5 23 125 6
Aquifer unit: Lava
32 Cikacu 1 850 20 21 80 6.5
Aquifer unit: Pyroclastic breccia
11 Cibunar 1 1250 20 20.5 190 6.5
21 Cibunar 2 1250 20 21 190 6.5
211 Cb 1 1225 20 21.8 110 6
221 Cb 2 1225 20 22.2 115 6
Ta = Temperature of groundwater, Tu = Temperature of environment
Table 3.2 Physical characteristic of groundwater from spring
(IWACO-WASECO, 1989)
No Spring T (oC) EC (µS/cm) pH
1 Cibinuang 23.1 157 6
2 Leles 24.5 190 6.5
3 Cisengir 26.4 440 -
4 Cikawadanan 27.6 257 6
5 Cipari 21.8 188 5.9
6 Cigimpur 22.6 92 -
7 Cisamaya 23.3 158 -
8 Ciluwuk 26.5 400 7.1
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 11/19
Tabel 3.3 Chemical properties of the groundwater
Jenis Airtanah Air sungai Air hujanMesotermal Hipertermal
Lokasi SM-Cibulan Ma Sangkanurip S. Cimanis Kec. Cilimus
Sifat kimia mg/l meq/l mg/l meq/l mg/l meq/l mg/l Meq/l
Ca2+
12.90 0.64 265.21 13.23 21.00 1.05 0.97 0.05
Mg2+
8.20 0.67 195.94 16.12 15.30 1.26 0.36 0.03
Na+ 11.30 0.49 1437.15 62.52 16.20 0.70 1.10 0.05
K+ 3.50 0.09 221.74 5.67 10.30 0.26 0.26 0.01
SO42-
10.20 0.21 2.00 0.04 21.40 0.45 4.20 0.09
Cl- 3.90 0.11 2753.39 77.67 15.60 0.44 1.10 0.03
HCO3- 98.40 1.61 230.18 3.77 121.40 1.99 1.20 0.02
Balance ionic 0.94 8.97 6.49 2.08DHL (µS/cm) 207 3800 120 14
T air (oC) 22 40.5 29.5 19
pH 6 5.8 5.8 6.3
Tabel 3.4 Summary of groundwater chemical fasies
Sample
NoTaken from (spring)
Chemical facies
Anion Cation
1 Cibinuang HCO3 Non-dominant2 Leles HCO3 Non-dominant
4 Cikawadanan HCO3 Non-dominant
6 Cipari HCO3 Non-dominant
7 Cigimpur HCO3 Ca
8 Cisamaya HCO3 Non-dominant
9 Telaga Nilem HCO3 Non-dominant
Cibulan (153) HCO3 Non-dominant
Sangkanurip (193) Cl Na+K
River water HCO3 Non-dominant
Rain water HCO3 Non-dominant
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 12/19
M g
Ca
1 0 0
0
0
1 0 0
Cl
S O 4
0
1 0 0
100
0
S O
+ C
l
4
C a + M g
N a
+ K
1 0 0
1 0 0
0
100
0
C O
+ H C O
3
3
1 0 0
0
0
2
46
7
89
2
4
4
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
1
1
2
1
Figure 4 Piper diagram of major elements
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 13/19
Figure 5.1 Map of regional groundwater flow and detailed study area. The detailed groundwater flow
for area 1 and area 2 were presented on Figure 4.1 and 4.2
0 1 km
Study area
Regionalgroundwater flow
Detailed studyarea 1 & 2
1
2
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 14/19
0 500 m
173
163
153
143
243
253123
A
B
PETA ISOFREATIK DAN ALIRAN AIRTANAHDI KAWASAN SUMUR ARTESIS CIBULAN
Keterangan:
Batuan lava
Batuan breksilahar
Kontur topografi
Kontur isofreatik
Mataair
Sumur artesis Cibulan
Arah aliranairtanah
8 0 0
8 0 0
7 7 5
7 5 0
7 2 5
7 0 0 6
7 5
6 5 0 6
2 5
6 0 0
5 7 5
5 5 0
5 6 0
5 2 5
5 0 0
7 5 0
7 0 0
7 0 0
7 0 0
6 5 0
6 0 0
5 5 0
5 0 0
C
D
?
A B
Sumur artesisCibulan
750 750
500 500
375 375
? ? ?
LAPISAN IMPERMEABEL
SUMUR ARTESISCIBULAN
Figure 5.2 Detailed groundwater flow in Area 1
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 15/19
0 500 m
173
163
153
143
243
253123
A
B
PETA ISOFREATIK DAN ALIRAN AIRTANAHDI KAWASAN SUMUR ARTESIS CIBULAN
Keterangan:
Batuan lava
Batuan breksilahar
Kontur topografi
Kontur isofreatik
Mataair
Sumur artesis Cibulan
Arah aliranairtanah
8 0 0
8 0 0
7 7 5
7 5 0
7 2 5
7 0 0 6
7 5
6 5 0 6
2 5
6 0 0
5 7 5
5 5 0
5 6 0
5 2 5
5 0 0
7 5 0
7 0 0
7 0 0
7 0 0
6 5 0
6 0 0
5 5 0
5 0 0
C
D
?
A B
Sumur artesisCibulan
750 750
500 500
375 375
? ? ?
LAPISAN IMPERMEABEL
SUMUR ARTESISCIBULAN
Figure 5.3 Detailed groundwater flow in Area 2
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 16/19
Figure 6 Detailed groundwater flow in Cibulan Spring
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 17/19
Figure 7 Prediction of groundwater travel time
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Dec
Bulan
R a i n f a l l ( m m )
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
S p r i n g d i s c h a r g e ( l / s e c )
RainfallSpring discharge 1989Spring discharge 2001Spring discharge 1988
Notes:
* Rainfall data periode 1991-2000
* Spring discharge data: taken January 1988,
March 1988, April 1988; July 1989; and January-July 2001
3 months time difference
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 18/19
Isohyet line2000 mm/year 2 0 0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1 10
10
100
10
100
1000
10000
A n n u
a l R a i n f a l l
0 . 1 m m
1 m m
1 0 m m
1 0 0 m m
1 0 0 0
m m
1 0 0 0
0 m m
Spring Discharge
(m /sec)3(l/sec)
H e k t a r
K m
2
C a t c h m e n t A r e a
1 1 2
3
4
5
0 2 km
Study area
1 0 8
2 4 ’ 3 6 ” B T
o
1 0 8
3 2 ’ 0 0 ” B T
o
6 54’40”LSo
6 52’06”LSo
1
23
4
6
1 Cibunar 4 18.2 3500 50
2 Cikacu 5 175.5 3750
3 Ragasakti 3 21.1 3250 50
4 Sangkanurip 3 66 2750 100
5 Balong Dalem 4 607 2750
4 0 0 0
3 5 0 0 3
0 0 0
2 5 0 0
1000
500
SampleNo
Springgroup
Number of spring
Total
discharge
Rainfall(mm/year)
Springrecharge area(km )
2
‘
Figure 8 Prediction of the spring recharge area
8/6/2019 PDF 2002 Erwin Ciremai Malaysia
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pdf-2002-erwin-ciremai-malaysia 19/19
Figure 9 The result of spring recharge area delineation
Recommended