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Proto-Celtic languageFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
TheProto-Celtic language, also calledCommon Celtic, is thereconstructedancestor language
of all the knownCeltic languages.Itslexiscan be confidently reconstructed on the basis ofthecomparative methodofhistorical linguistics.Proto-Celtic is a branch of the WesternIndo-
European languages,with the other branchesItalic languages,Germanic languagesandtheBalto-Slavicgroup. The exact relationships between these branches are under discussion.The earliest archaeological culture that may justifiably be considered as Proto-Celtic is the Late
Bronze AgeUrnfield cultureofcentral Europefrom the last quarter of the second millenniumBC.[1]By the Iron AgeHallstatt cultureof around 800 BC these people had become fully Celtic.[1]
The reconstruction of Proto-Celtic is currently being undertaken. WhileContinental
Celticpresents much substantiation forphonology,and some formorphology,recorded materialis still too scanty to allow a secure reconstruction ofsyntax.Although some complete sentences
are recorded inGaulishandCeltiberian,the oldest substantial Celticliteratureis found inOld
Irish,the earliest recorded of theInsular Celtic languages.
Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European
The phonological changes fromProto-Indo-Europeanto Proto-Celtic may be summarised asfollows.[2]The changes are roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on the
outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list.
Late Proto-Indo-European
These changes were shared by several other Indo-European branches.
Palatovelars merge with the plain velars:
> k > g
> g
Epenthetic *a is inserted after a syllabicsonorantif alaryngealnd nohe ononfollow >
Laryngeals are lost following a vowel in syllables before the accent (VHC > VC)
Laryngeals are lost before a following vowel, colouring its quality: he > e
he > a
he > o HV > V
Laryngeals are lost after a preceding vowel, lengthening and colouring it:
eh>
eh> eh>
>
Syllabic laryngeals between plosives in noninitial syllables are lost (CHC > CC) All other syllabic laryngeals become *a (CHC > CaC)
Two adjacent dentals become *ss (TT > ss)
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.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-ChadCorc-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-ChadCorc-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnfield_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructed_language8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Early Proto-Celtic
Sequences of velar and *w merge into the labiovelars (it is uncertain if this preceded orfollowed he nex chnge; h i, whehe gw > b o gw > g:
kw > k gw > g
gw > g
g > b
Aspirated stops lose their aspiration and merge with the voiced stops (except that
thiscounterfeedshe peviou chnge, o *g > *g doen' eul in mege: b > b d > d
g > g
g > g
*e befoe eonn nd * bu no * become * well e > : *el -ro >
*gelaro > *galaro / *grH-no > *gerano > *garano. (Joseph's rule).
Epenthetic *i is inserted after syllabic liquids when followed by a plosive: l > li
> i Epenthetic *a is inserted before the remaining syllabic resonants:
m > m
n > n
l > l
> All remaining nonsyllabic laryngeals are lost.
*p followed by *k le in he wod become *k ielf p...k > k...k
>
> in finl yllble
Long vowels are shortened before a syllable-final resonant (V:RC > VRC); this also
shortens long diphthongs. (Osthoff's law)
Late Proto-Celtic
Plosives become *x before a different plosive or *s (CC> xC, Cs > xs) p > b before liquids (pL > bL)
p > w before nasals (pN > wN)
p > excep poibly fe * >
ew > ow
uwa > owa
Examples
PIEProto-
Celtic
Example
Proto-Celtic Old Irish Welsh
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*p * *ph> *'father' athirc.f. edrydd"home" ( *'three' tr tri
*k, *k*khn -e- > *kan-o- 'sing'*m om>*kantom 'hundred'
can-
ct/ked/can-
cant
*k *k*kewe>*kewoe'four'
ceth(a)ir pedwar
*b *b
*dub-no- > *dubnos 'deep,world' domun dwfn
*d *d *de- > *derk- 'see'(adcon-)dairc"(he) has seen"< *dork-e-
Rhydderch(personal name)
*g, *g*glehi- > *gli-na- 'to glue'*en-u- > *genu- 'jaw'
glen(a)id"(he) sticks fast"
giun, gin"mouth"
glynu"adhere"
gn"jaw"
*g *b *genh> *bena 'woman' ben benyw"female"
*b *b *be- > *ber-o- 'carry' berid"(he) carries" beru"flow"
*d *d *dehi- > *di-na- 'suck' denait"they suck" dynu, denu
*g,
*g *gh
b-(e)i- > *gab-i- 'take'*el-ro- > *galaro-'sickness'
ga(i)bid"(he) takes"galar
gafael"hold"galar"grief"
*g *g*gh n - > *gn-o- 'kill,wound'
gonaid"(he) wounds, slays" gwanu"stab"
*s *s *sen-o- > *senos 'old' sen hen
*m *m *mh> *m'mother' mthir c.f. modryb"aunt"
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*n *n*hnp-- >*ne'nephew'
ni nai
*l *l *lei- > *lig-e/o- 'lick' ligid"(he) licks" llyu, llyfu
*r *r *h-s > *g'king' r(gen. rg) rhi
*j *j*hjuhn->*juwankos 'young'
ac ieuanc
*w *w*hwlht- >*wlatis 'rulership'
flaith gwlad"country"
PIE Proto-Celtic
Example
Proto-Celtic Old Irish Welsh
*a, he *a*hep-hn- >*b(acc. *abonen)'river'
aub afon
*, *eh **bh>*b'brother'
brthir brawd
*e, he *e *sen-o- > *senos 'old' sen hen
*H (any
laryngeal H betweenconsonants)[3]
*a *ph> *'father' athir c.f. edrydd"home"
*, eh **weh-ro- >*wo'true'
fr gwir
*o, Ho, he *o*Hrotho- >*rotos 'wheel'
roth rhod
*, eh in final syllable, **hnp-- >*ne'nephew'
ni nai
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elsewhere, * *dehno- > *dno- 'gift' dn dawn
*i *i*gih-tu- >*bitus 'world'
bith byd
*, i **meh>*m'number'
rm rhif
*ai, hei, ehi *ai
*kaikos >
*kaikos 'blind'
*sehitlo- > *saitlo-'age'
cech"one-
eyed"
-
coeg"empty, one-
eyed"
hoedl
*(hei, i, ehi *ei*deiwos >*deiwos 'god'
da duw
*oi, i, hei, ehi *oi *oinos > *oinos 'one' en on; en an un
*u
before wa, o*hiuhn-> early*juwankos > late
*jowankos 'young'
ac ieuanc
elsewhere, *u*srutos >
*srutos 'stream'sruth ffrwd
*, u **ruHneh>*n'mystery'
rn rhin
*au, heu, ehu *au *tausos >*tausos 'silent' tue"silence" *ou'people'*geh-u-s >*bows 'cow'
tath
b
tud
bu, buw
*l before stops, *li
*plhns >
*lino'wide' lethan llydan
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before other
consonants, *al*klh- >*kljko'rooster'
cailech(Ogam
gen.CALIACI)ceiliog
*
before stops, *ri*b i- > *briti- 'act of
bearing; mind'breth, brith bryd
before other
consonants, *ar
*mu o>*marwos 'dead'
marb marw
*m *am*dm -na- > *damna-'subdue'
damnaid"he
tames"-
*n *an*hdn - >*danton 'tooth' dt/ded/ dant
*l
beforeobstruents,
*la
*hu lht- >*wlatis 'lordship'
flaith gwlad"country"
beforesonorants,
*l*plmeh>*lm'hand'
lm llaw
*
before obstruents,
*ra
*mom>*mratom 'betrayal'
mrath brad
before sonorants,
** nom>*gnom'grain'
grn gronyn, grawn
*m *m/m(presumably same
distribution as above)
(none?)
*n *an or *n(presumably samedistribution as above)
probably *gn hto- >*gno'known'
gnth gnawd"customary"
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Phonological reconstruction
Consonants
The following consonants have been reconstructed for Proto-Celtic:
Table of consonant phonemes of Proto-Celtic
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar (Plain) Labialised Velar
Plosive b t d k k
Nasal m n
Fricative s
Approximant (Medial) j w
Lateral Approximant l
Trill
r
In contrast to the parent language, Proto-Celtic does not use aspirationas afeaturefordistinguishingphonemes.So the Proto-Indo-Europeanvoicedaspirated stops *b, *d,
*g/merged with *b, *d, *g/. The voiced aspiratelabiovelar*gdid not merge with *g,
though: plain *gbecame *bin Proto-Celtic, while aspirated *gbecame *g. Thus, PIE *gen-
'woman' became Old Irishbenand Welshbenyw, but PIE *gn-'to kill, to wound' became OldIrishgonaidand Welshgwanu.
Proto-Indo-European *pwas lost in Proto-Celtic, apparently going through the stages *(as in
the table above) and *h(perhaps attested by thetoponymHercyniaif this is of Celtic origin)
before being lost completely word-initially and between vowels. Adjacent to consonants, Proto-Celtic *underwent different changes: theclusters*sand *tbecame *xsand *xtrespectively
already in Proto-Celtic. PIE *sp-became Old Irishs(lenitedf-, exactly as for PIE *sw-) andBrythonicf; whileSchrijver 1995,p. 348 argues there was an intermediate stage *s-(in which
*remained an independent phoneme until after Proto-Insular Celtic had diverged into Goidelicand Brythonic),McCone 1996,pp. 4445 finds it more economical to believe that *sp-remainedunchanged in PC, that is, the change *pto *did not happen when *spreceded.
(Similarly,Grimm's lawdid not apply to*p, t, kafter *sinGermanic.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercynian_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercynian_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercynian_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#CITEREFSchrijver1995http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#CITEREFSchrijver1995http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#CITEREFSchrijver1995http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#CITEREFMcCone1996http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#CITEREFMcCone1996http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#CITEREFMcCone1996http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#CITEREFMcCone1996http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#CITEREFSchrijver1995http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercynian_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonant8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Proto-Celtic Old Irish Welsh
*l- > *laxs- 'shine' las-aid llach-ar
*em> *sextam 'seven' secht saith
*ee- or *speret- 'heel' seir ffr
InGaulishand theBrythonic languages,a new *psound has arisen as a reflex of the Proto-Indo-European *kphoneme. Consequently one finds Gaulishpetuar[ios],Welshpedwar"four",
compared toOld Irish*cethairandLatinquattuor. Insofar as this new /p/ fills the space in the
phoneme inventory which was lost by the disappearance of the equivalent stop in PIE, we may
think of this as achain shift.
The termsP-CelticandQ-Celticare useful when we wish to group the Celtic languagesaccording to the way they handle this one phoneme. However a simple division into P- and Q-
Celtic may be untenable, as it does not do justice to the evidence of the ancient Continental
Celtic languages.The large number of unusual shared innovations among theInsular Celticlanguagesare often also presented as evidence against a P-CelticvsQ-Celtic division, but they
may instead reflect a commonsubstratuminfluence from the pre-Celtic languages of Ireland,
Scotland, Cornwall and Wales,[1],or simply continuing contact between the insular languages;in either case they would be irrelevant to Celtic language classification in the genetic sense.
Q-Celtic languages may also have /p/ in loan words, though in early borrowings from Welshino Pimiive Iih /k/ w ued by ound ubiuion due o lck of /p/ phoneme hetime:
LatinPatricius"Saint Patrick"' > Welsh > Primitive IrishQATRIKIAS> Old
IrishCothrige, laterPadraig;
Latinpresbyter"priest" > early form of word seen inOld Welshpremter primter>Primitive IrishQRIMITIR> Old Irishcruimther.
Gaelicpg"kiss" was a later borrowing (from the second word of the Latin phrase osculumpacis"kiss of peace") at a stage wherepwas borrowed directly asp, without substitutingc.
Vowels
The Proto-Celtic vowel system is highly comparable to that reconstructed forProto-Indo-
EuropeanbyAntoine Meillet.The followingmonophthongshave been reconstructed:
Front Central Back
long short long short long short
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substratumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substratumhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5469/1158http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5469/1158http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5469/1158http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Meillethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Meillethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Meillethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Meillethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrickhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5469/1158http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substratumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_language8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Close /i/ /i/ /u/ /u/
Mid /e/ /e/ /o/
Open
// /a/
The followingdiphthongshave also been reconstructed:
With -i With -u
With e- ei
With a- ai au
With o- oi ou
Morphology
Nouns
Themorphology(structure) ofnounsandadjectivesdemonstrates no arresting alterations from
the parent language. Proto-Celtic is believed to have had nouns in threegenders,
threenumbersand five to eight cases. The genders were the normal masculine, feminine andneuter, the three numbers were singular, plural and dual. The number of cases is a subject of
contention:[4]while Old Irish may have only five, the evidence from Continental Celtic is
consideredrather unambiguous despite appeals to archaic retentions ormorphological leveling.These cases
werenominative,vocative,accusative,dative,genitive,ablative,locativeandinstrumental.
Nouns fall into nine or so declensions, depending on the stem. There are *o-stems, *-stems, *i-
stems, *u-stems, dental stems, velar stems, nasal stems, *r-stems and *s-stems.
*o-stem nouns
makkos'son' (masculine) (Old Irishmac~WelshandBretonmab)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *makkos *makkou *makkoi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_levelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_levelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_levelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_levelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowel8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Vocative *makke *makkou *makks
Accusative *makkom *makkou *makks
Genitive *makk *makks *makkom
Dative *makki *makkobom *makkobos
Ablative *makk *makkobim *makkobis
Instrumental *makk *makkobim *makks
Locative *makkei *makkou *makkobis
dnom'stronghold' (neuter)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *dnom *dnou *dn
Vocative *dnom *dnou *dn
Accusative *dnom *dnou *dn
Genitive *dn *dns *dnom
Dative *dni *dnobom *dnobos
Ablative *dn *dnobim *dnobis
Instrumental *dn *dnobim *dns
Locative *dnei *dnou *dnobis
8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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*-stem nouns
E.g. *lm'hand' (feminine) (Old Irishlm~Welshllaw)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *lm *lmai *lms
Vocative *lm *lmai *lms
Accusative *lmm *lmai *lms
Genitive *lms *lmajous *lmom
Dative *lmi *lmbom *lmbos
Ablative *lm *lmbim *lmbis
Instrumental *lm *lmbim *lmbis
Locative *lmi *lmbim *lmbis
E.g. *wolks'hawker'(masculine) (GallicVolcae)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *wolks *wolkai *wolks
Vocative *wolk *wolkai *wolks
Accusative *wolkm *wolkai *wolks
Genitive *wolks *wolkajous *wolkom
Dative *wolki *wolkbom *wolkbos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Ablative *wolk *wolkbim *wolkbis
Instrumental *wolk *wolkbim *wolkbis
Locative *wolki *wolkbim *wolkbis
*i-stems
E.g. *slis'sight, view, eye' (feminine) (Brittonicsulis~Old Irishsil)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *slis *sl *sls
Vocative *sli *sl *sls
Accusative *slim *sl *sls
Genitive *sleis *sljous *sljom
Dative *slei *slibom *slibos
Ablative *sl *slibim *slibis
Instrumental *sl *slibim *slibis
Locative *sl *slibim *slibis
E.g. *mori'body of water, sea' (neuter) (GallicMori- ~Old Irishmuir~Welshmr)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *mori *mor *morj
Vocative *mori *mor *morj
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Accusative *mori *mor *morj
Genitive *moreis *morjous *morjom
Dative *morei *moribom *moribos
Ablative *mor *moribim *moribis
Instrumental *mor *moribim *moribis
Locative *mor *moribim *moribis
*u-stem nouns
E.g. *bitus'world, existence' (masculine) (GallicBitu- ~Old
Irishbith~Welshbyd~Bretonbed)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *bitus *bitou *bitowes
Vocative *bitu *bitou *bitowes
Accusative *bitum *bitou *bits
Genitive *bitous *bitowou *bitowom
Dative *bitou *bitubom *bitubos
Ablative *bit *bitubim *bitubis
Instrumental *bit *bitubim *bitubis
Locative *bit *bitubim *bitubis
E.g. *dnu'valley river' (neuter?)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_language8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *dnu *dnou *dnw
Vocative *dnu *dnou *dnw
Accusative *dnu *dnou *dnw
Genitive *dnous *dnowou *dnowom
Dative *dnou *dnubom *dnubos
Ablative *dn *dnubim *dnubis
Instrumental *dn *dnubim *dnubis
Locative *dn *dnubim *dnubis
Velar and dental stems
Before the *-sof the nominative singular, a velar consonant wasfricatedto *-xand *-: *rg-
"king" > *rs. Likewise, final *-ddevoicedto *-d -: *druwid- "druid" > *druwid s.[5]
E.g. *rs'king' (masculine) (Gallic-rix;Old Irishr;Welshrhi)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *rs *rge *rges
Vocative *rs *rge *rges
Accusative *rgam *rge *rgs
Genitive *rgos *rgou *rgom
Dative *rgei *rgobom *rgobos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Ablative *rg *rgobim *rgobis
Instrumental *rge *rgobim *rgobis
Locative *rgi *rgobim *rgobis
E.g. *druwid s'druid' (masculine) (Gallicdruis;Old Irishdru)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *druwid s *druwide *druwides
Vocative *druwid s *druwide *druwides
Accusative *druwidem *druwide *druwids
Genitive *druwidos *druwidou *druwidom
Dative *druwidei *druwidobom *druwidobos
Ablative *druwid *druwidobim *druwidobis
Instrumental *druwide *druwidobim *druwidobis
Locative *druwidi *druwidobim *druwidobis
E.g. *karnuxs'carnyx'(masculine?)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *karnuxs *karnuke *karnukes
Vocative *karnuxs *karnuke *karnukes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_language8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Accusative *karnukam *karnuke *karnuks
Genitive *karnukos *karnukou *karnukom
Dative *karnukei *karnukobom *karnukobos
Ablative *karnuk *karnukobim *karnukobis
Instrumental *karnuke *karnukobim *karnukobis
Locative *karnuki *karnukobim *karnukobis
E.g. *karants'friend' (masculine) (Galliccarant-;Old Irishcara;Welshceraint)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *karants *karante *karantes
Vocative *karants *karante *karantes
Accusative *karantam *karante *karants
Genitive *karantos *karantou *karantom
Dative *karantei *karantobom *karantobos
Ablative *karant *karantobim *karantobis
Instrumental *karante *karantobim *karantobis
Locative *karanti *karantobim *karantobis
Nasal stems
Generally, nasal stems end in *-on-, this becomes *-in the nominative singular: *abon--
"river" > *ab.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_language8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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E.g. *ab 'river' (feminine) (Welshafon, Old Bretonaven, Gaelicabhainn)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ab *abone *abones
Vocative *ab *abone *abones
Accusative *abonam *abone *abons
Genitive *abonos *abonou *abonom
Dative *abonei *abnobom *abnobos
Ablative *abon *abnobim *abnobis
Instrumental *abone *abnobim *abnobis
Locative *aboni *abnobim *abnobis
E.g. *anum'name' (neuter) (Gallicanuan-;Old Irishainm;Old Welshanu)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *anum *anumane *anumanes
Vocative *anum *anumane *anumanes
Accusative *anumanam*anumane *anumans
Genitive *anumanos *anumanou *anumanom
Dative *anumanei *anumanobom*anumanobos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Ablative *anuman *anumanobim *anumanobis
Instrumental *anumane *anumanobim *anumanobis
Locative *anumani *anumanobim *anumanobis
*s-stem nouns
Generally, *s-stems end in *-es-, which becomes *-osin the nominative singular: *teges- 'house'
> *tegos.
E.g. *tegos'house' (masculine), Gaelic "teach/tigh".
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *tegos *tegese *tegeses
Vocative *tegos *tegese *tegeses
Accusative *tegesam*tegese *tegess
Genitive *tegesos *tegesou *tegesom
Dative *tegesei *tegesobom *tegesobos
Ablative *teges *tegesobim *tegesobis
Instrumental *tegese *tegesobim *tegesobis
Locative *tegesi *tegesobim *tegesobis
*r-stem nouns
r-stems are rare and principally confined to names of relatives. Typically they end in *-ter-, which becomes *-trin the nominative and *-tr- in all other cases aside from theaccusative: *ater- 'father' > *atr, *atros.
8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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E.g. *atr'father' (masculine)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *atr *atere *ateres
Vocative *atr *atere *ateres
Accusative *ateram*atere *aters
Genitive *atros *atrou *atrom
Dative *atrei *atrebom*atrebos
Ablative *atr *atrebim *atrebis
Instrumental *atre *atrebim *atrebis
Locative *atri *atrebim *atrebis
E.g. *mtr'mother' (feminine)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *mtr *mtere *mteres
Vocative *mtr *mtere *mteres
Accusative *mteram*mtere *mters
Genitive *mtros *mtrou *mtrom
Dative *mtrei *mtrebom*mtrebos
8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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Ablative *mtr *mtrebim *mtrebis
Instrumental *mtre *mtrebim *mtrebis
Locative *mtri *mtrebim *mtrebis
Verbs
From comparison between early Old Irish and Gaulish forms it seems that Continental and
Insular Celtic verbs were to develop differently and so the study of Irish and Welsh may have
unduly weighted past opinion of proto-Celtic verbal morphology.It can be inferred fromGaulish and Celtiberian as well as Insular Celtic that the proto-Celtic verb had at least three
moods:
indicativeseen in e.g. 1st sg. Gaulishdelgu("I hold") Old Irishtongu("I swear")
imperativeseen in e.g. 3rd sg. Celtiberianusabituz, Gaulishappisetu subjunctiveseen in e.g. 3rd sg. Gaulishbuetid("may he be") Celtiberianasekati
and four tenses:
presentseen in e.g. Gaulishuediu-mi("I pray") Celtiberianzizonti("they sow")
preteriteseen in e.g. 3rd sg. Gaulishsioxti, LeponticKariTe
imperfectperhaps in Celtiberiankombalkez,atibion futureseen in e.g. 3rd sg. Gaulishbissiet, Old Irishbieid("he shall be")
A probableoptative moodalso features in Gaulish (tixsintor) and aninfinitive(with acharacteristic ending-unei) in Celtiberian.[6][7]
Verbs were formed by addingsuffixesto averbalstem.The stem mightbethematicorathematic,anopenor aclosed syllable.
Exampleconjugations
Scholarly reconstructions[2][8][9][10]may be summarised in tabular format.
Conjugation like *bere/o-bear, carry, flow
Person
Pres Impf Fut Pst
Act Pss Act Pss Act Pss Act Pss
Ind 1.sg *ber(mi) *berr *berennem
*- *bibrm
*bibrr *bert *-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preteritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preteritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athematic_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athematic_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athematic_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_syllablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_syllablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_syllablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_syllablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_syllablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_syllablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-etymdict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-etymdict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-etymdict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-etymdict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_syllablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_syllablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athematic_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preteritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_mood8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
21/24
2.sg *beresi *beretrs *bert *-*bibrsi
*bibrtrs
*bertes *-
3.sg *bereti *beretor *bere(to) *beretei *bibrti *bibrtor *bert *brito
1.pl*beromu(s
ns)
*beromm
or
*beremme
ts*-
*bibr
mes
*bibrm
mor
*berto
mu*-
2.pl *berete *beredwe
*beretes(
OI)~*bere-
sws(B)
*-*bibrte
*bibrdwe
*bertete
*-
3.pl *beronti*beronto
r*berentets
*berentits(?)
*bibrn
t
*bibrnt
or
*berto
nt
*brit
nts
Sbj
1.sg *berm *berr*bernne
m*- *- *- *- *-
2.sg *bersi *bertrs *bert *- *- *- *- *-
3.sg *berti *bertor *ber(to) *- *- *- *- *-
1.pl *bermes*bermm
or
*bermm
ets*- *- *- *- *-
2.pl *berte*berdwe
*bertes(OI)~*ber-
sws(B)
*- *- *- *- *-
3.pl *bernti*bernto
r
*berntet
s*- *- *- *- *-
Im 1.sg *- *- *- *- *- *- *- *-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singular8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
22/24
p
2.sg *ber!*beretrs!
*- *- *- *- *- *-
3.sg *beret! *beror! *- *- *- *- *- *-
1.pl *beromu!*beromm
or!*- *- *- *- *- *-
2.pl *berets!*beredwe
!*- *- *- *- *- *-
3.pl *beront!
*beronto
r! *- *- *- *- *- *-
VN(unmark
ed)*berowon- *- *- *- *- *- *'
*britu-
s
Ptp
le
(unmark
ed)*beront-
*beromn
o-*- *beretejo- *- *-
*bertjo
-*brito-
Conjugation like *mr-greaten, magnify, enlarge
Person
Pres Impf Fut Pst
Act Pss Act Pss Act Pss Act Pss
Ind
1.sg *mrmi *mrr*mrnn
em
*-*mrbj
*mrbj
r
*mrts
*-
2.sg *mrsi*mrtr
s*mrt *-
*mrbis
i
*mrbit
rs
*mrts
si*-
3.sg *mrti*mrto
r
*mr(to
)*mrtei
*mrbit
i
*mrbit
or
*mrts
ti*-
1.pl*mrmu
(sns)
*mrm
mor
*mrm
mets*-
*mrbi
mmes
*mrbi
mmor
*mrts
omu*-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediopassive_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_mood8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
23/24
2.pl *mrte*mrd
we
*mrtes(OI)~
*mr-
sws(B)
*-*mrbit
e
*mrbid
we
*mrts
ete*-
3.pl *mrnti *mrntor
*mrntets
*mrntits(?)
*mrbint
*mrbintor
*mrtsont
*mrtnts(?)
Sbj
1.sg *mrm *mror*mronn
em*- *- *- *- *-
2.sg *mrosi*mrotr
s*mrot *- *- *- *- *-
3.sg *mroti*mroto
r
*mro(to
)*- *- *- *- *-
1.pl*mrome
s
*mrom
mor
*mrom
mets*- *- *- *- *-
2.pl *mrote*mrodwe
*mrotes(OI)~*mro-
sws(B)
*- *- *- *- *-
3.pl *mronti*mront
or
*mronte
ts*- *- *- *- *-
Im
p
1.sg *- *- *- *- *- *- *- *-
2.sg *mr!*mrtr
s!*- *- *- *- *- *-
3.sg *mrt! *mrr! *- *- *- *- *- *-
1.pl*mrmu!
*mrmmor!
*- *- *- *- *- *-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_singularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_moodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brythonic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_plural8/11/2019 Proto-Celtic Language.pdf
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2.pl *mrts!*mrdwe!
*- *- *- *- *- *-
3.pl *mrnt!*mrntor!
*- *- *- *- *- *-
VN(unmar
ked)
*mrwon-
*- *- *- *- *- *'*mrtu-
s
Ptp
le
(unmar
ked) *mrnt-
*mrmno-
*-*mrtejo-
*- *-*mrtjo-
*mrto-
Dating
Proto-Celtic is mostly dated to roughly 800 BC (Hallstatt C), seeCeltic languages.
In the first decade of the 21st century a number of scholars addressed this questionusingcomputationalmethods, with differing results. Gray and Atkinson estimated a date of
6100BP(4100 BC) while Forster and Toth[11]suggest a date of 3200 BC 1500 years for the
arrival of Celtic in Britain, but such early dates are not generally accepted.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&printable=yes#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Presenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_person_pluralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_person_pluralRecommended