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Qualitative and
Quantitative Methods ofData Collection and
Analysis
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Objectives
• Compare qualitative and quantitativeMethods of data collection and analysis
• Topics
– The Qualitative Method• Participatory Rural Appraisal
– The Quantitative Methods – ecidin! on methods
• O"ers speciali#ed techniques for obtainin!in$depth responses from %hat people thin&and feel
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Participatory RuralAppraisal
Is appropriate when:• The intervention is promotin! participatory
principles in 're($plannin!)implementation) monitorin! and
evaluation
• An understandin! of motivations andperceptions is a priority
• There is a need for conte*tual studiesbefore desi!nin! more comple* monitorin!or impact assessment e*ercises 'e+!+ casestudies or surveys(
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Trian!ulation
• ,sin! – Combination of methods 'survey) -.s)
/0s) Participant Observation(
– i"erent sources of information'primary) secondary(
– multidisciplinary team 'nutritionist) child
development specialist) institutionale*pert(
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Qualitative Methods
• -ocus .roup iscussions
• /ey 0nformant 0ntervie%s
• irect Observation
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FOCU !ROUPDICUIO"#F!Ds$
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Focus %roup discussions
• conducted for the purpose ofe*plorin! people1s thou!hts andfeelin!s and obtainin! detailed
information about a particular topicor issue '2herraden) 3445(
• !enerally last from an hour and a
half to t%o hours)usually composedof seven or ei!ht people) selectedpurposively) based on a set ofcriteria
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Focus %roup discussions
• ,se a semi$structuredchec&list of issues
constructed iteratively by theresearch team+
• Often seen as bein! a
participatory$type method
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Advanta!es of -.
• Relatively easy to underta&e• 67cient $ intervie%in! a number of
people at the same time•
Quic& $ results can often be obtained ina reasonably short time span+• -le*ible $ the researcher can probe for
clari8cation or !reater detail+
,nanticipated lines of discussion canbe pursued+
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Advanta!es
• Responses have hi!h face validitydue to the clarity of the conte*tand detail of the discussion+
• -ocus !roups can %or& %ell aran!e of di"erent populations)includin! people %ho may have
limited education) modest verbals&ills) and lo% self$esteem) andlac& of prior e*perience e*pressin!personal vie%s+
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2teps in Conductin! -.
5+ -ormulate the research question3+ 0dentify and train moderators9+ .enerate) pre$test) and revise the intervie%
!uide
:+ ecide %hat incentives to use to encoura!epeople to attend; payment) food and drin&)childcare) feedbac& on 8ndin!s) a to&en !ift)transport to and from the site
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2teps
&' Conduct of F!D
– 0ntroduce everyone – .ive name ta!s) can use mas&in! tape
– 6*plain the purpose of the focus !roup) ho% lon! it%ill ta&e) and %hat feedbac& they %ill !et+ 6*plain that%hat participants say %ill be con8dential
– 2it everyone do%n so that everyone can see everyoneelse+
– 2tart the discussion) startin! %ith easy topics 8rst) butma&e sure that the topics that you most %ant to coverare to%ards the be!innin! of the session
– /eep a record $ tape recorder 'audio tape %ith multi$directional microphone(
– Prepare data and analy#e
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/ey 0nformant 0ntervie%
'/00(
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/ey 0nformant 0ntervie%
• -orm of intervie% in %hich only someof the questions are predetermined
• Conducted one$on$one bet%een therespondent and the intervie%er
• Questions are !enerally open$endedto leave space for the respondent to
ans%er in di"erent %ays
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/ey 0nformant 0ntervie%
• Requires – Quic& and creative thin&in!
– That the intervie%er to accurately
receive data) accurately recall data)critically evaluate data) and act on thedata as they are received in order tocontrol and properly mana!e theintervie%
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• -arm activities; crop production)croppin! pattern
• >ealth$related data; incidence ofdiseases
• Prices; farm inputs) income streams
• 6*penditure pattern
Possible ,ses of 2easonal
Calendar
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QUA"(I(A(I)* M*(+OD OF DA(ACO,,*C(IO" (+ROU!+ UR)*-
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ObjectiveAt the end of the session) the
participants %ill be – familiar %ith survey as a quantitativemethod of
– collectin! data for baseline andbenchmar&s study+
? Topics – Quantitative method of data collection – 2urvey method as a system of collectin!
quantitative data
– @hen to use survey – 2tren!ths and %ea&nesses
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2urvey
• Measurement procedure that involve
as&in! questions from respondents
• Ran!es from a short paper$and$pencil
feedbac& form to an e*tensive one$onone
in$depth intervie%
• Method of collectin! information frompopulation or sample about their
ideas) feelin!s) plans) and beliefs+
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2tren!ths and @ea&nesses
2tren!ths – 2uitable for collectin! information from
lar!e number of people
– Allo%s researcher to obtain informationabout thin!s that cannot be observeddirectly
@ea&ness – 6*pensive
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ata Analysis and Processin!
• ata analysisinvolves %or&in!to uncover
patterns andtrends in datasets
• atainterpretationinvolvese*plainin! those
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@hy analy#e 0nformationD
• To re8ne understandin!
• Eimit biases
• Fuild a clear picture of a situation)event) process and reach consensus
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escriptive Analysis• Measures of Central (endency
– MeanGAvera!e
n x
n
i
i x∑=
−
= 1
10
404=
−
x 4.40=
−
x
Calculate the MeanA!e of ten dairy farmers:
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escriptive Analysis• Measures of Central
(endency – MedianCalculate the Median
A!e of ten dairy farmers:
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Measures of ispersion• Ran%e
– di"erence bet%een the hi!hestand lo%est number
3H) 95) 9
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escriptive 2tatistics
Ratio and Rate
Source: NSO
53)
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.ro%th Rates;
1001
12 x
t
r t t −
=
1. LINEAR GROWTH RATE (r):
"hee:t2 = v$%e $t se*!n $te
t1 = v$%e ,! $ '$se $te
= $te !, *h$nge in -e*ent
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.ro%th Rates;
10021
2128 xr
−
=
• Co.putin% the chan%e/etween points or periods
%33.33=
1. LINEAR GROWTH RATE (r):
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Palay production (‘!T)" !I!AROPA and
Ro#$lon" %1 to %1&
$t$ /!%*e: /
Re%ion0Province
1232 1233 1231 1234 1235
MIMAROPA 67&'7 863'&
39242'
39244'8
39263'8
Ro./lon 43'6 47'7 47'8 41'7 41'
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.ro%th Rate of Palay
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.ro%th Rate of Palayproduction
39263'8 ; 39244'8
r < =========================== >322
39244'8
5&'85
< ============ >322
39244'8
/ .&0& 1
/ &.0& 2
/! ,!& e$ 2013 t! 2014 -$$ -!%*ti!n
in # in*e$se ' 4.64
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t 2 = t 1 + (r x t 1 )
Projection -ormula;
%here;
t3 K production at second date
t5 K production for a base date
r K rate of chan!e
Projection of Palay Production
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Projection of Palay Production
Lear 345: 345<345
=
# 1081.9 DDD DDD
h$t is !%
,!e*$st !, -$$
-!%*ti!n in 2015$n 2016 in
#
;sing the 4.64 g!"th $te "e *$n -!
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Projection of Palay Production
Lear 345: 345<345
=
# 1081.9 DDD DDD
h$t is !%
,!e*$st !, -$$
-!%*ti!n in 2015$n 2016 in
#
g$in %sing the 4.64 g!"th $te "e *$n -!
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P j t d P l P d ti '444
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=
122'2
522'2
22'2
622'2
39222'2
39122'2
39522'2
)olu.e #thousand M($
Projected Palay Production '444MT( #) 345< and 345=
-requency istribution
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RIC* CO"UMP(IO"R6.0ONGPRO0NC6 444MT P6RC6NT
MAR0N,Q,6
33)
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4
<
54
5<
34
3<
94
9<
:4
5HH4 3444 344=
-requency table and !raphicalpresentation
Pro/le. 3882 1222 122,ac ofcapital 48'33 46'& 4'47
,ac ofIrri%ation 12'47 32' 37'1
Pest anddiseases 36'7 38'&6 13'15
"atural
Cala.ities 33'85 '8 35
Others 32'28 4'85 7'1&
"one 38'8 &'6&
(otal 322 322 322
Fi%ure 3' A%ricultural productionpro/le.s9 Philippines: 38829 1222 E122'
Far .raph
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6*ercise• .iven the
follo%in! data; – Compute the
relative frequency
distribution – Prepare anappropriate !raphusin! the absolutenumber ofrespondents byprovince
PRO)I"C*Populatio
nPerce
nt
MAR0N,Q,6 3J5)H44
OCC06NTAEM0NORO
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>H?@ ;A..
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