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SERIES 12
EDITORS
RUZAIRI ABDUL RAHIM ANITA AHMAD
NURUL ADILLA MOHD SUBHA
Sensor &
Instrumentation System
Series 12
ii
Sensor &
Instrumentation System
Series 12
RUZAIRI ABDUL RAHIM
ANITA AHMAD
NURUL ADILLA MOHD SUBHA
2019
iii
© Penerbit UTHM
First Published 2019
Copyright reserved. Reproduction of any articles, illustrations and content of this book in any form
be it electronic, mechanical photocopy, recording or any other form without any prior written
permission from The Publisher’s Office of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu
Pahat, Johor is prohibited. Any negotiations are subjected to calculations of royalty and honorarium.
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing in Publication Data
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, 1967, Anita Ahmad, 1974, Nurul Adilla Mohd Subha, 1984 Sensor
& Instrumentation. Series 12/ Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Anita Ahmad, Nurul Adilla Mohd Subha
ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3
Published by:
Penerbit UTHM
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor
Tel: 07-453 7051
Fax: 07-453 6145
Website: http://penerbit.uthm.edu.my E-mail: pt@uthm.edu.my
http://e-bookstore.uthm.edu.my
Penerbit UTHM is a member of Majlis Penerbitan Ilmiah Malaysia
(MAPIM)
iv
PREFACE
This book introduces various topics related to sensor and instrumentation systems. The topics cover
researches and studies of sensors and instrumentation applications from various fields such as
biomedical, agriculture, safety, electrical and electronics industries. The topics describe the theory,
research work, circuit design, experiments and system measurement especially in sensor
applications. The presented topics have been selected to prepare engineering students to design the
sensor and instrumentation systems. This book is generally suitable as an accompaniment to
laboratory sessions at engineering institutions.
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik & Elektronik
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
Anita Ahmad Nurul Adilla Mohd Subha
School of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
v
vi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Vision Impaired Assisstance (VIA) Cheah Weng Soon, Hor Xian Feng, Tan Pei Seng, Ahmad
Ridhwan Bin Wahap, Mohamed Sultan Bin Mohamed Ali and
Ruzairi Bin Abdul Rahim
CHAPTER 2 Development of Portable Magnetic Sensor for Steel Pipe Crack
Damage and Defect Inspection Elmy Johana Mohamad, Siti Khadijah Narudin, Nur Nadia
Nasir, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Omar Mohd Faizan, Zulkifli
Mansor,Tee Kian Sek, Dirman Hanafi, Fadzli Abd Shaib
CHAPTER 3 Colorimetric Device for ECG Yolk Type Classification
Najihah Masruddin, Ida Laila Ahmad, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim,
Dirman Hanafi, Tee Kian Sek , Herman Wahid, Leow Pei Ling
CHAPTER 4 An LPG Leakage Detector System Using IOT Sallehuddin Ibrahim, Arif Afizudin Mohd Iskandar, Mohd Amri Md Yunus and Ruzairi Abdul Rahim
CHAPTER 5 Application of ECT in Two-phase Processes for Oil Industry
Idris Ismail
CHAPTER 6 Visual Signal Device (VSD) For Deaf Sports Jaysuman Pusppanathan, Kamaruzaman Soeed, Izwyn Zulkapri,
Muhammad Iqbal Tariq Bin Idris, Mohd Nazri Bajuri, Fatin Aliah Phang, Siti Zarina Mohd Muji, Zulkipli Ghazali,
Kamarzaman Bin Haji Harun, Mohd Yazid Bain
CHAPTER 7 Detec Tyre Motion and Judge When Skid is Beginning (for
ABS Systems) Hassrizal Hassan Basri, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Hhao
Pengyu, Soheil Namazi, Ibrahim Mohd Ali
CHAPTER 8 Diet Planner (Di-Plan) M.S. Hafizi, Azizul H., M.H. Amir, Auni N., N. Syazwani, M. D.
Hasibuzzaman, J. Pusppanathan, M. I. T. Idris, F. A. Phang, N.
D. Nawi, E. J. Mohamad, Z. Zakaria
CHAPTER 9 Semi-automated Chipboard Gluing Jig for Paper Bag
Production Herman Wahid, Muhammad Khairin Rahim, Por Yu Kheng,
Halimatus Saadiah Razali, Muhamad Akmal Aazmi, Siti
Zarina Mohd Muji
CHAPTER 10 Detect Heat, Smoke, and Other Indicators of a Fire in a
Domestic Space Hassrizal Hassan Basri, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Hhao
Pengyu, Soheil Namazi, Ibrahim Mohd Ali
vii
1
15
23
29
37
47
51
61
69
79
CHAPTER 11 Electronic Kayak Ergometer Anita Ahmad, Rusaimi Amira Ruslan, Mohd. Fazril
Ahmadi, Muhamad Nurhalim Mohd Tunin, Ahmed S.M. Ayyad, Elmy Johana Mohamad, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim
CHAPTER 12 Double Sided Tape Attach and Removal Machine (DSTAR)
Anita Ahmad, Muhammad Mutaza Mazlan, Muhammad Nabil
Ishak,Rajasekhar A/L Thanabalan, Nur Rabihah Binti Dulkarim,
Herlina Abdul Rahim, Zulkarnay bin Zakaria
viii
87
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Sensor & Instrumentation System Series 12 2019 ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3
CHAPTER 3
COLORIMETRIC DEVICE FOR EGG YOLK TYPE CLASSIFICATION
Najihah Masruddin1, Ida Laila Ahmad
1, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim
1, Dirman Hanafi
1,
Tee Kian Sek1 , Herman Wahid
2, Leow Pei Ling
2
1Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400 Johor, Malaysia.
2Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Recently, high blood cholesterol has become a life threatening and increasingly common
around the world including our own country, Malaysia. This is a serious matter as it can gradually
increase risk for cardiovascular diseases. Based on the latest 2015 National Health and Morbidity
Survey, 47.7% of Malaysian adults 18 years and above estimated have hypercholesterolemia, or high
blood cholesterol [1]. Egg yolk contain over 80% of the overall vitamins and minerals that can be
found within the egg as a whole [2]. It is important to know the requirements of the daily diets as egg
yolk is higher in cholesterol level compare to egg white. Currently, egg yolk grading is done manually by using colour fan as the international
standard for egg yolk colour measurement for almost 50 years. European countries such as Germany
and France preferred egg yolks with the darkest colour while the northerners prefer pale yellow
yolks. Pale yellow yolks does not indicate that the eggs taken as a sign of sick or malnourished hen
because in many African countries, white corn is typically a part of chicken feed that will produce
eggs with pale yolks [3]. Automation in food industries is in growing demand because of its simplicity, reduction in
production time and it can reduce the human error. Therefore, by having automatic system the
production can be increased by investing in automated equipment. In return, the profitability will
increase with a better accuracy compared to the work done by human.
3.2 PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETER APPROACH
Basically, a photoelectric colorimeter is a light sensitive instrument that measures how much
colour is absorbed by an object or substances [4]. The photoelectric colorimetric will specifically
determines colour of the food based on the red, blue and green components of light absorbed as the
human eyes does. Figure 3.1 below shows process of photoelectric colorimeter. Based on the Figure 3.1, light source will produces white light which is made up of RGB
light. Light passes through a lens which focuses the light so that it will moves in one direction only.
Then, the light moves toward coloured glass filter. Some of the white light will reflected when it hits
23
Sensor & Instrumentation System Series 12 2019 ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3
the filter while the light colour which would absorbed by the sample are transmitted through the
filter. When the filtered light hits the sample, some of the light will be absorbed. The output may be
displayed in the form of an analogue or digital usually detected by galvanometer as the measurement
device to measure the amount of light transmitted.
Figure 3.1: Basic principle of photoelectric colorimeter [5]
3.3 EGG YOLK CLASSIFICATION GRADING
For almost 50 years, egg yolk colour fan has been used as the international standard for egg
yolk colour measurement. The egg yolk colour fan as shown in Figure 8.2 will be put near the egg
yolk that has been cracked to detect the colour number.
Figure 3.2: Egg yolk colour fan
The blades of the DSM YolkFanTM
should be held immediately above the egg yolk and
viewed vertically from above, with the blade numbers facing down and the yolk positioned between
the tips of the blade. The reader should always face the side of the blade without numbers and show
the number to the assistant for recording. The fan should be closed from one egg to the next to ensure the independence of every measurement [6].
Based on the value of the RGB components, it be can classify the egg yolk into 16 diferrent
24
Sensor & Instrumentation System Series 12 2019 ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3
range colours. Threshold value will be taken from the colour sensor and it will be considered as
reference value. Figure 3.3 shows the RGB colour model.
Figure 3.3: RGB colour model [7]
3.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES
Table 3.1 shows the summary of the previous studies of the colour sensor and the usage of the
colorimetric approach.
Table 3.1: Summary of the previous studies
Author Title Description Ref
R. S. Hunter
Direct – To design a photoelectric tristimulus
Reading instrument to measure the quality index for
1
and J. N. [8][9] Tomato color quality of raw tomatoes using purées of
Yeatman
Colorimeter fresh fruit as specimens.
Recent research in the field of cellular and
S.B. Barker Colorimetric tissue metabolism has emphasized the [10][1
2
and W.H. Determination importance of methods for the precise
1] Summerson of Lactic Acid determination of small amounts of lactic
acid.
Colour Particularly suitable for sorting fruits and
3 Clarence S. Sorting vegetables scanned with a color video camera [12][1 Jones et al. System and and the signals from the camera are digitized 3]
Method and utilized to address a look up table.
Ambient Light
Sensor Auto-
4 David R. Calibration in Used to monitor total ambient light and to [14-
Staab a Lighting prevent excessive illumination. 16]
Control
System
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Sensor & Instrumentation System Series 12 2019 ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3
3.5 SYSTEM TESTING
In this phase, the RGB colour sensor (TCS3200) which is connected to the Arduino UNO is
used to get the data. The data collected is the value of the RGB from the egg yolk tested. The
colour of the egg yolk is directly influenced by the consumption of the carotenoids as the chicken
feed [5]. The testing is conducted through several conditions; based on the egg types and in dark
and light places. The testing is done using two methods; using egg yolk colour fan and the device
proposed. Two methods used to verify and validate the accuracy and the capability of the proposed
device in achieving the objectives of the project. The sensor need to be calibrated first before being
tested to the egg yolk to prevent from the malfunction of the sensor. The calibration is done by
testing the sensor with different range of yellow colour by using the egg yolk colour fan.
Measurement procedures using the colour fan and the device were shown in Figure 3.4 (a) - (b)
respectively. Based on all the testing and evaluation that has been done, Table 3.2 shows the
tabulate data of overall 10 samples taken.
(a) (b)
Figure 3.4: (a) Manual testing using DSM YolkFanTM
and (b) Automated testing using developed
device.
Table 3.2: Measurement results for egg yolk color determination using DSM YolkFanTM
and
developed device.
Colour Colour
Colour Colour
Number Number
Number
Number
Accuracy
Sample Displayed Displayed in
Displayed
Displayed in (%) using Yolk an Open
using Device
the Dark
Colour Fan Place
1 9 9 9 9 100
2 10 9 9 9 75
3 8 9 9 9 75
4 9 Not displayed 9 9 75
5 9 9 9 9 100
6 15 14 Not displayed Not displayed 15
7 14 14 14 14 100
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Sensor & Instrumentation System Series 12 2019 ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3
8 14 14 14 14 100
9 14 14 14 14 100
10 15 14 14 14 75
Based on the result and analysis obtained in Table 3.2, the percentage of accuracy of the device is
81.5% which is calculated using the following formula: Percentage of Accuracy = Sum of accuracy
Number of Sample
3.6 CONCLUSION
This chapter is to design an automated egg yolk colour device using colorimetric approach. In
order to precisely measure the colour of the egg yolk, a new device has to be developed. It enables
farmers serve very good colour of the egg yolk to the markets as the device will detect the egg yolk
colour very fast and precisely. The selection of proper hardware and software that will be used to
develop the system is very important in order for the device to run smoothly and accordingly to what
were expected.
REFERENCES
[1] Dr Zulfitri Azuan Mat Daud, “Be careful of bad fat and high cholesterol - Star2.com,”
Star2.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.star2.com/health/wellness/2017/04/23/be-
careful-of-bad-fat/. [Accessed: 16-May-2018]. [2] A. Stewart, “So What’s The Big Deal With Egg Yolks, Anyway?,” Bodybuilding.com,
2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/whats-the-big-deal-with-
egg-yolks-anyway.html. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2017]. [3] A. LeVaux, “Marketing the Perfectly Colored Egg Yolk - Modern Farmer,” 2013.
[Online]. Available: https://modernfarmer.com/2013/12/marketing-perfectly-colored-egg-
yolk/. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2017].
[4] R. C. Dubey, Advanced biotechnology : For B Sc and M Sc students of biotechnology
and other biological sciences. S Chand, 2014.
[5] G. Chatterjee, “Colorimeter,” 2016. [Online]. Available:
https://www.slideshare.net/gangadharchatterjee/colorimeter-66390783. [Accessed: 12-
Dec-2017]. [6] DSM color fans, “Egg Yolk - DSM color fans - Solutions - Products - DSM,” 2015.
[Online]. Available: https://www.dsm.com/markets/anh/en_US/products/products-
solutions/products_solutions_tools/Products_solutions_tools_EggYolk.html. [Accessed: 13-
Dec-2017].
[7] M. Sokolova and A. Fernández-Caballero, “A Review on the Role of Color and Light
in Affective Computing,” Appl. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 275–293, 2015.
[8] R. S. Hunter and J. N. Yeatman, “Direct-Reading Tomato Colorimeter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.,
vol. 51, 1961.
[9] W. A. Gould, “Quality evaluation of processed tomato juice,” J. Agric. Food Chem., vol.
26, no. 5, pp. 1006–1011, May 1978.
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Sensor & Instrumentation System Series 12 2019 ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3
[10] S. B. Barker and William H. Summerson, “The Colorimetric Determination of Lactic Acid
in Biological Material,” J. Biol. Chem., vol. 138, pp. 535–554, 1941. [11] M. Sokolova and A. Fernández-Caballero, “A Review on the Role of Color and Light
in Affective Computing,” Appl. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 275–293, 2015.
[12] C. S. Jones, “Color sorting system and method,” Sep. 1989.
[13] T. A. O. S. I., “Programmable Colour Light-to-Frequency Converter
Programmable,” Converter, no. 972, pp. 1–10, 2004.
[14] D. R. Staab, “Ambient light sensor auto-calibration in a lighting control system,”
Ambient Light Sens. auto-calibration a Light. Control Syst., Mar. 2010.
[15] J. M. Oestreich, W. K. Tolley, and D. A. Rice, “The development of a color sensor system
to measure mineral compositions,” Miner. Eng., vol. 8, no. 1–2, pp. 31–39, 1995.
[16] R. L. Stanford, D. L. Meredith, and D. R. Spears, “Computer vision applications in mineral
processing research,” in Conference Record of the 1992 IEEE Industry Applications
Society Annual M
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Sensor & Instrumentation System Series 12
ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3 2019
This book is an introduction to many of the topics that an engineer needs
to master in order to successfully design experiments and system
measurement. In addition to descriptions of common measurement
systems, the book describes computerized data acquisition systems, sensor
system, and instrumentation system experiments. More comprehensive
studies of available literature and consultation with product vendors are
appropriate when engaging in a significant real-world experimental
program. It is to be expected that the skills of the experimenter will be
enhanced by more advanced courses in experimental and instrumentations
systems design and practical experience.
113
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