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engleza turism
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Professional Fax
Disciplina Limba Engleza
SUPORT DE CURS
Cursul de calificare/ perfectionare/ specializare
Tehnician in hotelarie
FORMATOR
Anca Monica Blenche
2011
CUPRINS
I. HOTEL FACILITIES AND SERVICES.
1. Hotel Types, Hotel Facilities and Services.
2. Room Types, Bedding Types and Room Rates.
3. Meals.
4. Homework: Vocabulary and Translations
II. HOTEL DEPARTMENTS.
1. Rooms Division- Basic departments in a full service hotel:
Front Office:
Reservations
Front Desk
Registration-Checking in
Handing guest complains
Updating and checking guest accounts
Checking out
III. LETTER OF COMPLAINT
Goods
Services
Normal
IV. BASIC KNOWLEGGE
V.ABBREVIATION
VI. GRAMMAR ISSUES
VII. GRAMMAR HOMEWORK
VIII.BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. HOTEL FACILITIES AND SERVICES
1.Hotel Types, Hotel Facilities and Services.
Hotel types - there are many different types of hotel properties, from small places major international chains and may vary according to number of stars from 5/7-star hotels to 1-star hotels.
Classification
1.airport hotel
2.all-suites hotel
3.conference/congress hotel
4.motel
5.resort
6.spa hotela.luxury
b.upscale
c.mid-range
d.budget-econom
A hotels primary mission is to offer a comfortable room to sleep and usually to offer other services such as meals and recreation.
Most hotels offer private sleeping rooms with bathrooms, front desk services, luggage services , F&B and guest services. They may also offer commercial services to business travellers, including a business centre electronic devices and multi-line phones.
1. Airport hotel: a hotel located near an airport, usually offering shuttle service to and from the airport, as well as meeting rooms and early checkout. They cater to the business traveler or leisure traveller with a long "lay-over" in an airport en route to another destination. Recently many companies have begun using them to hold meetings, seminars and conferences especially when participants are flying in from different locations.
2. All-Suites hotel: like small apartments, include a bedroom, and living room with limited kitchen facilities. Some All-Suite hotels may include microwaves, coffee makers and a small refrigerator and bar. The living rooms will include a pull-out sofa and desk. They cater to the traveller whose stay is one week or more.
3. Conference hotel: generally conference centres are upscale (first-c1ass) properties catering to corporate clients' meetings. Usually, pricing is inclusive of food, beverage and conference services. The meeting rooms have been designated to accommodate the special needs of 10-50 attendees.
4. Motel: a building or group of buildings where entrance to rooms is made directly from the outside of the building. These properties are generally smaller and cater to people travelling by car (Motor Hotel - Motel). The front desk covers check in, check out, guest services and luggage assistance. They are lower in price than a hotel.
5. Resorts: cater to vocation travellers, as well as to businesses holding conferences and meetings. Services are all inclusive so that the guest does not have to leave the premises for any need. They will have food and beverage outlets, sports facilities, health club, entertainment, baby-sitting and parking.
The specialities of these resorts may include seasonal recreation such as skiing and golfing or catering to couples, honeymooners, singles or families.
6. Spas: these are resorts offering health, physical fitness, nutritional advice or just plain pampering. There are tennis courts, swimming pools, hiking trails, beauty salons and specially prepared meals.
Hotel facilities and services
restaurant, bar / mini-bar, room-service, wake-up service (early morning call)
health club - fitness center / sauna / Jacuzzi, swimming pool, safe box for valuables
TVand video, telex, fax, telephone (outside calls, long distance calls), currency exchange
dry cleaning, laundry service, ironing
car parking, transport, rent-a-car
medical assistance, baby-sitting
a. Luxury Hotels: Five star hotels offer full service: a concierge, 24 hours room service, one or more restaurants, a health club, a lounge/ bar, full business services such as multiple phone lines and data ports, a business centre with administrative support.
b. Upscale Hotels: Four and five star hotels which cater to the business traveller.They are sometimes called superior or First Class. Business amenities are standard and services include 24-hour room service,full-service business centre, multiple restaurants and health club.
c.Mid-Range Hotel: Typically consisting two and three star hotels, they are sometimes referred to as Tourist hotels.They may have a concierge or otur desk available to serve guest needs for dining, theatre, car rental, etc. Front desk will generally handle these services and business may be available.
d. Budget/Economy Hotels: one and two-star hotels; their goal ist o offer a clean comfortable place to sleep with limited service.
2. Room Types/Bedding Types/Room Rates.
Room TypesRooms with specific purposes
Suite(junior, senior, presidential suite, royal, family, VIPsuite)
Single-room
Twin-room
Double-room
Triple-room
Connecting/adjioining room
Lounge/sitting room/ parlor(Am.E)Banquet room
Reception room
Ballroom
Conference room
Exhibition/Display room
Room Types :
Single: a room designed for one person. Some rooms will have only one single bed while
most will have two.
Twin room: a room designed for two people with two single or "twin" beds.
Double: room with a double bed that can be used for either one or two people.
Double/double: a room with two double beds.
Suite: consists of two or more rooms, typically a living and sleeping room. Asuite may have
more than one bedroom or extra rooms such as kitchenette or conference room.
Adjoining room: two or more bedrooms next toone another but not connected by a commondoor.
\
Connecting: two or more sleeping rooms with a common door between them.
Bedding Types:
Single
Double
Queen
King
Murphy
Japanese style
a bed designed for one person
a bed designed for two people
an extra large double bed
largest size double bed
a bed that folds into the wall when not in use
bedding is stored out of sight during day time and rolled out on the floor for sleeping
Rating System
Throughout the world, tourism professionals are using various grading systems (rating system) in order to assess hotels.
The ratings are usually determined by the level and number of facilities, amenities, service provided and dependability of basic utilities such as telephone, water, electricity. Standards may differ from system to system, therefore comparisons are rather difficult to make.
However, the best-known rating system is the one which rates hotels from one to five stars. A one-star rating would indicate a modest hotel with very basic facilities, while a five-star rating would indicate a luxurious full-service hotel with excellent service and facilities.
Given the fact that these ratings are quite subjective, it is recommended we use a rating system to compare hotels within a country or region only.
3. MEALS
English breakfast: a breakfast including cooked food, offering for example fried bacon, .
fried eggs, sausages, etc.
Continental breakfast: a breakfast consisting of tea or coffee and baked products
(bread, buns, rolls, croissant, toast) with butter and jam, honey and marmalade, etc.
Lunch
Dinner / Supper
Food plans:
European plan: the rate for a room alone, with no meals included at all.
Bed & Breakfast / continental plan: the rate includes the room and breakfast. The breakfast itself can be English or continental.
Half board / demi pension / modified American plan: this includes the room, plus breakfast and other one meal (lunch or dinner).
Full hoard / en pension / American plan: rooms and all meals included.
Hotel Services-International Codes
ROMANIAEUROPESUACODE
CazareRoom onlyEuropean plan(no meals)EP
Cazare cu mic dejun inclus( simplu sau continental)Bed&BreakfastContinental plan( room and continental breakfast)B&BCP
Cazare cu mic dejun englez sau american.Room and English/American BreakfsatBermuda plan ( room and half-board)BP
DemipensiuneDemi-Pension, Half BoardModified American plan ( room and half-board)MAP
Pensiune completaEn pension, Full BoardAmerican plan( room and full-board)AP
TASKS:
1.Which are the main hotel types?
2. True or false
a. room service is charged at the same price as in the restaurant
b. an ..a la carte" menu offers a single price for a three-course meal
c. all- suites hotels are small, upscale apartments hotels catering to student travellers
d. spas are smaller properties catering to people travelling by car
3. Hotels that cater to corporate clients' meetings are called:
a. airport hotels
b. resorts
c.spas
d. conference hotels
4. True or false
Ratings are objective and they should be used to compare hotels throughout the world.
5. Choose the correct answer:
The European plan:
a. includes in the rate the room and breakfa:
b. includes the rooms and all meals
c. includes no meals at all
Rating system (guide)
All-suite hotel
Studio type-room
Minimum stay
Economy / Budget / Limited-service /
Self-catering hotel
Resort / Gaming hotel
Convention / Conference hotel
Quality control
To cater
Audit
Sales
Market research / strategy
Public relations
Engineering department
Financial reporting / statement
Sistem de clasificare
Hotel format numai din apartamente
Garsoniera
Numar de zile minim impus pentru o sedere
Hotel ieftin/de categorie inferioara
Hotel de vacanta
Hotel pentru intruniri
Controlul calitatii
A furniza, a satisface cerinte
Control financiar
Serviciu comercial / vanzari
Cercetare / Strategie de piata
Relapii publice
Serviciul tehnic / intrepinere
Raportare/dare de seama financiara
6.Translate into English
Hotelul Massimo este unul dintre primele 5 hoteluri din oraul nostru si este locul ideal pentru 0 vacanta in care sa uitati de toate grijile. Cele 50 de camere sunt spatioase si decorate cu gust, desi sunt mobilate simplu. Toate au baie proprie, aer conditionat, uscator, televizor si mini-bar.Restaurantul ofera atat 0 bucatarie traditionala, cat si o varietate de specialitati frantuzesti si italienesti.
Hotelul are piscina, sauna, sala de fitness si un teren de tenis.
II. HOTEL DEPARTMENTS
1. Rooms Division - Basic Departments in a full hotel service
A. Front Office
a) Reservations/ Front Desk/ Registration - Checking in
b) Handling guest complaints
c) Updating and checking guest accounts
d) Checking aut
B. Guest services / Uniformed services
C. Housekeeping / Sanitation
D. Engineering and maintenance
E. Security and safety
Rooms division responsabilities:
Promoting and selling the hotel services
Planning the reservations and their records
Monitoring clients' arrival and room status
Greeting the clients
Allocating rooms / keys
Registrating guests
Communicating in / out hotel (phone, fax, telex)
Communicating with other departments
Dealing with guest complaints
Collecting and dispersing payments
Issuing the bill
Maintaining security and safety
Cleaning and maintaining the rooms
A. Front Office
It is well-known the fact that a hotel centres around its Front Office and that is why this department is often called the "heart" of the hotel. All the departments in the hotel are connected to the front office, from engineering/maintenance to the accounting office and from food and beverage department to housekeeping. The impressions generated by the front office staff play a major role in establishing and promoting a positive guest experience.
The duties of the front desk include:
Guest registration (check-in);
room assignment and key dispensing;
providing the guest and the other departments with information;
handling guest complaints;u
updating and checking guest accounts;
collecting and dispersing payments;
checking the guest out.
The Front Office Manager controls and supervises all front office operations with a view to ensuring guest satisfaction.
The Front Office takes care of guest requirements from the moment guests arrive at the hotel until they leave.
The reception staff must work quickly, efficiently and be able to deal well with difficult guests and problems such as overbooking, late arrivals and missing reservations.
The Reception is also responsible for providing numerous services to guests including handling messages, answering questions about hotel services and facilities, and providing financial transactions as needed to support the guest visit.
The Front Office clerks must be careful to give information about the hotel services and facilities and encourage the potential guest to book rooms at the hotel being at the same time careful to watch for the dangers of overbooking.
Front Office Position Titles:
Front Office Manager
Receptionist
Reservation Clerk / Information Clerk
Cashier
POSITION TITLES AND POSITION DESCRIPTION- JOB REQUIREMENTS
Front Office Manager:
Responsible for the direction and supervision of all Front Office staff, operations and services and working to maximize both guest satisfaction and hotel profits.
Informing all Front Office staff of program for day, week, month in writing or verbally.
Inspecting the hotel premises to ensure that rooms and furnishings meet hotel standards.
Identifying P.O.needs and dealing with staff problems e.g. overwork, lateness, and personal
problems.
Handling all daily problems and dealing with serious guest complaints in order to maximize
guest satisfaction.
Recruiting staff, explaining all policies, tasks, procedures and standards and writing references
for staff.
Writing incident / accident reports.
Participating in the selection and training staff process.
Providing the General Manager with current arrival and departure statistics and guest
information and reporting about the Front Office situation.
Providing current information about hotel facilities, services and special events to F.O.
staff and ensuring that staff can provide this information to guest as required.
Receptionist
Responsible for the efficient and courteous communication with guests for all arrival
and departure procedures as well as providing guests with information on hotel services
and facilities.
Welcoming the guests and offering to help the guest, even offering to show rooms if
necessary.
Registers and assigns rooms to arriving guests ensuring that registration cards are correctly
completed giving required information.
Handles check-out of departing guests using hotel standard procedures.
Handles guest requests and complaints promptly.
Providing current information of tourist attractions, restaurants, hotel facilities, services,entertainment facilities and current events in the local area to guests (e.g. breakfast time and place, laundry, sauna, etc).
Ensuring accurate records are maintained and informing other departments of arrivals, room changes, check-outs and special arrangements for VIP's or group guests.
Reservation and Information Clerk
Handles all incoming and outgoing telephone calls and assists guests in arranging for
telephone calls and messages either in house or outside the hotel property.
Giving hotel brochures / explaining types, position, cost of room.
Answering letters / faxes of inquiry; giving address and telephone numbers; giving mail/messages
Providing current information about hotel facilities, services and special events to pro-
spective guests; giving directions in / outside the hotel; explaining facilities of area around hotel/ country; giving tourist information (places of interest, prices, dates); explaining the culture / religion.
Records all reservation bookings ensuring information is accurately recorded including
name, address and contact number of guest, arrival and departure dates and times, r oom type and rate, and payment details.
Records special requests for extra bed or any request for additional service or amenity.
Processes changes and cancellations of reservations and ensures records are amended.
Promotes occupancy and average room rate by actively promoting the property and
using upselling techniques.
Responds to all communications regarding reservations.
Cashier
Responsible for the supervision of all Front Desk financial activities ensuring all transactions are accurately provided and recorded in an efficient manner.
Responsible for the maintenance of accurate and current guest ledger accounts and handles guests accounts during check-outs.
Preparing the bill, giving and explaining the bill.
Providing exchange service for cash, traveller's cheques and foreign currency notes for guests and maintaining accurate records of all transactions. Answering queries about payment, by explaining exchange rates.
Taking payment (cash, credit card, cheque, Tcs).
Reception service: reservations and registration
Checking-in / Room allocation:
Checking in / check in time - a system of registration upon arrival at a hotel.
Checking in is a process whereby people register as guests of the hotel, where room assignments are made, and where keys are assigned for guest accommodation:
the front desk staff should always welcome the guests with a friendly smile;
they must be aware of occupancy levels, special guests and hotel activities and events
the front desk staff should also be able to provide complete information about hotel facilities and services.
Tasks:
1. Give alternatives for the underlined words. Develop a dialogue in which the reservation clerk has no room available and he must offer the client an alternative.
Reservation clerk: Hotel Massimo. Good afternoon. Can I help you?
Mr. Andrei: Yes, I'd like to book a double room with bath for this weekend.
Reservation clerk: I see. We do have a room available from the afternoon of the11th August to the morning of the 13th. The rate is $50 per night including continental breakfast.
Mr. Andrei: That will be fine.
Reservation clerk: Could I have your name and address, please?
Mr. Andrei: Yes. It's Mr. Andrei; the address is 16, Cotmeana Street, Brasov.
Reservation clerk: And your telephone number?
Mr. Andrei: 061-324.542.
Reservation clerk: Right. Thank you. We look forward to your visit, Mr. Andrei.
Mr. Andrei: Thank you very much. Good-bye.
Reservation clerk: Have a nice day, sir!
Steps in Talking on the phone
When talking on the phone, all details must be repeated back to caller in order to conirm accuracy.
The receptionist should obtain all relevant booking information including guests full name with accurate spelling; address; arrival date, time, month and year; departure date or nuumber of nights; number of rooms required; number of persons to occupy room; esimated time of arrival or flight details; postal address for correspondence; position in the companywhen applicable.
Then the receptionist should record the date of request for reservation, confirm room rate, note his/her name and sign reservation form, note reference or voucher number for travel agent booking, request credit card number and expiry date when applicable, repeat all recorded booking information to caller and note form of reservation request ex: fax, telephone etc
When answering the telephone, the receptionist should identify the department (Reception), identify him/herself by name (Adriana, speaking!) and offer assistance (May I help you?).
The reception staff must answer telephones promptly and record the messages in a
professional manner.
On hearing whom the caller wants, the receptionist may ask the caller to wait (Hold the line, please!! Just a second, I'll put you through).
If the person is using the phone or if the person doesn't answer, the receptionist will report the situation to the speaker (I'm sorry, the number is engaged / busy; Do you want to hold on? / I'm sorry, there's no answer / reply; I'm sorry, I'm not getting any answer/ reply).
Offering to take a message (if the caller wishes to speak with someone who is not available); this message should include name, company, phone number, time of call and message (Would you like to leave a message? / Can! take a message? / Can! give him a message?).
Offering to arrange a return call (Shall! ask him to call you back?).
JWhen handling guest room change, the receptionist must ensure that guests are given the requested room and upgrade the guest if there has been a problem with former room.
He must not forget to note the room change request on the daily worksheet and then forward the request to the other departments.
After advising the guest on room availability, the receptionist should ask him for a convenient time to make the move, and then arrange for porters to assist with move.
Finally, after the guest has vacated room the receptionist must change room number or status in computer system and advise relevant departments of need for room repair or service if required.
When handling safety deposit boxes, the front desk staff must always ensure security of guests' valuables during check-in and encourage the guest to use safety box deposit facilities.
In case of unexpected early departure, the receptionist should encourage the guest to complete planned stay (if possible) offering assistance (if appropriate).
If the guest really must leave, the receptionist should try and determine the reason for the early departure ifpossible, note in register book, and then notify housekeeping and room service.
In case of an extension of stay, the guest is notified of additional charges and all changes to registration card is recorded at time of request.
Prior to making any changes, the receptionist must determine if the room is available for the extension of stay and notify guest of extension charge. Then he should modify the registration card, the guest folio in computer and then advise reservations and housekeeping departments of extension details.
As concerns currency exchange, the Cashier can explain to hotel guest the rate of exchange and procedures for the exchange of foreign currencies and travellers' cheques accepted by the hotel
.
Handling guest messages and faxes.
The receptionist records the messages accurately and delivers them to the guest rooms
immediately on receipt.
When handling outgoing fax transmissions, the receptionists should check whether the guest name and room number, fax number including country and city codes, name of sender and recipient are noted clearly and then complete outgoing facsimile register.
On receipt of incoming fax, the receptionist must note to whom fax is addressed and then complete incoming facsimile register.
To handle
Records
To update
Room availability
Advance reservations
Overbooking
Occupancy rate
Reservation card, form
Registration card
Key card
Check-in / registration / booking (book in)
Room allocation / assignment
Room board
Phone operator
Switch board
To make a call
Extension
Incoming / Outgoing calls
Wake-up call / early call
To put through
Place of issue
Voucher
A manevra, a se ocupa de
Evidente
A actualiza
Disponibilitate
Rezervari in avans
Suprarezervare
Grad de ocupare
Formular de confinnare a rezervarii
Formular de inregistrare
Legitimatie acces hotel
lnregistrare
Repartizare
Tablou sinoptic cu situatia eamerelor
Telefonista
Centrala eu comutatie mal1uala
A telefona
Interior
Convorbiri interne / externe
Apel telefonic pentru trezire
A face legalura
Locul emiterii unui act
Certificat, act justificativ
Complains
Each client is unique, having his/her own preferences, wishes and needs. Even in the most luxury hotels, guest complaints cannot be entirely avoided; they have either objective or subjective causes, depending on the clients' expectations.
Whenever staff are dealing with complaints, what they must do is:
listen carefully to the guest and express the wish to solve any problem;
be calm, polite, trying not to interrupt or comment until the customer has finished
make a short and clear apology;
repeat the complaint, in order to assure the guest verbally that they have understood
the problem;
evaluate the problem and pass over the complaint to those in charge or, if possible,
deal with it themself;
explain the guest what they are going to do, the action they plan to take;
control the way the problem is solved.
II
Give alternatives for the underlined words:
Guest: Good evening. My name is Mihai Ionescu. I'm in room 106.
F.O. clerk: Good evening, Mr. Ionescu. What can I do for you?
Guest: I don't want to make any trouble, but could you send someone up here quickly?
The air conditioning is making a terrible noise and I can't sleep.
F.O. clerk: I'm very sorry, sir. I'll ask the maintenance engineer to check at once. I'm
sure it won't take long.
Guest: I certainly hope not. It's rather late and I have an important meeting tomorrow
morning.
F.O. clerk: I'm sure everything will be taken care of as quickly as possible.
Guest: Fine. Thank you for your help.
The most frequent reasons of guest complaints are inappropriate staff behaviour and quality
standard of cleanliness and sanitation, delay in repairing the flaws, and slow service.
Vocabulary
Apology I to apologise
Complaint / to complain
Delay
To be short-staffed
To be held responsible
To be awfully sorry
To deal (handle) with a complaint / problem
To do one's best
Misunderstanding
Slow service
Upset / annoyed / angry
There and then
Valuables (gold/silver rings, ear rings,
bracelets, necklaces, watches)
Scuza, a se scuza
Plangere, a face o plangere
Intiirziere, amanare
A duce lipsa de personal
A fi raspunzator pentru
A 'ii parea foarte rau
A rezolva o plangere / o proble!na
A face tot posibilul
Neintelegere
Serviciu 'Incet / servire lenta
Suparat / enervat / nervos
La rata locului
Bunuri de valoare (inele de aur/argint, cercei,
bratari, coli ere, ceasuri)
Updating and checking folios
Preparing Departing Guest Folio must be done after checking its accuracy from registration form.
Front desk staff should also be prepared to adjust inaccurate charges and solve any discrepancies in a prompt and courteous manner and then present the updated folio after correction (if applicable).
Upon guest departure, the receptionist must request the mini-bar usage information and the usage information from the other departments.
The guest accounts will be presented to the guest for checking prior to guest settlement of account, then, after charging to guest account, the receptionist presents the guest with updated folio and request him to check charges on folio. If there are no discrepancies, the bill is issued and the next step would be to ask the guest to return all room keys. Then the clerk should offer to provide the guest with assistance with transportation and luggage.
Finally, the front office clerk wishes the guest a pleasant journey and expresses the
wish that they will return.
Folio(s) / Guest account(s)
To disperse
To check against
To charge to somebody's account
To settle an account
Tabular ledger
To produce I issue a bill
Bill, invoice
Allowance slip
Amount
Financial statement
Itemized bill
Personal cheque
Travel cheque
evidenta contabila
a repartiza pe conturi
a compara cu
a factura
a achita
registru contabil, totalizator
a emite 0 factura
factura, nota de plata
fisa de scazamant (borderou, cupon)
suma
raport financial' contabil
factura detaliata
cec la purtator
cec de calatorie
Invoice: an itemized bill containing the prices which comprise the total charge and terms
Bill: a statement of money owed for goods / services supplied
Checking out
Checking out / check out time - a system of payment upon departure from the hotel /
the designated hour at which hotels expect guests to vacate their rooms.
Tasks:
Give alternatives for the underlined words:
Guest: Good morning. I'd like to check out. My name is Popescu. Room 106. I'm a bit in
a hurry.
F.O. clerk: Just a moment, Mr. Popescu. It won't take long to prepare your bill. If
you'd like to sit down for a moment, please. Here you are. That's the amount payable at
the bottom here. It's an itemized bill, as you can see.
Guest: Yes, everything is all right.
F .O. clerk: How do you want to pay the bi II?
Guest: In cash.
F.O. clerk: Fine, sir. One moment and I'll write out a receipt.
1. Create a reservation form and fill it in.
2. Imagine a dialogue which reflects the process of making reservations.
3. Create a message form and then fill it in.
4. Create an allowance slip.
5. Elaborate an offer presenting hotel services and facilities.
6. Elaborate a satisfactory survey in order to evaluate your guests' level of satisfaction.
Reservati on form I Paradise Hotel - 29 Narciselor Street, Brasov - Reservations
Name of guest: Mr. I Mrs. I Miss ................................................................................................
Address ............................................................
Telephone: .........................................................Arrival date ......................................................
.......... ,...................................................................... a.m. I p.m.
How many nights I Nights ........................
Room ...............................................................Hold until .........................................................
SingleDouble
Rate per night ................................................
How many people ..........................................Clerk ..................................................................
Date ..................................................................
Paradise Hotel - 29 Narciselor Street, Brasov - Reservations
Name of guest Mr. I Mrs. I Miss ................................................................................................
Nationality .....................................................................
Passport Number ........................... Date and Place of Issue ....................................
Address ............................................................
Arrival date and hour ..............................Arrival date and hour ..............................
RoomNo. .........................................................No. of persons ................................................
Charge ...............................................................Clerk ...............................................................
Date ..................................................................
2. Dialogue reflecting the process of making reservations.
- I'd like a (single) room, please.
- Yes, sir I madam. When would that be for?
- The 15112ndl 3rd 14th of January I February I March I April I May I June I July I August I
September I October I November I December.
-Very good, sir. Could I have your name, please? I I'm sorry, sir. I'm afraid we don't have a
(single) room available then.
3.Message form:
PARADISE HOTEL
DATE ..............................
Message for: .......................................... I Room no. ..................
Caller's name: ..........................................
Telephone No: ..........................................
Message: ......................................................................... ,......................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
Message received by: ........ "................................
Time: ..........................................
4. ALLOWANCES SLIP
Guest's name ................................... Arrival date ......................................
Departure date .................................
Authorized by ................................................
Room no. .................. Total ..........................................
III. DIFFERENT TYPES OF LETTERS
1. Normal Letter of Complaint
[Your address 1]
[Your address 2]
[Your address 3]
[Postcode]
[Other contact details you may wish to give, phone, e-mail etc]
[Date]
(If you are unsure of the contact details you can search the howtocomplain.com company database from any page on the website).
[Name of contact person, if available]
[Title, if available]
[Company Name]
[Consumer Complaint Department, if you dont have a contact name]
[Company address 1]
[Company address 2]
[Company address 3]
[Postcode]
Re: [Account number, product, service etc]
Dear [Contact Person or Sir/Madam],
On [date], I [bought, rented, had serviced etc] a [name of product with model number, service performed etc] at [location and other details of the transaction].
I am disappointed because your [product, service, billing etc.] has [not performed as it should, was wrong etc] because [state the problem as you understand it giving as much detail as possible].
To resolve the problem I would appreciate your [state the action you require e.g. refund, service performed again etc]. Enclosed is a copy/are copies of the [receipt, contract etc].
I look forward to hearing from you and to a resolution of this problem. I will wait for [set a time limit] before seeking help from [government agency, consumer group, lawyer etc. Please contact me at the above address or by phone [give numbers].
Yours sincerely
[Sign]
[Print Your Name]
Enclosures: [state documents you have enclosed , if any]
Cc: [Include Name, Company of anyone you have copied the letter to, if any]
2. Complaint Letter-Goods
[Your address 1]
[Your address 2]
[Your address 3]
[Postcode]
[Other contact details you may wish to give, phone, e-mail etc]
[Name of contact person, if available]
[Title, if available]
[Customer Services Manager, if you don't have a contact name]
[Company Name]
[Company address 1]
[Company address 2]
[Company address 3]
[Postcode]
[Date]
Re: [Account number, goods purchased etc.]
Dear [Contact Person or Customer Service Manager],
On [date], I bought a [name of goods purchased, model number etc.] at [location and other details of the transaction].
I am disappointed because your [name of goods purchased etc.] has [not performed as it should, was faulty etc] because [state the problem as you understand it giving as much detail as possible]. Therefore this product is not [of satisfactory quality, fit for the purpose described] as laid down by the law.
To resolve the problem I require you to [state the action you require e.g. refund, repair etc.] whilst reserving my right to claim against you. Enclosed is a copy/are copies of the [receipt, contract etc].
I look forward to hearing from you and to a resolution of this problem. I will wait for [set a time limit] before seeking help from [Trading Standards, consumer group, solicitor etc (details of relevant authorities can be found through our complaints procedures section]. Please contact me at the above address or by phone [give numbers].
Yours sincerely
[Sign]
[Print Your Name]
Enclosures: [state documents you have enclosed , if any]
Cc: [Include Name, Company if you want to send a copy of this letter to someone]
3. Complaint Letter-services
[Your address 1]
[Your address 2]
[Your address 3]
[Postcode]
[Other contact details you may wish to give, phone, e-mail etc]
[Name of contact person, if available]
[Title, if available]
[Customer Services Manager, if you don't have a contact name]
[Company Name]
[Company address 1]
[Company address 2]
[Company address 3]
[Postcode]
[Date]
Re: [Account number, service provided etc]
Dear [Contact Person or Customer Service Manager],
On [date], I [bought, rented, was provided with etc.] a [service performed etc.] at [location and other details of the transaction].
I am disappointed because [the service you provided, your service etc.] was [unsatisfactory, unfinished, defective etc.] because [state the problem as you understand it giving as much detail as possible]. This is in breach of our contract as laid down by the law.
To resolve the problem I require you to [state the action you require e.g. refund, service performed again, rectified etc.] whilst reserving my right to claim against you. Enclosed is a copy/are copies of the [receipt, contract etc].
I look forward to hearing from you and to a resolution of this problem. I will wait for [set a time limit] before arranging for the matter to be corrected by a third party at your cost or seeking help from [Trading Standards, consumer group, solicitor etc (details of relevant authorities can be found through our complaints procedures section]. Please contact me at the above address or by phone [give numbers].
Yours sincerely
[Sign]
[Print Your Name]
Enclosures: [state documents you have enclosed , if any]
Cc: [Include Name, Company if you want to send a copy of this letter to someone]
IV. BASIC KNOWLEDGE
Greetings/Saying Good-Bye
Salutul
Formal greetings
Good morning!
Good afternoon!
Good evening!
Good night!
Informal greetings:
Hello! / Hi!
Formal: Good bye!
Informal: Bye!
See you soon/later/tomorrow!
See you on Sunday!
See you!
Take care!
I hope we meet again some time!
So long!
How are you? - Very well, and you? / I am fine, thank you! / I'm all right, thank you! / I'm quite
well, thank you! / Well, thanks. / I am glad to see you again.
Introduction/Introducing peopleFormule de salut formale
Buna dimineapa!
Buna ziua!
Buna seara!
Noapte buna!
Salutul intre prieteni / informal
Buna!
Formal: La revedere!
intre prieteni: Pal
Pe curand/pe mai tarziu/pe maine!
Ne vedem duminica!
Ne mai vedem!
Ai grija de tine!
Sper sa ne mai vedem!
Pe curand!
Ce mai faci? - Foarte bine, i tu? / Sunt bine, mulpumesc! / Sunt in regula, mulpumesc!/ Sunt
destul de bine, mulpumesc! / Bine, mulpumesc. / Ma bucur sa te revad.
Formule de prezentare
When meeting (formal)
Allow me to introduce myself!
Allow me to introduce Mr./Mrs .... to you!
May I introduce Mr./Mrs.lMs. X?
Let me introduce ... to you.
I would like you to meet Mr.lMrs.lMs. X.
Answer: How do you do? I
I am glad / pleased / delighted to meet you!
Informal:
My name is ... /l am ...
This is Mr. X.
The lady / gentleman is my husband / my
wife (a friend / my girlthend)
Answer: Nice to meet you!
Glad to meet you!
When leaving
It was a pleasure meeting you!
I hope to have the pleastrreofmeeting you again!
Please, give your wife my best regards.Cand ne intalnim (formal)
Permiteti-mi sa ma prezint!
Penniteti-mi sa va prezint pe dl/d-na ... !
Pot sa va prezint pe dl/d-nald-ra X?
Sa va prezint pe .....
Mi-ar pUicea sa il/o cunoa~teti pe dl/dra/d-ra X
Raspuns: Ce mai faceti?
Sunt bucuros/multumit/indintat sa va cunosc
Informal:
Numele meu este .. .lEu sunt. ..
Acesta este dl. X.
Doamna / Domnul este sotul meu / sotia mea
(un prieten / prietena mea)
Raspuns: indintat de cunostinta!
Bucuros sa va cunosc!
La despartire
A fost 0 placere sa va cunosc!
Sper sa ne mai intalnim!
Te rog, transmite-i sotiei salutarile melc.
Congratulations/WishesFelicitari/Dorinte
Enjoy your meal!
God bless you! (when somebody sneezes)
I wish you a quick recovery!
Pleasant journey!
Have a pleasant holiday!
To you / your health!
The same to you!
The best wishes to you!
Happy holidays!
Merry Christmas!
Happy Easter!
Have a good time!
Congratulations!
Allow me to congratulate you on ...
I wish you all the happiness in the world!
Happy anniversary! I
Pofta buna!
Noroc! / Sanatate!
iti doresc insanato~ire grabnica!
Calatorie pUicuta!
Vacanta placuta!
Pentru tine / insanatatea tal
Multwnesc la fel!
iti doresc numai bine!
Vacanta placuta!
Craciun fericit!
Pa~te fericit!
Distractie placuta!
Felicitari!
Permite-mi sa te felicit pentru ....
iti doresc tot binele din lwne!
La multi ani!
ExcusesScuze
I'm (so, very) sorry/I am awfully sorry!
Excuse me, please!
Please, accept my apologies!
I beg your pardon!
Excuse me, I did not do it on purpose!
Excuse me for keeping you waiting!Imi pare (atat de) rau 1Imi pare nespus de rau!
Scuza-ma, te rog!
Va rog sa imi acceptati scuzele!
Imi cer scuze!
Scuzati-ma, nu am facut-o intentionat!
Scuzati-ma ca v-am facut sa asteptati!
Responding to ExcusesRaspunzand la scuze
It's all right! / That's O.K!
Not at all! / It doesn't matter!
You don't have to apologise!
Don't wont! / Don't bother!
It is / was not your fault!
It happens!
Este in regula! / E O.K.!
Nu face nimic! / Nu este important!
Nu trebuie sa va scuzati!
Nu va temeti / Nu va faceti probleme!
Nu este / a fost vina d-voastra!
Se poate intampla oricui!
What's wrong? Is there anythingwrong?
Expressing sympathy and encouragementAratand in!elegere si incurajand
That's bad luck!
I'm so sony!
I'm terribly sony!
Try not to worry!
Would you like me to ?
Is there anything I can do?
You have all my sympathy for ...
Please accept my condolences for. ..
Can I give you a hand?
Ce ghinion!
Imi pare atclt de diu!
Imi pare nespus de rau!
Incearca sa nu-!i faci griji!
Ai vrea ca eu sa ... ?
Pot face ceva pentru tine?
Ai toata compasiunea pentru .
Condoleantele mele pentru .
Te pot ajuta cu ceva?
RespondingRaspunzand
Thanks!
That would be great!
That's very kind of you!
It's all right!
I can manage, thank you!
Multumesc!
Ar fi minunat!
Este foarte frumos din partea tal
Este in regula!
Ma descurc, multumesc!
Getting peoples opinionsCerand opinile oamenilor
What do you think about this?
What is your opinion about ?
How do you feel about this?
I don't know what you feel, butCe parere aveti despre acest lucru?
Care este opinia d-voastra despre ... ?
Ce credeti despre acest lucru ...
Nu ~tiu care este parerea dvs., dar. ..
A misunderstandingO neintelegere
Sorry?/I beg you pardon
I dont understand you
I have not understood
Could you please repeat that?
Speak slowly, please.
What do you mean?
What have you said?
Be so kind and write these words down/on a sheet of paperScuze?/ Pardon?
Nu te inteleg
Nu am inteles.
Repetati, va rog?
Vorbiti mai rar, va rog.
Ce vreti sa-mi spuneti?
Ce ati spus?
Fiti dragut si scrieti aceste lucruri/pe o foaie de hartie.
Expressing personal opinions and impressionsExprimand pareri personale si impresii
To my mind
As far as I am concerned
It seems to me that
As I see it
Personally I think
I would say
It is all right, but
He/She/It looks ratherDupa parerea mea
In ceea ce ma priveste
Mi se pare ca
Cum vad eu
Sincer eu cred
As spune
E in regula, dar
Mi se pare mai bine
Request/Asking for PermissionCereri/Cerand permisiunea
Please / Will you be so kind and ...
Will you ... / Be so kind and ...
1/ We would like to ...
May 1.. .? / Can 1.. .? Could 1.. .?
Is it possible for me to ... ?
(Do) Allow me to ... / Will you allow me to ... ?
Do you mind my (+ V-ing) /if 1...?
If it doesn't bother you, may I ... ?
Va rog / Ati fi atilt de dragut sa ...
Ati vrea ...
Ne-ar placea ...
As putea ... ?
Mi s-ar permite sa ... ?
Imi permite-ti ... ?
Va deranjeaza daca ... ?
Daca nu va suparati, as putea sa ... ?
Giving PermissionAcordand permisiunea
Yes, of course.
Certainly/Surely.Da, bineinteles.
Cu siguranta/ Desigur
Refusing permissionRefuzand permisiunea
Well, actually ...
Sorry, but. ..
I would love to, but ...
Ei bine, de fapt.. .
Imi pare rau, dar ...
Mi-ar placea, dar. ..
Persuading PeopleConvingand oamenii
I think you might consider. ..
This/It can be ...
... is/are seemingly...
You can trust me ...
I can assure you... Va asigur ...
Just try. ..
I'm sure
Cred ca ati putea lua in considerare ...
E posibil ...
Aparent. ..
Puteti avea incredere in mine
Va asigur ...
Incercati doar. ..
Sunt convins.
Giving AdviceSfaturi
You should /shouldn't ...
You ought to
Make sure you... .
Don't
I think you'd better.. .
It's time...
The best solution is
Ar trebui / nu ar trebuie.
Trebuie neaparat
Asigurati-va ca ati .
Nu ...
Cred ca ati face mai bine sa
Este timpul ...
Cea mai bun a solutie
AgreementAprobare
Certainly I Naturally I Exactly
By all means I Undoubtedly
Agreed I Settled I Not at all
I hope so I I think so I It's possible
Me, too/I couldn't agree more
I like, too/I think you're right
I agree with you
Absolutely/Exactly/ Thats true.
You've got a point.
Desigur I Normal I Exact.
Cu certitudine I Para Indoiala.
De la sine inleles I Stabilit I Deloc.
Sper I Cred I Este posibil.
Si eu I Cu siguranla.
Si mie imi place I Cred ca aveli dreptate.
Sunt de acord cu d-voastra.
Absolut I Exact I Este adevarat.
Aveli dreptate.
DisagreementDezaprobare
It's out of the question I it's impossible
It's hardly probable I it is not up to me
I'm sorry, but there's nothing we can do.
I'm sorry, but it's impossible.
I refuse I I cannot accept (this).
I don't agree at all I It's not true.
You must be joking I You can't be serious!
I wouldn't say so I Do you really think so?
It is not my fault. I I don't really know.
E in afara oricarei disculii I E imposibil.
E putin probabil I Nu depinde de mine.
Imi pare rau, dar nu se poate face nimic.
Imi pare rau, dar este imposibil.
Refuz. I Nu pot accepta asta.
Nu sunt de acord. I Nu este adevarat
Cred ca glumili!1 Nu puteli vorbi serios!
N-as crede. I Chiar credeti asta?
Nu este vina mea. I Nu prea stiu.
ThanksMultumiri
Thank you (very much)! I Many thanks!
I do thank you! I Thank you so much!
With all my thanks!
You are very kind!
It's very kind of you!
I am (so) grateful to you!
Va mullumesc (foarte mult)! I Multe multumiri!
Chiar va multumesc! I Va multumesc atat de mult!
Cu mii de mullumiri!
Sunteli foarte draut.
Este foarte dragut din partea d-voastra!
Va sunt (atilt de) recunoscator!
Answering thanksRaspunsuri la multumiri
Please! I Not at all!
No problem!
It was a pleasure to serve you!
It was a pleasure to be served by you!
Va rog I Pentru nimic!
Nici o problema!
A fost o placere sa va pot ajuta.
A fost o placere sa fiu ajutat de dvs.
Telling your ageVarsta
How old are you?
I am 25 years old.
I was born in the summer of 1978.
I am younger / older than you.
He is over 24. He is of my age.
Cati ani aveti?
Am 25 de ani.
M-am nascutin vara lui 1978,
Sunt mai tanar/mai in varsta decat dvs,
El e trecut de 24 de ani. E de varsta mea,
Telling the timeOra
What's the time?
What time is it?
Could you tell the right time?
It is 11 o'clock sharp.
It is about 11.
It's more than 11,
It's midday / noon.
It's midnight.
At what time? When?
The restaurant opens / closes at. ..
It is open / closed at this time.
It's five minutes past 11.
It's 15 past 11.
It is half past 11.
It is 5 minutes to 11.
It is a quarter to 11.
a quarter of an hour / half an hour / three quarters of an hour / for an hour / an hour and a half/
for half an hour / two hours / for 5 minutes / in an hour / an hour ago / a quarter of an hour ago/
half an hour ago / five minutes ago / starting with 9 o'clock / between 10 and II/from 10 to 11/ until 11 oclock/ after 11 /at about 11/very early / too early / very late / too late
Cat este ceasu1?
Ce ora este?
Ati putea sa-mi spuneti ora exacta?
Este 11 fix.
Este in jur de 11.
E trecut de 11,
Este amiaza.
Este miezu1 noptii.
La ce ora? Cand?
Restaurantul deschide/ lnchide la
Este inchis/deschis 1a ora asta ....
Este 11 si 5.
Este 11 si 15.
Este 11 si jumatate.
Este 11 fara 5.
Este 11 fara un sfert.
jumatate de oral doua ore/ timp de cinci minute/ intr-o ora/ cu o ora in urma/ cu un sfert de ora in urma/ cu o jumatate de ora in urma/ acum cinci minute/ incepand cu ora noua/ intre zece si
unsprezece/ pana la ora unsprezece/ dupa ora unsprezece/ in jur de ora unsprezece/ foarte
devreme/ prea devreme/ foarte tarziu/ prea tarziu.
Telling the addressAdresa
My address is 66 Franceza Street, Bucharest, sector 2, block 1, entrance 2, 1st (2nd, 3rd, 4th) floor, apartment 12.
Adresa mea este Strada Franceza, bl. 1, scara 2, primul, (al doilea, al treilea, al patrulea) etaj, ap 12, Bucuresti, sector 2.
Days of the weekZilele saptamanii
On Sunday,
On Monday,
On Tuesday,
On Wednesday,
On Thursday,
On Friday,
On Saturday,
Last week
Next week
This week
In weeks time
Duminica
Lunea,
Martea,
Miercurea,
Joia,
Vinerea,
Sambata,
Saptamana trecuta
Ssptamana viitoare
Aceasta saptamana
Peste doua saptamani
Parts of the dayPartile zilei
the day before
the day before yesterday
yesterday
today
in this afternoon I in the afternoon
morning I in the morning I
early in the morning
late in the morning
(before) noon
at noon
(in the) evening
tonight
at midnight
at night
working day
holiday
tomorrow morning
tomorrow evening
the day after tomorrow
always
never
New Year's Day
New Year's Eve
Easter
Christmas
Ziua trecuta
Alaltaieri
ieri
azi
in dupa- amiaza aceasta
dimineata
dimineata devreme
dimineata tarziu
inainte de pranz
la pranz
seara asta
noaptea asta
la miezul noptii
noaptea
zi de lucru
vacanta
maine dimineata
maine seara
poimaine
mereu
niciodata
Anul Nou
Ajunul Anului Nou
Paste
Craciun
Months of the yearLunile anului
In January,
In February
In March,
In April,
In May,
In June,
In July,
In August,
In September,
In October,
In November,
In December.
In the month of April
this month
last month
next month
this year
last year
next year
in 2004
(in) the 21st century
the end of millennium
the beginning of millennium
lanuarie,
Februarie,
Martie,
Aprilie,
Mai,
lunie,
lulie,
August,
Septembrie,
Octombrie,
Noiembrie,
Decembrie
In luna Aprilie
luna aceasta
luna trecuta
luna viitoare
anul acesta
anul trecut
anul viitor
In 2004
In secolul 21
Sfarsitul mileniului
Inceputul mileniului
V.Abbreviations
ACC/ACCOM
ADD
ADV
ARR
ARR/ARRNG
APORX
ASAP
ATTN
BFOR
CI
CIA
CLD U
CFM
AHNG
DEL
DEP
DLY
DOCS
ENC/ENCL
ETA
FAO
FLGT
FVD
INFO
INV
L/C
LST
LTR
MAX
MIN
MTG
N
NO
NXT
OK
O/C
ORD
OURLET
OURTELCON
PLS
POSS
RE/REF
REC
RGDS
RGRT
RPLY
SOONEST
THKS/TNKS
TLX
U
UR
WATT
VST
WK
W/O
WLD U
YRAccommodation
Additional
Advise
Arrive/arrival
Arrange/Arrangement/Arranging
Approximate/Approximately
As soon as possible
Attention
Before
Cost Insurance
Cash in Advance
Could you
Confirm
Change
Deliver/Delivery
Departs/Deparure
Delay
Documents
Enclosure
Estimated time of arrival
For the attention of
Flight
Forward/Send
Information
Invoice
Letter of Credit
Last
Letter
Maximum
Minimum
Meeting
And
Number
Next
I agree/Agreement
Is this ok?
Overchange
Order
Our letter Our telephone call
Please
Possible
About/Reference
Received
Regards
Regret
Reply
As soon as possible
Thanks
Telex
You
Your
Value-Added Tax
Visit
Week
Without
Would you?
Your
VI.GRAMMAR ISSUES
TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV
Exista doua aspecte in limba engleza: simplu si continuu. In general, timpurile simple se folosesc atunci cnd accentul se pune pe actiunea propriu-zisa, iar timpurile continue se folosesc atunci cnd accentul se pune pe durata actiunii, pe perioada de timp in care aceasta are loc. In explicarea intrebuintarii timpurilor continue se va intlni formularea actiune in plina desfasurare". Aceasta inseamna ca actiunea a inceput inainte de momentul la care se face referire si va continua dupa acel moment. Exista un numar de verbe in limba engleza care nu se folosesc la forma continua, deoarece ideea de durata e inclusa in continutul lor semantic. Ex. to want, to like, to dislike, to understand, to owe, to matter, to love, to hate, to belong, to believe, to remember, to know.
A. Present Tense Simple Afirmativ Negativ
I work I do not (dont) work You work You do not (dont) work He/she/it works He/she/it does not (doesnt) work We work We do not (dont) work You work You do not (dont) work They work They do not (dont) work
Interogativ
Do I work? Do we work? Do you work? Do you work? Does he/she/it work? Do they work?
Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune regulata, obisnuita, in perioada prezenta. Ex. What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student. What time do you usually have breakfast?
Present Tense Continuous
Se conjuga verbul to be" la timpul prezent si se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ
I am working We are working. You are working You are working He/she/it is working They are working
Negativ
I am not working. You are not (arent) working. He/she/it is not (isnt) working. We are not (arent) working. You are not (arent) working. They are not (arent) working.
Interogativ
Am I working? Are we working? Are you working? Are you working? Is he/she/it working? Are they working?
Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune in plina desfasurare in momentul prezent. Ex. Where are you going? I am going to school. De asemenea poate arata o actiune care se desfasoara pe timp limitat in perioada prezenta. Ex.: I go to school by bus this week. My father is taking me in his car. Uneori se poate folosi timpul Present Tense Continuous cu adverbul always, pentru a arata o actiune repetata. In acest caz, exista o conotatie afectiva (nemultumire) sau actiunea respectiva este caracteristica pentru acea persoana. Ex. You are always losing your things. You are always grumbling when I ask you to help me in the kitchen.
IX HOMEWORK:
1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Simple) la interogativ si negativ:
Nota: Verbul to have", atunci cnd nu inseamna a avea, a poseda", ci este parte dintr-o expresie (to have breakfast, to have a shower, to have a party), formeaza negativul si interogativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului to do".
1. I love my brother.
2. She talks too much.
3. I understand you.
4. You play the piano very well.
5. I always believe you.
6. He remembers my phone number.
7. They live in Bucharest.
8. He has a hot bath every day.
9. I trust my friend.
10. I have lunch at one oclock.
2. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Continuous) la negativ si interogativ:
1. It is raining.
2. I am having a walk.
3. He is telling the truth.
4. You are typing a letter.
5. They are swimming in the river.
6. My friend is wearing a new dress.
7. My mother is resting.
8. We are studying English.
9. Ann is knitting.
10. The child is learning to play the piano.
3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Present Simple sau la Present Continuous:
1. I (not go) shopping because it (rain).
2. What you (do) on Sundays?
3. He usually (drink) coffee but now he (drink) tea.
4. In England it often (rain).
5. I (not like) that boy.
6. He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him.
7. You (like) this book?
8. You (dream) at night?
4. Traduceti in limba engleza:
1. Iarna ninge.
2. Duminica el nu se scoala devreme.
3. Eu nu studiez seara.
4. Ce faci? Citesti sau privesti la televizor?
5. Secretara tocmai bate la masina un referat.
6. Ea merge la cumparaturi smbata.
7. Acum imi fac temele la engleza.
8. Nu-mi place cafeaua.
9. Ce carte citesti?
10. La ce ora se scoala John dimineata?
11. Ce faci tu in zilele libere?
12. Cui ii telefonezi?
13. El nu merge la scoala cu metroul, merge pe jos.
14. De ce deschizi fereastra?
15. Adesea citesc carti englezesti.
16. Ea isi face bagajul.
17. Ct de des le scrii parintilor tai?
18. Cnd merg la mare imi place sa inot mult.
19. Clientul tocmai isi alege o pereche de pantofi.
B. Past Tense Simple
Past Tense Simple se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei ed in cazul verbelor regulate. Ex. to work worked Daca verbul este neregulat, Past Tense trebuie invatat din tabelul de verbe neregulate care indica cele trei forme de baza ale verbului: forma I infinitiv, forma II- Paste Tense, forma III participiul trecut. Ex. to speak spoke spoken
Afirmativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked/spoke
Negativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not work/speak
Interogativ
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they work/speak?
Forma prescurtata a lui did not este didnt (I didnt work).
Past Tense Simple arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp trecuta, terminata. Este timpul de naratiune. Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus. Ex. Yesterday I went for a walk. (Ieri am mers al plimbare.) Last year I travelled to England.
(Anul trecut am calatorit in Anglia.)
Past Tense Continuous
Se formeaza prin conjugarea verbului to be" la trecut (Past Tense) si adaugarea formei -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ
I was working We were working You were working You were working He/she/it was working They were working
Negativ
I was not working We were not working You were not working You were not working He/she/it was not working They were not working
Formele prescurtate sunt: was not wasnt I wasnt working. were not werent They werent working.
Interogativ
Was I working? Were we working? Were you working? Were you working? Was he/she/it working? Were they working?
Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment din trecut. Se traduce, de obicei, cu imperfectul. Ex. This time yesterday, I was watching TV. (Ieri pe vremea asta priveam la televizor.)
Adesea, in aceeasi fraza, este posibil sa apara un verb folosit la Past Continuous si un verb folosit la Past Simple. In acest caz, verbul la Past Continuous (tradus cu imperfectul), reprezinta fundalul de timp pe care se petrece actiunea exprimata de Past Simple (tradus cu perfectul compus). Ex. While I was crossing the street, I met John.
Este, de asemenea, posibil sa apara intr-o fraza timpul Past Continuous in mod repetat. In aceasta situatie, ambele verbe se traduc cu imperfectul, ele aratnd actiuni paralele, in plina desfasurare, intr-un moment trecut. Ex. While John was reading, his sister was watching TV. (In timp ce John citea, sora lui privea la televizor.)
EXERCISES:
1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la Past Tense Simple:
1. I sleep until 9 oclock every day.
2. He meets John on Sundays.
3. You speak English well.
4. You drink too much.
5. You ask too many questions.
6. I play football.
7. I own two umbrellas.
8. I like to have a coffee in the morning.
9. That sounds interesting.
10. I always make cakes on Sundays.
1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la negativ si interogativ:
1. He thought about you.
2. They drank all the wine.
3. I hated him.
4. He changed his library book every day.
5. I sold my car.
6. We worked very hard.
7. He came home late.
8. I enjoyed travelling.
9. He translated the text.
10. He forbade her to do this.
1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Tense Simple sau Continuous:
1. When you (come in), I talk on the phone.
2. When I first (meet) him, he (work) in a bank.
3. While he (learn) to drive, he (have) an accident.
4. As I (write), someone (ring up).
5. Where you (go) when I (meet) you?
6. What you (do) this time yesterday?
7. When I (enter) the classroom, the teacher (write) on the blackboard.
8. When I (arrive), she (have) dinner.
9. This time last Sunday, I (watch) a film on TV.
10. He suddenly (realize) that he (not wear) his glasses.
1. Traduceti in limba engleza:
1. Soarele nu a apus la ora 8 aseara.
2. Ai dormit bine noaptea trecuta?
3. Ieri nu am mers la bazinul de inot.
4. M-am sculat trziu ieri dimineata.
5. Duminica trecuta prietenii mei au jucat sah.
6. Ieri pe vremea asta ploua.
7. Ce faceai martea trecuta la ora 7 dimineata?
8. Ma pregateam sa merg la facultate.
9. In timp ce imi cautam pasaportul am gasit aceasta fotografie veche.
10. Baietii jucau carti cnd l-au auzit pe tatal lor intrnd in casa.
C. Present Perfect Simple
Timpul Present Perfect Simple se formeaza prin conjugarea verbului to have" la prezent, la care se adauga forma a treia (participiul trecut) a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ
I have worked We have worked You have worked You have worked He/she/it has worked They have worked
Negativ
I have not (havent) worked. He/she/it has not (hasnt) worked.
Interogativ
Have I worked? Has he/she/it worked?
Timpul Present Perfect este un timp de relatie. El arata o legatura intre trecut si momentul prezent. Timpul Present Perfect Simple se foloseste in urmatoarele situatii:
arata o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua pna in prezent. Cu acest sens se folosesc de obicei prepozitiile since (din, incepnd din) si for (de, timp de).
Ex. I havent seen John for two months.
(Nu l-am vazut pe John de doua luni.) I havent seen John since September. (Nu l-am vazut pe John din septembrie.) I have known John for two years. (Il cunosc pe John de doi ani.) I have known John since 1990. (Il cunosc pe John din 1990.)
arata o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp neterminata. In acest caz, folosirea lui este insotita de adverbe precum: today, this week, this month, this year.
Ex. I have seen two films this week.
(Am vazut doua filme saptamna aceasta.)
Daca adverbul de timp este this morning", folosirea timpului verbal este conditionata de momentul in care se face afirmatia; daca aceasta este in cursul diminetii (pna la ora 12) sau dupa amiaza.
Ex. ora 10 a.m.
I havent got up early this morning. ora 2 p.m. I didnt get up early this morning. Traducerea celor doua propozitii in limba romna este identica. Nu m-am sculat devreme azi dimineata.
arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are rezultate in prezent sau care, dintr-un motiv sau altul, intereseaza in prezent.
Ex. Have you seen Hamlet?
(Ai vazut Hamlet?) I have lost my umbrella . I must buy a new one. (Mi-am pierdut umbrela. Trebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua.)
Trebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in prezent sau care are rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul Present Perfect. In acest caz, se foloseste Past Simple. Ex. I lost my umbrella yesterday. I must buy a new one.
De asemenea, daca se pune o intrebate referitoare la trecut care incepe cu when", nu se poate folosi timpul Present Perfect, intruct when" reprezinta un moment precizat in trecut. Ex. When did you see Hamlet? I saw it last week.
Timpul Present Perfect nu poate fi folosit cu un adverb de timp precizat in trecut. Se foloseste cu adverbe de timp neprecizat care leaga trecutul de prezent. Adverbe de timp neprecizat care se aseaza intre auxiliar si verb: often, never, seldom, always, ever, already, just. Ex. Have you ever been to England? (Ai fost vreodata in Anglia?) No, I have never been to England. Yes, I have often been to England. Adverbe de timp neprecizat care stau la sfrsitul propozitiei: lately, yet (in propozitii negative). Ex. He hasnt returned home yet. (El nu s-a intors inca acasa.) I havent seen him lately. (Nu l-am vazut in ultimul timp.)
Dupa cum se poate observa, timpul Present Perfect Simple se traduce in romneste fie cu prezentul, fie cu perfectul compus, in functie de context.
Present Perfect Continuous
Se formeaza cu Present Perfect Simple al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ
I have been working We have been working You have been working You have been working He/she/it has been working They have been working
Negativ
I have not (havent) been working. He has not (hasnt) been working.
Interogativ
Have I been working? Has he been working?
Timpul Present Perfect Continuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare, cu accent pe durata, intre un moment trecut si prezent. Ex. I am tired because I have been working all day. (Sunt obosit pentru ca am muncit toata ziua.)
De asemene, poate arata probabilitatea ca actiunea inceputa in trecut, care continua in prezent, sa continue si in viitor. Ex. It has been raining for three hours. If it doesnt stop soon, we shall have floods. (Ploua de trei ore. Daca nu se opreste in curnd, vom avea inundatii.) Ca si Present Perfect Simple, se poate traduce cu prezentul sau cu perfectul compus din limba romna.
EXERCISES:
1. Folositi Present Perfect Simple in locul infinitivelor din paranteze:
1. Where you (be)? I (be) to the market.
2. You (water) the flowers?
3. He just (leave) home.
4. I (lend) him some money today.
5. There isnt any train service because the engine drivers (go) on strike.
6. Would you like a cake?
7. No, thank you, I just (have) one.
8. I already (see) this film.
9. He (not come) home yet.
10. I (not be) to the seaside this year.
1. Folositi Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous in locul infinitivelor din paranteze:
1. He (fish) for two hours but he (catch) nothing yet.
2. We (know) each other for several years.
3. The radio (play) since 7 a.m. Im tired of it.
4. I (shop) all day and I want to have a rest now.
5. How long you (wear) glasses?
6. I (cook) all the morning.
7. How many dishes you (cook)?
8. Why you (be) in the garden so long?
9. I (water) the flowers.
10. He (sleep) for 10 hours now. Its time we woke him up.
11. I (ask) you to clean your room for two days. When are you going to do it?
12. Ever since that woman came to work here, she (try) to make trouble.
1. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind Past Tense Simple sau Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous:
1. Cine te-a invatat sa vorbesti engleza att de bine?
2. Unde ti-ai petrecut vacanta anul acesta?
3. M-am gndit adesea sa-mi iau carnet de conducere.
4. De ct timp inveti engleza?
5. Vremea s-a incalzit in ultimul timp.
6. El este ministru de doi ani.
7. Traduc un text de doua ore si nu l-am terminat inca.
8. El a scris numai doua scrisori de cnd a plecat in strainatate.
9. Un copil a spart geamul. Trebuie sa-l inlocuim.
10. Ninge de doua ore.
D. Past Perfect Simple
Se formeaza cu verbul to have" la Past Tense Simple, la care se adauga forma III (past participle) a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ
I had worked.
Negativ
I had not (hadnt) worked.
Interogativ
Had I worked?
Acest timp are aceeasi forma la toate persoanele. Este, ca si Present Perfect, un verb de relatie, dar, in acest caz, este vorba de o relatie intre doua momente trecute.
Arata o actiune trecuta care a avut loc inaintea unei alte actiuni sau a unui moment din trecut. Ex. Yesterday at 9 oclock I had had breakfast. (Ieri la ora 9 luasem micul dejun.) When you rang me up, I had finished writing my homework. (Cnd mi-ai telefonat, terminasem de scris temele.)
Ca sens, echivalentul in limba romna al acestui timp este mai mult ca perfectul. Se poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul sau perfectul compus.
Past Perfect Continuous
Se formeaza cu Past Perfect Simple al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ
I had been working.
Negativ
I had not (hadnt) been working.
Interogativ
Had I been working?
Aceste forme se pastreaza la toate persoanele.
Timpul Past Perfect Continuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente trecute. De asemenea, cnd in aceeasi fraza in propozitia principala se afla un verb la Past Tense, Past Perfect Continuous poate prelua functiile lui Present Perfect Cotinuous in propozitia secundara. Ex. When he entered the room, she had been typing for one hour. (Cnd el a intrat in camera, ea batea la masina de o ora.) After John had been watching TV for 10 minutes, he got bored. (Dupa ce John privise (a privit) la televizor 10 minute, s-a plictisit.) He said it had been raining for three days. (El a spus ca ploua de trei zile.)
Dupa cum se observa, acest timp se poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul, perfectul compus sau imperfectul din limba romna.
EXERCISES:
1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perfect Simple:
1. After they (finish) dinner, they drank some coffee.
2. She said she already (be) to England.
3. He asked me whether I (meet) John before.
4. She discovered her child (not tell) the truth.
5. He told me he (catch) some fish on that day.
6. At 3 oclock on Friday, I (return) from school.
7. The house was much smaller then he (think) at first.
8. The fire (spread) to the next building when the firemen arrived.
9. We were shocked to hear she (not pass) the exam.
10. The child (eat) all the cakes before his mother became aware of it.
1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perfect Continuous:
1. When I left home, it (rain) for one hour.
2. When we met them, they (wait) for the bus for half an hour.
3. When I arrived home, mother (cook) for two hours.
4. When she sat for the exam, she (study) the subject for a week.
5. When I rang her up, she (write) letters for one hour.
6. When she decided to have a rest, she (clean) and (dust) for 5 hours.
7. After Jane (swim) for half an hour, she felt chilly.
8. When I called on her unexpectedly, I realized she (have) a party.
9. When we reached the top, we (climb) for 7 hours.
10. When we arrived at Sinaia, somebody told us it (rain) for hours.
1. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple:
1. Mi-a parut rau ca il jignisem.
2. El mi-a multumit pentru ceea ce facusem pentru el.
3. De indata ce a terminat de scris lucrarea, a inmnat-o profesorului.
4. El nu facuse nimic inainte de a-mi cere mie sfatul.
5. De indata ce au plecat musafirii, am mers la culcare.
6. Cnd am ajuns la statia de autobuz, mi-am dat seama ca imi lasasem poseta acasa.
7. Secretara mi-a spus ca directorul vorbea la telefon de o jumatate de ora.
8. Ei mi-au spus ca locuiau in Franta din 1980.
9. Nu ti-am telefonat pentru ca am crezut ca plecasesi in strainatate.
10. Ei au calatorit in multe tari dupa ce s-au casatorit.
E. Future Tense Simple
Se formeaza cu shall sau will la persoana I, will la persoana II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ
I (shall) will go We (shall) will go You will go You will go He/she/it will go They will go
Negativ
I (shall) will not go We (shall) will not go You will not go You will not go He/she/it will not go They will not go
Forma scurta pentru shall not" este shant, iar pentru will not" este wont.
Interogativ
Shall I go? Shall we go? Will you go? Will you go? Will he/she/it/ go? Will they go?
Trebuie remarcat faptul ca la interogativ persoana I, se foloseste numai shall". Acest timp arata o actiune viitoare obisnuita. Se traduce cu viitorul din limba romna. Ex. I (shall) will meet him next week. (Il voi intlni saptamna viitoare.)
Future Continuous
Se formeaza cu viitorul simplu al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ
I (shall) will be going. You will be going. He/she/it will be going. We (shall) will be going. You will be going. They will be going.
Negativ
I (shall) will not be going. You will not be going. He/she/it will not be going. We (shall) will not be going. You will not be going. They will not be going.
Interogativ
Shall I be going? Shall we be going? Will you be going? Will you be going? Will he/she/it be going? Will they be going?
Acest timp arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment viitor. Ex. At three oclock, I will be travelling to England. (Mine la ora trei voi calatori spre Anglia.) Se traduce cu viitorul din limba romna.
Future Perfect Simple
Se formeaza cu shall sau will, la care se adauga infinitivul trecut al verbului de conjugat. (have + forma III).
Afirmativ
I (shall) will have gone. You will have gone. He/she/it will have gone. We (shall) will have gone. You will have gone. They will have gone.
Negativ
I (shall) will not have gone. You will not have gone. He/she/it will not have gone. We (shall) will not have gone. You will not have gone. They will not have gone.
Interogativ
Shall I have gone? Shall we have gone? Will you have gone? Will you have gone? Will he/she/it have gone? Will they have gone?
Acest timp arata o actiune anterioara unei alte actiuni sau unui moment viitor. Se traduce cu timpul viitor anterior din limba romna. Ex. By three oclock tomorrow, I will have reached Predeal. (Mine pna la ora trei voi fi ajuns la Predeal.)
Future Perfect Continuous
Se formeaza cu Future Perfect al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat. Ex. I (shall) will have been going. When you come home, I will have been studying for three hours. Cnd vei veni tu acasa, voi studia (voi fi studiat) de trei ore. Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente viitoare. Se traduce cu viitorul simplu sau cu viitorul anterior din limba romna. Este un timp rar folosit.
Future-in-the-Past Simple
Se formeaza cu should (persoana I) sau would (toate persoanele), la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ
I (should) would go We (should) would go You would go You would go He/she/it would go They would go
Negativ
I (should) would not go We (should) would not go You would not go You would not go He/she/it would not go They would not go
Forma scurta de la should not" este shouldnt, iar cea de la would not" este wouldnt. Acest timp este folosit in concordanta timpurilor pentru a arata o actiune posterioara unui moment sau unei actiuni din trecut. Ex. He said he would be late. (El a spus ca va intrzia.) Intruct nu poate fi intlnit dect in propozitii secundare (dupa un verb la timpul trecut in propozitia principala), nu se pune problema folosirii lui a interogativ dect in intrebari disjunctive.
Future-in-the-Past Continuous
Se formeaza cu Future-in-the-Past Simple al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.
I should (would) be going.
Este un timp sestul de rar folosit. Preia functiile lui Future Tense Continuous intr-o propozitie secundara, atunci cnd in principala se afla un verb la trecut. Ex. He said that at 3 oclock, the next day, he would be travelling to England. (El a spus ca in ziua urmatoare, la ora 3, va calatori spre Anglia.)
Alte mijloace de exprimare a viitorului
Present Simple + adverb de timp viitor. Intr-un astfel de context, arata un program precis, bine stabilit.
Ex. I leave for London tomorrow. (Plec/voi pleca la Londra mine.)
Present Continuous + adverb de timp viitor. Arata o intentie, un aranjament prealabil pentru viitorul apropiat.
Ex. I am meeting John this morning. (Il intlnesc/il voi intlni pe John in dimineata aceasta.)
Expresia to be going to" + infinitiv. Arata de asemenea o intentie sau o probabilitate.
Ex. I am going to read this book. (Voi citi/am de gnd sa citesc aceasta carte.) It is going to rain.
Exercitii cu timpurile Future"
1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Simple:
1. I (know) the results in three days time.
2. You (be) in London tomorrow.
3. You (recognize) him when you see him?
4. I (remember) this day all my life.
5. I am sure you (like) this book.
6. He (be) pleased if you invite him.
7. I am sure I (succeed).
8. You (remember) to post my letter?
9. I hope I (pass) the exam.
10. You (not find) a solution if you dont know the whole truth.
1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Continuous:
1. This time next month, I (swim) in the sea.
2. When you reach Sinaia, it probably (rain).
3. Dont ring her up at 8 oclock p.m. She (watch) TV.
4. You (need) the vacuum cleaner tomorrow or may I borrow it?
5. I am sure when I arrive home, the baby (cry).
6. Lets hurry to the beach. The sun (rise) in 10 minutes.
7. He (study) all day tomorrow.
8. This time next day, we (climb) the mountain.
9. Tomorrow morning at 8 oclock, I (have) breakfast.
10. Dont expect me home for dinner, I (work) at the office till late at night.
3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Perfect Simple sau Continuous:
1. In a weeks time, we (take) our exam.
2. I (finish) reading the newspapers by lunch time.
3. Next year, they (be married) for 25 years.
4. If we dont hurry, the sun (rise) before we reach the beach.
5. By the end of the season, one hundred thousand people (spend) their holidays at the seaside.
6. By the time you come home, I (cook) for two hours.
7. When I take the exam, I (read) all the books on the bibliography list.
8. By the beginning of next week, I (work) on this paper for a month.
9. By 5 oclock, you (see) all the exhibits in the museum.
10. By the end of the month, I (pay off) all my debts.
4. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind unul din tipurile de viitor:
1. Pna anul viitor pe vremea aceasta, vor fi economisit 5 milioane.
2. Ce faci mine dimineata la ora 11?
3. Voi vizita trgul international.
4. Am cumparat o masina de scris si voi invata sa bat.
5. Pna la sfrsitul lunii, voi fi vazut acest film de 5 ori.
6. Trenul va fi plecat inainte de a ajunge noi la gara.
7. Pna la ora 1, ea va fi terminat curatenia in casa.
8. Vineri, intre orele 12 si 1, ei vor avea ultima ora de engleza.
9. El va studia in biblioteca luni de la ora 1 la 5.
10. Din cauza grevei soferilor de autobuze multa lume va merge pe jos la slujba, mine.
11. Uite ce am cumparat la o licitatie!
12. E un obiect frumos. Unde il vei pune?
Verbele auxiliare
Verbul To Be (a fi)
AfirmativInterogativNegativ
I Am = Eu suntAm I ?I Am not
You Are = Tu estiAre You ?You Are not
He Is = El esteShe Is = Ea este It Is = El/Ea EsteIs He ? Is She ? Is It ?He Is not She Is not It Is not
We Are = Noi suntemAre We ?We Are not
You Are = Voi suntetiAre You ?You Are not
They are = Ei suntAre They ?They are not
Verbul To Have (a avea)
AfirmativInterogativNegativ
I have = Eu amDo I have?I do not have
You have = Tu aiDo you have?You do not have
He has = El are She has = Ea are It has = El/Ea are Does he have? Does she have? Does it have?He does not have She does not have It does not have
We have = Noi avemDo we have?We do not have
You have = Voi avetiDo you have?You do not have
They have = Ei auDo they have?They do not have
Verbul To Do (a face)
AfirmativInterogativNegativ
I do = eu facDo I?I do not
You do = tu faciDo you?You do not
He does = el face She does = ea face It does = el/ea face Does he? Does she? Does it?He does not She does not It does not
You do = voi faceiDo you?You do not
We do = noi facemDo we?We do not
They do = ei facDo they?They do not
Exerciiul 1 Alegei forma corect:
1. I wonder how many children ......... going on the school field trip this month.
(a) areb) has
(c) is
2. Every morning, I go to work ......... car.
(a) for
(b) by
(c) in
3. Do you like sushi? No, I ..........
(a) don't like(b) don't(c) are not
4. Has anyone seen Laura? ......... to work today?
(a) Is she coming(b) Does she come(c) She come
5. I hope you're having a good time. ......... like some more tea?
(a) Do you
(b)Will you
(c) Would you
6. Let's hang out later tonight. ......... want to come over after work?
(a) You will
(b) Do you
(c) Does you
7. I was out when you called. I went to the store ......... buy some milk.
(a) for
(b) to
(c) order to
8. I haven't talked to Nicole recently. When ......... you talk to her last?
(a) does
(b) was
(c) did
9. We ......... a wonderful time. Thanks for inviting us over for dinner.
(a) had
(b) have
(c) has
10. The forecast isn't good for tomorrow. It's ......... to rain so don't forget to bring your umbrella.
(a) having
(b) going
(c) seems
Exerciiul 2 Alegei forma corect:
1. I like to visit other countries but I find the ......... of travel is too high.
(a) money(b) cost(c) expenses(d) currency
2. She is very happy because she starts her new ......... today.
(a) job(b)work(c) labour(d) post
3. One day I hope I shall ......... the lottery.
(a) gain(b) collect(c) reach(d) win
4. He must have a lot of money because this summer he is going on a cruise ......... the world.
(a) about(b) around(c) across(d) through
5. Have you read that book ......... the life of Van Gogh?
(a) about(b) of
(c) over(d) in
6. Do you want ......... sugar in your coffee?
(a) some(b) much(c) any(d) little
7. They do not ......... cheques in that restaurant.
(a) accept(b) agree(c) allow(d) admit
8. I cannot work today because I have very bad tooth..........
(a) pain(b) hurt(c) damage(d) ache
9. Children are not ......... in that public h
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