T. Yamazaki (RIKEN) Y. Akaishi (KEK), A. Dote (KEK), M. Iwasaki (RIKEN), T. Suzuki (Uni Tokyo),

T. Yamazaki (RIKEN)Y. Akaishi (KEK), A. Dote (KEK),

M. Iwasaki (RIKEN), T. Suzuki (Uni Tokyo), P. Kienle (IMEP, Vienna), K. Suzuki (TU, Munich),

N. Herrmann (Heidelberg )

Further experimental search for strange nuclear systems Kbar Nuclear Clusters from QGP to QGB Quark-Gluon Plasma Quark-Gluon Bound System

Chiral05, February-17-2005, RIKEN

Unique features of kaonic nuclei* I=0 KbarN pair attraction

* condensed nuclei

Non-existing nuclei: Normal nuclei : strongly bound K- (narrow) weakly bound K- (broad) (pp)S=0,T=1, (pn)S=0,T=1 d: (pn)S=1,T=0

(ppp)S=1/2, J=3/2-, T=3/2 t: (pnn)J=1/2,T=1/2

(ppn)S=1/2,J=3/2-,T=3/2

** condensed: large spin-orbit splitting: p3/2 lowered

** large internal nucleon energy: EN >>0

** K- potential: very deep EK = E - EN <<0

--->> Relativistic correction: energy pushed down

Nuclear KNN bound states_

nnK- ⊗

dK- ⊗

ppK- ⊗

⎭⎬⎫

⎩⎨⎧ + == 10

4

3

4

12 TT vv

⎭⎬⎫

⎩⎨⎧ + == 10

4

1

4

32 TT vv

{ }12 =Tv

T = 3/2 Unbound

T = 1/2 Above the *+n threshold

T = 1/2 E = -48 MeV = 61 MeV

S = 0

S = 1

S = 0K- (pn) S=0,T=1

Iso-doublet

Strange dibaryon

Modified --->> ~ -90 MeV

Observed (FINUDA) ~ -90 MeV?

Population mechanismRole of 1405

FINUDADoorwaycontinummfragmentationp1405

ppK-

KEK E471

S1(3140)

S0(3115)

Key issues

Experimental signatures for high density? ECoulomb, Els, decay particle correlation,…

Formation channel vs Decay channel Invariant mass spectroscopy + d, + p + pDibaryon system: (pp)T=1K-, (pn)T=1K-

Double strangeness systems: ppK-K-, pppK-K-,..Toward multi-strangeness high-density matter heavy-ion reactionsQGB with K-: kaon condensation

QuickTime˛ Ç∆TIFFÅiLZWÅj êLí£ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ

ǙDZÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉÇ å©ÇÈÇΩÇflÇ…ÇÕïKóvÇ≈Ç∑ÅB

E = ENucl shrunk: >>0

+ EK deep

Nuclear Shrinkage ?

Coulomb displacement energy EC (1,1) - (1,-1)

= 0.1 MeV for NNNK-

= 2.1 MeV for a normal

charged sphere (A=3)

LS splitting p1/2-p3/2

ELS ~ 60 MeV!!

Calculatedspectral shape(Akaishi)

T = 1.5 GeV/c

* compound

QuickTime˛ Ç∆TIFFÅiLZWÅj êLí£ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ

ǙDZÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉÇ å©ÇÈÇΩÇflÇ…ÇÕïKóvÇ≈Ç∑ÅB

4He(stopped K-,p)K-pnn (T=1)

Mc2 = 3117 MeV, ~20 MeV BK =190 MeV

4He(stopped K-,n)K-ppn (T=0,1)

Mc2 = 3140 MeV, ~ 20 MeV BK = 170 MeV

Discovery of K-NNN Bound States at KEK M. Iwasaki et al. 2004

p3/2-p1/2

Decay pattern from a dense system

Strong momentum correlation in 3-body decay

ppK- ---> p + ---> p + + + -

pppK- ---> p + p +

QuickTime˛ Ç∆TIFFÅiLZWÅj êLí£ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ

ǙDZÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉÇ å©ÇÈÇΩÇflÇ…ÇÕïKóvÇ≈Ç∑ÅB

d

K ~ freeze-out ~ 10 fm/c

Search for K- clusters as residues in heavy-ion reactions

• High-density medium accommodated in QGP fire balls• Deep self-trapping centers of K- produced in fire balls• Slightly delayed decay after the freeze-out: K > freeze-out• Invariant-mass spectroscopy for decay fragments Single-K- ppK- ---> + p ppnK- ---> + d pppK- ---> + p + p ppnnK- ---> + t pppnK- ---> + 3He Double-K- ppK-K- ---> + pppK-K- ---> + pppnK-K- ---> + d

FOPI at GSI from Kutsche (PhD) 1999

Superb identification

Invariant-mass spectroscopy in H. I. Reactions1.9 GeV/u Ni + Ni

Minv(d+) = 3140(17) [ppnK-]T=0

Jaffe’s H di-baryon? uud-ubar-s-ubar-s-uud not uuddss ?

ppK-K- fragment expected at 10 GeV/u c.m.

ppppK- pppK-K- ppppK-K-Results of extremely proton-rich kaonic nuclei

K- added K- added

Proton

Proton

added

added

3 fm 3 fm

3 fm3 fm

pppK-

total B.E. 96.7 MeVE(K) 96.7 MeV

Γ 12.5 MeV

Rrms 0.81 fmρmax 9.2 ρ0

pppK-K-

total B.E. 205.7 MeVE(K) 102.8 MeV

Γ 51.9 MeV

Rrms 0.65 fmρmax 21.6 ρ0

ppppK-

total B.E. 75.1 MeVE(K) 75.1 MeV

Γ 161.8 MeV

Rrms 0.92 fmρmax 9.9 ρ0

ppppK-K-

total B.E. 217.3 MeVE(K) 108.7 MeV

Γ 41.2 MeV

Rrms 0.73 fmρmax 14.1 ρ0

tentative

3He(K-,K+)X @ 1.8 GeV/c AGS E836

n: 3170-pn: 3199pppK-K-: 3422n: 3752

3000 MeV

3400

3800

n: 3170

-pn: 3199

pppK-K-: 3422n: 3752

Yield: Prediction by chemical equilibrium model: A. Andronic and P. Braun-Munzinger, priv.comm., 16/10/03

ObservedCombinatorial background R = S/N = BR(Kppn -->d)YKppn

/(YYd) ~ 0.004

Y~ 0.15, Yd ~ 2

BR(Kppn->d) ~0.1(assumed)

Thus,

Observed : YKppn ~ 0.012

ppK-K- expected at 10 GeV/u cm

Prediction: YKppn ~ 0.01

Strangeness at high nuclear densities

Nuclear incompressibilityis overcome by the Strong K--p attraction

At high density K- matter [K- p] + [K- p] + …+ n +… may be more stable

Schematic Spontaneously, dynamically organized high density matter without the aid of gravity!

Hadrons in Nuclear Matter

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

[GeV]

0 2 3 4 5 6 71

/0

K/N=1/2

K/N=1

K/N=3/2-

-

-

p =uud av.

K =us- -

Implication of KEK exp: BKppn

(obs) = 173 MeV BKpnn

(obs) = 195 MeV--->> enhanced KN in medium by 14%Chiral symmetry restoration?

Deeply bound -

--->> enhanced N by 35%

MN < EKN < M: no strong decay, but weak decay:

--> Metastable: nsec

EKN < MN: absolutely stable:

Strangelet, strange star

QCD phase transition

Kaon condensation

Quark Condensate diagramKaonic Nuclei: High density, T=0; Quark Phase

• Quark-Gluon Bound System

• Energy contour??

• Ground state energy??

K-psubar-uud

no hard coreubar-u

attraction

Nucleon radius: rN ~ 0.8 fm

Nucleon volume: vN ~ 2.1 fm3

Nucleon density: N = 1/vN

~ 0.47 fm-3 ~ 2.8 0

Compaction factor: 0/N~ 1/2.8

--> critical density

UK(r)=Ecore(r) + UK-core(r)

K- clusters Cold, dense & microscopic nuclear systems a New Paradigm - QGB - so far untouched

chiral symmetry restoration? quark-gluon phase? exotic nuclear dynamics, strange matter/star, kaon condensation,……

Monoenergetic protons at 510 MeV/c

Tamura et al. Yield of 4

H 4He/7Li ~ 1/4 Yield of 4

He 4He/7Li ~ 1/3

FINUDA Yield of 4He

FINUDA from 7Li,… KEK E471 from 4He

Relativistic effect

(K -, p, p) invariant mass

0p p

mp+ mp+ mK- = 2370mp + m = 2054

Cos(p) < - 0.86

-240

-220

-200

-180

-160

-140

[MeV] pppK-

ppnK-

pppnK-

ppppK-

6BeK-

9BK-

6BeK-+pnn

ppppK-+2n+p

+2n

+2p+n

+p+2n

D2 bubble chamber experiment

d + K- ---> ps + 1405 + -

“n” + K- ---> 1405 + -

Evidence for ppK- 　 (1976) decaying to p + ???!!! ps: high momentum component Minv(distributed

Missing mass of (K-,-) ?Invariant mass of p +

Proposed FOPI experiment (I) d + 4 GeV p ---> p + * + K0 + p (~10 nb/sr) ( --> p* + K0 + p ) --> ppK- + K0 + p missing mass

ppK- --> p + invariant mass

1405=* cascade reaction in 4HeInitial p + “n” -->* + K0 + p * + “ppn” -->*pp + n --> pppK- + n “nK0” + “ppn” --> ppnK0 + n (“Kaon Transfer”) pppK- ---> p + p + (invariant mass) * + “ppn” -->*pn + p --> ppnK- + p “pK-” + “ppn” --> ppnK- + p (“Kaon Transfer”) ppnK- ---> d + (invariant mass) * + “pn” -->*p + n --> ppK- + n ppK- ---> p + (invariant mass)

Small momentum transfer (soft landing)

pppK- momentum (MeV/c)

1405 kinetic energy (MeV)