View
1
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions
Seminar The most important Mistakes in Physics‘s History
Geocentric model
4-Elements Model
Kinetics of Inertia
ANTIQUE Χρόνος
Markus Köhli
Geocentric model
Phlogiston The Infinite
4-Elements Model
Kinetics of Inertia
ANTIQUE
PRE-PHYSICS ERA
Χρόνος
Markus Köhli
Alchemy
Geocentric model
Aether Theory
Phlogiston The Infinite
Bohr: Atomic Model
Einstein‘s Lambda
N-Rays
4-Elements Model
Kinetics of Inertia
ANTIQUE
PRE-PHYSICS ERA
CLASSICAL PHYSICS
Χρόνος
Markus Köhli
Alchemy
Geocentric model
Aether Theory
Phlogiston The Infinite
Polywater
Bohr: Atomic Model
Transuranium Elements
Magnetic Monopoles
Einstein‘s Lambda
Cold Fusion
Heisenberg‘s Theory of Everything
N-Rays
4-Elements Model
Kinetics of Inertia
ANTIQUE
MODERN PHYSICS
PRE-PHYSICS ERA
CLASSICAL PHYSICS
Χρόνος
Markus Köhli
Alchemy
Geocentric model
Aether Theory
Phlogiston The Infinite
GSI Neutral Particles
Superspeed Neutrinos
HERA-B
Polywater
Bohr: Atomic Model
Transuranium Elements
Magnetic Monopoles
Gravitational Waves
Super Symmetry
Einstein‘s Lambda
Cold Fusion
Heisenberg‘s Theory of Everything
Pentaquarks
N-Rays
Double-Beta Decay
4-Elements Model
Kinetics of Inertia
ANTIQUE
MODERN PHYSICS
PRE-PHYSICS ERA
PARTICLE PHYSICS
CLASSICAL PHYSICS
Χρόνος
Markus Köhli
Alchemy
Markus Köhli
The Beginning of Science
Markus Köhli
The Beginning of Science
Markus Köhli
The Beginning of Science
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism Since 1386.
Hypothesis
pure logic of mind
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Rationalism John Locke
René Descartes
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism Since 1386.
Hypothesis
pure logic of mind
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Theory
Empirical Research
Deduction Induction
Rationalism John Locke
René Descartes
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism Since 1386.
Hypothesis
pure logic of mind
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Empirism Theory
Empirical Research
Francis Bacon
David Hume Deduction Induction
Rationalism John Locke
René Descartes
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism Since 1386.
Hypothesis
pure logic of mind
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Empirism Theory
Empirical Research
Francis Bacon
David Hume Deduction Induction
Rationalism John Locke
René Descartes
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism Since 1386.
Hypothesis
pure logic of mind
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Empirism Theory
Empirical Research
Francis Bacon
David Hume Deduction
Falsifiability
Rationalism John Locke
René Descartes
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism Since 1386.
Hypothesis
pure logic of mind
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Empirism Theory
Empirical Research
Francis Bacon
David Hume Deduction
Rationalism John Locke
René Descartes
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism Since 1386.
Hypothesis
pure logic of mind
Empirism
Karl Popper
Falsifiability
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Empirism Theory
Empirical Research
Francis Bacon
David Hume Deduction
Rationalism John Locke
René Descartes
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism Since 1386.
Hypothesis
pure logic of mind
Empirism
Karl Popper
Falsifiability
„If any and every failure to fit were ground for theory rejection,
all theories ought to be rejected at all times.“
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Empirism Theory
Empirical Research
Francis Bacon
David Hume Deduction
Rationalism John Locke
René Descartes
Dogmata Metaphysics Irrationalism Since 1386.
Hypothesis
pure logic of mind
Empirism
Karl Popper
Falsifiability
„If any and every failure to fit were ground for theory rejection,
all theories ought to be rejected at all times.“
Thomas Kuhn:
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Science as a social business
Markus Köhli
The Structure of Science
Paradigm
“A paradigm (…) is a whole way of doing science in a particular field that includes an entire package of ideas and claims about the world, as well as of methods for gathering and analyzing
data, of pursue the theoretical elaboration of the field.”
Thomas Kuhn
Science as a social business
Markus Köhli
The Route of Science
Pre-Paradigm Phase
Normal Science
Normal Science
chaotic aimless
Paradigm
New Paradigm
Revolution
Structure
Markus Köhli
The Route of Science
Pre-Paradigm Phase
Normal Science
Normal Science
chaotic aimless
Paradigm
New Paradigm
Revolution
Structure
Paradigm Shift
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Pre-Paradigm Phase
• manyfold of theories exist • incomplete and inconsistent theories • no particular consensus on any theory • ineffective
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Pre-Paradigm Phase
• manyfold of theories exist • incomplete and inconsistent theories • no particular consensus on any theory • ineffective
Eventually: Opinions gather around one
Examples
ARISTOTELES: Physica (4th c. BC)
NEWTON: Principia (1686), Opticks (1704)
PTOLEMÄUS: Almagest (2nd c.)
FRANKLIN: Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1750)
LAVOISIER: Elementary Treatise on Chemistry (1789)
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Normal Science
• puzzle solving • advance in details, refinement • „scientific engineering“ • no revision process • theoretical background stays constant • no debate about fundamental principles
= established Paradigm Paradigm
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Normal Science
• solving of ‚new‘ problems, revelations • testing what is already predicted by theory • Articulate a theory, e.g. determine parameters and constants
Paradigm
Three Foci:
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Anomaly and Crisis
Paradigm
Other Theory
Incommensurable
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Anomaly and Crisis
Paradigm
Not yet solved
Additional assumption
Counter tuning argument
Other Theory
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Anomaly and Crisis
Paradigm
Not yet solved
Additional assumption
Counter tuning argument
Other Theory
New Paradigm
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Anomaly and Crisis
Paradigm
anomalies of old theory =
background of new theory
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Anomaly and Crisis
• Anomalies: data incompatible with theory • Anomalies: predictions not met
• critical mass of anomalies reached • a new paradigm has emerged
Revolution happens if:
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Anomaly and Crisis
• Anomalies: data incompatible with theory • Anomalies: predictions not met
• critical mass of anomalies reached • a new paradigm has emerged
Revolution happens if:
any alone won‘t lead to paradigm shift
Markus Köhli
The Three Phases of Science
Normal Science again
New Paradigm
Markus Köhli
Actual Example of
Crisis & Paradigm
Example: Footprint of Cosmic Neutrons
wet dry
D
primary (high energetic)
nucleus
D
Neutrons Neutrons
Can cosmic neutrons …be used to probe the moisture content of the soil ?
range?
Markus Köhli
Example: Footprint of Cosmic Neutrons
Markus Köhli
Example: Footprint of Cosmic Neutrons
Simulated Detector Response
radial distance [m]
D
range
86% quantile
Geocentric model
Aether Theory
Phlogiston The Infinite
GSI Neutral Particles
Superspeed Neutrinos
HERA-B
Polywater
Bohr: Atomic Model
Transuranium Elements
Magnetic Monopoles
Gravitational Waves
Super Symmetry
Einstein‘s Lambda
Cold Fusion
Heisenberg‘s Theory of Everything
Pentaquarks
N-Rays
Double-Beta Decay
4-Elements Model
Kinetics of Inertia
ANTIQUE
MODERN PHYSICS
PRE-PHYSICS ERA
PARTICLE PHYSICS
CLASSICAL PHYSICS
Χρόνος
Markus Köhli
Alchemy
Recommended