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Outline• Physical health and cognition
• how exercise improve general health?
• physical health vs. brain health
• Sport and cognition (coming soon)
• can elite athletes show superiority in cognitive processing?
• Inside the brain of athletes
Definitions of physical-health-related factors
• Fitness
• A general state of good health, usually as a result of exercise and nutrition
• subcomponents of physical fitness: muscle, cardiovascular..
• Physical activity
• Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires any energy expenditure
• Physical inactivity is the 4th leading risk factor of global mortality
Why this issue is important?
Wen et al., 2011, The Lancet
The relationship between physical activity volume and mortality reduction compared with individuals in the inactive group
A prospective cohort study with 416175 individuals from 1996 to 2008 in Taiwan
The relation between exercise and cognition
Animal models
Exercise improve learning and memory in mice
Vaynman & Gomez-Pinilla et al., 2006, J. Neuro. Res.
Robinson & Bucci, 2014, Neuroscience
Liu et al., 2009, J. Physiol.
The relation between exercise and cognitionHuman studies
Insights into the brain across lifespan
Craik & Bialystok, 2006, Trend. Cog. Neurosci.
Active lifestyle vs. reaction times in elderly adults
• Reaction time (RT) tasks have often been used to assess cognitive performance in adult adults
Spirduso, 1975, J. Gerontol.
150
190
230
270
310
Simple RT Choice RT
Young Active oldInactive old
RT in
ms
aerobic training group
control group
6 months
Pre-test Post-test
Selective benefits of physical exercise for cognitive functioning
Impulsive Stopping Cognitive Switching
Conflict solving
Impulsive Stopping Cognitive Switching
Conflict solving
Kramer et al, 1999, Nature
Selective benefits of physical exercise for cognitive functioning
Kramer et al, 1999, Nature
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compatible� incompatible�
What is the neural
mechanisms
Structural imaging approaches
Colcombe et al., 2006, J. Gerontol. Med. Sci.
blue areas = Gray matter; Yellow areas = White matter
Flank Effects
A---->舉左手B---->不舉手C---->舉右手
A CB
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看中間字母做舉手反應
++++++
Functional imaging approaches
Colcombe et al., 2004, PNAS
Functional imaging approaches
Hillman et al., 2004, Res. Quart. Exer. Sport
latency
amplitude
late
ncy
Ampl
itude
Greater memory performance and hippocampus volumes in higher-fitness children
53
55
57
59
61
Low-fit High-fit
Mem
ory
perfo
rman
ce (d
’)
6200
6700
7200
7700
8200
Low-fit High-fit
Volu
me
(mm
3)
Chaddock et al., 2010, Brain Res.
Afterschool physical activity may benefit working memory in children
Kamijo et al., 2011, Dev. Sci.
Greater physical fitness is associated with better academic performance in children
Catelli et al., 2007, J. Sport Exer. Psychol.
BMI Subcomponents
Another approach
acute effect of exercise on cognitive performance
Acute exercise improves neurocognitive performance
Hillman et al., 2003, Int. J. Psychophysiol.
Acute exercise improves neurocognitive and academic performance
Hillman et al., 2009, Neuroscience
Acute exercise improves neurocognitive and academic performance
Hillman et al., 2009, Neuroscience
copy from Hillman’s research presentation
Interesting problems in Taiwan
WHO 2011 recommendations of physical activity• Children aged 5 - 17 years
• 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity
• 3 times per week
• aerobic activities or those help strengthen muscle and bone
• Adults aged 18 - 64 years
• at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity
• at least 2 days/week of muscle-strengthening activities involving major muscle groups
• Older adults aged 65 and above
• at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity
• at least 3 times/week of physical activity with balance improvement
• at least 3 muscle-strengthening activities involving major muscle groups
• As could as possible
Take home messages
• Exercise may help maintain or improve brain functions in elderly adults
• Children with higher levels of fitness may have greater cognitive functions and better academic achievement
• Why you sit here??
Exams
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Thank you for your attention!
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