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Preterit (IYF)…………………………………………………………………………..3
Imperfect (IYF)……………………………………………………………………….4
Preterit vs Imperfect………………………………………………………………5
Constructions with Se…………………………………………………………….6
Adverbios………………………………………………………………………………..7
Por…………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Para…………………………………………………………………………………………9
Por vs. Para……………………………………………………………………….....10
Stressed Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns…………………........11
Commands……………………………………………………………………………..12
Object Pronoun Placement…………………………………………………….13
Present Subjunctive……………………………………………………………….14
Subjunctive with verbs of will and influence………………………..15
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRETERITE
-Ar Verbs -Er/Ir Verbs
Yo-é Yo-í
Tú-aste Tú-iste
Él, ella, ud.-ó Él, ella, ud.-ó
Nosotros-amos Nosotros-imos
Uds- aron Uds- ieron
Ayer- yesterday
Anoche- last night
Después- Afterwards
Anteayer- the day before yesterday
La semana pasada- last week
El mes pasado- last month
El año pasado- last year
El fin de semana pasado- last weekend• Has a definite time in the past
• Has a beginning or ending• The most recent past• Shows Interruption• Perfected time
-que -camos
-caste Casteís
-có -caron
CAR-GAR-ZAR
--cé -zamos
-zaste -zasteís
-zó -zaron
-gue -gamos
-gaste -gasteís
-gó -garonSpock Verbs-Dar/Ver -Hacer -Ser/Ir
-í -hice -fuí
-iste -hiciste -fuiste
-ió -hizo -fue
-imos -hicimos -fuimos
-isteis -hicisteís -fuisteis
-ieron -hicieron -fueron
IMPERFECT
-ar -er -ir
Yo Aba Ía Ía
Tu Abas Ías Ías
Usted Aba Ía Ía
Nos Abamos Íamos Íamos
Vos Abais Íais Íais
Ustedes Aban Ían Ían
Todos los dias- every dayCada dia- every day
Cada mes- everymonthSiempre- always
Nunca- neverA veces- sometimes
Muchas Veces- many timesFrecuentemente-
frequentlyA muendo- often
Casi siempre- almost always
Todo el tiempo- all the time
Todos los lunes- every Monday
Irregular Ser Ver Ir
Yo Era Veía Iba
Tu Eras Veías Ibas
Usted Era Veía Iba
Nos Éramos Vivíamos Íbamos
Vos Erais Veíais Ibais
Ustedes eran Veían Iban
PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT
-Completed actions in the past-Have a defined beginning and end-Specific time
-Continuing actions-Non-completed
-Outgoing-Not a specific time
-Take
s place
in the past
Use “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb
When using “se” the verb is always in the 3rd person
Can be used in all tenses
Ejemplos
Se vende fruta en el mercado
Se habla Ingles
Se hizo mucho
CONSTRUCTIONS WITH SE
Add –mente (in most cases) to the feminine singular form of an adjective
This ending corresponds to –ly in English
ADVERBIOS
Passing through something (PORtal)
General description rather than specific description Location (PORtugal)
How long something lasts (PORever)
The cause of something (PORpuse)
An exchange (imPORt or exPORt)
Doing something in place or instead of someone else (I can get that POR you)
A means of transportation (transPORtation)
POR
For whom something is done (Jack’s PARAty)
Destination (PARAguay)
Purpose for which something is done
Expresses an opinion (PARAdon me, but I like blue)
To compare or contrast (comPARAson)
Express an idea of deadline (PARAmedic)
PARA
POR VS. PARA
Por Para
Motion or a general location Destination Place
Duration of an action Destination Person
Reason or motive for an action Future time limit
Object of a search Purpose or goal
Means by which something is done Use or function
Exchange or substitution Comparisons
Unit of Measure Opinion
STRESSED POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS
Masculino
Feminino
Mío(s) Mía(s)
Tuyo(s) Tuya(s)
Suyo(s) Suya(s)
Nuestro(s)
Nuestra(s)
Vuestro(s)
Vuestra(s)
Suyo(s) Suya(s)
Stressed possessive adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify. Unstressed possessive adjectives are placed before the noun.
Must agree in gender and number
Ellos son mis coches - =They are my cars
1. Drop the final “o” in the yo form
2. AR Verbs (-e or –en) or ER/IR Verbs (-a or –an)
• Affirmative: Attach to command, add accent on third to last syllable, and on the fourth to last if you add two
(one pronoun or two)• Negative: Place pronouns before command, and do not
add accents
MANDATAS FORMALES UD. + UDS.
Affirmative:
1) Drop the ending of the verb (habl)
2) Add a/e to the end (habla)
Ex. Habla tú más lentamente
Used to give someone a direct command
TU COMMANDS
Negative:
1) Convert to yo form (hablo)
2) Drop O and add an as/es to the end (opposite)(hables)
3) Add a no before the verb (no hables)
Ex. No hables por el día
For Affirmative:
1) Convert verb to nosotros form (hablamos)
2) Drop the s at the end, and add the needed pronouns (hablamonos)
For Negative:
3) Convert to nosotros (hablamos)
4) Add a no then pronoun(s) before the verb (No nos hablamos)
NOSOTROS COMMANDS
ir- to go
Ser- to be
Saber – to know
Estar- to be
Dar- to give
Jugar- to play
Llegar- to get
Buscar- search for
Tocar- To touch
Empezar- To start
MANDATOS FORMALES IRREGULARES
Vaya(n)Sea(n)Sepa(n)Esté(n)Dé(n)Juegue(n)Llegue(n)Busqie(n)Toque(n)Empiece(n)
T- Tener and TraerV- VenirD- Dar, DecirI- IrS- SalirH- Hacer, HaberE- EstarS- Ser
T- Tenga, TraigaV- VengaD- De, DijeI- VayaS- SalgaH- Haga, HayaE- EsteS- Sea
Tu Commands
Decir > di
Haver > haz
Ir > ve
Poner > pon
Salir > sal
Ser > sé
Tener > ten
Venir > ven
MÁS MANDATOS IRREGULARES
• For affirmative commands, the object pronouns are attached directly to the end of the commanding form of the verb
• Compre + lo = Comprelo• For negative commands, object pronouns come before
the commanding form of the verb• No + compre + lo = No lo compre
OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT
1. Start with yo form of present indicative (hablo)
2. Drop the –o ending (habl)
3. Add opposite endings depending on form (hable) (very similar to the commands)
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
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