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Innovation-Innovation-Development Development
ProcessProcessJane DeWitt
Walden UniversityEDUC 7101-Diffusion and
Integration of Technology in Education
October 2, 2009Dr. Jock Schorger
Feeling Overwhelmed?
Decoding Difficulties?
Can’t follow lectures?
Want to review material anywhere?
Got an iPod? Have access to the
internet?
Try Podcasting
Podcasting Podcasting in the in the
Educational SettingEducational Setting Personalized, on-
demand multi-media content
Encourages and supports independent learning
Directly linked to lecture activities
(Laing, Wootton & Irons, 2006)
Background InformationBackground InformationThe “Podfather”
2003Two Entrepreneurs
Dave Winerand
Adam Currycredited with the
creation of PODCASTING
http://images.businessweek.com/ss/05/12/bestleaders/image/curry.jpg
http://blog.lib.umn.edu/buckn018/communication/winer%201.jpg
The NeedThe Need Disengaged learners
Outdated texts Limitations of face-
to-face learning Confinement related
to the conventional learning environment
Created a need to provide the digital native a format for time-shift content that is current and
supportive of course curriculum
Research: The iPodResearch: The iPodOn October 23, 2001
Project Codename Dulcimer Apple Computers publicly announced
their portable music digital player the iPod.
The iPod was announced several months after the release of iTunes, a program that converted audio CDs into compressed digital audio files, and could organize your digital music collection..
Tony FadellTony Fadell The father of the iPod Former employee of General Magic and
Phillips Wanted to invent a better MP3 player. Apple supported his project Went to work for Apple Computers in
2001 as an independent contractor Lead a team of thirty people to develop
the new MP3 player. .
The The iPodiPod
The first generation iPods had scroll wheels that physically rotated.
Post 2003 iPods (third generation) have touch sensitive wheels.
Fourth generation (2004) iPods have buttons integrated onto the wheel.
http://greenisthenewinternet.com/images/1st_gen_ipod.jpg
PodcastingPodcasting September 2000- The first system that
enabled the selection, automatic downloading and storage of serial episodic audio content on PCs and portable devices was launched
October 2000 - The concept of using enclosures in RSS Feeds was proposed
The idea was implemented by Dave Winer, a software developer and an author of the RSS format
Winer had received customer requests for audioblogging and discussed idea with Adam Curry
PodcastingPodcasting January 2001 - RSS enclosure feature
demonstrated by enclosing a song in the Scripting News weblog
June 2003 - Stephen Downes demonstrated aggregation and syndication of audio files in his Ed Radio application
February 2004- The term "podcasting" was one of several terms for portable listening to audioblogs
PodcastingPodcasting
November 2004 - Podcasting networks started to appear on the scene with podcasters affiliating with one another
June 2005-Apple staked its claim on the medium by adding podcasting to its iTunes
Development ConcernsDevelopment Concerns First two years saw relatively few users Many developers avoided using it. Legal concerns regarding the audio content
(Matthews, 2006) Winer's company incorporated the new feature
in its weblogging product, Radio Userland All that was needed for "podcasting" was a
way to automatically move audio files from download folder to an audio player (either software or hardware) -- along with enough compelling audio to make such automation worth the trouble
Intended AudienceIntended Audience
Business Education News Music Videos Effective tool in e-learning
CommercializationCommercialization
Podcasting
distribution
audience 50
million by
end of decade (Matthews, 2006)
1900s
1990s
2000s
Innovation-Decision Innovation-Decision ProcessProcess
KnowledgeKnowledgeWhat is
Podcasting?
How does it work?
Is it really that easy?
http://nkilkenny.wordpress.com/2007/01/06/
Innovation-Decision Innovation-Decision ProcessProcess
PersuasionPersuasion Combines iPod and broadcasting Ease of publication Ease of subscription Ease of use across multiple
environments Anywhere, anytime mobile learning Provides 21st century learning
Innovation-Decision Innovation-Decision ProcessProcessDecisionDecision
Most homes have a personal computer
Access to the internet Surf the World Wide
Web Download information or
music Read or write blogs Tap into podcasts Adopt the innovation
Innovation-Decision Innovation-Decision ProcessProcess
ImplementationImplementationDive InDive In Create digital content
Give students the digital tools to get the content
Play it back…Anytime Anywhere Reference information Read/write blogs Stay competitive Raise school profile
Innovation-Decision Innovation-Decision ProcessProcess
ConfirmationConfirmation Teachers and students share in creation of
podcast Students create podcasts to review
material Podcasts provide alternate learning
environment for those unable to attend brick-n-mortar school
Students share globally Teachers and students are developing 21st
century skills
http://www.skydeckcartoons.com/brandcamp/070226.adoption.jpg
Wikipedia.org
Predicted Growth of Podcast Users between 2004 and 2010Source: TDG Press Release (2007)
Perceived Perceived AttributeAttribute
ssofof
iPods and iPods and PodcastinPodcastin
ggin the in the
EducatioEducational nal
SettingSetting
As educators we need a repertoire of teaching
strategies that span the repertoire of
needs that our students have.
(Dede, Laureate Education Inc., 2008)
Podcasting has been adopted Podcasting has been adopted by innovators and early by innovators and early
adopters, but is just adopters, but is just beginning to be used by the beginning to be used by the early early mainstream audience audience
….James Lewin, 2009
Who are the Innovators?Who are the Innovators?
Adam CurryAdam Curry Tristan Louis Tristan Louis Dave WinerDave Winer Collaborated in 2001Collaborated in 2001 Used RSS technology and their Used RSS technology and their
media content to provide the media content to provide the first podcast prototypefirst podcast prototype
Who were the Early Who were the Early Adopters?Adopters?
Web bloggers desiring a way to stream audible blogs
Professionals People in the field of technology News media personnel College Professors Students
Why Adopt?Why Adopt?Relative AdvantageRelative Advantage
According to Rogers, the idea of relative advantage is the degree to which an innovation is perceived as better than the idea it supersedes.
Expressed as: Economic Profitability
Social Prestige
(Rogers, 2003, p.229).
Who Podcasts?Who Podcasts? 49% female, 51% male. % female, 51% male. All ages. More listeners 55+ than in the 18-24 All ages. More listeners 55+ than in the 18-24
age group. age group. Well-educated. Twice as many podcast users Well-educated. Twice as many podcast users
have advanced degrees as others. have advanced degrees as others. Well-to-do. Podcast users are twice as likely to Well-to-do. Podcast users are twice as likely to
have incomes over 100K and nearly twice as have incomes over 100K and nearly twice as likely to have incomes between 75K and 100K. likely to have incomes between 75K and 100K.
Wired – spending more than 50% more time Wired – spending more than 50% more time online. online.
More than twice as likely to own an iPod or More than twice as likely to own an iPod or other portable media player. other portable media player.
More than twice as likely to own video gaming More than twice as likely to own video gaming systems. systems.
Who are the Laggards?Who are the Laggards?
People not “connected” People not “connected” People fearful of downloading materialPeople fearful of downloading material K-12 School Administrators concerned K-12 School Administrators concerned
with liability issueswith liability issues Parents concerned about safety and Parents concerned about safety and
content of material downloadedcontent of material downloaded Instructors not comfortable with Instructors not comfortable with
integrating technologyintegrating technology
Moving the Laggards into Moving the Laggards into the Podcasting Erathe Podcasting Era
Compatibility…The perception of podcasting needs to be consistent with the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters
Trialability…Allow potential adopters the opportunity to experiment with podcasting to better determine that it can be a valuable educational tool. .
(Rogers, 2003)(Rogers, 2003)
Adoption of InnovationAdoption of InnovationDecentralized Diffusion Approach
The integration of iPods and Podcasting will diffuse into the middle school
environment via a peer network in a relatively spontaneous fashion.
Innovations diffused in this manner are
more likely to fit the users’ needs and
problems, allowing the users a sense of control and able to make key decisions.
(Rogers, 2003, p.398)
Key Change AgentsKey Change Agents
Technology Instructors Media Center Specialist
Innovative Instructors currently utilizing
technology in the classroom
Effecting Positive Social Effecting Positive Social ChangeChange
1.1. Develop a need for change-Develop a need for change- the media the media specialist can initiate change by pointing out specialist can initiate change by pointing out new alternatives that create a more learner new alternatives that create a more learner centered classroom during orientationcentered classroom during orientation
2.2. Establish an Information Exchange Establish an Information Exchange Relationship-Relationship- Once the need for change Once the need for change has been created, the media specialist can has been created, the media specialist can begin to develop rapport with key begin to develop rapport with key instructors within the buildinginstructors within the building
3.3. To Diagnose Problems-To Diagnose Problems- Key staff members Key staff members can help determine why existing alternatives can help determine why existing alternatives do not meet their needsdo not meet their needs
4.4. Create an Intent to Change in the Create an Intent to Change in the Client- Client- The key staff members develop an The key staff members develop an action plan to motivate interests in using action plan to motivate interests in using iPods and PodcastingiPods and Podcasting
5.5. Translate an Intent into Action- Translate an Intent into Action- Key Key members build near-peer support groups to members build near-peer support groups to begin using iPods and Podcasting, allowing begin using iPods and Podcasting, allowing time to teach interested facultytime to teach interested faculty
6.6. Stabilize Adoption and Prevent Stabilize Adoption and Prevent DiscontinuanceDiscontinuance
Key members reinforce those members Key members reinforce those members that have begun using the new technologythat have begun using the new technology
7. 7. Achieve a Terminal Relationship- Achieve a Terminal Relationship- Key Key members, through training and support members, through training and support create self-sufficient userscreate self-sufficient users
Critical Mass occurs Critical Mass occurs at the point at which at the point at which enough individuals enough individuals in a system have in a system have
adopted an adopted an innovation so that innovation so that the innovation’s the innovation’s further rate of further rate of
adoption becomes adoption becomes self-sustainingself-sustaining
(Rogers, 2003, p.363)(Rogers, 2003, p.363)
http://rumorsweretrue.files.wordpress.com/2006/11/http://rumorsweretrue.files.wordpress.com/2006/11/flashrave.jpgflashrave.jpg
While the iPod and While the iPod and Podcasting have attained Podcasting have attained critical mass in society critical mass in society they have not fully met they have not fully met their potential in the their potential in the educational environment. educational environment.
Target highly respected staff members in the initial implementation of the iPod and Podcasting technology.
Make it interactive and keep the members engaged
Make the iPod and Podcasting a desirable commodity
http://www.pakalil.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/motivation-circle.png
Defining the NeedDefining the NeedAction and Action and reaction, ebb reaction, ebb and flow, trial and flow, trial
and error, and error, change - this is change - this is the rhythm of the rhythm of living. Out of living. Out of
our over-our over-confidence, confidence,
fear; out of our fear; out of our fear, clearer fear, clearer vision, fresh vision, fresh
hope. And out of hope. And out of hope, progress. hope, progress.
Bruce Barton
Anywhere, Anytime Access to Learning
Creates 21st Century Learners Eliminates outdated texts Allows for collaboration Meets ADA guidelines by
providing material in varying sources
Optimizes study time
Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.
William Butler Yeats
ReferencesReferencesBeam, A. (2006, May 26). bickering among the 'pod squad. The
Boston Globe, Retrieved from http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2005/05/26/bickering_among_thepod_squad/.
Bellis, M. (2009). The History of apple computers. Retrieved from http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Apple_Computers.htm.
Bellis, M. (2009). History of mp3. Retrieved from http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/MPThree.htm..
Laing, C., Wootton, A., & Irons, A. (2006). Ipod! ulearn!. Current Developments in Technology-Assisted Education, Retrieved from http://www.formatex.org/micte2006/pdf/514-518.pdf
Matthews, K. (2006). Research into podcasting technology Matthews, K. (2006). Research into podcasting technology including current and possible future uses. including current and possible future uses. http://mms.ecs.soton.ac.uk/2007/papers/32.pdf. http://mms.ecs.soton.ac.uk/2007/papers/32.pdf.
ReferencesReferenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audioblogginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audioblogging
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS
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