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Memory: specification
• Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony: misleading information, including leading questions and post-event discussion; anxiety
Memory: eyewitness testimony
• Without looking do the following:
• Draw a picture of both sides of a 10p coin.
• Write down the name of the person shown on the back of a new £5 note.
Memory: eyewitness testimony
• We are often unable to accurately recall details of objects that we use daily.• This is not a major problem as long as we
recognise a 10 pence coin or £5 pound note.• It is a major problem when someone gives
evidence in a court of law about a crime.
Memory: eyewitness testimony
• Eye witness testimony: the evidence provided in court by a witness of a crime.
• An area of memory research that investigates the accuracy of memory following an accident, crime, or other significant event.
Memory: eyewitness testimony
• Read the BBC article on eyewitness testimony.
Memory: eyewitness testimony
• The accuracy of eyewitness memory can be affected at:
1.The encoding stage: a crime or accident is fast and unexpected. Not all the details are encoded and stored in long term memory.
2.The retrieval stage: research has found that misleading post event information can affect the accuracy of eyewitness memory.
Memory: eyewitness testimony
Elizabeth Loftus
Memory: eyewitness testimony
• Research by Elizabeth Loftus has focused on the retrieval stage of eyewitness memory.
• She has conducted research that has demonstrated how memory for events can be changed by later information.
• She has demonstrated how memory is reconstructive: information can be deleted or added every time we remember an event.
Memory: eyewitness testimony
• Loftus has conducted controlled lab experiments to investigate the effect of key factors on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony:
1.Leading questions2.Post event-discussion
Eyewitness testimony: leading questions
• Leading questions are questions phrased in such a way that they prompt a particular answer.
‘How fast was the white car going when it passed the stop sign?’ ‘How fast was the car going when it passed the stop sign?’
Loftus & Palmer
Eyewitness testimony: leading questions
• Read p.27 & 28 of the memory booklet and complete the key study worksheet.
Memory: post-event discussion
• A discussion between witnesses about a crime or accident after the event.
• This type of discussion may affect the
memory of the witness for the event.
Memory: eyewitness testimony
• Gabbert et al (2003) found evidence that post-event discussion did affect eyewitness testimony and led to inaccurate recall of a crime.
• Read p.28 & 29 of the memory booklet and
complete the key study worksheet.
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