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Solar Power
Designing & Fabrication of a 2-kW Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plant
10
Concrete
Pillar
Solar
Cooker
Booster
Mirror
Nylon
Chord
Tracker
Base
Curved
Steel Pipe
Water
Container
Intravenous
Drip Set
α β
I
I' = I / Sin α
I'' = I' Sin (α+ β)
Solar Cooker Box
Booster MirrorI''' = I'' Sin (α+2β–180o)/Sin(180o–α–β)
LB
L
α+2β–180o
180o–α–β
Tracking Circuit
Two 6-Volt Batteries
Lead wires
Electric Motor
Motion synchronizing strip
Circular end attachments of primary mirror strips mounted on wooden frame
Threaded end rod
α β
I
I' = I / Sin α
I'' = I' Sin (α+ β) 180o–α–β
Horizontal Surface
Freznel CollectorSolar Altitude
Performance AnalysisSolar Irradiance at Noon in Karachi – 22 Years Avg.
Month
Jan. Feb Mar April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Inoon 0.52 0.59 0.67 0.77 0.79 0.76 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.56 0.50
I = Inoon Sin [ 180 (t – tsunrise) / (tsunset – tsunrise) ] (W/m2)
Iact(t) = I Sin (α+θ) / Sin(α) (W/m2)
α = Sin-1[Sin δ Sin φ + Cos δ Cos ω Cos φ] (degrees)
ω = 15 (ts – 12) (degrees)
δ = Sin-1 [0.39795 Cos [0.98563 (N-173)]] (degrees)
Φ = Latitude
Performance Analysis t2
Eexp = A € ∫ Iact(t) dt (Joules)
t1
Etheo = M C (T2 – T1)
€ = Eexp / Etheo
€ = 1837 kJ / 4515 kJ = 0.407
Pakistan’s Solar Map
Monthly Averaged Global Solar Radiation on Five Major Cities of Pakistan
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month of the Year
Rad
iati
on
En
erg
y (
MJ/m2 /d
ay)
Solar Resource
Pakistan (Around Quetta) 28-30oN 2200 0.81 0.75
Estimate ~ 85 x 1012 kWh/y ~ 25 times the total installed capacity
(~ 40,000 km2) of Pakistan at 5% conversion efficiency
Solar Electric Generating Systems (SEGS - 1985)
Cost / kWh: 25¢ in 1985 – 10-13¢ today
5 fields of 33 MW each Operational and commercially viable since 1985 15 additional years working life expected
Mojave Desert at Kramer Junction, California
750 MW Imperial Valley Project of 250 kW Solar Dish Striling Engines
Linear Freznel
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
• CSP capacity expected to double every 16 months over the next five years
• Worldwide installed CSP capacity will reach 6,400 megawatts in 2012
• CSP Costs expected: 7–10¢ per kilowatt-hour by 2015 and to 5–7¢ per kilowatt-hour by 2020
• CSP and PV plants may produce 69 percent of U.S. electricity and 35 percent of total U.S. energy, including transportation, by 2050
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