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Archaeology
• ar·∙chae·∙ol·∙o·∙gy • ˌärkēˈäləjē/ • noun • noun: archaeology; noun: archeology • the study of human history and prehistory through the excavaAon of sites and the analysis of arAfacts and other physical remains.
What do archaeologists look at in order to learn about a people?
• ArAfacts (objects created or used by people), including their “garbage”
• Features: buildings, walls, pits, agriculture • RelaAonships and spaAal connecAons among objects
• StraAficaAon • Soil composiAon • Plant elements (fibers, seeds, pollen) • Bones • Layout
What can we see in this
object ?
• Does it look like anything we’ve seen before? • Why or why not? • What do the object, its material, techniques and imagery
tell us?
Scythia • Scythia was in Central Eurasia, including parts of Ukraine,
the Siberia steppe, and Iran. • Scythians ruled from ca. 800 BCE to 200 BCE (may date to
2000 BC); considered the first people of Russia. They had no wri_en language but their spoken language was related to Persian.
• Burial mounds (kurhans) are found primarily in Ukraine and the Altai Mountains of Kazakhstan, but are sca_ered throughout the steppe.
• Greek historian Herodotus (ca. 600 BC) combined observaAon and myth in his wriAngs on Scythians. He said they intermarried with the Amazons afer ba_ling them.
• Most Scythians were nomadic or semi-‐nomadic.
Scythians were the first to master horseback riding and ���warfare���on horseback. ���
They decorated their horses extravagantly
Excellent warriors (including women,
perhaps leading to the legends of the
Amazons).���
Personal ornamentation
Scythian burial
• Kurhans (kurgans) up to 60 f. tall x 300 f. wide
Goods found in Scythian tomb
How we know about one Scythian woman
• Buried alone (not as companion to a man) and apart from family groups in separate mound
• Full ceremonial burial as for wealthy families • Extravagant headdress • Larch tree coffin – usually reserved for kings • Modest jewelry, mostly wooden covered in gold • Mirror of Chinese origin in wood frame, in red pouch near
her knees: has sacred meaning as all Pazyryk burials contain them.
• Coriander seeds in stone dish at foot of coffin (some sources say cannabis was found in burial room)
• Approximately 25 years of age
Burial goods
• 6 skeletons of horses – with preserved wooden decoraAons on the harnesses, some with colored felt saddles – propped against wall of burial chamber
• Burial room of larch logs • 8 foot long hollowed larch log coffin, shut with copper nails
(coffin) decorated with felt appliques of deer • CosmeAcs: Face brush made of horse hair, “eyeliner pencil”
made of iron rings containing deep blue-‐green vivianite • Clothing • Two small wooden tables – horsemeat and mu_on on one • yogurt remains in wooden vessel with carved handle • Beverage remains in a horn cup that had been repaired
“Ukok princess”• 5’ 6” tall, Embalmed with wax, herbs, peat, bark, wool and fur, shaved with wig
Extraordinary clothing, including a 30” tall headdress; ta_oos on shoulder arm and fingers
Dr. Natalia Polosmak excavating Ukok Princess
What really happened to her?
• Breast cancer for about 5 years (stage 4 at end)
• Metastasized to her spine • AddiAonal acute trauma – dislocated hip and shoulder, skull fracture – from a fall, probably from a horse in October.
• Migrated, surely with help, to winter camp
• Died Jan – March, buried in June • In order to warrant such concern, must have been a criAcal member of community – a shaman?
Al-AlakhaWarrior grave
• Male: 45 – 50 years old • Female: 16 years old • Both dressed nearly idenAcally, in warrior garb
helmet
Belt fragments: top row, male’s belt Bo_om row, female’s belt
• Her horses (with decoraAons) and weapons.
Evidence for Woman Warrior• She wore male clothing, including helmet and trousers of coarse red fabric
• Buried with horses bridled and saddled • Remains of a quiver, • 7 arrowheads and an iron dagger found on her body. • Ba_le axes, bow and arrows were also found in the burial chamber.
ReconstrucAon from skull of young warrior
Scythian archers and quiver
Scythian Descendants?
SOME of the groups claiming descent: • Russians, Ukrainians, Hungarians, Albanians, Mongols, Sikh Indians from Punjab region, Gupta Indians, Irish, Pashtun tribe (Pakistan), CroaAa, Poland, Scotland, Germanic peoples, Anglo-‐Saxons, Vikings and various Slavic peoples.
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