Effect of early feeding

EFFECT OF HATCHERY EARLY FEEDING ON

BROILER PERFORMANCE

تأثير التغذية المبكرة بمعامل التفريخ على أداء كتاكيت التسمين

M.Sc. Thesis

By

Hussien Gamel Mohamed Essa

B.Sc. Agric, (Poultry prod). Cairo University

(2000)

From

Environmental Studies and Research Institute,

University of Sadat City

Prof.Dr. ABDEL-RAHMAN MOHAMED ATTA

Prof. of Poultry Physiology, Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture,

Cairo University.

Prof.Dr. GAMAL ABDEL-SATAR ZANATY

Prof. of Poultry Nutrition, Head Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture,

Menufyia University.

Prof. Dr. SAYED MOHAMED MOHAMED SHALASH

Chief Researcher of Poultry Nutrition, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural

Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Egypt.

Prof.Dr. MAHMOUD SAAD MAHMOUD ABOUSEKKEN

Prof. of Poultry Nutrition & Production, Vice-dean for Postgraduate Studies & researches,

Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. MAHMOUD SAAD MAHMOUD ABOUSEKKEN

Prof. of Poultry Nutrition & Production, Vice-dean for Postgraduate Studies & researches,

Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City.

Prof. Dr. SAYED MOHAMED MOHAMED SHALASH

Chief Researcher of Poultry Nutrition, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research

Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Egypt.

Dr.NIAMAT MAHMOUD ELABD

Lecturer of Poultry Production, Sustainable development of Environment and its Project

Management Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute. University of Sadat City.

SUPERVISION COMMITTEE

• In last several decades, a typical broiler chicken took 16

weeks to reach the suitable slaughter weight; in terms of

reducing the rearing period to make priority in advances

in nutrition, this reducing in rearing period could

increase critical first week of life compared with next

coming weeks. Therefore, this period increases by 15%

of rearing period as priority stage defined by Dibner

(1999).

• Early nutritional strategies offer the promise of sustaining progress in production efficiency and

welfare of commercial broiler chicken (Noy and Uni, 2010).

• Initial delay in feed and water consumption may cause decreased in growth rate, lower immune

system reaction and digestion disorders.

• The rate of initial limited nutrient uptake and feeding of birds effect on fatality percentage and

caused to suffer by types of disease in broiler.

• The effect of a prolonged holding time after hatch on yolk utilization, growth and gastro-intestinal

development, muscle development and immunological development were detected (Uni and

Ferket, 2004).

A total number of 1980 Arber Acres plus breed (AA+) Hatching eggs were

incubated in Chick Master AVIDA Hatcher at Cairo Poultry Company.

Eggs were randomly divided into equal 4 groups of nearly similar means

of Egg Wight (EW) in equal 3 replicates for each treatment.

Eggs were hatched in suitable Hatcher baskets with experimental

materials, these eggs were hatched 1414 chicks and were sexed.

Female Chicks were immediately sold out, while, 420 males were used in

the present experimental study.

The Experimental Design

The Experimental Design

The Experimental Design

A total number of 420 day-old broilers male

(AA+) chicks were individually wing-

banded and divided into four feeding trials.

Chicks were stayed 12 hours after hatch in

carton chick boxes with the same conditions,

and were transported to the broiler farm

within 30 min.

1-Control without feed at hatchery. (3 pens ×35 chicks).

2-Early access feed (Boiled eggs white) at Hatcher baskets &

chicks boxes . (3 pens ×35 chicks).

3-Early access feed (Pieces of fruit orange) at Hatcher baskets &

chicks boxes. (3 pens ×35 chicks).

4-Early access feed (Pre-starter Diet) at Hatcher baskets & chicks

boxes. (3 pens ×35 chicks).

Experimental diets were distributed as following:

Tested materials 1-Boiled Eggs white (Albumins) (BWE).

Nutrient Unit 1Value per 100 g

Water g 87.57

Energy kcal 52

Protein g 10.9

Total lipid (total fat) g 0.17

Carbohydrate, by difference g 0.73

Fiber, total dietary g 0

Sugars, total g 0.71

Minerals Unit 1Value per 100 g

Calcium, Ca mg 7

Iron, Fe mg 0.08

Magnesium, Mg mg 11

Phosphorus, P mg 15

Potassium, K mg 163

Sodium, Na mg 166

Zinc, Zn mg 0.03

VitaminsUnit 1Value per 100

g

Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid mg 7

Thiamin mg 0.08

Riboflavin mg 11

Niacin mg 15

Vitamin B-6 mg 163

Folate, DFE µg 166

Vitamin B-12 µg 0.03

Source: USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard

Reference 28 slightly revised May 2016 Software

v.2.6.1.Report Run at: July 19 2016 15:01 ED

Nutrient OFM1 SOPM2 Maize3

Dry matter %, 24.70 89.65 86.00

Crude protein%, 5.26 10.73 9.00

Crude fiber%, 18.22 7.86 2.70

Ether extract %, 1.22 12.60 4.00

Ash %, 12.55 11.90 1.30

Nitrogen free extract% 62.75 56.91 83.00

Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg) 2650 3988.70 3432.00

Tested materials 2. Orange fruits meal (OF).

OFM1: Agu et al., (2010), SOPM2: Sweet Orange peel meal, Maize3: According to Aduku (1993).

Tested materials 3. Pre-starter (PS) and other experimental diet.

Ingredient, % as fed-basis Pre-Starter diet (1-3 days) Starter diet (4-14 days) Grower diet (15-28) days Finisher diet (28-36) days

Yellow corn, 51.87 46.62 59.04 56.64

Soybean meal(46 %CP), 17.00 21.92 20.60 16.80

Full fat soya 15.81 - - 02.83

Extruded soybean 35 - 09.54 - 04.00

Corn Gluten meal ( 60%CP), 07.02 - 8.20 -

Sunflower seed m36% - - 3.80 -

Soya oil Crude - - 3.28 -

Sorghum - 05.00 - 08.00

Ray Seed - 05.00 - 08.00

Poultry by Product - 02.00 - -

Dried corn dist.(DDGS). 03.00 6.23 0.89 -

Di calcium phosphate, - 01.66 01.75 01.91

Monocalcium phosphate, 01.57 - - -

Sodium chloride, 00.34 00.33 00.37 00.35

Vitamin-mineral premix2, 00.30 00.30 00.30 00.30

DL-Methionine, 00.17 00.09 00.11 00.01

L-Lysine, 01.14 - 00.35 00.02

Limestone , 01.72 01.23 01.25 01.06

Choline Chloride 00.06 00.06 00.06 00.06

Anti-Oxidant - 00.02 - 00.02

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Vitamin-mineral premix1: (Vit. & Min.) Was added at a rate of 3 kg per ton of diet and supplied the following per kg of diet (as mg or I.U. per kg of diet): Vit. A 12000 I.U., Vit. D3 2000 I.U., Vit. E 40 mg, Vit. K3 4

mg, Vit. B1 3 mg, Vit. B2 6 mg, Vit. B6 4 mg, Vit. B12 0.03 mg, Niacin 30 mg, Biotin 0.08 mg, Pantothenic acid 12 mg, Folic acid 1.5 mg, chloride 700 mg, Mn 80 mg, Cu 10 mg, Se. 0.2 mg, I 0.4 mg, Fe 40 mg, Zn 70

mg and Co 0.25mg

Measurements and methods of interpreting data

Live body weight (LBW).

Live body weight gain (LBWG).

Feed intake (FI).

Feed conversion ratio (FCR).

Growth rate (GR).

Performance index (PI).

Mortality rate (MR).

Carcass Characteristics. (CC).

Blood Parameters.(BP).

European efficiency factor (EEF).

Economical efficiency (EEf).

Statistical analysis

Using the general linear model (GLM) procedures according to SAS (2009) .

Significant mean differences between treatment means were distinguished by

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955).

All statements of significance were based on P< 0.05.

The statistical model used in the experiment was as following :

• Yij = M + Ti + Eij Where:

• Yij = the individual observation.

• M = the overall mean.

• Ti = treatment effect.

• Eij = the experimental error.

RESULTS

AND

DISCUSSION

1- Live body Weight (LBW) as affected by Early Feeding

2- Feed Intake (FI) as affected by Early Feeding

3- Live body Weight Gain (BWG) as affected by Early Feeding.

4- Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) as affected by Early Feeding

5- Growth Rate (GR %) as affected by Early Feeding

6- Livability ratio (Liv %)& Mortality ratio (Mort %).

7-Performance Index (PI %).

8-European efficiency factor (EEF).

•

9- Gastrointestinal tract length (GIT) as affected by Early Feeding

9- Gastrointestinal tract length (GIT) as affected by Early Feeding

10- Carcass Characteristics.

Blood Parameters & Hematology.

Blood Constituents (BC) at Post hatching as affected by early Feeding:

Blood Constituents (BC) at 2-d of age as affected by early Feeding

Blood Constituents (BC) at 10- d of age as affected by early Feeding .

Blood Constituents (BC) at 23-d of age as affected by early Feeding.

Blood Constituents (BC) at 36-d of age as affected by early Feeding.

Blood Hematology (BH) at 5 days of age as affected by early Feeding.

Blood Hematology (BH) at 36-d of age as affected by early Feeding.

Feed Cost (FC), Net Revenue as (NR), Economical Efficiency (EF), and Relative Economic

Efficiency (REF) as affected by early feeding.

15.45

41.46

25.91

1.66

100

15.39

44.01

27.93

1.73

104

13.98

44.16

28.51

1.82

110

15.59

44.29

28.21

1.75

105

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Total feed cost

Total revenue

Net revenue

Economic efficiency

Relative economic efficiency

PS

OF

BWE

Control

CONCLUSIONS

• Early feeding with OF and PS diets results in considerable growth

performance benefits, improved Gastrointestinal tract, stimulates the

growth of internal organs (liver, Heart); increase values of Carcass %

compared to chick groups fed control or BWE.

• From Economical point of view, It can concluded that, early feeding with

OF and PS recorded the highest value of economic efficiency and relative

economic efficiency % and improved performance followed by broiler

early fed with BWE.

RECOMMENDATIONS

• The study recommended that placing feed in the hatcher baskets or

transportation boxes or by removing and feeding birds that hatch early

has great benefits for broilers performance under practical conditions .

• Remember, the average flock will be about 768 hours (32 days) old at

slaughter and one day is 3% of the birds’ life this means that there is little

or no time to recover if the flock has deviated from the standard.