stratification of water environments -

Stratification of different aquatic biomes

Prepared ByHIND AL_SUBAIE - Norah AlhoshaniSumaiah Alghamdi - Nora Alkahtani

For supervisorDr. Ohoud D Alamri

20151

The biosphere is that portion of earth inhabited by life and represents the sum of all communities and ecosystem

A biome is a broad regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions.

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Aquatic Biomes

Include aquatic ecosystems: fresh water and sea water and transitional waters

It can make a distinction between these sections large on the basis of differences in salt ratio We know that aquatic ecosystems constitute about 70% of the Earth's surface area, and thus these environmental have dominance and characteristics prevailing added to the enormous diversity of the species due to chemical, physical and biological components regulations.

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1-saltwater -water ratio of

97.5%

2-freshwater -increase of

2.5%

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Water on earth is divided into two parts:

1-deep water

2-dimension from the beach

3-salinity

4-latitude

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Abiotic factors : -

Aq

uat

ic b

iom

e

Fresh water

average salinity 1% or less

Sea water

average salinity 3%

Transitions water

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Fresh water biomes

• Standing bodies of water :

Lakes and ponds •Moving bodies of

water :

Rivers and streams

Marine biomes

• Oceans• Coral Reefs

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Aquatic biome

Transitional water biomes

•Estuarine

•Wetlands

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Aquatic biome

ponds stream Lake

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Ocean

transitional

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Marine biomes Largest Ecosystem and include oceans and coral reefs

evaporation of the sea water provides rainwater for the land

these include the oceans on a huge variety of organisms that are affected in terms of abundance and distribution of various factors (food materials - heat -tides movement - and water currents)

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1- surface Zone

2- deep Zone

3- bottom zone

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Marine ecosystem is divided into three sections:

Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration—usually less than 1%

Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (i.e, ocean)

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Fresh water biomes

The estuarine water systems where fresh next water from land is mixed with sea water and happen to him ease in salinity So it's a transition between fresh water and salt water, making it of particular advantages the environment and the organisms that live here are able to withstand changes in temperature and the rate of salinity concentration of suspended sediment in which.

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Transitional water biomes

Aq

uat

ic b

iom

e

Fresh water

average salinity 1% or less

Sea water

average salinity 3%

Transitions water

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Videos

• http://geography.howstuffworks.com/28105-assignment-discovery-aquatic-biomes-video.htm

• http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/assignment-discovery-shorts-iii-biomes-aquatic/

• http://study.com/academy/lesson/freshwater-biomes-climate-locations-plants-animals.html

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Stratification of freshwater

Freshwater are areas which having low salt concentration approximately less than 1%, and organisms that can not survive in other regions that have high salt concentration such as sea and oceans.

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Fresh water biome

1- ponds and lakes

2- streams and rivers

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Freshwater types

those area differ form just a few square meters to thousands of square kilometers.

speared on earth

a result of remain from the Pleistocene glaciation.

Many ponds are seasonal, lasting for a few months, while lakes may exist for hundreds of years.

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General characteristics of ponds and lakes

Ponds and lakes may have limited species diversity, except pondsand lakes that connected to other water sources such as river andocean.

Lakes and ponds are divided into three different zones accordingto their depth and distance from the shoreline.

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General characteristics of ponds and lakes

1- littoral zone near of the shore either lakes or ponds, also it is the warmest zone because of high absorbance to the sun’s heat. it’s contain several species of

algae (like diatoms), rooted and floating aquatic plants, grazing snails, clams, insects, crustaceans, and fishes.

only the egg and larvae stages are found in this zone.

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Lakes and ponds zones

The vegetation and animals living in the littoral zone are food for other creatures such as turtles, snakes, and ducks.

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Lakes and ponds zones

2- limnetic zone

the near surface after littoral zone, well lighted, and has a large amount of phytoplankton and zooplankton.

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Lakes and ponds zones

3- profundal zone

This zone is much colder, also there is a Little light penetrates into this zone.

zone’s organisms are heterotrophs, , meaning that they eat dead organisms and use oxygen for cellular respiration.

For example, dead plankton that fall down from limnetic zone.

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Lakes and ponds zones

During the summer,

the temperature can range from 4° C near the bottom to 22° C at the top.

During the winter,

the temperature at the bottom can be 4° C while the top is 0° C (ice).

In between the two layers, there is a narrow zone called the thermocline where the temperature of the water changes rapidly.

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Lake and ponds climate

During the spring and fall seasons,

there is a mixing of the top and bottom layers, usually due to winds, which results in a uniform water temperature of around 4° C.

This mixing also circulates oxygen throughout the lake or ponds.

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Lake and ponds climate

new study showed that ,Microorganisms were more active at low temperatures, low dissolved oxygen concentrations and high TN/TP ratios.

During stratification, the metalimnion (which is a layer of thermal stratification) was observed from 2 to 10 m in spring and then dropped to 16 m to 21 m in summer, and then appeared between 24 and 26 m depths in fall.

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New study

Also, during stratification, temperature, and pH were significantly higher in the epilimnion and rapidly dropping down in the hypolimnion.

The nutrient concentrations were stable in the water column, except for total phosphorus.

Specifically, the TN/TP mass ratio was significantly lower in epilimnion

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These are bodies of flowing water moving in one direction.

they get their starts at headwaters, which may be springs, snowmelt or even lakes, and then travel all the way to their mouths .e.g. ocean.

The temperature is cooler at the source than it is at the mouth.

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Streams and rivers

the water has high oxygen levels, and freshwater fish such as trout and heterotrophs can be found there

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The middle part of the stream/river, the width increases, as does species diversity, also numerous aquatic green plants and algae can be found.

The mouth of the river/stream, the water becomes murky from all the sediments that it has picked up upstream, decreasing the amount of light that can penetrate through the water.

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Because of the lower oxygen levels in mouth, fish that require less oxygen, such as catfish and carp, can be found. However, Since there is less light, there is less diversity of flora.

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Stream and rivers parts

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Transitional waters

• Transitional waters are those waters between the land and the sea or river and sea and include estuaries, lagoons,

• Transitional waters are often characterized by frequently changing salinity which make transitional waters highly dynamic and create a particular and characteristic flora and fauna.

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Transitional waters

Wetland Estuaries

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1-Wetland

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• Areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess water

• Wetlands – lands

covered with water

all or part of a year

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What are wetlands?

• Hydric (saturated) soils – saturated long enough to create an anaerobic state in the soil horizon

• Hydrophytic plants – adapted to thrive in wetlands despite the stresses of an anaerobic and flooded environment

• Hydrologic regime – dynamic or dominant presence of water

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Wetland Stratification :

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Wetland Stratification

• Dependent mostly on a combination of the above conditions, the "traditional terminology" distinguishes between two major wetland types – mineral and organic such as Marsh,swamp, fen and bog

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Wetlands Types

Wetland types

Mineral Soil Wetlands

Marsh Swamp

Organic Soil Wetlands

Bog fen

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Mineral Soil Wetlands:

1.Marsh – a type of wetland characterized by poorly drained mineral soils and by plant life dominated by grasses , Marshes are common at the mouths of rivers.

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Wetlands Types

2.Swamp – characterized by mineral soils with poor drainage and by plant life dominated by trees . Swamps are found throughout the world, next to rivers

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Wetlands Types

Organic Soil Wetlands:

• Generally these wetlands are referred to as "peatlands" in recognition of their common ability to form peat (organic soil produced by the accumulation of plant material). There are two major types of peatlands – bogs and fens.

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Wetlands Types

1.Bog – characterized by wet, spongy soil, dominated by the growth of bog mosses, Sphagnum, and heaths, it is acid areas, frequently surrounding a body of open water. Bogs receive water exclusively from rainfall

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Wetlands Types

2.Fen a type of wetland ecosystem characterized by peaty soil, dominated by grass like plants,it is alkaline rather than acid areas, receiving water mostly from

surface and groundwater sources

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Wetlands Types

• Wetlands support an amazing diversity of plants and animals.

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WETLAND PLANTS AND ANIMALS

• adapted to the very moist and humid conditions are called hydrophytes

• Pond lilies

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Wetland plants

Hydrilla

Coontail

Parrotfeather51

• Almost half of Oregon's over 450 species birds live part or most of the time in and around wetlands.

• vertebrates (birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish)

• invertebrates (worms, insects and mollusks..etc

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Wetland animals

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• The wetland is a key wintering area for tens of thousands offlamingos and other birds that migrate from northern Asia.

• The specialized algae and bacteria growing in the lake providestriking water colors and support the lake ecology that, in turn,sustains the migrating waterfowl. There is other wildlife in thenearby forests, where Nilgai move freely along with deer andfoxes.

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Importance

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Latest studies

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2-Estuaries

• An area in which fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from the ocean; a transition area from the land to the ocean. Other names: bay, sound, lagoon, harbor, or bayou.

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What are Estuaries?

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Estuaries stratification

• Estuaries are divided into four types, depending on how they are formed

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1. Coastal Plain Estuaries are formed by the sea level rising and filling an existing river valley.

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Estuaries types

2. Tectonic Estuaries are caused by the folding or faulting of land surfaces.

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Estuaries types

3. Bar-built Estuaries form when a shallow lagoon or bay is protected from the ocean by a sand bar or barrier island

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Estuaries types

4.Fjords are U-shaped valleys formed by glacial action.

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Estuaries types

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Estuaries plants and animals

• Thousands of species of birds, mammals, fish, and other wildlife depend on estuarine habitats as places to live, feed, and reproduce. "nurseries of the sea”.

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Estuaries plants and animals

• Plants must be adapted to salty habitat

cordgrass

eelgrass

glasswort – a succulent66

Estuary plants

Huge variety including…

Blue crab, Stone crab, Fiddler crab, Horseshoe crab, Mosquito, Lobster, Flounder, Stripped bass, Crane, Flamingo, Sea gull, Ibis

Manatee, otters, and

many more.

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Estuary animals

• Estuaries have important commercial value and their resources provide economic benefits for tourism, fisheries, and recreational activities. The protected coastal waters of estuaries also support important public infrastructure, serving as harbors and ports vital for shipping and transportation

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Estuaries Importance

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Latest studies

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Stratification Of Marine

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ShorelinesShorelines are dynamic environments. Nowhere is the restless nature of the ocean’s water more noticeable than along the shore – the place where air, land, and sea intersect. The shore is where sediment is deposited in transition zones between marine and continental environments.

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The shore is divided into the foreshore and the backshore. The foreshore is the area exposed when the tide is out (low tide) and submerged when the tide is in (high tide). The backshore is landward of the high-tide shoreline. It is usually dry, being affected by waves only during storms.

The Coastal Zone

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The Coastal ZoneTwo other zones are commonly identified. The nearshore zone lies between the low-tide shoreline and the lie where waves break at low tide. Seaward of the nearshore zone is the offshore zone. Although thought of as the sandy area along the water’s edge, a beach is technically an accumulation of sediment found along the landward margin of an ocean or lake.

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The Coastal ZoneBeaches consist of one or more berms, which are relatively flat platforms often composed of sand that are adjacent to coastal dunes or cliffs marked by a change in slope at the seaward edge. Sunbathers usually prefer the berm, but joggers prefer the wet, hard-packed sand of the beach face, which is the wet sloping surface that extends from the berm to the shoreline.

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Ocean Zones

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The ocean is the world’s largest habitat. It covers about 70% of the Earth’s surface

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The ocean floor is not flat; it has valleys (canyons) and mountains (seamounts) just like those on land

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Ocean Zones(shoreline to open ocean)

• The four major zones are :

• Intertidal Zone

• Neritic Zone

• Oceanic Zone

• Benthic Zone

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Sunlight

Intertidal

Zone

Neritic

ZoneOceanic Zone

Continental

Shelf

Benthic Zone

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Intertidal Zone• Area between high tide line and low tide

line

• Organisms adapted to harsh, changing environments

• intertidal area (also called the littoral zone) is where the land and sea meet, between the high and low tide zones. This complex marine ecosystem is found along coastlines worldwide. It is rich in nutrients and oxygen and is home to a variety of organisms.

Intertidal

Zone

Continental

Shelf

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Intertidal Zone

• Moisture: The littoral zone is covered with salt water at high tides, and it is exposed tothe air.

• Water Movement:The turbulence of the water is another reason that this area can bevery difficult one in which to survive - the rough waves can dislodge or carry awaypoorly-adapted organisms. Many intertidal animals burrow into the sand (like clams),live under rocks, or attach themselves to rocks (like barnacles and mussels).

• Temperature: The temperature ranges from the moderate temperature of the water toair temperatures that vary from below freezing to scorching.

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Intertidal Zone

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Neritic Zone• Area over the continental shelf

• Area of greatest density and diversity of marine life

• Neritic Zone is located above the contiental shelf which extends along the coastline of the major land masses of the world

Neritic

Zone

Continental

Shelf

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Neritic Zone

• Producers

Primary producers are organisms that convert inorganic carbon in carbon dioxide into organic carbon by autotrophs. There are two types of primary producers. They are phytoplankton, or autotrophic producers, and zooplankton, or heterotrophic producers.

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Neritic Zone

• Consumers

The main pelagic consumers that live along the continental shelf include herring, mackerel, Bluefin Tuna, capelin, and some smaller species which feed on zooplankton and smaller fish. Sea Birds also feed on the fish within the Neritic Zone because it is close to shore.

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Food Web

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Oceanic Zone

Oceanic

Zone

Continental

Shelf

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Scientists divide the ocean into two zones:

benthic zone

pel

ag

ic z

on

e

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There are zones within the pelagic zone.

Let’s learn them!

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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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Ocean Zones(surface to ocean floor)

Epipelagic Zone• Photic Zone or Sunlight Zone

Mesopelagic Zone• Disphotic Zone or Twilight Zone

Bathypelagic Zone• Aphotic zone or Midnight Zone

Abyssopelagic Zone• Aphotic Zone or Midnight Zone

Hadopelagic Zone• Aphotic Zone or Midnight Zone

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Epipelagic Zone

• Photic Zone

• Enough sunlight for photosynthesis

• Primary area of food production

• From surface down to about 200 meters

Sunlight Zone

Photic Zone

Epipelagic Zone 0m

200m

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Photic Zone

Photic Zone is the top layer, nearest the surface of the ocean and is also called the sunlight layer. In this zone enough light penetrates the water to allow photosynthesis.93

The whale shark, like most marine organisms, is typically found in the sunlight layer or photic zone of the open ocean layers.

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Mesopelagic Zone

• Dysphotic Zone

• Not enough sunlight to support photosynthesis

• From about

200 m down to 1,000 m

Mesopelagic Zone 200m

1,000m

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photic zone

Disphotic Zone

The Disphotic Zone is found just below the Photic Zone and is known as the twilight layer. In this zone only a small amount of light penetrates the water. Plants do not grow here due to the insufficient amount of light.

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Animals that live in the disphotic zone, like many types of squid, are adapted to life in near darkness, cold water, and high pressure.

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Midnight Zones

• No sunlight

• From 1,000 m down to ocean floor, or around 11,000 m

• Low density and diversity of marine life

Midnight Zone

1,000m

11,000m

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Bathypelagic Zone

• No sunlight

• From 1,000 m down to

4,000 m

• Low density and diversity of marine life

Bathypelagic Zone1,000m

4,000m

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Abyssopelagic Zone

• No sunlight

• From 4,000 m down to 6,000 m

• Low density and diversity of marine life

Abyssopelagic Zone4,000m

6,000m

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Hadopelagic Zone

• No sunlight

• From 6,000 m down to ocean floor, or around 11,000 m

• Low density and diversity of marine life

Hadopelagic Zone

6,000m

11,000m101

Epipelagic Zone

Mesopelagic Zone

Bathypelagic Zone

Abyssopelagic Zone

Hadopelagic Zone

0

200

1000

4000

6000

11,000

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photic zone

disphotic zone

Aphotic Zone

The darkness layer or Aphotic Zone is entirely dark meaning there is no light. About 90% of the ocean is in this layer.

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Animals that thrive in the aphotic zone

are used to living without light!

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Name That Open Ocean Zone!

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Photic zone (sunlight zone)

Name That Open Ocean Zone!

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Photic zone (sunlight zone)

Disphotic zone

(twilight layer)

Name That Open Ocean Zone!

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Aphotic zone

(darkness layer)

Name That Open Ocean Zone!

Photic zone(sunlight zone)

Disphotic zone

(twilight layer)

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Benthic ZoneThe benthic zone is home to many different creatures and dead organisms. This zone begins at the end of the intertidal zone through the dark abyss of the deep ocean. In the Benthic Zone there are few different types of environments.

Benthic Zone

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Benthos(bottom dwellers)

• 2 Basic Types:

• Sessile - Live attached to the bottom

• Vagrant - Able to move about

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Benthos(bottom dwellers)

• Sessile:• Barnacles

• Sponges

• Corals

• Sea Anemones

• Oysters

• Clams

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Benthos(bottom dwellers)

•Vagrant:• Crabs• Sea Stars• Sea Cucumbers• Sea Urchins• Brittle Stars

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Reference

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/freshwater.php

http://www.nature.com/srep/2014/140725/srep05821/full/srep05821.html

http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/03/nature_conservation/wwddetail/Types_classif.html

• http://w3.shorecrest.org/~Lisa_Peck/MarineBio/syllabus/ch11_ecosystems/ecosystem_wp/neriticzone_jonathan_wade/homepage.html

• http://www.the-science-site.com/oceanic-zones.html

• http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409490/neritic-zone

• The biology of the deep ocean .ppt

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