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Tod Blankenship's 2010 CSSA presentation.
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T. Blankenship, R. Golembiewski, and B. McDonald
Oregon State University
INTRODUCTION
“Species effect on water use of urban landscapes can be a very important variable, but its impact will be dependent on which species are compared under what conditions. This is probably why such contrasting results have been reported in the literature.”
(Devitt and Morris 2008)
1BASED ON THE MOST WIDELY USED CULTIVARS OF EACH SPECIES
Cool SeasonTurfgrass Species1
Mean Summer ET ratemm/day
Relative Ranking
Hard Fescue 7 – 8.5 Medium
Chewings Fescue 7 – 8.5
Red Fescue 7 – 8.5
Perennial Ryegrass 6.6 – 11.2 High
Tall Fescue 3.6 – 12.6
Creeping Bentgrass 5 – 10
Annual Bluegrass >10
Kentucky Bluegrass 4 -‐ >10
Colonial Bentgrass *
Velvet Bentgrass *
REPORTED MEAN RATES OF TURFGRASS EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET) (KENNA 2006)
INTRODUCTION
Limited information regarding newly established sites
Current and pending laws and regulations
This research unique in that evaluating nearly all cool season turfgrass species in a side by side field setting
OBJECTIVES
Assess water use of newly established cool-‐season turfgrass species in a field setting
Evaluate the potential of new technology to detect turfgrass water stress
MATERIALS & METHODS
Experimental DesignSilty clay loam
Strip-‐split plot design
3 replications
10 turfgrass species as horizontal treatments, two mowing heights (16 mm and 51 mm) as vertical treatments, and two nitrogen levels (49 and 195 kg/ha/yr) as subplot treatments
SpeciesSeeding Ratekg per ha Variety
Kentucky Bluegrass
146.4Poa pratensis Prosperity, Langara , Touche
Creeping Bentgrass (fairway type)
73.2 Crystal Blue Links, 007, MacKenzieAgrostis stolonifera
Colonial Bentgrass
73.2 Alister, SR7150, SR7100Agrostis capillaris
Velvet Bentgrass
73.2 Greenwich , SR7200, Vesper Agrostis canina
Perennial Ryegrass
292.8 Silverdollar, Express II, Zoom Lolium perenne
Tall fescue
292.8 Coronado TDH , SR8650, Mustang 4Festuca arundinacea
Slender Creeping Red Fescue
195.1 Seabreeze GT, Shoreline Festuca rubra
Chewings Fescue
195.1 Treazure II, SR5130, Windward Festuca rubra ssp. tryachyphylla
Strong Creeping Red Fescue
195.1 Shademaster III (8000), Garnet Festuca tryachyphylla
Annual Bluegrass
Sod Northwest Poa Greens Poa annua var. reptans
MATERIALS & METHODS
Treatments: Plots maintained at a 16 mm and 51 mm height of cut were mowed three times and 1 time per week respectively
Low MowHigh Nitrogen
High MowHigh Nitrogen
Low MowLow Nitrogen
High MowLowNitrogen
3.6 m
3.6 m
0.9 m
0.9 m 0.45 m
MATERIALS & METHODSData Collection:
Plots assessed on overall functionality (playability) and rated daily on a numerical scale (0-‐2; 0=no water stress, 1=some water stress, 2=water stressed)
Once individual subplot rated a 2, irrigation applied at a rate of 7.6 mm through a hose end nozzle attached to a batch and flow meter
MATERIALS & METHODSData Collection:
Water use correlated with rating scale based on volumetric water content (VWC) readings taken daily at 3.8 cm with a TDR soil moisture probe
Daily visual turf ratings taken with Underhill Early Stress Detection Glasses
Digital images taken weekly and evaluated using SigmaScan
2009 RESULTS
Annual
Bluegrass
Strong
CRF
Slender
CRF
Chewings
Fescue
Colonial
Bentgrass
Velvet
Bentgrass
Kentucky
Bluegrass
Creeping
Bentgrass
Perennial
Ryegrass
Tall
Fescue
Low Mow 203.2 196.85 184.15 144.78 138.43 106.68 105.41 105.41 96.52 93.98
High Mow 189.23 144.78 132.08 128.27 120.65 105.41 100.33 91.44 87.63 81.28
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Irrig
ation Inpu
ts (m
m)
Water Use of Cool Season Turfgrass Species
2009 RESULTS
Annual
Bluegrass
Strong
CRF
Slender
CRF
Chewings
Fescue
Colonial
Bentgrass
Velvet
Bentgrass
Kentucky
Bluegrass
Creeping
Bentgrass
Perennial
Ryegrass
Tall
Fescue
Low Mow 92.06 89.18 83.43 65.59 62.71 47.76 48.33 47.76 43.73 42.58
High Mow 85.73 65.59 59.84 58.11 47.76 54.66 45.46 41.43 39.70 36.82
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percent o
f Referen
ce ET
Percentage of 2009 Reference ET Applied
2010 RESULTS
Annual
Bluegrass
Strong
CRF
Slender
CRF
Chewings
Fescue
Colonial
Bentgrass
Velvet
Bentgrass
Kentucky
Bluegrass
Creeping
Bentgrass
Perennial
Ryegrass
Tall
Fescue
Low Mow 96.03 98.29 94.89 95.46 68.18 42.62 50.00 62.50 36.36 31.25
High Mow 86.37 70.46 68.75 74.43 51.14 43.75 49.51 39.21 32.39 26.13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percent o
f Referen
ce ET
Percentage of 2010 Reference ET Applied
SUMMARY OF 2009-‐2010 COMBINED
Annual
Bluegrass
Strong
CRF
Slender
CRF
Chewings
Fescue
Colonial
Bentgrass
Velvet
Bentgrass
Kentucky
Bluegrass
Creeping
Bentgrass
Perennial
RyegrassTall Fescue
Low Mow 94.04 93.74 89.16 80.52 65.45 45.19 49.17 55.13 40.05 36.91
High Mow 86.05 68.02 64.29 66.27 49.45 49.21 47.24 40.32 36.04 31.48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percent o
f Referen
ce ET
Combined Difference in Percent Reference ET
1BASED ON THE MOST WIDELY USED CULTIVARS OF EACH SPECIES
Cool Season Turfgrass Species1
Reported Mean Summer ET Rate
mm/day
Mean Summer Two Year Study ET Rate
mm/dayRelative Ranking
Hard Fescue 7 – 8.5 * Medium
Chewings Fescue 7 – 8.5 3.4
Red Fescue 7 – 8.5 3.5
Perennial Ryegrass 6.6 – 11.2 2.7 High
Tall Fescue 3.6 – 12.6 2.0
Creeping Bentgrass 5 – 10 2.7
Annual Bluegrass >10 4.0
Kentucky Bluegrass 4 -‐ >10 2.6
Colonial Bentgrass * 2.7
Velvet Bentgrass * 2.7
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
3 categories of juvenile cool season turfgrass water use:Lower Water UseTall Fescue
Intermediate Water UsePerennial Ryegrass, Colonial Bentgrass, Creeping Bentgrass, Velvet Bentgrass, Kentucky Bluegrass
Higher Water UseAnnual Bluegrass, Strong CRF, Slender CRF, Chewings Fescue,
Mowing height significantly influenced water use
No differences observed between fertility treatments
Recommended