Οι Εξελίξεις στον τομέα των τηλεπικοινωνιών και η μελέτη των επιπτώσεων από την απελευθέρωση για τα

:

. , :003

. , :002

2006

20 , , . , (Information Society) (Information Highways), . , , , .

, , . , , , . , Data Envelopment Analysis , .

. , , . :

: , , , , ABSTRACT

The last decade of the 20th century is widely recognized as a landmark for the transformation of the modern telecommunication organizations to their current form. During the same period ideas and terms such as Information Society and Information Highways have started to proliferate among professionals of the information technology industry and consequently affect the strategic thinking of professionals of the telecom industry. Furthermore, key part in the reshaping of the telecom industry played the liberalization of the markets, the privatization of the former state monopolies, the rapid technological evolution and the globalization of the economy.

Main contribution of this thesis is the examination of the effects from the liberalization of telecommunications markets, to former state telecom monopolies by using quantative methods. More specifically the thesis presents the economic, technological and regulatory environment of operation, after the linearization, where the telecoms operators have to keep up with. Furthermore, the specific characteristics of each of Telecom Organizations under study will presented, and an econometric model along with the Data Development Analysis methodology will be used in order to derive results for the relative productivity of the selected companies.

The results from the analysis conducted are twofold; first they clearly highlight the less cost-effective decisions and actions of the companies, and second they propose decisions that organizations have to take in order to increase their relative productivity. Moreover, the analysis conducted in this thesis, allows for the drawing of general conclusions considering the reasons that renders one organization more effective than another.

SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications Liberalization

KEYWORDS: productivity, liberalization, telecom industry, privatization, state monopolies.

1.2.1 . (International Telecommunications Union - TU), : , , , , , , , . , , , , () . (), () .

, . (DSL) , , . , , , , . . , . , . 7% (1992-2002). , 1,8 2002. , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , .

, , , 80% . . , (VAS-Value Added Services) , , . . , , , . , , , . , . , .

1.2 , , , . 1980, , . :

,

, , .

Andrew Hardy, 1980, (45) , , . , . . , , (Alleman, 2002). . , , , . , , , . . , . , .

, , . , , , , . Greenstein Spiller , . ... 1986 1992, , , . , , , . Yilmaz (2001) ... , , . , .

Madden Savage, 43 , 16 , ITU. . , , , . , .

Roller Waverman (2001) (OECD) , , 1970 1990. , . , . Datta Agarwal (2004) (22) (OECD) 1980 1992, , .

, , , , . , , . Ding Haynes , . (29) (31) (17) , 1986 2002. , , (263) (269) , 2003. , .

, (OECD). Seetharam Sridhar .... (63) 1990 2001, . , . , , . . , , , , , .

, , . , , :

, ,

, , ,

, , ,

, , .

1.3 , , , , . , , , . , . , , . , , , , . . , , , .

, . , . , . , Hardy (1980), Mc Graw Hill (1991) Norton (1992) , , .1.3.1

, , . , , , . , , , , .

10% , 3% , 90% . , , , . , , , . , , . , , , .

, , , , . , , , , , , , .

, , , , , , . , , . , , () , , ( , ).1.3.2

, , , , . , , , , . (.. -), . , . , , . , , , ( -), .

, . . . , , . , , . (.. , , ). , , . .1.3.3

, . , . : ) , ) , ) , ) (empathy) ) . , , , , , , , .

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, , . , . , , . . , ( ) . , . , , , , . , . , , . takeitorleaveit, , .

, , , , , . , , .

1.4

, , . , , . , . , , . ITU, , The Missing Link. , , , , , . , . , :

1. , .

2. .

3. , .

4. , .

, ITU, , . , , , . , , , . , , .

. , . Mbarika (2002), , . , . , , . , . . , , , . , , .

, . , . , , , , . . , , . , , , . (20) . , .

, Megabits per capita. , . , , , , , , , , .

, , , ; . , . , . . , , . , , . , . , . , , :

1. .

2. , , .

3. , , .

4. , .

1.5 H . , , , , . .. , , , . , . . , , , , , . , . , , . , .

1.6 . . , , , . , . , , (regulated). , . Donald Lien, Yan Peng (2001) , Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). , 1980-1995 1992-1995. . 24 . 1980-1995 , . , , , , , 1992-1995. , Noel D. Uri (2002) 19 , 1988-1999 . , . , :Conventional Growth Accounting Approach Tornqvist Index Approach. .

, .. , 1978-1998. , .. , , , . .Dabler, D. Parker and D. Saal (2002), , , , , , , . , (Labor Productivity) . , , .. , , , . Foreman-Peck (1989) (6) ., : .

1.7 , , , , , : ;

900 , 220 USA $ 3% (GDP). 90 (U.K.) 1991. , , , . , . . . Vickers Yarrow (1988) , : ) , ) , ) , ) ) .

, , , , , :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. , .

90 , , . . . , ; , ;

, , , , . 90 , , . , . , , , . , , , .

H , . . - . , 1990-1995, 519 692 ( 5,9%), , 14 35 ( 19,3%) 100 9,9 12,1 4,2%. . (1990-1995) 7,9%, 32,2% 4,9%. , , , .

1.8 , , . , , .

, . . , . , , , .

, , , , . , 21 .

,

2.1 2.1.1

20 , , , , . , , . , , . 1980, , . , , . , , , , . , , - . , , , ., , , . , , .

, . . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , ( , ), , , . , , , :

, , .

, , .

, .

, , .

1980, , . . , , , , . , , , , . , . 1970 , , , . , , .

, J. Simonis (2001), , . , , . , , . , J. Simonis : , . . , () . J. McCormick (1996) : ) , , , . ) (do more with less) . , , , . ) . . 2.1.2 , . , . . , . , , , , .. , , , - .. . , . , , . Milton Friedman, ... , . , , , . , ( ). , . , . , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , . .

2.1

& ..

.

Tele Danmark19941990

France Telekom19981997

Deutsche Telekom19981996

OTE20011996

Eircom19981999

Telekom Italia19981994

KPN19971994

Telefonika19981995

. BT19911984

: 7 & 8

1990, .. 2.1. , 2000, , . .

2.1.3

, , 1970, , , . , , , , .

.. 1980. ... , .. . . .

1984 , . , . , , , . (RACE) (STAR). , , .

1987 , , , ( ), , , . : , . , , , , ... . , 30-06-1988 , , . , , H. Ungerer, , , . , , .

, , . , , , . , , , , , - . , (ETSI). , , , . , , ( ) , .

, 1990 , , , , , ( . ). , (Open Network Provision, O.N.P.), . , . , , , .

88/301/, , 91/263/ , . , , , , . 90/531/ , .

, . . , .. , . 1990, 90/388/ . , . , , , . , , 90/387/, (). O.N.P. ( , , , ). , , .

- , , , . , . , 1994 ( ) , . , 1996, , , . , 1998, . , -. 1 1998, 1 2000. - .. , , 1 2001.

2.1.4

, . , , , , (sunk cost). . , , . , , , , , .

, 1980, , . , , , , . (deregulation) , , , . , . , , , .

(self - regulation), . , (public regulation), , . , , , , , . , . , (re - regulation), , , , .

. , . , , , . , . , , . (ex - ante) , . , (ex - post) . . , , , , .

2.2 , , . , . , , . , , . , , , , .

2.2.1

, : 1949 , , . 1949 1049/49, . , . , , , ( ) 1996, .

2.2.2

1990 1892/90 () . 2075/92 , . , .. ( ). , Panafon Stet Hellas.

1993 (.2167/1993), ( ) , . , ( ) , 20.10.1994 2246 . , . 2075/92, , 90/387/ 90/388/. 2246/94 , .

2257/23.11.94 . 2190/20 , , , , , . (2257/94) . , . 2668/98 () , . 2867/2000: " ", , () , , , , , (). 2246/94 2840/2000, . , .

2.2.3 ()

, , . , , , . , , , . , , .

, , , , . , , . .

, . 8 .2075/1992. , . , , . , , , . , , , , .

, , . . 2246/1994, , , . , , . , . , , , , , , ., . . 2668/1998, .

, .2867/2000, , , , . , . , , , 4/5 , , . , , , . 6, 31-12-2001 , , , , , , , , , , .

2000, , ... , .... 2000. , , , . 2003, . .

2.2.4

, , . , .

5 , 1999. , , . , , ..., Cosmote. , , , , . , , , , . ... .

, , 6 . , 2867/2000 . ( 97/607/EC), ... , 31-12-2000. , , . , , , ... . , . ... (2001) , , . , 6 ... .

7 2001, . .2867/2000 , , , . , . , , . 2001 , , , (3G), ... . , , , bitstream . 2001 , .

7 ... . , ... . 61% , 11,7%, , .

, 8 . , , . , . ... . 2002, ... . . , , , 2002 , (KPMG - ).

8 , , . , . 2002, , . DSL ... 2002, . , .

, 10 , 2 2004. , , . , 2004, 2004. , , , . , , .

... , ... . , .... , Tellas win back ... . , , . , , . , , , , ..., ADSL.

, . , . , 47%, 40% 13%. 93% , 9,9 , , 0,24%. ... 90,7% , 84,2% 75,8% . 84,5%.

2.3 , , . , , , . , .

, . , , . , . , , , .

, . , , . , , . , , ; , , . 21 , , . .

3.1 , , . , . . , .

. (convergence) , . . - . . - , , , . - , , .

, . , , , . . /, (PDA), , .. , , .

3.1 Internet

, . . , . . , , . .

3.2 IP , . , , , , .

3.2 3.2.1

, , , (Ifrah, 2000). , . , , . , , , , . . 1930. , , , . 1940, , , , , . , , , (Breton, 1991). , , .

, , , . (1592-1617) 1623 . , , , 19 . , , , , . , , . ; ) , ) ) . , . , ENIAC. ... , . ( ), . , , . SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator), . . , . . , ,

. , , , (Breton, 1991). . 1945, 1937 . . , , . , (control units) , , , . 1951 , 1959 , , . , , . 1957 IBM FORTRAN 704 , 1959 ... COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language). 1969 Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie Bell Unix. 1973 C 1990 Microsoft .

70 , , . , , , , . , , . , , . , . , . , . 3.2.2

, , , , 60. , . ... , . , ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) , - . ARPA . . . 1962 Leonard Klienrock 1965 Berkeley MIT (WAN). ARPANET, ARPA, 1966. . 1969 UCLA Stanford Utah Santa Barbara. 1971 23 "" . 1972 ARPANET . . ARPA , , email. 1972 40 TIP (Terminal Interface Processor). UNIX, C . APRANET 1973 ( ) . . 1974 ARPA Stanford Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP , . 1976 Robert Metcalfe Xerox Ethernet, 1977 ARPANET (Packet Radio NET, PRNET), Ethernet SATNET ( ) TCP/IP. . , . 1983 TCP/IP . 1984 DNS (Domain Name System) . 2 1988 . 1990 HTTP, . Tim Berness Lee , www (World Wide Web). Internet, , , (-). (WWW), , FTP, Telnet, WAIS, , , .

1994 :

Internet .

Internet .

Internet.

Internet . , , .

.

, , - .

, . multicast. ( ) . ( ) Internet. ( ) (hotspots) , , , ..

3.3

( ). Internet . , Internet WEB E-mail. : ) , , ) , .

3.4 Internet :

(jitter) VoIP.

.

, .

.

3.2.3

. (data) , , . , .. , . . .

, data . , . (data transmission) . , , , . , , , .

3.3 ADSL3.3.1

( - twisted pairs) , . 100Hz 4.000Hz, , , - . modems , , ISDN . DSL,

DSL Digital Subscriber Line modems, . . , modem , .

3.5 DSL

DSL 52,8 Mbps (downstream) 2,3 Mbps (upstream) . DSL xDSL, x : ADSL, HDSL, SDSL VDSL. .

3.3.2

DSL. . .

3.3.2.1

3.3.2.1.1 ADSL

ADSL, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, . ADSL , (, , ) . , , , ( ). ADSL (ISP) , 24 24, modem , . ADSL . , .

, ( 8 Mbps downstream ) (640 kbps upstream). 120 (POTS) 100 ISDN. , ' . ADSL . DSL . , video-on-demand. 2002 ITU (G.992.3 G.992.4) ADSL ADSL2. ADSL2 . , , , ... 2003 G.992.5 ADSL2plus . ADSL2plus 20 Mbps 2 . ADSL2plus , . ADSL2 , , . G.lite . G.lite ADSL 30 modems 56 1.5 megabits 500 kilobits .

3.3.2.1.2 VDSL

VDSL (Very-high-data-rate Digital Subscriber Line), , 55 Mbps , . - , 1,5 km 13 55 Mbps 1,5 2,3 Mbps. VDSL, (Fibre To The Curb- FTTC), , . (Video-On-Demand), (High-Definition-T.V.), , -, -, -, - internet.

3.3.2.2

3.3.2.2.1 HDSL - SDSL - IDSL HDSL High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line ADSL ( 2 Mbps) . , 3,5 km. ADSL 2 (2 ).

SDSL, Single-line Digital Subscriber Line, HDSL ( 2,3 Mbps), . , 3 km. , . upload download . SDSL 2,3 Mbps . .

IDSL (integrated services digital network DSL DSL), DSL 144 Kbps . DLC (Digital Loop Carrier: ). DLCs , DSL. IDSL ADSL G.lite DLCs. IDSL ISDN , ISDN. , DSL.

3.6 DSL

3.3.3

cable modem broadband . , DSL , , , , . RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating Companies) , ISPs, , . ROE (Return Of Investment) , , . DSL cable modem . , , broadband , broadband . , broadband , internet, broadband .

. , , . , , cable modem, cable . DSL cable, , , , cable , DSL . , , , broadband , , . , broadband . , DSL cable, (PSTN), , cable . , cable , , , .

, broadband DSL 2002, Point Topic DSL . 1,9 . broadband . 121% 90%. 9,7 14,5 , 35.9 .

( ) (local loop), 2887/2000, 18 2000, : broadband ; broadband . 2000 (local loop). DSL broadband . 2002 ( ) , , , 2000. , DSL. , ( 2001), , , o (CLECs - Competitive Local Exchange Carriers), DSL service, . , , , .

CLECs , (ULL). , 1999 broadband , , . , DSL , CLECs 2001. , , DSL, , . (broadband DSL 2003) ( Point Topic). . ( broadband ) ( broadband ). . DSL broadband , modem, .

3.1 DSL - Cable

3.3.4 ADSL

Forrester, broadband 92% 2002. 2008 30% broadband . broadband . broadband 2008 ( ) 5% ( ) 45%. , , , . 30% 35% , . 2008 broadband , , , , 5% 24% , internet .

Forrester broadband ADSL. ADSL ( broadband ), , (economies of scale) (economies of scope). 2008 , ADSL 71% broadband , . , , . , ADSL , . (UPC, NTL, TELEWEST) .

3.3.5 DSL

, . . , : ) , ) ) .

3.7 [:Analysis, 2002] xDSL 1999 . ADSL , , , . ADSL 300 , (-, , ) . ADSL 2003, ADSL. , , , ADSL, ADSL .3.4 , . . , ( ), . , , , . , . , .

3.4.1

. . , 18 .. , , , . , , .

. Samuel Morse 1854 Graham Bell 1876 . . , . . , . , (-1)/2 -1 . . (1850) . , . , . . .

. , 20 , . 1950, , . , (Internet), . . 1850 2, 1 1800-2000.

3.2 1809 VanSoemmerring

1820 . Oersted

1831 Faraday

1837 Morse

1876 Bell

1897 Strowger

1901 Marconi

1905 Fessenden

1907

1921

1928 Farnsworth

1931

1933 FM Armstrong

1934 RADAR

1937 PCM Reeves

1937

1939

1945 Clarke

1948 Shannon

1962

1970

1971 ISDN1973 Ethernet

1974

1978

1978 Global Positioning System (GPS)

1986 SONET I SDH

1991 GSM

1996 DSL

1998

1999 LMDS

2000 GPRS

2001 UMTS -data

3.8

[: ., ., ] . , , (twisted pair) , . , , , , ( ) . , , , , , (coaxial cable). , . , . , 1920, , , . , (bus topology) , . , , .

, (fiber optics). , , , . , . () 50 , 5 . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , .

, , . (microwaves) , . , , , , . , . , , , . , , . , . , . , , , . , , , . , , . (multiplexing, compression, , .), .

3.4.2

. , ( ). . . . , . , .

. 80% . (the last mile) , . , , , , . . . , , . . , . . . , .

, data, . bandwidth on demand, (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). , , video demand, , . , , . , ( ), , , : , (Data communications), (WWW -World Wide Web), Teletex, (Telefax), (Videoconference), (Mobile communication), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), (Electronic mail), Videotelephony (), (multimedia), , , .

3.5 , , , 1900. , . . , , , , .

, Bell ... (common carrier), . (Domestic Public Land Mobile Radio Service - DPLMRS), 1970 (Improved Mobile Telephone System - IMTS). , -, -. , - , . , , , . 1970, . - , - , , .

1970, - , (high capacity), , , , , - . , , , , .

, , . , , , . , 1970, . , . , .

3.9

3.5.1 1G

1970 1990, , , . (Advanced Mobile Phone System - AMPS), . Chicago, 1978 FCC.

AMPS, , . , (Mobile Telephone Switching Office - MTSO) , , (stored program control units). , , . , , , , , , (hands - free operation). , . AMPS , , . , . AMPS, .

3.10 : AMPS , (Nordic Mobile Telephone NMT) (Total Access Communication System TACS) . . 1982 (Group Special Mobile - GSM), (Global System for Mobile Communications - GSM). , . , , .

, , . , . GSM , . , , ISDN. , 30 50%, 20 , 1990. , .

3.5.2 2G 1991, GSM, , . 1992 , 1993 1995 . 22 1993, 2001 171 400 , 550 . GSM . GSM , 2 Mbps. - , , . , . , , , , . SIM .

GSM . (Mobile Station) . (Base Station Subsystem) - (radio link) . , (Mobile services Switching Center), . GSM . , - . . , , , fax, videotext teletex. , , , , .

3.5.3 2G 3G 1995 GSM , (Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN). , 1996, ETSI GSM 2G+, . 2G+, (Intelligent Network IN) (General Packet Radio Service GPRS).

, , . , 2000, . , , , . , , . , , .

, , GPRS GSM. GPRS (PLMN), , (PDN), . , GPRS 14400 115000 bps, , , GSM, . , GPRS, , , , 30 . , GPRS , , .

GPRS GSM, 160 SMS. , , (chat). . , . GPRS , , . SMS GPRS , (CFU), (CFNRc) (CUG). , GPRS, , , , , , .

3.5.4 UMTS , , . , . 2000 2010, . , . 3G , . , .

, IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications) 2000 ( ), , :

(packet switched PS) (circuit switched CS)

2Mbps ( / )

-2000 (International Telecommunications Union ITU), UMTS (W-CDMA), . UMTS , , - . , , , . , , . UMTS GSM, GSM, 2G+ GSM.

, 2005 , GSM. UMTS, . , (Rich Voice Service). , (voice activated net access) . , ( , ..). UMTS .

, . , (Mobile Internet Access) / (Mobile Intranet/Extranet Access) . desktop (email, ..), Intranet/Extranet portals. 2 bit/sec , , -, UMTS , .

, UMTS , ., . , . , ( ) . , , . .

3.11 UMTS , UMTS, . . , . , 3G . , , portal. (Customized Infotainment Services), . . SMS (short message service) GSM , , Multimedia Messaging. (Location-Based Services). , . , . , , .

. , . , . , .

IV

4.1 , , . 18 , . 1998-2004. , , . , . , , . , . , ( 4.1). 4.1

18

NTT1998

Cesky Telecom2001

Matav2002

. Telkom2002

Telefonica1998

Swisscom1998

TDC1998

Telekom Austria1998

Portugal Telekom2000

Telenor1998

Deutsche Telekom1998

France Telecom1998

Telefonica Chile2001

Telekom Italia1998

KPN1998

Telia Sonera1998

2001

Belgacom1998

4.2 DEUTSCHE TELEKOM (DT) - Deutsche Telekom (DT) .. . DT (Deutsche Bundespost), , . 1990 DT . . 1995 DT (Deutsche Telekom AG). 1996 , 1/1/1998.

DT Matav, Wind, Metroholdings, Multink .., ISDN.

DT 2000 () , () () Internet , 2001 DT . , , , , . ADSL .

, 2002 , DT () , () , () , , () () .

2002 DT, . , .

, , DT , . , :

.

.

.

Internet , .. GPRS, WLAN .

.

.

DT 1998-2004 ( 4.2 4.3) , DT .

4.2

DT 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)37,3438,0044,4053,4860,2863,3065,68

( $)2,341,396,40-3,88-27,611,475,22

.

( )185,20182,55184,87203,50206,66221,76207,90

.

( )4,567,059,5711,6012,3913,1113,70

( ) 189,76189,60194,44215,10219,06234,87221,60

()203,37198,79227,02241,66256,00251,26247,56

Marketing (. $)1.0891.6362.9973.5704.3202.0411.928

( $)5,106,4225,5112,078,536,816,92

. ( $)26,2524,0324,3032,5733,9033,1231,54

. ( $)3,265,6410,0416,2120,4325,8428,35

. (.)5,809,2019,1023,1024,6026,3027,50

(.)49,0050,5054,8056,9057,5055,5054,70

* 1998 4.3

DT 1998-2004

1998-2004

10,09%

-15,68%

. 2,09%

. 21,46%

2,75%

3,50%

Marketing 19,20%

37,11%

. 3,95%

.45,82%

. 34,19%

1,92%

, (), , Internet DT. DT , , , , 4.1.

4.1 DT 1998-2004, 10,09%. , , 2001 2002, , 2003 2004 ( 4.2). , , . .

4.2 & , , 2000, 2001 2002 , 4.3.

4.3 DT , , , 4.4, 2002 , . , , .

4.4 DT, DT, , , . , , .

4.3 FRANCE TELECOM (FT) - FT 1991 , . 1996 . 1997 . , FT 25% , 2001 55% FT. 1998 .

FT . , , , , , Internet .

2000 FT 77 . 33,7 (30,9 $) . , Orange plc, Wanadoo, Global One .., , 25,8% 2000 12,8% 1999. 15 , 39,2 2000.

FT 2000 :

, .

.

.

FT :

1989 FT , 1991 GSM 900.

1993 France Telecom Mobiles FT.

2000 FT 100% Orange plc 38 $, 2000 Orange SA, .

, FT, , 2001 FT 96,8% , 2002 80,9%. , 64,3%.

2003 2004 FT , Internet .

4.4

FT 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)26,2229,1236,6351,5850,2753,0854,32

( $)2,452,963,98-9,16-23,373,693,41

.

( )116,70123,40119,30120,00141,00114,40104,10

.

( )14,7519,3025,2029,3032,9838,5540,00

( ) 131,45142,70144,50149,30173,98152,95144,10

()169,10174,26188,87211,55243,57218,52243,57

Marketing

(. $)6.5057.84910.53413.85014.17512.79412.882

( $)4,965,3515,578,278,2914,0615,12

.

( $)20,3922,1425,7425,7023,2625,0324,95

.

( $)2,784,135,917,248,629,199,90

.

(.)6,0010,0514,3115,1019,2020,3021,24

(.)34,1034,1034,1029,2027,9027,6027,00

* 1998 4.5

FT 1998-2004

1998-2004

13,84%

-53,60%

. -1,23%

. 18,48%

1,97%

6,63%

Marketing 13,27%

38,25%

. 3,74%

.24,63%

. 25,49%

-3,68%

FT 1998-2004, 4.4 4.5, :

18,48%, , 1,23%, , .

3,68% 25,49%.

, 4.5. 2001 2002 , 2003 2004 . , , .

, , ( 4.6), 2002, 2003 2004 , .

, , .

4.5 & FT

4.6

FT , . , 4.7, 2000, , 2003 2004 . , 2001 2002 FT .

4.7 FT 2003 2004. , FT , , 13,27% ( 4.5 4.8).

4.8 FT , 2003 . (market segmentation) : () (Personal Communications Services), () (Home Communications Services) () (Enterprise Communications Services). , .

, FT , , .

4.4 TELECOM ITALIA (T.It.) - 1998 . , 2000 13,4% 1999 61.000 , 47% 38,4% . , , 100 (mobile penetration).

) , ) , ) (T.It.), ) .

. 7/10/1997, , 1/1/1998. T.It. . 1997 Telecom Italia STET, 1997 T.It., . 1999 Olivetti Sp.A. T.It. 55,12% . 2001 Olympia 28,7% Olivetti T.It.

T.It. , . : 69% , 30% 1% . TIM T.It. 50,7 . . T.It. , . , T.It. .

T.It. 1998-2004, .

4.6

T.It. 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)26,6529,3232,0736,5136,6936,9937,46

( $)2,892,612,25-3,52-0,901,430,94

.

( )113,01126,12160,55205,10214,90226,60216,80

.

( )11,3715,3519,1321,5436,4338,4238,70

( )124,38141,48179,69226,64251,33265,02255,50

()123,97122,66114,67113,97101,7195,8188,89

Marketing

(. $)1.1081.0651.993655567477507

( $)6,415,9018,879,315,725,876,40

.

( $)19,7920,0319,3219,5819,8820,6421,07

.

( $)6,918,068,8011,6912,6914,1315,47

.

(.)14,3018,5321,6023,9525,3026,0826,26

(.)25,9926,5027,1527,3527,1426,6025,96

* 1998 4.7

T.It. 1998-2004

1998-2004

5,97%

3,04%

. 12,09%

. 24,60%

13,27%

-5,33%

Marketing -1,14%

22,38%

. 1,08%

.14,66%

. 11,07%

-0,001%

4.6 4.7 2001 2002, . , , 2003 2004. , +5,97% ( 4.9), .

4.9 & T.It.

, , , . , () . , 4.10.

4.10

, 2000 . 2000, 4.11.

4.11 T.It.

-1,14% 2000 ( 4.12).

4.12 T.It.

, , . , T.It. , .. 2004: ) , ) , ) , , ) , ) ) .

4.5 TELEFONICA - Telefonica de Espana 1946 1998 . 1987 1998. 1998 .

Telefonica . , , , , Internet . , Telefonica , 2004 . Telefonica Moviles . , Telefonica Moviles .

4.8

Telefonica 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)18,5824,9932,0735,9434,0635,1037,48

( $)1,390,082,822,44-6,692,723,56

.

( )72,9970,8387,4499,9597,1784,1870,00

.

( )4,015,849,5912,8514,0215,0015,10

( ) 77,0076,6797,03112,79111,1999,1885,10

()103,66118,78148,71161,03157,50148,29173,55

Marketing

(. $)2.1002.2373.3353.2423.0391.8251.479

( $)4,798,1923,609,754,714,584,31

.

( $)10,5410,8511,4611,8312,3213,2213,54

.

( $)2,994,075,9110,1011,3312,9614,90

.

(.)4,899,0513,6716,7918,4119,6019,00

(.)18,2119,2320,3220,6520,8019,1019,84

* 1998 4.9

Telefonica 1998-2004

1998-2004

13,25%

550,89%

. 0,30%

. 26,76%

2,66%

9,51%

Marketing -2,05%

23,36%

. 4,28%

.32,28%

. 28,64%

1,55%

4.8 4.9 Telefonica :

, , .

, 2004 . , ( 4.13).

, .

2002 , . , , . , 1998-2001, 2002 2003 2004 ( 4.14).

4.13

4.14 Telefonica , 2000, . 2000 , , , ( 4.15). , , , (customer oriented organization) (product oriented organization).

4.15 Telefonica , 2000 ( 4.16).

4.16 Telefonica Telefonica, Marketing 1998-2004 . , Telefonica, , .

(Internal Marketing) , , . , , Telefonica, , .

, , . , Telefonica , .

4.6 PORTUGAL TELEKOM (PT) - Portugal Telekom (PT), , 2000 . 2000 PT .

, , PT 2000 . PT 2002, , 92% . , .

PT 1998 Telefonica . , PT .

2004 PT . , .

. , .

4.10

PT 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)3,123,505,766,706,767,227,53

( $)0,470,540,340,630,470,300,62

.

( )12,7516,5319,1717,3016,3418,2616,48

.

( )0,963,154,876,446,937,227,50

( )13,7119,6724,0423,7423,2725,4723,98

()21,3418,4918,5420,8923,1124,8729,48

Marketing

(. $)75,7474,56176,37165,89131,71177,34300,14

( $)0,620,511,511,540,940,810,98

.

( $)2,322,292,432,832,792,672,65

.

( $)0,590,791,191,631,791,681,80

.

(.)1,432,122,943,914,434,895,05

(.)4,124,234,304,304,144,234,37

* 1998 4.11

PT 1998-2004

1998-2004

17,50%

18,15%

. 5,38%

. 54,91%

11,00%

6,06%

Marketing 35,39%

25,00%

. 2,48%

.22,14%

. 24,55%

1,02%

4.17 PT 1998-2004 4.10 4.11 :

, , PT .

, 2003, , (. 4.17). .

.

, 5,38%.

, .

4.18, .

. .

4.18

2000 2001, 2004 ( 4.19), .

4.19 PT

4.20 PT 35,39% . , 2003 . , , PT .

4.7 SWISSCOM - Swisscom , , Internet, . Swisscom Fixnet ( ) . Swisscom .

Swisscom Mobile , 2000 UMTS 3 . , Swisscom Mobile . 2004, Swisscom Mobile, : ) , ) ) .

4.12

Swisscom 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)7,217,769,9210,1110,4210,538,89

( $)1,071,662,233,540,591,131,41

.

( )21,4221,9224,2019,2317,6414,4912,43

.

( )1,662,623,193,143,263,393,50

( )23,0824,5427,4022,3720,9017,8815,93

()21,9519,2517,4617,7817,1716,0715,48

Marketing (. $)206,9225,9288331,5281,8263,6158,1

( $)0,901,021,020,880,880,881,00

. ( $)4,554,183,774,034,294,484,83

. ( $)1,241,581,722,442,743,213,68

. (.)1,672,303,173,373,613,803,91

(.)3,904,004,004,164,074,013,93

* 1998 4.13

Swisscom 1998-2004

1998-2004

4,32%

30,12%

. -8,02%

. 14,88%

-5,38%

-5,55%

Marketing -1,62%

2,31%

. 1,26%

.20,31%

. 16,15%

0,16%

Swisscom, 1998-2004, 4.12 4.13, :

4,32% 30,12% ( 4.21).

, , , . , , , Swisscom 1998-2004.

14,88% 8,02%.

, , , 16,15%.

, 2000 , (ISDN, ADSL .), ( 4.22).

Swisscom, , .

4.21 Swisscom

4.22

, 4.23, Swisscom. , 2000 , . 2000-2003 , , 2004 , .

4.23 Swisscom

4.24 Swisscom 1,62%, 2001 , . , , . , . , , .

4.8 NTT JAPAN - 01/04/1985 Nippon Telegraph Public Corporation. 01/04/1985 NTT , . , Kokusai Denshin Denwa co ltd. (KDD). 1994 . 1995 15,91 . 2000 16,1 . 1992 .

, DoCoMo. H NTT DoCoMo, , . 1998 2002 , 870.000 . 1986 15.600.000 , 100% , 1990 5.000.000 1.000.000 1999. 1998 , . , . 1999 , holding company .

, 2,1 . 1994 51,1 . 2000 . , 2000 , , Internet . , . , IP , .

4.14

NTT 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)72,1974,1175,7881,3982,0781,0492,96

( $)1,634,222,264,01-6,211,735,40

.

( )194,40211,56200,82196,02157,95150,00147,20

.

( )26,8847,0462,3581,6587,1593,0097,00

( )221,28258,60263,17277,67245,09243,00244,20

()226224224222213213205

Marketing

(. $)637,48685,12855,221.024897,27853,671.002

( $)22,6323,5220,6420,0217,0614,6715,52

.

( $)48,2946,7446,9552,0247,9145,0843,96

.

( $)22,4624,4928,2135,0734,6735,6824,70

.

(.)17,9823,9029,4036,0040,7843,8645,93

(.)60,1958,2855,3251,9850,7450,7150,94

* 1998 4.15

NTT 1998-2004

1998-2004

4,44%

45,67%

. -4,16%

. 26,04%

2,01%

-1,60%

Marketing 8,70%

-5,71%

. -1,38%

.3,26%

. 17,32%

-2,71%

4.25 NTT 4.14 4.15 4.25, :

4,44%, 45,67% ( 4.25). 2002 .

4,16% 2,71%,

.

, , 2004, NTT DoCoMo ( 4.26).

1,6%.

4.26 NTT

4.27 NTT 5,71%, .

4.28 NTT , 2001, 2002-2003 2004, 3 . , , , , .

4.9 TELENOR - Telenor , , , , . , , Internet .

1855. Telenor 1994 . 2000 79%, .

1955 , 01/01/1998. ..

2003 , .

Telenor Mobile , 2,36 . . , 10 , :

100% Panafon GSM 2,62 . .

61% DIGI 2,21 . .

55,31% Kyivstar 3,04 . .

51% Gvameron phone 1,14 . .

53,5% Soufon 1,02 . .

Telenor Fixed , Telenor Mobile ( Telenor) .

4.16

Telenor 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)3,844,555,256,637,127,9311,27

( $)0,230,280,151,02-0,630,680,99

.

( )16,6118,7319,5617,9615,5315,3913,03

.

( )3,123,334,575,005,155,256,19

( )19,7322,0724,1322,9620,6720,6419,22

()20,2021,9724,9522,4023,0021,7521,30

Marketing

(. $)185,56225,24280,69343,22434,98554,11974,28

( $)0,870,871,461,671,300,962,36

.

( $)1,922,072,002,002,272,713,57

.

( $)0,701,051,171,522,813,796,11

.

(.)1,261,782,202,312,382,362,65

(.)2,923,143,273,313,302,992,63

* 1998 4.17

Telenor 1998-2004

1998-2004

20,16%

107,84%

. -3,46%

. 12,69%

-0,11%

1,21%

Marketing 33,04%

29,93%

. 11,49%

.45,42%

. 14,02%

-1,48%

4.29 Telenor 4.16 4.17 4.29, , :

, 2002 ( 4.29). , .

, .

, .

, 2002 , .

4.30 Telenor , 2002 2003, . 4.31, , 2004 .

4.31 Telenor

4.32 Telenor , 33,04%, . , Telenor , , . : ) , ) Novdic Mobile, ) ) .

4.10 KPN - KPN 1989, , 1998. KPN , PTT Telecom PTT Post . 1994, KPN , . 2003, , 19,3% KPN.

1997 KPN , Vision Networks. 2002 Vision Networks KPN. 1999 KPN Mobile. , KPN , . , 2002 .. .

2001 , : , . 2004 KPN , , , . .

4.18

KPN 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)8,459,9315,0714,9815,4215,8914,90

( $)0,730,902,09-8,73-11,513,361,86

.

( )43,4048,6056,2059,1250,2739,4230,48

.

( )2,644,135,836,957,437,818,08

( )46,0452,7362,0366,0757,7047,2338,56

()32,5534,7541,3145,7240,2031,2728,91

Marketing

(. $)462,8642,6606,61.7691.222712,8688,2

( $)2,632,864,293,441,371,752,09

.

( $)4,895,416,126,899,309,508,88

.

( $)1,341,722,012,362,692,922,82

.

(.)2,163,484,855,235,035,216,08

(.)7,777,336,926,577,857,687,43

* 1998 4.19

KPN 1998-2004

1998-2004

11,40%

-51,68%

. -4,40%

. 22,05%

-1,75%

-0,92%

Marketing 24,78%

4,34%

. 11,18%

.13,61%

. 20,75%

-0,36%

4.33 4.18 4.19 : ) , , 1998-2000 , . 2001 2002 2003 2004 ( 4.33). 2001 2002 , , . ) , , 20,75% 22,05% . ) , 11,18% 13,61 , , , 2001 .

4.34 KPN , 4.10.3, 2000, 2002 2003 2004. 2000-2002 , 2001 2002 .

4.35 KPN

4.36 KPN , 2001 . , , , KPN . , . . , , KPN , , , , , . , : ) , ) , , ) , ) , , UMTS .

4.11 TELECOM AUSTRIA - Telecom Austria , 27 . , . , . , , , , Internet, . 2002 Telecom Austria , . , , Telecom Austria , , . Mobilkom Austria. Mobilkom Austria 1997. 2004 Telecom Austria 3 . 5 . (, , ).

4.20

Telecom Austria

1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)3,664,044,274,324,454,584,68

( $)0,960,53-0,03-0,120,010,150,26

.

( )14,9915,2212,5610,9710,219,788,77

.

( )2,002,353,183,704,294,334,50

( )16,9917,5715,7314,6614,5014,1113,27

()18,7218,6518,7216,5918,3013,8913,31

Marketing

(. $)27,8751,0173,7784,42174,95228,87228,52

( $)0,810,750,660,510,640,690,63

.

( $)3,013,153,082,462,342,532,52

.

( $)0,971,331,641,922,172,362,45

.

(.)1,482,262,802,853,003,163,27

(.)3,733,453,273,173,103,012,91

* 1998 4.21

Telecom Austria 1998-2004

1998-2004

4,24%

125,50%

. -8,34%

. 14,99%

-3,93%

-4,89%

Marketing 46,66%

-2,99%

. -2,49%

.17,16%

. 15,43%

-4,04%

4.37 KPN 4.20 4.21 Telecom Austria 1998-2004:

1998 1999, 2000 2001 , ( 4.37). .

4,04%, -8,34%.

15,43% 14,99%.

, , 2004 .

-4,89%.

4.38

2001 ( 4.39). , , 2000 2001, .

4.39 KPN

4.40 KPN 46,66%, 4.40, 2001 .

Telecom Austria . , , (market segmentation). () , () () (corporate) . . . , , .

4.12 TELE DENMARK (TDC) - 1996, 1988. 1998 , 2001. . TDC , . . TDC .

2000 TDC , . TDC , . 1996, , 50 , . TDC , .

4.22

TDC 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)5,075,857,368,728,828,827,34

( $)0,600,541,43-0,0020,750,301,47

.

( )19,0023,3128,2323,0722,6219,7015,76

.

( )1,662,052,312,512,803,003,80

( )20,6625,3530,5425,5825,4122,7019,56

()16,4117,4618,3622,4922,2621,1320,57

Marketing (. $)2.1442.6193.3061.9121.7711.5981.386

( $)2,191,363,672,611,911,281,70

. ( $)3,143,242,682,532,723,193,84

. ( $)0,500,570,550,640,720,931,34

. (.)1,001,291,641,901,982,132,05

(.)3,203,203,183,143,082,982,91

* 1998 4.23

TDC 1998-2004

1998-2004

7,33%

5614,18%

. -1,56%

. 15,08%

0,30%

4,22%

Marketing -4,02%

12,61%

. 4,24%

.18,79%

. 13,45%

-1,59%

4.41 4.22 4.23 : ) 2001, , , , 2000 ( 4.41). , 1998-2004. ) 1,59% 1,56%. ) 13,45% 15,08%. ) 4.42 , . ) , , . , , 2002 , .

4.42

, 2003 2004, ( 4.43). 2001 , 2000-2003.

4.43 TDC , 2000 ( 4.44), .

4.44 TDC TDC, , . , , . , .

4.13 CESKY TELEKOM (CT) - H Cesky Telekom (CT) , Cesky Telekom , . CT . . CT, . CT SPT Telecom, 1993. 1996, 1999 CT , (2001).

1999 , ( IP), . CT 2002, Internet . , , , . , , , (Cesky Telekom).

2001 , .. .., 1/1/2001 . CT , .

2004 , 1998-2004 .

4.24

CT 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)1,421,641,881,921,851,812,18

( $)0,190,200,210,210,15-0,060,20

.

( )8,979,5410,8911,7811,9011,029,10

.

( )0,611,112,413,724,204,304,50

( )9,5810,6413,3015,5016,1015,3213,60

()23,3221,7419,4417,6616,1613,3411,31

Marketing

(. $)122,24139,0053,7455,1347,9647,8342,11

( $)0,980,640,610,650,400,250,20

.

( $)1,251,301,241,221,351,471,51

.

( $)0,230,300,400,450,510,641,28

.

(.)0,591,072,173,243,894,224,59

(.)3,733,843,853,843,663,593,37

* 1998 4.25

CT 1998-2004

1998-2004

7,81%

42,40%

.0,81%

.45,69%

6,74%

-11,27%

Marketing-11,71%

-21,20%

.3,35%

.35,86%

.45,24%

-1,66%

4.45 4.24 4.25 :

, 2003, 2004 ( 4.45). CT .

() , .

.

, , 2004, ( 4.46).

, .

4.46

( 4.47), , , .

4.47 CT , 1998 1999, , ( 4.48).

4.48 CT, CT , (product oriented), . 2000 , , 2002 . , , .

4.14 BELGACOM - Belgacom 1994. , . Belgacom 1998 , , . , . , . 2004 Belgacom . , .

4.26

Belgacom 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)4,464,955,676,086,046,286,47

( $)0,430,470,530,561,310,201,08

.

( )20,9022,0622,4525,4319,9918,5717,00

.

( )1,391,602,002,673,504,134,49

( )22,2923,6624,4528,1023,4922,7021,49

()23,2021,8322,2022,3019,0317,5419,00

Marketing

(. $)1.1701.3891.462863992757649

( $)0,700,861,290,990,730,490,81

.

( $)2,842,933,073,873,673,633,61

.

( $)0,841,211,682,352,392,552,61

.

(.)1,252,073,283,984,084,204,20

(.)5,065,145,064,885,095,225,25

* 1998 4.27

Belgacom 1998-2004

1998-2004

6,50%

85,44%

. -2,73%

. 21,84%

-0,12%

-2,99%

Marketing -6,66%

9,41%

. 4,55%

.22,15%

. 25,19%

0,67%

4.49 Belgacom, 4.26 4.27, :

, 2003 ( 4.49).

.

, .

, ( 4.50).

.

4.50

4.51, 2000 2004. , 2000 (), 2000 , 2004 .

4.51 Belgacom ( 4.52), , .

4.52 Belgacom . , Belgacom. . , Belgacom ( ) , , , , .

4.15 MATAV - H Matav , . 1990 . 1990 Magyar Tavkozkesi Vallalat ( Matav). 31/12/1991 Matav . , Matav .

Matav 2,8 . 2004, 2002. , 4 . . Matav :

.

, Westel, .

, , .

Matav : ) . ) , .

4.28

Matav 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)1,481,982,513,373,834,084,12

( $)0,270,400,380,510,440,390,23

.

( )8,068,969,8810,259,288,107,80

.

( )1,411,863,704,454,825,155,56

( )9,4610,8113,5714,7014,1013,2513,37

()16,6015,3814,3816,6316,1114,7113,72

Marketing

(. $)34,9843,6658,2982,1887,54114,54150,37

( $)0,540,660,860,790,710,620,62

.

( $)1,201,551,842,052,392,432,26

.

( $)0,410,600,901,221,441,681,81

.

(.)0,550,841,672,543,433,774,03

(.)2,672,902,972,942,882,832,82

* 1998 4.29

Matav 1998-2004

1998-2004

19,25%

2,01%

. -0,10%

. 29,09%

6,48%

-2,78%

Marketing 27,99%

3,59%

. 11,81%

.29,01%

. 42,74%

1,00%

4.53 , Matav 1998-2004 , 4.28 4.29:

, ( 4.53). , , Matav 1998-2004.

1% .

.

, 4.54.

2,78%.

4.54 Matav

4.55 Matav , 2000 ( 4.55), .

4.56 Matav , , 2002, 1998-2001. , Matav . , Matav :

.

, .

.

.

.

.

, . , . 4.16 TELKOM . 1991 . 1991 Telkom, 1997 . 1997 30% Telkom Thintana Communications LLC, 60% SBC Communications Inc 40% Telekom Malaisia SDN Berhard. 2001 3% Telekom Veingo Investments 67% Telkom. 2002 . , 2002 , 1993. , 2001 Vodafone MTN , 2001 Cell C .

Telkom . , () , () () , Vodafone.

:

.

.

.

4.30

Telkom 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)3,484,385,416,627,889,179,98

( $)0,440,350,310,340,280,401,11

.

( )23,8129,4431,1332,8633,0832,8732,94

.

( )3,264,305,677,478,8810,4912,30

( )27,0733,7436,8040,3441,9743,3545,24

()62,0064,6853,8148,5643,8939,8536,21

Marketing

(. $)94,79103,80113,79125,35142,64152,14160,69

( $)1,272,411,902,092,081,401,30

.

( $)3,444,374,765,586,447,237,56

.

( $)0,090,480,961,411,872,422,87

.

(.)0,901,993,075,116,567,879,73

(.)4,655,085,494,964,924,844,82

* 1998 4.31

Telkom 1998-2004

1998-2004

19,35%

30,15%

. 5,87%

. 24,94%

9,17%

-8,37%

Marketing 9,23%

6,36%

. 14,26%

.109,15%

. 52,29%

0,83%

4.57 , 4.30 4.31, Telkom :

19,35%, , 2004 ( 4.57). Telkom .

, .

52,29%, 24,94.

, Telkom, 4.58.

8,37%, .

4.58 Telkom

4.59 Telkom , 1999 2002, ( 4.59), 6,36%. .

4.60 Telkom 4.60 , , . 2002. , , Telkom , , , Telkom.

, Telkom ) , ) , ) , ) ) . , , .

4.17 TELEFONICA CHILE - Telefonica Chile 1930 ITT . 1971 , 1974 Corfo 80% Telefonica. 1987 Corfo 30% 1988 Bond Chile 151 . 50% .

1990 TISA Telefonica Bond Chile Telefonica International Chile SA, 1999 Telefonica CTC Chile. , , Internet. , : ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) ) . 4.32

Telefonica Chile 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)1,772,142,122,242,152,071,79

( $)0,30-0,13-0,290,01-0,040,030,79

.

( )26,2426,8424,1024,5223,4721,4719,00

.

( )0,610,740,891,071,361,742,00

( )26,8527,5824,9925,5924,8323,2121,00

()8,999,939,257,724,574,724,30

Marketing

(. $)287,91310,98327,10317,24325,77364,08405,10

( $)0,620,590,350,290,200,240,28

.

( $)1,571,641,571,871,821,781,45

.

( $)0,190,360,400,440,520,600,34

.

(.)0,551,151,221,571,852,272,74

(.)2,652,592,702,722,692,422,43

* 1998 4.33

Telefonica Chile 1998-2004

1998-2004

0,76%

398,47%

. -5,08%

. 22,13%

-3,88%

-9,89%

Marketing 5,98%

-9,46%

. -0,70%

.16,47%

. 33,95%

-1,35%

4.61 4.32 4.33 Telefonica Chile :

, 1999 2003 2004, . , , 2001 ( 4.61).

.

, .

, 2004 .

8,89%.

4.62 Telefonica Chile , , , 4.63.

4.63 Telefonica Chile

4.64 Telefonica Chile , , 2002 . , , , Telefonica Chile, , .

4.18 - , 1949 , 2001 . , . , , . , 1998 , 2004 , , , .

COSMOTE , (1998), .

4.34

1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)2,963,273,624,744,166,146,51

( $)0,830,860,910,460,640,510,21

.

( )30,0030,5031,4231,5033,6032,1031,00

.

( )0,330,991,983,143,604,806,10

( )30,3331,4933,4034,6437,2036,9037,10

()21,9321,5919,6018,5517,7117,1716,30

Marketing

(. $)23,9417,7817,0082,9939,55109,49144,51

( $)0,871,051,181,581,341,211,05

.

( $)2,912,902,953,022,933,263,54

.

( $)0,050,380,670,991,231,571,84

.

(.)0,301,062,062,943,513,924,15

(.)5,545,615,976,176,296,306,34

* 1998 4.35

1998-2004

1998-2004

15,58%

-13,08%

. 0,62%

. 72,26%

3,45%

-4,79%

Marketing 85,77%

4,87%

. 3,44%

.138,31%

. 71,41%

2,32%

4.65

4.34 4.35 :

13,08% 15,58% ( 4.65). , 1998-2004, COSMOTE.

.

, , COSMOTE.

( 4.66).

5,79%, , .

4.66

2001, ( 4.67).

4.67

4.68 Marketing

, (85,77%), . , 2000 , , 2003 2004 2004 .

, , , , , . , , . , , .

4.19 TELIA SONERA - Telia Sonera , . Telia Sonera 2002 Telia Sonera. Telia Televerket, 1850, Sonera , 1917.

. , Telia Sonera 10 : , , , , , , .

, .

4.36

Telia Sonera 1998-2004

1998199920002001200220032004

( $)6,246,566,877,487,9311,0910,92

( $)0,630,531,310,24-1,071,221,73

.

( )37,4737,2533,4728,7828,0027,5027,00

.

( )1,752,092,593,023,203,313,81

( )39,2239,3436,0631,8031,2030,8130,81

()30,5930,6429,8717,1529,1726,6929,08

Marketing

(. $)8418191.0511.1431.2291.7201.698

( $)0,960,972,112,321,911,261,38

.

( $)1,921,992,042,011,921,951,78

.

( $)0,870,951,131,311,411,661,61

.

(.)2,212,643,263,443,603,844,24

(.)6,396,526,626,596,426,296,12

* 1998 4.37

Telia Sonera 1998-2004

1998-2004

10,52%

-110,53%

. -5,18%

. 14,15%

-3,83%

4,27%

Marketing 13,43%

14,31%

. -1,17%

.11,07%

. 11,75%

-0,71%

4.69 4.36 4.37 :

( 4.69). , , 2002 , Sonera, .

(0,71%) (5,18%).

, .

( 4.70), .

5,79%, Sonera, .

4.70 Telia Sonera

14,31%, 2000-2002 ( 4.71), Sonera, , .

4.71 Telia Sonera

, , 2002 , ( 4.72).

4.72 Telia Sonera

Telia Sonera , . , , (market segmentation) , , ( , Internet .). , . , Telia Sonera , .

4.20 , . , , . , , , .

, . Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). , .

. , , , , , . , , .

V DATAENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS5.1 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) - , DEA Charnes et al. (1978). , , , . , , . , , , Decision Making Units (DMU) .

, , , . , , , (benchmarking) (Kirkley et al. 2000).

() , . . . DEA , , . , . , . .

5.2 DEA . 1998. , , , , , . , , .

, , . , . , , IV, .

5.1 1998

1998

1. - NTT72.186.998.701226.00022.626.231.762637.476.129194.400.000.00026.880.000.000

2. - Cesky Telecom1.421.716.23323.317976.672.862122.242.8758.970.000.000608.000.000

3. - Matav1.483.488.80616.595542.364.73934.981.3438.055.000.0001.408.000.000

4. . - Telkom3.476.483.35762.0001.271.888.56794.790.15923.805.000.0003.263.000.000

5. - Telefonica18.581.914.894103.6624.790.425.5322.100.000.00072.988.000.0004.011.500.000

6. - Swisscom7.214.482.75921.946900.000.000206.896.55221.424.000.0001.659.000.000

7. - TDC5.072.228.02616.4102.193.702.4322.144.008.35719.000.000.0001.656.000.000

8. - Telekom Austria3.657.765.95718.720812.978.72327.872.34014.985.000.0002.000.000.000

9. - Portugal Telekom3.119.148.93621.339620.212.76675.744.68112.750.000.000963.000.000

10. - Telenor3.840.927.15220.200868.000.000185.562.91416.610.000.0003.120.000.000

11. - Deutsche Telekom37.340.425.532203.3745.096.808.5111.089.361.702185.200.000.0004.558.000.000

12. - France Telecom26.221.276.596169.0994.957.446.8096.505.319.149116.700.000.00014.752.000.000

13. - Telefonica Chile1.765.910.6228.985615.000.000287.914.14126.240.000.000605.000.000

14. - Telekom Italia26.651.063.830123.9666.405.319.1491.108.510.638113.013.000.00011.365.000.000

15. - KPN8.451.063.83032.5472.627.659.574462.765.95743.400.000.0002.640.000.000

16. - 2.959.680.85121.925870.212.76623.936.17030.000.000.000330.000.000

17. - Belgacom4.463.829.78723.203697.987.8481.169.922.03620.900.000.0001.392.855.730

18. - Telia Sonrea6.235.094.34030.593963.899.371841.383.64837.470.000.0001.745.000.000

5.2 2001

2001

1. - NTT81.388.702.540222.00020.021.230.2911.024.992.962196.020.000.00081.648.000.000

2. - Cesky Telecom1.924.748.81417.659646.942.85355.125.63211.782.000.0003.720.000.000

3. - Matav3.369.287.05716.633785.811.22982.181.48410.254.000.0004.446.000.000

4. . - Telkom6.615.641.02148.5612.093.975.420125.354.78332.863.000.0007.472.000.000

5. - Telefonica35.936.139.592161.0299.745.227.0633.242.661.26399.945.000.00012.848.000.000

6. - Swisscom10.105.347.12217.784879.779.762331.521.54719.230.000.0003.140.000.000

7. - TDC8.717.756.71722.4852.611.361.6141.912.741.78523.069.000.0002.509.000.000

8. - Telekom Austria4.321.057.59116.586513.918.44084.421.46010.969.000.0003.695.000.000

9. - Portugal Telekom6.695.395.29720.8871.538.526.316165.894.28917.296.000.0006.439.000.000

10. - Telenor6.625.478.52622.4001.674.214.100343.218.20817.960.000.0005.000.000.000


12. - France Telecom51.584.551.625211.5548.269.237.04513.850.280.642120.000.000.00029.301.000.000

13. - Telefonica Chile2.244.077.5587.720291.000.000317.240.53024.523.000.0001.067.000.000

14. - Telekom Italia36.510.159.075113.9749.309.999.334655.714.064205.100.000.00021.540.000.000

15. - KPN14.984.672.59945.7203.436.488.0241.767.769.52659.120.000.0006.951.000.000

16. - 4.740.476.19018.5451.583.185.18582.994.70931.499.000.0003.144.000.000

17. - Belgacom6.079.914.14322.296987.512.195863.447.84625.425.000.0002.674.283.000

18. - Telia Sonrea7.479.394.73217.1492.316.289.9311.142.648.98228.780.000.0003.016.000.000

5.3 2004

2004

1. - NTT92.964.737.171205.00015.524.843.0041.002.035.199147.200.000.00097.000.000.000

2. - Cesky Telecom2.180.510.73111.313202.888.80242.107.6739.100.000.0004.500.000.000

3. - Matav4.115.091.18813.724621.737.576150.365.5137.802.127.0005.564.160.000

4. . - Telkom9.977.994.23236.2061.298.031.999160.694.74732.942.000.00012.297.000.000

5. - Telefonica37.479.957.447173.5544.311.408.3081.479.401.41870.000.000.00015.100.000.000

6. - Swisscom8.892.193.50615.4771.004.152.508158.109.51912.432.000.0003.502.000.000

7. - TDC7.338.990.82320.5731.701.257.9141.386.946.30315.760.000.0003.800.000.000

8. - Telekom Austria4.679.253.34913.307632.390.771228.523.5538.771.000.0004.500.000.000

9. - Portugal Telekom7.527.063.83029.483978.530.795300.142.64616.478.000.0007.500.000.000

10. - Telenor11.267.350.21121.3002.363.527.426974.278.48113.026.000.0006.189.000.000


12. - France Telecom54.320.149.676243.57315.115.272.15812.882.621.938104.100.000.00040.000.000.000

13. - Telefonica Chile1.787.538.4614.299280.944.206405.103.32819.000.000.0002.000.000.000

14. - Telekom Italia37.458.342.02388.8926.397.549.531507.864.703216.800.000.00038.700.000.000

15. - KPN14.898.755.52028.9112.092.867.657688.184.13030.480.000.0008.081.000.000

16. - 6.508.180.79516.3021.053.194.191144.507.08231.000.000.0006.100.000.000

17. - Belgacom6.468.305.81819.003809.122.009649.165.71017.000.000.0004.485.000.000

18. - Telia Sonrea10.918.810.63629.0821.380.026.1541.697.581.41927.000.000.0003.814.000.000

, , DEA. . , . (100%), ( 100%).

. :

ST {T}:

INV {T}:

ME {T}:

FT {T}:

MT {T}:

{V}, , {S}, (Slacks) . , .

5.4 5.5 5.6 .

5.4 1998

/ 1998SCOREST{I} {V}INV{I} {V}ME{I} {V}FT{I} {V}MT{I} {V}BENCHMARKS {S} ST{I}{S} INV{I}{S} ME{I}{S} FT{I}{S} MT{I}

1. - NTT100,00%0,7800,22006

2. - Cesky Telecom50,81%0000,440,566(0,17) 11(0,00)7116,55316,9921,100

3. - Matav60,84%00,380,210,4101(0,01) 6(0,06) 8(0,15)4384000270,58

4. . - Telkom53,36%00,340,210,4501(0,00) 6(0,16) 8(0,59)18015,7000232,19

5. - Telefonica91,17%0000,50,56(1,78) 11(0,15)24255,231981,591378,6100

6. - Swisscom100,00%0,630,350,020013

7. - TDC94,03%100006(0,70)01430,171870,392802,29390,67

8. - Telekom Austria100,00%00,720,230,0503

9. - Portugal Telekom89,25%00,280,420,110,191(0,01) 6(0,29) 8(0,09) 16(0,09)7678,70000

10. - Telenor67,72%00,0700,9301(0,01) 6(0,45)1942,8027,1701147,48

11. - Deutsche Telekom100,00%00,44000,564

12. - France Telecom66,68%00,0600,9401(0,00) 6(3,61)32978,1103589,0203781,35

13. - Telefonica Chile64,19%0,40000,66(0,22) 11(0,00)0172,54134,1311272,750

14. - Telekom Italia68,64%00,0800,9201(0,08) 6(2,91)3514,630109,380863,56

15. - KPN78,99%100006(1,17)01021,55123,239184,38141,88

16. - 100,00%000,4700,531

17. - Belgacom79,79%010006(0,62)4932,990805,423418,584,86

18. - Telia Sonrea80,93%00,84000,166(0,84) 11(0,01)5312,270501,6611412,070

5.5 2001


1. - NTT100,00%000,920,0805

2. - Cesky Telecom55,37%00,390,61001(0,01) 8(0,21)3519,67001769,76263,09

3. - Matav76,74%00,180,260,5601(0,02) 6(0,07) 8(0,20)3282,34000656,58

4. . - Telkom76,95%00,260,4100,341(0,05) 8(0,06) 14(0,06)18214,5002743,390

5. - Telefonica81,79%0000,280,726(2,86) 11(0,13)49086,063867,551233,500

6. - Swisscom100,00%0,40,220,070,030,2710

7. - TDC98,69%0,230000,776(0,62) 11(0,05)01473,591517,31455,080

8. - Telekom Austria100,00%00,440,56003

9. - Portugal Telekom85,03%000,190,8101(0,05) 6(0,28)2213,11107,4300701,1

10. - Telenor70,20%000106(0,66)4064,8598,1723,1101451,25


12. - France Telecom81,81%000106(5,10)82278,362272,239635,307940,59

13. - Telefonica Chile67,15%010006(0,22)1235,080139,1512197,9719,25

14. - Telekom Italia100,00%0,010,190,4600,342

15. - KPN65,29%0,180000,826(1,36) 11(0,02)0763,63619,27683,920

16. - 98,10%000,6700,331(0,01) 14(0,11)3670,35350,5206508,50

17. - Belgacom67,24%00,2000,86(0,51) 11(0,02)1607,110347,523674,530

18. - Telia Sonrea77,01%0,160000,846(0,74) 11(0,00)01129,98633,937899,930

5.6 2004


1. - NTT100,00%000,880,1203

2. - Cesky Telecom100,00%00,880,12008

3. - Matav74,62%00,9200,0802(0,01) 6(0,46)2993,21038,7702489,9

4. . - Telkom97,12%00,490,4900,021(0,04) 2(1,54) 6(0,33)4503,9008043,250

5. - Telefonica96,53%00,9200,070,012(0,33) 6(3,30) 11(0,11)84693,080674,2100

6. - Swisscom100,00%0,1500,160,360,3313

7. - TDC72,74%0000,30,76(0,75) 11(0,01)809,91413,84870,6400

8. - Telekom Austria82,78%00,9100,0902(0,12) 6(0,50)1978,420106,0401449,8

9. - Portugal Telekom84,35%00,8900,1102(0,56) 6(0,71)7573,870117,4801330,6

10. - Telenor100,00%000101


12. - France Telecom65,67%0000,630,376(2,58) 10(2,78)60700,5754,455341,7400

13. - Telefonica Chile72,39%100006(0,20)01,54261,4111254,60743,65

14. - Telekom Italia90,77%0,020,60,38001(0,32) 2(0,25) 6(0,85)0,0500137485405,78