Citylogistics in Amsterdam's Oude Pijp

Picturing city logisticsDelivery of goods in the ‘Oude Pijp’ district of Amsterdam: characteristics and opportunities

September 2016

Research by Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, EVO, LeanCargo Consultancy, City of Amsterdam and Amsterdam District South. Commissioned by Connekt/Topsector Logistiek

2

Preface

Introduction

Map ‘Oude Pijp’

Taking delivery

Supplying

Transporting

Solutions

Contributing parties

Executive parties

Contact and Disclaimer

3

4

5

6

8

10

12

14

15

16

Contents

3City logistics insights

PrefaceIn the lively quarter of the ‘Oude Pijp’ you can stroll along for hours, from shop to shop or on the

Albert Cuyp market, you can enjoy any imaginable cuisine and take a seat at one of the many

terraces or bars. The Oude Pijp is a very busy and lively quarter where residential and professional

aspects go side by side. This creates a great number of traffic movements. In addition to the

residents’ car movements, there is a great amount of traffic for making deliveries to businesses,

and for the delivery of parcels to the inhabitants. At various moments on weekdays this causes

stagnation of the traffic flow.

The Oude Pijp is Amsterdam’s second center, and it welcomes many Dutch and international visitors. More and more people visit

the area, and more and more businesses settle here. For me, as an administrator for Traffic, Transport, and Economic Affairs, it

is important to gain insight into the locations where traffic in the Oude Pijp encounters bottlenecks, and how these are linked

to deliveries to stores and other businesses. With that insight, and in cooperation with transporters, suppliers, businesses, and

residents, we can evaluate the possible solutions for reducing traffic pressure in the Oude Pijp.

I am delighted that the research that lead to this report was based on collaboration between transporters, suppliers, the Amster-

dam University of Applied Sciences, and the authorities. This joint project has resulted in a report that is a sound basis for finding

the right solutions and keeping the Oude Pijp an attractive neighborhood in the future as well; a place where it is a pleasure to

spend some time, to live, and to do business.

Dhr. Drs. P.P.J. Slettenhaarmember of the executive committee City of Amsterdam District South

“With this insight, and in collaboration with transporters, suppliers, businesses and residents, we can evaluate the possible solutions for reducing traffic pressure in the Oude Pijp.”

4

IntroductionThe Oude Pijp is an area where many people live, work, shop, and go out. Making deliveries to the shops,

hotels, restaurants and cafés (abbreviated to HoReCa in this report), other businesses and construction sites

is important for the vitality of the quarter. Unfortunately, the down-side is that residents, entrepreneurs

and visitors might be bothered by it. The quality of life and road safety are at risk. Traffic flows obstruct

each other, and noise pollution and odor emissions abound. The area will get busier over the coming years

due to the realization of the ‘Rode Loper’ (Red Carpet) project to improve public areas and accessibility,

and the new North/South metro line. Public space must be used in different ways, which means organizing

deliveries to premises in a smart and clean manner.

At the request of Connekt, the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, EVO and LeanCargo Consultancy conducted research into

deliveries in the Oude Pijp from April to August 2016. The City of Amsterdam and Amsterdam District South both collaborated in the

project. The purpose of the research was to map the characteristics of the different delivery flows in the Oude Pijp, an area with more

than 1,000 businesses and a high volume of loading and unloading traffic. What goods do businesses receive weekly? And who makes

the deliveries, and how? These questions were central to the research.

The assignment

Amsterdam District South commissioned Seinpost and Stad & Co for data-gathering in shops, HoReCa and other businesses in the Oude

Pijp. LeanCargo Consultancy and shippers association EVO focused on data-gathering among suppliers, waste collectors, and logistics

services companies. Researchers of the research program Urban Technology at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences analyzed

the collected data.

The team

For the research, information was collected from businesses in the Oude Pijp and from suppliers, waste

collectors, and logistics services companies. They were asked about the frequency of deliveries in the

area under investigation, and about the characteristics of transportation, such as the type of vehicle and

timing. In all 145 businesses participated in this research, by answering questions and sharing company

information. The research focused to a much more limited degree, or not at all, on consumers, public

institutions, and construction logistics.

The approach

This report presents the results. These are the starting point for the development of solutions to

smarter and cleaner deliveries. Take light electrical trucks, for example, or central delivery points,

water-borne transport, and collective purchasing. Entrepreneurs, inhabitants, suppliers, and logistics

services companies will also be actively involved in the process of development and implementation.

The Oude Pijp will become an actual Living Laboratory, where businesses, the authorities, researchers,

and users will cooperate towards a livable Amsterdam!

Results

Organizing deliveries and waste collection in a smarter and cleaner way in the Oude Pijp means creating

a better living environment, improved accessibility, and, last but not least, a vibrant quarter that is a nice

place to stay. To establish which solutions are effective, we first need to paint a picture of the current

situation regarding deliveries.

An ideal

Albert Cuyp market

78%Vehicle types

of the traffic measured is a van.

Measuring points

AUAS Amstel-campus

Distribution freight traffic

HeinekenExperience

City logistics have an impact on:

Impact of city

Rode LoperNorth/South metro line

Inhabitants

14.977Population density Oude Pijp

24.000 Inhabitants per km²

Population density Centre

13.750 Inhabitants per km²

Built area Oude Pijp

78%Built area centre

66%

Surface area Oude Pijp

68 ha

15Time loading/unloading

is the average time for loading/ unloading on Gerard Douplein

min.

Delivery bike 1%

2%

78%

16%

3%

Van

Truck

Waste truck

Small delivery vehicle

Van Woustraat

Ferdinand Bolstraat

Gerard Douplein

Number of businesses

Businesses 439

HoReCa 214

Offices 1056

Facilities 599

Other 101

Total 2762

Stores 353

16%

38%

13%

22%

8%

4%

Focus of research

Amount of traffic

Noise

Emissions

Odours

Safety

Bottleneck

Bottleneck

Bottleneck

Bottleneck

Indication of passing vans and trucks per hour road cross-section*

7u 8u 9u 10u 11u 12u 13u 14u 15u 16u 17u

City logistics keep going all day long

*based on 1 measuring moment on Thursday

100

20

40

60

80

0

BottleneckIn the Oude Pijp

25-50%of traffic is composed of

freight vehicles

Vibrations

6

439 companies, 353 stores and 214 HoReCa establishments are in the Oude Pijp (source CBS, 2015). For them it is

essential to get the goods they purchase to the location they desire (kitchen, office cabinet, or shop shelves) in

good time. And in the process, they want to be disturbed as little as possible by loading, unloading and other

transport activities. Entrepreneurs have their goods delivered by their suppliers or by a third-party transporter,

or they go and get them using their own transport. Waste and packaging follow the reverse trajectories.

103 entrepreneurs from the Oude Pijp have contributed to the research. On the occasion of visits by shopping

street managers they provided information about the goods they receive1, and about the collection of

company waste. They also answered questions on the desirability of various possible solutions (see chapter on

Solutions).

1. No information was asked about the supply of services by professionals such as technicians, painters, plumbers.

Taking delivery

Participants research businesses

Participants research businesses

Number of locations in Amsterdam

Accepting deliveries

for neighbours The respondents

included 4 entrepreneurs

who voluntarily accept parcels

for their neighbours. At

times as many as 20

parcels a week.Company waste

Collection of company waste

is counted as a delivery in

the research.

75% of the respondents have only 1 location in Amsterdam

103entrepreneurs from the Oude Pijp have contribu-ted to the research.

Companies 18

Stores

HoReCa

53

32


The number of times deliveries are made to businesses each week

varies greatly. A small clothing store, for example, only receives two

deliveries a month, whereas a specialty store might receive as many

as 70 deliveries in a week (exceptional case). Spikes can be found

among HoReCa businesses, shops, and other companies amounting

to around 40 deliveries or more per week. This includes the return

flow of waste collection.

For each type of recipient the deliveries have been split up into

three kinds of flows: foodstuffs, non-food (this includes, for exam-

ple, clothing, office- and DIY-supplies) and waste collection.

Frequency: average and distribution

Distribution of product groups per type of recipient

Businesses have been broadly categorised in terms of their commercial activities: business, HoReCa, store. Results show that within

those groups considerable divergences occur. That is why it is also valuable to categorise the businesses in other ways, for example

according to the number of staff, and the specific products or services of the business. Once these differences are known, more ac-

curate statements can be made about the area as a whole, and about other busy areas. The research programme Urban Technology

(team Data Analytics) at Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences will follow up on this with future studies.

Categorising businesses

Foodstuffs

Non-food (for example: clothing, office- and DIY-supplies)

Waste collection

60

80

40

20

0

ShopsHoReCaCompanies

Average number of deliveries a week

75% of businesses have less than

9 deliveries a week

50% of HoReCa businesses have more than

16 deliveries a week

25% of the surveyed shops have less than

2 deliveries a week

Explanation chart

Highest value

Lowest value

75%

Exceptional case

25%50%

7%

80%

13%

8 out of 10 deliveries

from / to companies

are non-food

Companies


from / to HoReCa are

foodstuffs

HoReCa

67%

6%

27%


from/to stores relate

to waste collection

Shops

29%

61%

10%

16,6 7,87,1

ShopsHoReCaCompanies

8

Suppliers offer their customers more and more service in terms of the delivery of goods. Customers purcha-

se more frequently and in smaller amounts, and often they can expect their order within 24 hours, in mint

condition, on their doorstep. This means that suppliers are not just responsible for the preparation and ship-

ment of supplies, but often for the unpacking and placement at the location of the recipient as well. For this

reason, many suppliers want to keep control over the transport themselves (see chapter Transporting).

23 suppliers contributed to the research, including an international brewery, wholesalers of foodstuffs, a re-

gional supplier of building materials, and local waste collectors. Suppliers collaborated by sharing company

data from internal systems, and by answering a number of open questions. Data from recipients, and from

logistics services suppliers, has also been integrated in this chapter.

Supplying

Deliveries to consumers

Daily an estimated 760

parcels are delivered to

consumers in the Oude Pijp.

This amounts to 15% to

20% of all deliveries in

the area.

Number of delivery days per week

80% of the suppliers that participated in the research make deliveries ≥ 5 days a

week in the Oude Pijp.

Research Participants suppliers

Research Participants suppliers Waste collection

different collectors of waste and residual flows are operative in the Oude Pijp

23 13suppliers contributedto the research

Waste collection

Building materials

Non-food

Foodstuffs

• Beverages (3)

• Food and non-food (4)

• Fish / meat (3)

3

6

4

10


Based on the number of stores, businesses, and

HoReCa establishments in the Oude Pijp (total

of 1,000 entrepreneurs) and data from chapter

Taking delivery, the total number of deliveries

for this group of businesses has been extra¬pola-

ted. It is estimated that the 1,000 businesses are

between them responsible for 9,500 deliveries a

week, of which 36% relate to food¬stuffs, 47%

are non-food and 17% are waste collection.

otal number of

deliveries to businesses

in the Oude Pijp

The distribution of deliveries over the week and day was established on the basis of data from participating businesses and traffic observa-

tions. The analysis shows there is little variation in the number of deliveries entering the Oude Pijp per working day. Weekends are consi-

derably quieter. Many deliveries to businesses take place during the morning rush hour, but the subsequent hours remain busy as well.

Distribution of deliveries over the week Distribution of deliveries over the day

Nearly all suppliers also provide services at the location of the businesses (store, company, HoReCa). Often the services in question

involve placing the goods in the warehouse, unpacking the goods, and taking back the packing material. But it also happens that

the recipient is given information about the goods. Suppliers of building materials even deliver their goods at great heights.

This shows that transport to businesses often cannot easily be delegated to another party without additional changes beyond the

recipient’s doorstep.

Service beyond the doorstep

Nearly all suppliers to businesses, stores, or HoReCa also provide additional services at the business’ location, like the unpacking of goods, or the collection of returned packaging material.

Total foodstuffs (36%)

foodstuffs to HoReCa (25%)

foodstuffs to businesses (2%)

foodstuffs to stores (9%)

Total waste (17%)

waste from HoReCa (10%)

waste from businesses (4%)

waste from stores (3%)

Total non-food (47%)

non-food to HoReCa (2%)

non-food to businesses (27%)

non-food to shops (18%)

9,500 deliveries a

week for 1,000 businesses

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

0%Mon Tues Weds Thurs Fri Sat Sun

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

0%5 - 7h 7 - 10h 10 - 13h 13 - 16h 16 - 19h

10

Suppliers and their customers are placing ever increasing demands on the delivery of goods. Transport is be-

co¬ming more densely distributed and time-critical. Combine this with the congestion and the limited space

for loading and unloading in the Oude Pijp, and you will understand the challenge drivers face to deliver

goods here.

Drivers may be employed by the supplier (so-called own transport), or by a logistics services company. In the

case of ‘dedicated transport’, the logistics services company deploys its vehicle exclusively for the supplier. In

that case, vehicle and driver often wear the company wear of the supplier, and deliveries are not combined

with those of others. When deliveries for different suppliers are combined in the same run, this is referred to

as ‘bundled transport’.

Nineteen logistics services companies contributed to the research by sharing company data from transport

management systems, and by answering a number of open questions.

Transporting

Research participants lo-gistics services companies

19logistics services companies contributed to the research

Collecting versus taking delivery

Just over 1 in 10 supplies to stores, HoReCa, and busi-nesses are collected by the businesses themselves using their own transport.

The logistics services companies (mainly) transport

Roll cages and pallets

Parcels

Climate conditioned (chilled)

13

4

2

Collections65% of deliveries by

passenger car are made by businesses collectingtheir own supplies.

ElectricOnly 0.4% of freight

traffic in the Oude Pijp is electrically powered. The

switch to electrical transport can reduce air pollution, and

odour- and noise-disturbance.


Based on data from participating stores, HoReCa, and businesses,

we identified the distribution according to the type of vehicle

used, per product flow. It shows that 45% of deliveries of food-

stuffs to businesses are made by truck. Wholesalers and super-

markets bundle a great number of deliveries in a single vehicle

for this purpose.

Of participating suppliers, 83% organize transport using their

own vehicles or dedicated transport. In both cases, vehicles

are deployed exclusively for the supplier.

Logistics services companies that bundle goods from different suppliers often combine more deliveries on a single ride than suppliers using

their own vehicle or dedicated transport. This does not say anything about the efficiency of that ride. Other factors, such as vehicle size,

drop size, and load factor also play their part here. If more suppliers, especially those responsible for smaller shipments, are willing to

outsource their logistics, it can lead to more bundled transport. This requires follow-up research into the opportunities and impediments

(including legal and IT matters) from the perspective of suppliers and recipients.

Means of transport per product flow

Own vehicle, dedicated transport, and

outsourced bundled transport

Average number of stops in the Oude Pijp per working day (Monday to Friday)

Movements for the benefit of services such as cleaning and maintenance were left outside of the scope of the research. Previous

traffic research by the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (2015) shows that a minimum of 20% of vans in the inner city are

deployed for this type of services. A considerable amount, and because these vehicles remain parked for longer periods of time

than loading/unloading traffic, this remains a point of attention for the improvement of city logistics.

Service logistics and transport for services

A major component of movement in city logistics is dedicated transport.

Top 5 participating suppliers with own verhicles or dedicated transport

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

13 stops

12 stops

8 stops

5 stops

2 stops

Top 5 participating logistics services companies (excl. waste collectors)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

> 100 stops

53 stops

48 stops

27 stops

17 stops

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0%Waste

89% 45%

10%

40%

6%

35%

6%

6%

53%

7%4%

Foodstuffs Non-food

Garbage truck

Passenger car

Truck

(Cargo) bike

Van

Own vehicles 12

Outsourced dedicated 7

Outsourced bundled 1

Combination 3

31%

52%

4%13%

How do participating suppliers organize their transport to the Oude Pijp?

12

SolutionsThe results of this research are valuable input for the development of city-logistics solutions. The data col-

lected allows us to investigate and compare the potential of various solutions. What deliveries are currently

performed inefficiently? What product flows can be organized in an alternative way? And what do the various

parties involved think about it? Amsterdam District South and the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences

will consider this, along with the businesses and residents of the area, as well as with suppliers and logistics

services companies. Solutions for smart and clean city logistics are considered, for example, in these areas:

There are many different suppliers for HoReCa, entailing many movements at various hours of the day.

If businesses were to bundle their purchasing power, then deliveries could be carried out by fewer suppliers and/

or more efficiently. This solution requires a change in purchasing behavior.

Joint purchasing

Amsterdam is particularly well suited for water-borne freight transport. It does require different deployment of

vehicles for the delivery and collection journeys, and space would have to be made available at the water-side.

The Oude Pijp is encircled by the river Amstel, and the Stadshouderskade and Ruysdaelkade waterways, but these

are barely used for the transport of goods. In other districts freight transport does take place via the canals, for

example for making deliveries to construction locations.

Water-borne transport

Claes Groot, project leader City of Amsterdam Amsterdam District South:

“For the shipment of goods over the water we will need to identify which locations on the quay can serve as loading and unloading bays. This solution requires physical space and that is unfortunately in scarce supply in the Oude Pijp.”

Waste collectors drive past the refuse on the pavements daily without picking it up. That is because there are

many different waste collection schemes in the area. If this was organized collectively the number of traffic move-

ments could be lower.

Collective waste collection

Entrepreneur in the Oude Pijp:

“Joint ordering is an option, but we work with smaller, specialist suppliers that we would like to keep.”

Entrepreneur in the Oude Pijp:

“I am willing to cooperate with other businesses to have the waste collected collectively, on condition that rates will be lower, and the streets cleaner.”


Many vans and trucks come to the Oude Pijp for a single delivery. By having goods from different suppliers

delivered to a single location, the number of stops in the area can be reduced.

Delivering goods centrally

We have hardly seen any deployment of small and/or electrical transport in the Oude Pijp yet. Freight transport

is still traditionally carried out with diesel vans and trucks. Light electric cargo vehicles (LECV, in Dutch ‘LEVV’),

including delivery bikes, are a valid alternative for freight vans for many deliveries. These vehicles are cleaner and

quieter, and they take up less space.

More and more logistics services companies want to deploy LECVs, but don’t know how to do this cost-effecti-

vely, because the current logistics processes are designed around the use of vans and trucks. In addition, it is not yet sufficiently clear what

city-logistics flows the LECVs are suitable for, and insufficient policies and regulations have been developed for this new type of delivery

vehicle. In its 2-year project LEVV-LOGIC (2016-2018) the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, in collaboration with 28 partners, is

going to investigate the deployment of LECVs for city logistics.

Deploying smaller, cleaner vehicles

By integrating clear criteria in construction permits, it will be possible to stimulate smart construction logistics.

Smart building logistics start with gaining insight into the (expected) deliveries and transport movements to

the construction site.

Construction logistics

A traffic survey on the Gerard Douplein demonstrated that only half of the stops are made at a designated

loading/unloading bay. The rest involve parking and unloading on the pavement or the road. Apparently, there

are not enough loading/unloading bays, or they are not used properly, causing traffic jams and disturbance.

By organizing the designation and monitoring of loading/unloading bays more smartly, improper use can be

tackled and traffic flows improved.

Organize and manage loading/unloading-areas differently

Entrepreneurs in the Oude Pijp:

“Make sure cars don’t park on loading/unloading bays.”

“There is a battle among suppliers to get to the loading bays. On Sarphati Park there only are a few loading bays left.”

Entrepreneurs in the Oude Pijp:

“I would encourage this and I would make use of it.”

“We don’t have the time to walk around with packages, which sometimes are quite big or heavy.”

Bubble Post (participant LEVV-LOGIC project):

“At the moment we make 25 to 30 deliveries a day in the Oude Pijp by delivery bike. Both to consumers, and businesses, chilled and regular.”

Construction company IJbouw:

“We monitor the deliveries for our building processes and aim to keep them manageable and to limit transport. For example, for the renovation of the Heineken Experience we do this by registering information on the material transported and the types of vehicles used.”

14

Data sources

The following parties have contributed to the survey by sharing company data:

Besides the input from businesses, the following data sources were made use of for the research:

Transporters

Bouw Logistic Services, Beentjes Vervoercentrum B.V., Bubble Post, CB Logistics, CJ Hendriks Group, DHL, DPD, G.Snel, H. Veldhuizen

Transport B.V., Jan de Rijk Logistics, Logistiekcentrum Stad Alkmaar, Peeters Vervoerscentrale, Peter Appel Transport, PostNL,

ST van den Brink & Zn. B.V., Swift Koeriers B.V., TransMission Almere, Van Opzeeland, Van Rooijen

Businesses in the Oude Pijp

Aquent, Atelier Josse, Atelier Tempel, B&B Flink, B. van Erve Uw installateur, Bar Mash, Barra, Bij Wink, Blokker, Blond Amsterdam,

Brouwerij Troost, Cafe Binnen Buiten, Cafe Flamingo, Café jeffrey’s, Cafe Neutraal, Cafe Schaapskooi, Cafe Schilders, Cannibale Royale,

Carnaby Street, Castillo lederwaren, CO3, Cottoncake, Day kitchen, De Burgermeester, De Duvel, De Pittenkoning, De Sleutelkluis,

Dierenhandel Exotica, East Village Concepts, Eetcafe Moos, Estafette, Etos, FEBO, Firma Moes, Formlab BV., Gall & Gall, General Enter-

tainment, Grapedistrict, Handyman, Hecke, Het Kookboekenparadijs, Holland and Barrett, Hot Fashion, Hutspot, Il Pastificio, Interbasics

Meubels, Intertoys, J&R Fyshiotherapie, Kaasboertje van Nes, Kaassie Kaassie, Kaldi, Kinderdagverblijf, Koen maakt je schoen, Kruithof

souveniers, Landmarkt, Le Restaurant, Maas & Achttienribbe Vioolbouw, Mamouche, Meubelcash, Mini Cards, Mixtup, Muziekmagazijn

Opus 391, NHTK, Oresti, Pachouly Flower, Restaurant de Waaghaals, Ruud Dubel Meubelmaker, Sample fashion, Sarphaat, Saton Optiek,

Schram Keukenlab Maestr, Sla, Snackbar Moes, Snackbar Pietersma, SNCKBR, Sneaker Zuid, Spaghetteria, Supermarkt-Slagerij Tek-Yol,

Tabaksspeciaalzaak Van Wou, Tan Go Suncenter, Tapmarin, The Readshop, Things I like Things I love, Tijns Toko, Tjin’s Exotische, broodjes,

Topfiets de Monteur, Van Bieren Retail B.V., Van Hoeck, Verfspeciaalzaak De Ru, Vlaams Broodhuys, Walia Ibex, Waxing the City,

Waxx kappers, Wereldwinkel Amsterdam, Wibra, Wijhandel Boasma, Wijnhandel van Krimpen, Wine&Roses, Woontante, Yoghurt Barn

Suppliers

Albert Heijn, ATL Seafood, Berendsen Textiel Service B.V., Bier & Co, Blokker, Bouwmaat Amsterdam B.V., Deli XL, Drankengroothandel

Henk Smit BV, Fontijn Vlees en Vleeswaren B.V., Gemeente Amsterdam, Gunters en Meuser, Heineken, HEMA, Lekkerland, Milieuservice,

Sligro, Stiho, Technische Unie, Van Gansewinkel, Van Keulen, Versvishandel Jan van As, Walraven, Wibra

Construction company

IJbouw B.V.

CBS / OIS Gemeente Amsterdam Standgegevens, 2015

Kamer van Koophandel Trades register, 2015

Stadsdeel Zuid Amsterdam Bottlenecks for loading and unloading Oude Pijp, 2016

Thuiswinkel.org Home Shopping Marktet Monitor, 2016

Dufec Traffic observation Gerard Douplein, 2016

Traffic observation Van Woustraat, 2016

Hogeschool van Amsterdam Traffic counts Ferdinand Bolstraat, 2015

Traffic counts Ceintuurbaan, 2016

Traffic counts Gerard Douplein, 2016

Contributing parties


Contributors to this research:

Walther Ploos van Amstel (AUAS), Susanne Balm (AUAS), Martijn Kooi (AUAS), Ivar Kroese (AUAS), Ruben Stam (AUAS),

Annemijn van Herwijnen (AUAS), Joost Neuvel (AUAS), Said Arslan (Lean Cargo Consultancy), Ton Mooren (EVO),

Claes Groot (Stadsdeel Zuid), Hanneke Bresser (Gemeente Amsterdam), Elisabeth Koop (Seinpost) and Floor Thomasse (Stad & Co).

Executive partiesPerformance of the research

Commissioned by

In collaboration with

ContactFor additional information on this research and/or the follow-up, you can contact:

Walther Ploos van Amstel (lector City Logistics)

Mobile number: 06 100 81 090

E-mail: [email protected]

Susanne Balm (project leader)

Mobile number: 06 211 57 771

E-mail: [email protected]

DisclaimerThe project team has paid a great deal of attention to the contents of this report. Despite the effort to provide correct information, it is

possible that the published information may contain inaccuracies.

The parties inolved in performing this research cannot be held accountable for the accuracy of the data, nor for the consequences of its use.

No rights can be derived from the data as presented.