61
From Phonics to K.K. From Phonics to K.K. 彭 道 明 台北市景興國中

From Phonics To K.K

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: From Phonics To K.K

From Phonic s to K.K.From Phonic s to K.K.

彭 道 明台北市景興國中

Page 2: From Phonics To K.K

P h o n ic s 與 拼字、 讀閱字母拼讀法讓學生

1 .熟悉字母與讀音之間的對應關係,然後看到字形能讀出字音,並且能從上下文中瞭解字義,奠定 讀的基礎。閱

2 .根據拼字的排列組合找出發音線索,除了能「看字拼音」外,甚至還能「聽音拼字」。

Page 3: From Phonics To K.K

Phonics Phonics 與 與 K.K.K.K.音標音標

剛學會剛學會 2 62 6 個字母,馬上另學一套個字母,馬上另學一套 4 04 0個左右的個左右的 K.K.K.K.音標符號,容易混淆,音標符號,容易混淆,且增加記憶的負擔。且增加記憶的負擔。

英語的拼音文字是由字母所組成,因英語的拼音文字是由字母所組成,因此「此「字音聯結」能力可以降低背單字字音聯結」能力可以降低背單字的記憶負擔的記憶負擔 (m e m o ry lo a d & m e n ta l e n e rg y)(m e m o ry lo a d & m e n ta l e n e rg y)。。

Page 4: From Phonics To K.K

Phonics Phonics 與 與 K.K.K.K.音標音標 (2)(2)

「「字音聯結」能力字音聯結」能力高者,文字的辨識高者,文字的辨識

能力也高,有助於提昇 讀能力。閱能力也高,有助於提昇 讀能力。閱 p h o n ic sp h o n ic s 有助於培養語音的感知能力,有助於培養語音的感知能力,

提升「音感」或「音韻覺識」提升「音感」或「音韻覺識」 (s o u n d / p h o n o lo g ic / p h o n e m ic a wa re n e s s )(s o u n d / p h o n o lo g ic / p h o n e m ic a wa re n e s s )

(( 音韻覺識音韻覺識 指語音的「切割」與「合成」的 能力 指語音的「切割」與「合成」的 能力 - -- - 將聽到的將聽到的句句

子或字音分割成較小成份,或將數個單音拼成字音。子或字音分割成較小成份,或將數個單音拼成字音。 ))

Page 5: From Phonics To K.K

語音的掌握語音的掌握永遠優先於文字或標音符號的記憶永遠優先於文字或標音符號的記憶

先音後符:先音後符:先熟悉聲音再教代表該聲音的先熟悉聲音再教代表該聲音的字母或標音符號是教學的原則。字母或標音符號是教學的原則。

先聲音後文字:先聲音後文字:背單字一定要先念熟。背單字一定要先念熟。

(( 教師或學生的發音如果不 標準,再好夠教師或學生的發音如果不 標準,再好夠 的標音符號也沒用。的標音符號也沒用。 ))

Page 6: From Phonics To K.K

PhonicsPhonics發音、拼字教學包含哪些部分發音、拼字教學包含哪些部分??

1. P le n ty o f s o u n d in p u t 充分接觸英語的語音2. Wh o le - wo rd m e th o d 整字辨識、記憶3. S o un d - le tte r c o rre s p o n d e n c e 字母與發音的對應關係

4. S o un d - s p e llin g p a tte rn re la tio n s h ip s字母群或拼字型態與發音的對應關係

5. To n e a n d s ylla b if ic a tio n 語調或輕重音與分音節的教學

Page 7: From Phonics To K.K

6. P h o n ic s ru le s 字母拼讀規則7 .K.K. s ym b o ls ,We b s te r

m a rkin g s , a n d p e rs o n a l m a rks 運用不同系統的標音符號8 .S o un d a n d m e a n in g a s s o c ia tio n 聲音與意義的聯想9 .Wo rd fo rm a n d m e a n in g a s s o c ia tio n 字形與意義的聯想1 0 .Te a c h in g irre g u la r wo rd s 例外字的處理

Page 8: From Phonics To K.K

1.1. Plenty of s ound inputPlenty of s ound input 充分接觸英語的語音充分接觸英語的語音

a .a .透過「聲音」記憶字彙與詞句,透過「聲音」記憶字彙與詞句, 效果加倍。效果加倍。 b .b .累積耳聽口 的「口語詞彙」,先於文說累積耳聽口 的「口語詞彙」,先於文說 字字 (p rin t)(p rin t) 的學習。的學習。 c .c .教師多利用教師多利用 CDCD 或 音帶等教學媒體,並錄或 音帶等教學媒體,並錄 引導學生模仿母語人士的「發音」和引導學生模仿母語人士的「發音」和 「語調」,有助於培養其音感與語感。「語調」,有助於培養其音感與語感。

Page 9: From Phonics To K.K

2. 2. Whole - word methodWhole - word method 整字辨識、記整字辨識、記憶憶

a .a .把整個單字牢牢記住;亦即將把整個單字牢牢記住;亦即將 「字音」、「字形」和「字義」「字音」、「字形」和「字義」 一起背下來。一起背下來。b .b .初學階段,學生除了累積口語詞彙初學階段,學生除了累積口語詞彙 外,也開始從書本裏認識文字,包括外,也開始從書本裏認識文字,包括 一些一些常見字常見字 (s ig h t wo rd s )(s ig h t wo rd s ) ,讓學生從,讓學生從 多看、多念當中自然而然熟悉這些字多看、多念當中自然而然熟悉這些字 彙,以便日後做為書寫練習和彙,以便日後做為書寫練習和 p h o n ic sp h o n ic s 教學的材料。教學的材料。

Page 10: From Phonics To K.K

S o un d - le tte r c o rre s p o n d e n c eS o un d - le tte r c o rre s p o n d e n c e字母與發音的對應關係字母與發音的對應關係

一一 . . 子音字母子音字母 o n e le tte r- - o n e s o u n do n e le tte r- - o n e s o u n d BB /b /, F/b /, F /f/… (2 1 s in g le c o n s o n a n ts )/f/… (2 1 s in g le c o n s o n a n ts ) two le tte rs - - o n e s o u n dtwo le tte rs - - o n e s o u n d c h , tc h , p h , th , s h , n g …(c o n . d ia g ra p h s )c h , tc h , p h , th , s h , n g …(c o n . d ia g ra p h s ) o n e le tte r- - two s o u n d so n e le tte r- - two s o u n d s x x /ks / s /ks / s /s , z , ∫ , /s , z , ∫ , 了了 // s ile n t le tte r(s )s ile n t le tte r(s ) kn o w, write , c lim b , h ig h … kn o w, write , c lim b , h ig h … c o n s o n a n t b le n d sc o n s o n a n t b le n d s b r, c l, s t, s p r…b r, c l, s t, s p r…

Page 11: From Phonics To K.K

二二 ..母音字母母音字母 Short vowels ( in CVC patterns)Short vowels ( in CVC patterns) Long vowels ( in CVCe patterns)Long vowels ( in CVCe patterns) Vowel digraphs ( ai, ay, aw, ee, ea, oa, oe, oo…)Vowel digraphs ( ai, ay, aw, ee, ea, oa, oe, oo…) Diphthongs ( oi, oy, ou, ow…)Diphthongs ( oi, oy, ou, ow…) R-controlled vowels ( ar, air, are, ir, ur…)R-controlled vowels ( ar, air, are, ir, ur…) ? L-controlled vowels ( al, all ) ? L-controlled vowels ( al, all )

Page 12: From Phonics To K.K

語音的「切割」與「合成」語音的「切割」與「合成」

一一 ..語音的切割語音的切割 (s e g m e n ta tio n )(s e g m e n ta tio n )

(a )(a ) 利用國語的拼音練習,複習「聲利用國語的拼音練習,複習「聲 頭」與「韻尾」。頭」與「韻尾」。 (( 還有介音還有介音 ))

(b )(b ) 從子音字母,如 從子音字母,如 B ,F … B ,F … 引出「前引出「前半音」與「後半音」的概念,再配半音」與「後半音」的概念,再配合母音進入拼音的階段,拼出合母音進入拼音的階段,拼出b a t,fa t,…b a t,fa t,…等組合。等組合。

Page 13: From Phonics To K.K

二二 ..語音的「合成」語音的「合成」 (b le n d in g )(b le n d in g )

(a ) (a ) 組合組合 /k/, /a /, /t//k/, /a /, /t/ 而成 而成 c a tc a t的拼音能力的拼音能力

(b ) it(b ) it s it,b it, s it,b it,d itd it,f it,h it,kit,f it,h it,kit…(…( 堆砌法堆砌法 ))

a ll- > b a ll- > c a ll- >ta ll- >s m a ll a ll- > b a ll- > c a ll- >ta ll- >s m a ll

以上概念的延伸以上概念的延伸

(a )(a ) 拆字法: 拆字法: ta b le - > a b leta b le - > a b le (b )(b ) 推衍法: 推衍法: tre e - > s tre e t tre e - > s tre e t d rd re s s - > e s s - > d rd ra n ka n k

Page 14: From Phonics To K.K

an -> ank -> rank -> an -> ank -> rank -> drdrankank drdressess bus -> husbandbus -> husband

Page 15: From Phonics To K.K

4.4. 拼字型態與發音的對應關係拼字型態與發音的對應關係

3737組高頻率的拼字型態組高頻率的拼字型態 ( spelling patterns )( spelling patterns )

-ack, -ail, -ain, -ake, -ale, -ame, -an, -ack, -ail, -ain, -ake, -ale, -ame, -an, -ank, -ap, -ash, -at, -ate, -aw, -ay -ank, -ap, -ash, -at, -ate, -aw, -ay (14(14 組組 ))

-eat, -ell, -est -eat, -ell, -est (( 3組3組 ))

-ice, -ick, -ide, -ight, -ill, -in, ine, -ice, -ick, -ide, -ight, -ill, -in, ine, -ing, -ink, -ip, -it -ing, -ink, -ip, -it (11(11 組組 ))

-ock, -oke, -op, -ore, -ot -ock, -oke, -op, -ore, -ot (5(5 組組 ))

-uck, -ug, -ump, -unk -uck, -ug, -ump, -unk (4(4 組組 ))

Page 16: From Phonics To K.K

另一類的拼字型態另一類的拼字型態 a. a. 規則的:規則的:

-el-el:: help, belt, held, felt, self, shelf, dwelt… help, belt, held, felt, self, shelf, dwelt…

-ell-ell: bell, cell, fell, sell, tell, smell, swell…: bell, cell, fell, sell, tell, smell, swell…

b. b. 不規則的 不規則的 (r-controlled)(r-controlled) ::

-ar-ar: bar, car, far, dark, park, smart, guard…: bar, car, far, dark, park, smart, guard…

-air-air: air, fair, hair, pair, chair, flair, stair…: air, fair, hair, pair, chair, flair, stair…

-are-are: care, dare, rare, ware, scare, share…: care, dare, rare, ware, scare, share…

Page 17: From Phonics To K.K

同一組合對應不同的發音同一組合對應不同的發音以 以 -ou- -ou- 為例:為例: -ou-: our, hour, couch, proud, about, -ou-: our, hour, couch, proud, about,

without, mountain without, mountain -ou-: young, touch, rough, tough, enough, -ou-: young, touch, rough, tough, enough,

cousin, double, troublecousin, double, trouble -ou- /u/ : so-ou- /u/ : soüüp, group, wound, coupon, p, group, wound, coupon,

routine, bouquet, boutique, souvenir routine, bouquet, boutique, souvenir (( 這些常見字大部分源自法語這些常見字大部分源自法語 ))

Page 18: From Phonics To K.K

何謂何謂 R- controlled Vowels?R- controlled Vowels?

at, cat, back, happen…at, cat, back, happen… 合乎規則,為什麼合乎規則,為什麼 car, care, hair, her, here, hear, sir, fur…car, care, hair, her, here, hear, sir, fur…

就沒「則」了呢就沒「則」了呢 ??

語言學家王士元:語言學家王士元: 比如 比如 / / іі / / 和 和 / / I I // 在 許 多 詞 裏 有 在 許 多 詞 裏 有 區 別 功 區 別 功

能能 ( ( 如 如 peat peat 和 和 pit )pit ) ,但是在 –,但是在 – r r 前 面 就 前 面 就

沒 有這 個 功 能。元 音 的 區 別 功 能 在 –沒 有這 個 功 能。元 音 的 區 別 功 能 在 –r r 前面 差 不 多 減 少 了 一 半。前面 差 不 多 減 少 了 一 半。

(( 語言與語音語言與語音 , 89, 89 頁,文鶴,頁,文鶴, 1988)1988)

Page 19: From Phonics To K.K

R-controlled vowels R-controlled vowels 在輕重音節的發音在輕重音節的發音

-ur -or -ir -er -ar輕音節

-ur -or -ir -er -ar

重音節

U O I E A 字母

音節

Page 20: From Phonics To K.K

Predictability of vowel digraphsPredictability of vowel digraphs

1. ai (rain): 74%, ay (day): 96% , 1. ai (rain): 74%, ay (day): 96% , air (chair): 15%air (chair): 15%

2. ee (feet): 86% 2. ee (feet): 86% ,, ea (seat) : 51%, ea (seat) : 51%, ea (head): 26%,ea (head): 26%, eer (steer): 12%eer (steer): 12%3. oo (food): 59%, oo (foot): 36%, 3. oo (food): 59%, oo (foot): 36%,

ooroor (door, floor) : (door, floor) : ? ? % % ( Source: Wiley Blevins p.135)( Source: Wiley Blevins p.135)

Page 21: From Phonics To K.K

漢字形聲字的集中學習法漢字形聲字的集中學習法

方坊芳枋防妨房肪仿彷肪訪紡放方坊芳枋防妨房肪仿彷肪訪紡放 - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 旁傍膀旁傍膀榜謗榜謗

交郊姣茭蛟跤鮫佼狡皎 餃校較筊交郊姣茭蛟跤鮫佼狡皎 餃校較筊 - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 校校

番蕃幡旛翻繙燔藩蹯番蕃幡旛翻繙燔藩蹯 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 潘蟠潘蟠

林淋琳惏 箖霖碄林淋琳惏 箖霖碄 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -彬彬 - - ?- - ? 麻麻

文紋蚊雯 紊汶抆文紋蚊雯 紊汶抆 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 吝吝

Page 22: From Phonics To K.K

5. Tone and syllabification 5. Tone and syllabification 語調或輕重音與分音節的教學語調或輕重音與分音節的教學

a. pen a. pen open, some open, some handsome handsome

b. feedback, shopkeeper, babysitter, grandparents, b. feedback, shopkeeper, babysitter, grandparents, living room, pencil case, trouble maker…living room, pencil case, trouble maker…

c. dictionary, elementary, c. dictionary, elementary, Wed-nes-dayWed-nes-day

d. table d. table vegetable vegetable comfortable comfortable

e. decorate e. decorate celebrate celebrate concentrate concentrate

f. f. part part apartment apartment department department compartmentcompartment

Page 23: From Phonics To K.K

6. 6. Phonic s rule sPhonic s rule s 字母拼讀規則字母拼讀規則

Q1: Q1: 有幾條規則呢有幾條規則呢 ??

Q2 : Q2 : 要教這些規則嗎要教這些規則嗎 ?? ““ Wh e n two vo we ls g o wa lking , th e firs t d o e s th e ta lking .”Wh e n two vo we ls g o wa lking , th e firs t d o e s th e ta lking .”

Q3 : Q3 : 有例外嗎有例外嗎 ?? s tes te āāk, s o ü p …k, s o ü p …

Q4 : Q4 : 有多少例外有多少例外 ??

Q5 : Q5 : 怎麼教這些例外怎麼教這些例外 ??

Page 24: From Phonics To K.K

母音拼字規則舉例母音拼字規則舉例a. a. CVCeCVCe : cake, Steve, like(*give, live, olive), : cake, Steve, like(*give, live, olive),

close(*some, come), cuteclose(*some, come), cute

b. b. CVCCVC : cat, flag, strap, camp, grasp, stamps… : cat, flag, strap, camp, grasp, stamps…

c. c. VCCVCC : : aadd, dd, eegg, kgg, kiill, clll, claass, clss, cliiff, sff, sooccer, sccer, suummer, mmer,

hhaappen, lppen, liittle…ttle…

d. d. VckVck : back, neck, pick, clock, struck : back, neck, pick, clock, struck

e.e. R-controlled vowelsR-controlled vowels: ar, air, are, ear, eer, ere : ar, air, are, ear, eer, ere

(worker, murmur)(worker, murmur)

Page 25: From Phonics To K.K

拼寫與發音之間的對應關係拼寫與發音之間的對應關係

母音母音 - - -- - - 以字母以字母 aa 為例:為例:

(1 )(1 ) 完全對應完全對應 ra te , ra in , ra y, c a t, c a ttlera te , ra in , ra y, c a t, c a ttle

(2 )(2 ) 不完全對應不完全對應 a rm , a ll, a ir, b a re , a wa y,a rm , a ll, a ir, b a re , a wa y, c h o c o la te , c a b b a g ec h o c o la te , c a b b a g e

(3 )(3 ) 完全不對應完全不對應 fa th e r, wa te r, wa s h , wa tc hfa th e r, wa te r, wa s h , wa tc h s te a k, g re a t, b re a ks te a k, g re a t, b re a k

Page 26: From Phonics To K.K

拼寫與發音之間的對應關係拼寫與發音之間的對應關係 (2)(2)

子音子音 - - -- - - 以字母以字母 ss 為例:為例:

s s / s / ease / s / ease

s s / z / easy / z / easy

s s / sh / / sh / ssureure

s s / / 了了 / televi/ televisisionon 變體 變體 11 :: papassission, extenon, extenssion, paion, patitient, ambient, ambitition, on,

ambi ambititious, seous, sexuxual, faal, fashishion…on…

變體 變體 2 2 :: -ca, ce, ci, co, cu-ca, ce, ci, co, cu ocean, musician, ocean, musician,

special, official, spacious, delicious…special, official, spacious, delicious…

Page 27: From Phonics To K.K

拼寫與發音之間對應關係的統計數字:拼寫與發音之間對應關係的統計數字:

美國史丹福大學曾經以電腦分析字母與音位美國史丹福大學曾經以電腦分析字母與音位

的對應關係,結果發現的對應關係,結果發現 1 7 ,0 0 81 7 ,0 0 8 個常用字當中個常用字當中

8 4 %8 4 % 的字母與其讀音是完全對應的的字母與其讀音是完全對應的

1 3 %1 3 % 的字母與其讀音是不完全對應的的字母與其讀音是不完全對應的

3 %3 % 的對應關係完全無法預測的對應關係完全無法預測

Page 28: From Phonics To K.K

Mr. Wiley Be lvinsMr. Wiley Be lvins 在在 Phonic s From A to ZPhonic s From A to Z ( Sc holas tic Publis hers ) ( Sc holas tic Publis hers ) 裏提到:裏提到:

50%50% of English words can be spelled with of English words can be spelled with

phonics rules that relate phonics rules that relate one letterone letter

to to one soundone sound..

37%37% of words can be spelled with phonics of words can be spelled with phonics

rules that relate rules that relate groups of lettersgroups of letters

to to one soundone sound

13%13% words must be learned by memorization. words must be learned by memorization.

Page 29: From Phonics To K.K

英國官方機構公佈的數據英國官方機構公佈的數據

英國英國 SSpelling pelling IImprovement mprovement AAssociationssociation

這個官方機構公佈的這個官方機構公佈的 exception wordsexception words

約有約有 400400 個字左右,它們屬於個字左右,它們屬於 ::

1. High frequency words / sight words1. High frequency words / sight words

2. Loan words 2. Loan words 外來語外來語

Page 30: From Phonics To K.K

7. 7. 使用不同系統的標音符號使用不同系統的標音符號a.a. Webster markingsWebster markings: : photo, photograph, photographer, heat, photo, photograph, photographer, heat,

head, food, foot, phead, food, foot, pύύsh, soüp, Chicägosh, soüp, Chicägob. b. Personal markingsPersonal markings: : low, cow, doubt, calendar, asparaguslow, cow, doubt, calendar, asparagusc. c. K.K. symbolsK.K. symbols: : with, thin, then, mother, cost, doublewith, thin, then, mother, cost, double

註:需要標示特別符號的單字,譬如,註:需要標示特別符號的單字,譬如, ststăătue, frtue, frăăgile, fgile, făăbulous bulous ffāāvorite, frvorite, frāāgrance…grance…

Page 31: From Phonics To K.K

8. Sound and meaning association8. Sound and meaning association聲音與意義的聯想聲音與意義的聯想

a. it, this, thata. it, this, that they, these, those they, these, those (( 音的長短 音的長短 vs. vs. 量的多寡量的多寡 ))

b. snake, snack b. snake, snack c. me-di-cine c. me-di-cine (( 諧音記憶法諧音記憶法 ))

Page 32: From Phonics To K.K

「聽音拼字」教學實例「聽音拼字」教學實例 snake, snacksnake, snack bottom, buttonbottom, button trouser, dragon trouser, dragon stretch, strangerstretch, stranger false, August, astronaut false, August, astronaut every day every day oror everyday ? everyday ?

every one every one oror everyone everyone

Page 33: From Phonics To K.K

「聽音拼字」教學現場 「聽音拼字」教學現場 ( Nov. 11, 2001 )( Nov. 11, 2001 )

S1: Desert S1: Desert 怎麼拼 怎麼拼 ??

T: T: 大家試拼看看。拼對者加分。大家試拼看看。拼對者加分。S2: de- or da- ? S2: de- or da- ? T:T: What do you think? What do you think?

S2: de- < da. S2: de- < da. T:T: Yah, “desk” is a clue. Yah, “desk” is a clue.

S3: Desent? S3: Desent? T:T: -r ? -r ?

S4: -ert or -ort? S4: -ert or -ort? T:T: Which appears more often? Which appears more often?

S5: De_ert. “s” or “z” ? S5: De_ert. “s” or “z” ?

T: s -> /s/ and /z/. Busy, present, and thousand.T: s -> /s/ and /z/. Busy, present, and thousand.

Ss: Fun ! Shall we play the spelling game …?Ss: Fun ! Shall we play the spelling game …?

Page 34: From Phonics To K.K

9.Word form and meaning association9.Word form and meaning association 字形與意義的聯想字形與意義的聯想a. am, is a. am, is are are

b. it, this, that b. it, this, that they, these, those they, these, those

c. hill c. hill mountain mountain

d. mouse d. mouse micemice

e. ten, -teen, -ty ( e. ten, -teen, -ty ( one meaning with three different forms one meaning with three different forms ))

f. Auf. Auggust, Seust, Sepptember, tember, OOctober,ctober,

NNovember, ovember, DDecemberecember

āāāā

Page 35: From Phonics To K.K

何時要何時要 doubledouble 子音子音 ??為什麼?為什麼?

1.1. sittingsitting2.2. writing, wriwriting, writtttenen

3.3. bigger, wetter, bigger, wetter, butbut faster faster

4.4. stopped, stopped, butbut helped, kicked helped, kicked

5.5. forgeforgettful, ful, butbut forge forgettttable, forgoable, forgottttenen

Page 36: From Phonics To K.K

10.10. 例外字的處理 例外字的處理 irregular /irregular / unpredictableunpredictable wordswordsa. to, do, give, live, olive, some, come, a. to, do, give, live, olive, some, come,

b. break, great, steakb. break, great, steak

c. father, watch, water, washc. father, watch, water, wash

d. soup, youth, coupon, routine, bouquetd. soup, youth, coupon, routine, bouquet

boutique, acoustic boutique, acoustic

例外字用 例外字用 紅色 紅色 粉筆書寫,必要時,在粉筆書寫,必要時,在母音字母下方注上母音字母下方注上 K. K. K. K. 音標。音標。

Page 37: From Phonics To K.K

明一說明一說 :: 字母與發音之間的對應並非百分之百,但字母與發音之間的對應並非百分之百,但國外研究發現,拼讀能力除了能幫助兒童國外研究發現,拼讀能力除了能幫助兒童讀出規則字外,同時也能拼讀出非規則字讀出規則字外,同時也能拼讀出非規則字(B a ro n , 1 9 7 9 ; F re e b o d y &B ryn e , 1 9 8 8 ;(B a ro n , 1 9 7 9 ; F re e b o d y &B ryn e , 1 9 8 8 ;

Tre im a n , 1 9 8 4 ; E h ri, 1 9 9 2 )Tre im a n , 1 9 8 4 ; E h ri, 1 9 9 2 ) 。。

國 的研究亦有類似的發現,內國 的研究亦有類似的發現,內 Ch u(2 0 0 2 )Ch u(2 0 0 2 )

發現國中生的字母拼讀能力與唸規則字發現國中生的字母拼讀能力與唸規則字

之相關高 之相關高 .7 5.7 5 ,與唸不規則字的相關也,與唸不規則字的相關也

達到 達到 .6 7.6 7

Page 38: From Phonics To K.K

明二:說明二:說 所謂「不規則字」,並非該字的 個字每所謂「不規則字」,並非該字的 個字每 母都違反規則。母都違反規則。 大多數的例外字絕大多數的例外字絕 如 如 s o n , h a ve , s te a ks o n , h a ve , s te a k 等,等, 通常是通常是母音字母母音字母 - -- - 而非而非子音字母子音字母 - -- - 的發音不規則。而且母音字母數目少,的發音不規則。而且母音字母數目少,

子音字母數目多。子音字母數目多。

Page 39: From Phonics To K.K

字 母 字 母 C C 的 拼 字 與 發 音的 關 的 拼 字 與 發 音的 關 係係

ocean, special, precious -- tion, tial, sionocean, special, precious -- tion, tial, sion

/ k / ca co cu cooHard C

/sh / cea cia/ciou

/ s / ce ciSoft C

A E I O U OO

Page 40: From Phonics To K.K

母音字母與長、短音的關係母音字母與長、短音的關係

ŭ ŏ ĭ ě ă短母音

ū ō ī ē ā長母音

U O I/Y E A 字母

長短音

Page 41: From Phonics To K.K

母音字母與音標母音字母與音標

/Λ//α/ / I //ε/ /æ/短母音( lax )

ju /u /o// aı/ /i/ /e/長母音( tense )

U O I/Y E A 字母

長短音

Page 42: From Phonics To K.K

前一個表格的延伸前一個表格的延伸

/ε/ h ěa dc lěa n s e

/ U /

foŏt短音

/i/ heatclean

/ u /food

長音

EA

OO

U

O

I/Y

E

A

字母

長短音

Page 43: From Phonics To K.K

母音與變音母音與變音

1. 1. 詞類變化 詞類變化 2. 2. 動詞三態動詞三態 3. 3. 名詞單、複數 名詞單、複數 會引起長、短母音的變化會引起長、短母音的變化

Page 44: From Phonics To K.K

詞類變化與長、短母音詞類變化與長、短母音a:a: nature -> natural, cave -> cavity nature -> natural, cave -> cavity

e:e: secret -> secretary, succeed -> success secret -> secretary, succeed -> success

i:i: dine -> dinner, crime -> criminal dine -> dinner, crime -> criminal

o:o: phone -> phonics, close -> closet phone -> phonics, close -> closet

u:u: reduce -> reduction, produce -> production reduce -> reduction, produce -> production

eaea: heal -> health, break -> breakfast: heal -> health, break -> breakfast

te te tea tea ,, Chin Chin China China

Page 45: From Phonics To K.K

動詞三態變化與長、短母音動詞三態變化與長、短母音 (none)(none) meet--met--met , sleep--slept--sleptmeet--met--met , sleep--slept--slept hide--hid--hidden, write--wrote--writtenhide--hid--hidden, write--wrote--written grow--grew--grown, blow--blew--blowngrow--grew--grown, blow--blew--blown choose--chose--chosen, shoot--shot--shotchoose--chose--chosen, shoot--shot--shot mean--meant--meant, leave--left--left,mean--meant--meant, leave--left--left,

lead--led--led, lead--led--led, read--read--readread--read--read

Page 46: From Phonics To K.K

Irregular verbs in sound groups ( 1 )Irregular verbs in sound groups ( 1 ) taketake took took: shake- shook, stand-stood: shake- shook, stand-stood swimswim swam swam : sit-sat, sing-sang, drink-drank : sit-sat, sing-sang, drink-drank rideride rode rode: write-wrote, drive-drove, : write-wrote, drive-drove,

shine-shone, win-wonshine-shone, win-won growgrow grewgrew: know-knew, blow-blew, throw-threw: know-knew, blow-blew, throw-threw seesee saw saw: teach-taught, catch-caught, : teach-taught, catch-caught, bring-broughtbring-brought sleepsleep slept slept: meet-met, keep-kept, leave-left, lead-led: meet-met, keep-kept, leave-left, lead-led

特殊變化特殊變化 : eat: eat ate, getate, get got, come got, come came, came,

gogo went, wear went, wear worewore

Page 47: From Phonics To K.K

Irregular verbs in sound groups( 2 )Irregular verbs in sound groups( 2 ) i-a-u patterni-a-u pattern:: sing - sang - sung, begin-began- sing - sang - sung, begin-began-

begun, drink-drank-drunk, begun, drink-drank-drunk,

swim-swam-swum, ring-rang-rungswim-swam-swum, ring-rang-rung o-ew-o pattern: o-ew-o pattern: grow-grew-grown, blow-blew-grow-grew-grown, blow-blew-

blown, know-knew, known blown, know-knew, known i-o-i patterni-o-i pattern: write-wrote-written, drive-drove-: write-wrote-written, drive-drove-

driven, ride-rode-riddendriven, ride-rode-ridden

特殊變化特殊變化 : seek-sought-sought, think-thought: seek-sought-sought, think-thought

變子音變子音 : make-made-made, spend-spent-spent: make-made-made, spend-spent-spent

Page 48: From Phonics To K.K

名詞單、複數與長、短母音名詞單、複數與長、短母音 man--men, *woman--women man--men, *woman--women

child--children, five--fifth--fifteen--fifty, child--children, five--fifth--fifteen--fifty,

foot--feet, goose--geese, tooth—teethfoot--feet, goose--geese, tooth—teeth

mouse--micemouse--mice

Page 49: From Phonics To K.K

/Λ/ /Λ/ 取代 取代 //αα/ / 或 或 /o/ /o/ 的現象的現象

-o- : does, dozen-o- : does, dozen -ome : some, come, be’come, ‘company-ome : some, come, be’come, ‘company

(some, come pattern)(some, come pattern) -ove : love, glove, shove, above, oven, -ove : love, glove, shove, above, oven,

cover cover (-love pattern)(-love pattern) -oth : other, mother, brother, another, -oth : other, mother, brother, another,

nothing nothing (-other pattern)(-other pattern) -on(e) : son, won, done, front, onion, honey, money, -on(e) : son, won, done, front, onion, honey, money,

wonder, among, Monday, tongue, monkey wonder, among, Monday, tongue, monkey

Page 50: From Phonics To K.K

如何解釋如何解釋 /Λ//Λ/ 取代取代 //αα// 或或 /o//o/ 的現象 的現象 ??

assimilation ( for ease of articulation )assimilation ( for ease of articulation ) = the changing of a speech sound because of the= the changing of a speech sound because of the influence of another sound next to itinfluence of another sound next to it

以國語的變音為例:以國語的變音為例: ㄢ ㄢ ㄅㄢ ㄅㄢ ㄈㄢ ㄈㄢ ㄙㄢ ㄙㄢ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄢ //an/ an/ / / bban/ an/ / / ffan/ an/ / / ssan/ /jan/ /jɛɛn/n/

Page 51: From Phonics To K.K

What Wiley Belvins What Wiley Belvins thinks about “irregularity”? thinks about “irregularity”?

“ “The more I learn about English, the moreThe more I learn about English, the more regular its spelling seems. At one time I thought regular its spelling seems. At one time I thought

about words such as about words such as lovelove and and comecome as being as being “irregular” since they don’t follow the typical “irregular” since they don’t follow the typical o-eo-e spelling for the long-spelling for the long-oo sound. But when I sound. But when I realized the large number of words that follow a realized the large number of words that follow a similar pattern (similar pattern (shove, glove, aboveshove, glove, above, etc.), a regularity , etc.), a regularity began to began to emergeemerge.”.”

Page 52: From Phonics To K.K

彭道明對「例外」的看法彭道明對「例外」的看法

教學經驗發現,對教學經驗發現,對 phonicsphonics 的規則愈暸解,的規則愈暸解,對例外的字就會更敏感,這份敏銳的感覺對例外的字就會更敏感,這份敏銳的感覺使得對例外字印象特別深刻,這些字反而使得對例外字印象特別深刻,這些字反而變得更容易記得,甚至到了難以忘懷,想變得更容易記得,甚至到了難以忘懷,想忘都忘不掉的地步!忘都忘不掉的地步!

以 以 in-dict in-dict 這個字來舉例說明吧 這個字來舉例說明吧 !!

Page 53: From Phonics To K.K

PhonicsPhonics 教學的三種模式教學的三種模式

模式一模式一 ::

歸納式教學歸納式教學 (teaching phonics inductively)(teaching phonics inductively) 教完對話或短文之後,請學生將包含字母 教完對話或短文之後,請學生將包含字母 cc

的單字寫下來,譬如:的單字寫下來,譬如: cent, cat, city, coat, cut, cent, cat, city, coat, cut, rice, nice, cookrice, nice, cook 。。

全班一起唸這些單字,然後歸納出哪些是 全班一起唸這些單字,然後歸納出哪些是 soft csoft c 和 和 hard chard c 。並幫他們列出簡表,以加。並幫他們列出簡表,以加 深印象、增強學習效果。深印象、增強學習效果。

Page 54: From Phonics To K.K

字 母 字 母 C C 的 拼 字 與 發 音的 拼 字 與 發 音

/ k / ca co cu cooHard C

/ s / ce ciSoft C

A E I O U OO

Page 55: From Phonics To K.K

字母字母 CC 的變體的變體 教學上如有需要可擴充此表,以顯示出教學上如有需要可擴充此表,以顯示出 從 –從 – ce ce 到 到 -cean (ocean) -cean (ocean)

從 –從 – ci ci 到 到 -cian (musician, politician) -cian (musician, politician)

從 –從 – ci ci 到 到 -cial (special, facial)-cial (special, facial)

從 –從 – ci ci 到 到 -ciou (delicious, spacious)-ciou (delicious, spacious)

甚至從 甚至從 -cea, cia, cio -cea, cia, cio 擴充到 擴充到 tial, tion, sion…tial, tion, sion…

這類的 這類的 spelling patterns spelling patterns 與 與 sound sound 的對應關係的對應關係,,

有助於培養學生成為 有助於培養學生成為 a good word watchera good word watcher 。。

Page 56: From Phonics To K.K

模式二模式二 ::演繹式教學演繹式教學 (teaching phonics deductively)(teaching phonics deductively)

教完對話或短文,教師直接告訴學生 教完對話或短文,教師直接告訴學生 -ow- -ow- 對應兩對應兩個個

不同的音。除了找出課文中的例字,同時鼓勵學生不同的音。除了找出課文中的例字,同時鼓勵學生回想學過的單字,由教師或學生寫在黑板上。回想學過的單字,由教師或學生寫在黑板上。-ow : low, show, grow, know, flow, follow, -ow : low, show, grow, know, flow, follow,

window… window… ((海「鷗」海「鷗」 )) (( 音標 音標 / / oo / /最後出現 最後出現 ))

-ow : how, cow, down, town, brown, shower,-ow : how, cow, down, town, brown, shower,

towel… towel… (( 音標音標 / / aaU U //最後出現 最後出現 ))

Page 57: From Phonics To K.K

模式三模式三 :: 歸納與演繹並行式教學歸納與演繹並行式教學 (teaching phonics both inductively and (teaching phonics both inductively and deductively)deductively)

唸完課文之後,請學生將所有出現 唸完課文之後,請學生將所有出現 -oo- -oo- 的字寫下來,並分辨這些字唸的是長母音的字寫下來,並分辨這些字唸的是長母音還是短母音,然後將這些字寫在黑板上:還是短母音,然後將這些字寫在黑板上:

1. -oo- : typhoon, afternoon, soon, roof 1. -oo- : typhoon, afternoon, soon, roof ( / u / )( / u / )

2. 2. -oo--oo- :: good, took, understood ( / good, took, understood ( / UU/ )/ )

3.-oo- 3.-oo- :: flood, blood ( /flood, blood ( /ΛΛ / )/ )

Page 58: From Phonics To K.K

歸納與演繹並行式教學 歸納與演繹並行式教學 (2)(2) 鼓勵學生回想學過鼓勵學生回想學過 ,, 而且發長母音的字:而且發長母音的字: -oo- : too, roof, soon, typhoon, afternoon,-oo- : too, roof, soon, typhoon, afternoon,

zoo, food, cool, room, broom, zoo, food, cool, room, broom,

school, Snoopyschool, Snoopy…(…( 音標 音標 / u // u /最後出現 最後出現 ))

再請學生想出並寫出發短母音的字:再請學生想出並寫出發短母音的字: -oo- : book, cook, foot, look, stood, -oo- : book, cook, foot, look, stood,

understoodunderstood……..(……..( 音標 音標 / U // U / 最後出現 最後出現 ))

Page 59: From Phonics To K.K

phonicsphonics 教學實例教學實例 -el -> help, felt, shelf -el -> help, felt, shelf seldom seldom it -> quit, quiz, quick -> quack -> quakeit -> quit, quiz, quick -> quack -> quake

earthearthquake quake move -> movie -> prove move -> movie -> prove improve improve fact ->act ->active fact ->act ->active acactitivityvity

copy copies

baby babies story stories

boy boys

day days key keys

Page 60: From Phonics To K.K

phonicsphonics 教學實例:推衍法教學實例:推衍法 coke coke moke moke smoke smoke ten ten tenn tenn tennis tennis ten ten len len slen slen slender slender her her per per ''perfectperfect make make take take mis- mis- ''mistake mistake (st-)(st-) team team ream ream dream dream (dr-)(dr-) gi- gi- gui- gui- gui gui''tar (guess, dialogue…)tar (guess, dialogue…) ''astro- astro- astron astronauaut (dt (dauaughter, cghter, cauaught, ght, auautumn, tumn,

AuAustria…)stria…)

Page 61: From Phonics To K.K

phonicsphonics 教學實例教學實例

sea seat read

let better letter

* give * live

dollar collar college

* break* steak* great

five fifty

fifteen child children