Lecture at Peking University Law School and Intellectual Property SchoolDelivered April 7, 2013

An Overview of the Canadian Law of Intellectual Property Protection

在北京大学法学院和 知识产权学院的演讲演讲日期： 2013 年 4 月 7 日

加拿大知识产权保护法律概述

Sean L. Gosnell, LL.M.

sgosnell@blg.com

Tel: 416.367.6120

Fax: 416.361.2711

This presentation is prepared as a service to the attendees of this seminar. It is not intended to be a complete statement of the law or an opinion on any subject. Although we endeavour to ensure its accuracy, no one should act upon it without a thorough examination of the law after the facts of a specific situation are considered. No part of this presentation may be reproduced without prior written permission of Borden Ladner Gervais LLP (BLG). This presentation is co-authored by Sean Gosnell and Robert Dewald.

Sean L.Gosnell, LL.M.

sgosnell@blg.com

电话 : 416- 367- 6120

传真 : 416 - 361 - 2711

此演示文稿是为研讨会的与会者编写的。它不是完整的法律文件，也不代表任何法律意见。虽然我们力求其准确性，任何人都不能谨依此而采取行动，而是要酌情而定。任何章节的引用，都必须事先得到 Borden Ladner Gervais LLP (BLG) 律师行的许可。 此演示文稿是由江善龙（ Sean Gosnell) 和罗伯特 (Robert Dewald) 共同撰写的。

Overview

1. A Brief History of Canada (10 min)

2. Patents (20 min)

3. Trade-marks (20 min)

4. Copyright (15 min)

5. Questions (15 min)

概述1. 加拿大简史 (10 分钟 )

2. 专利 (20 分钟 )

3. 商标 (20 分钟 )

4. 版权 (15 分钟 )

5. 问答 (15 分钟 )

PART 1 – A Brief History of Canada

• World’s second largest country• 35 million population, mostly in a few cities: Vancouver,

Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto, Ottawa, Montréal• Highly dependent on immigration to maintain and grow

population

第一部分 — 加拿大简史• 全球第二大国家• 3500 万人口，主要集中在少数几个城市： 温哥华、 卡尔加

里、 埃德蒙顿、 多伦多、 渥太华、 蒙特利尔• 在很大程度上依赖移民来维持和增加人口数

Fundamental Political and Legal Structure

• Country is a federation of provinces and territories with a federal government. Powers of each level of government carefully defined in original legislation, which was enacted by both the U.K. and Canadian Parliaments.

基本 政治和法律结构

• 是由各省和领土组成联邦政府的联邦国家。每个政府级别的权力在最初的立法中有详细定义，这是由英国政府和加拿大议会共同制定的。

Jurisdiction Over Intellectual Property

• The ultimate court determining the exact scope of those powers for the first 100 years of Canadian history was the U.K. Privy Council. Generally speaking provinces prevailed over federal government.

• However, intellectual property law is one of the few areas that is exclusively within the control of the federal government and federal courts.

知识产权管辖权• 加拿大历史上的第一个 100 年，确定这些权力的确切范

围的最终法院是英国枢密院。一般来说，省级立法优先于联邦立法。

• 但知识产权法是完全由联邦法院与联邦政府控制的少数领域之一。

Critical Political Events After Formation of Canada

Depression: 1930-1940First World War: 1914-1918

Population: 8,000,000

Army Size at the Beginning of the War:

3,000

Army Size During the War: 690,000

Killed: 67,000

Wounded: 173,000

• 20% of population on government assistance

• Drought in prairies• GDP down 40%• Emergence of socialistic

governments in some western provinces

• Rise of federal government corporations such as CBC, Air Canada, CNR.

• Old age pension started in 1927, due in large part to pressure from veterans

加拿大建国后重大的政治事件

经济大萧条： 1930 年 -1940 年

第一次世界大战： 1914-1918 年

人口数量： 8,000,000

战争开始时军队的人数： 3,000

在战争期间军队的人数： 690,000

死亡人数： 67,000

受伤人数： 173,000

• 20% 的人口依靠政府援助• 草原省份遇到干旱• 国内生产总值下降了 40 %• 在一些西部省份出现社会主义

政府• 联邦政府机构公司，例如

CBC ，加拿大航空， CNR 的崛起。

• 老人退休基金始于 1927 年，在很大程度上是迫于退伍军人的要求 （ 1966 年扩大了 CPP 的范围 ）

• 免费全民医疗服务

FLQ Crisis and Repatriation of Constitution

1970• A Québec cabinet

minister was kidnapped and later killed

• Hundreds of prominent figures arrested

1982• Constitution revised

and, with consent of U.K., becomes exclusively Canadian

• Explicitly provides for a number of human rights including various freedoms. However, deliberately excluded protection of property rights

FLQ ( 魁北克解放前线）危机和宪法接管

1970 年• 魁北克省内阁部长被

绑架，后来被杀• 数百的知名人士被捕

1982 年• 宪法修订，经英国同

意，成为专门的加拿大宪法

• 明确规定了一系列包括各种自由在内的人权。但有意排除了财产权利的保护

Toronto – One of the World’s Most Diverse Cities

• Population: 5.5 million;• About 50% not born in Canada• About 50% are visible minorities

Source: Wikipedia “Demographics of Toronto”

• As of 2006 there were about 540,000 people of Chinese descent in Toronto

• By 2031 in Canada that number will be in the range of 2.4 to 3.0 million

Source: Statscan, “The Daily”, March 9, 2010

多伦多 — 全球 最多样化的都市之一

• 人口： 550 万 ；• 约 50% 不是在加拿大出生的• 约有 50% 是少数族裔

资料来源： 维基百科 " 多伦多的人口统计数据 "

• 截至 2006 年，共有约 54 万华裔在多伦多生活• 到 2031 年，在加拿大，这个数字的范围会增加到 240

到 300 万资料来源： 加拿大统计局， 2010 年 3 月 9 日《 日报 》

Summary

• Gradual replacement of independence and self sufficiency with large and expensive government social programs

• Correspondingly high level of taxation and significant government regulation and involvement in many areas, such as health care

• Strong historical democratic traditions and rule of law but little tolerance of challenge to government institutions

摘要• 独立和自给自足状况逐步被庞大和昂贵的政府社会计划所

取代• 相应的高税收及政府在许多领域的管制和参与，如卫生保健等

• 很强的民主传统和法治历史，但几乎不能容忍向政府机构的挑战

PART 2 - Patents

What is a patent and what does it do?• A patent is an IP right granted by a country to a patent

holder for a specific period of time. It gives the patent holder the exclusive right to prevent others from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing articles covered by the patent without the patent holder’s permission. To produce the patented object the patent holder may be required to obtain other approvals.

• In exchange for this exclusive right granted by a country, the patent holder must disclose the invention to the public.

第 2 部分 – 专利专利是什么，做什么？• 专利是由一个国家授予专利持有者在特定时间内对知识产

权拥有的权限。它赋予专利持有人独占权，以防止他人在未经专利持有人许可的情形下，制造、 使用、 提供销售、 销售或进口专利所涵盖的物品。要生产专利物品，专利持有人可能还需要获得其他许可。

• 作为换取国家授予的专有权的条件，专利持有者必须公开披露发明内容。

Patents - Requirements

• A patent may only be granted for an invention that meets all of the following conditions:• Novelty• Unobviousness (inventive step) • Utility (industrial applicability)• Patentable subject matter

专利 - 要求• 赋予专利的发明必须满足所有以下条件：

• 新颖• 非明显性 （发明步骤） • 实用性 （工业适用性）• 可申请专利事项

Patents - Novelty

• To be patentable, an invention must be novel. That is, the invention must not have been described or claimed in a previously filed third party Canadian patent application, and must not have been previously publicly disclosed by a third party, anywhere in the world.

• A lack of novelty is often referred to as anticipation.

For example: Apple cannot patent the device inside the Iphone that transmits the call (this has been anticipated by previous technological developments), but Apple can patent the unique design of the Iphone.

专利 – 新颖性• 要获得专利，发明必须新颖。就是发明必须之前没有过描

述，或在加拿大有第三方提交过专利申请，也没有在世界任何地方公开披露过。

• 缺乏新颖性通常被称为占先性（ anticipation) 。例如： 苹果不能为 在 Iphone 内的传输装置申请专

利 （这已经 由先前的技术占先了 ），但苹果可以就 Iphone独特的 设计申请专利。

Patent - Obviousness

• The subject-matter of the invention should not have been obvious to a person skilled in the relevant art

• To be unobvious, the invention must be more than a mere workshop improvement. If someone with general knowledge in the subject matter could “discover” the invention, the invention is considered obvious and therefore non-patentable.

• Obviousness must be assessed, without the benefit of hindsight, by considering both the claim and the filing date.

专利 – 明显性• 发明内容对相关技术熟练人员应该不是很明显 • 要具备非明显性，发明必须不仅仅是作坊改善。如果在该领域有一般知识的人都可以 " 发现 " 该发明，则该发明被视为具有明显性，因此不可以申请专利。

• 明显性必须要进行评估，不能依靠事后智慧，要考虑申请的内容和日期。

Utility

• To have utility, a patent application must perform as described or predicted by the inventor .

• It is immaterial that the invention works for a different but unclaimed purpose

• It is irrelevant that the invention is impractical from a commercial viewpoint, a nuisance, immoral or a burden to society

实用性• 要具备实用性，则申请专利的对象必须符合发明家的描述

或预测。• 如果发明适合的目的不同或不重要，则发明不具备实效• 如果从商业的角度来看，发明形成滋扰，不道德或成为社

会的包袱，则发明不切实际

Patentable Subject Matter

• For an invention to be patentable, it must be of the permissible subject matter. In Canada, courts do not allow patents for non-human higher life forms, for example, plants and animals

• Patentable: • Single celled non-human organism with modified genetic material• An altered plant gene or cell is patentable• Lower Life Forms (i.e. micro-organisms, yeasts, moulds, fungi, bacteria,

antinomycetes, unicellular algae, cell lines and viruses or protozoa)

• Non-Patentable: • Multi-Cellular Animal Organisms • Plants

可申请专利事项• 要获得专利，发明对象必须是受允许的。在加拿大，法院

不允许为非人类的更高生命形式，例如，植物和动物申请专利

• 可申请专利事项 : • 经遗传改性的单细胞非人类生物• 改变的植物基因或细胞可以申请专利• 低级生命形式（例如微生物、 酵母、 霉菌、 真菌、 细菌、 防放线菌、 单细胞藻类、 细胞系和病毒或原生动

物 )

• 非专利对象： • 多细胞动物生物 • 植物

Patentable Subject Matter – Business Methods

A business method may be patentable if :• it has a practical application;• it is a new and inventive method of applying skill or

knowledge; and• it has a commercially useful result.

For example: Amazon’s 1-Click method allowing online purchases with a single click, using payment information previously entered by the user, is an acceptable business method patent

可申请专利事项 — — 商业方法商业方法可申请专利，但需满足以下条件：• 它可以实际应用 ；• 它是一种新发明的应用技能或知识的方法，另外• 它在商业有效用。

例如： Amazon 的 1-Click( 单击购买）通过使用先前输入的用户付款信息而让用户在线单次点击购买，这是可接受的业务方法专利

PART 3 - Trade-marks

• Canadian trademark law provides statutory protection to “marks” under the Canadian Trade-marks Act and also at common law.

• A trade-mark is a word, slogan, logo, symbol, or some other indicator, or combination of indicators, used to distinguish one owner’s products or services from the products or services of others.

• A mark can be protected either as a registered trade-mark under the Trade-mark Act, or by the common law action of passing off.

第 3 部分 - 商标• 加拿大商标法依照《加拿大商标法案 》 及普通法对“商标”进行法定保护。

• 商标是词、 口号、 标志、 符号，或一些其他标识或标识组合，用来代表商标拥有者的产品或服务，以区别其它的产品或服务。

• 标记可以作为注册商标受注册商标法保护，或通过普通法防止假冒行为。

Trademarks – Passing Off

• Passing off was first concerned with traders who passed their business or goods off as another's. • e.g. an imitation Louis Vuitton purse.

• The notion is now construed more broadly and covers a wide range of deceptive commercial practices• e.g. “mismarketing”.

• Three essential elements are required to prove passing off:• Existence of goodwill• Deception of the public due to misrepresentation; and• Actual or potential damage to the plaintiff

商标 — 假冒• 假冒最先是指冒充其他人的业务或货物。

• 例如：仿造路易威登（ LV ）钱包。• 这一概念现在范围很广，包括许多欺骗性的商业做法

• 例如： "营销误导 " 。• 证明假冒需要三个基本要素：

• 涉及商誉• 失实陈述欺骗了公众；以及• 对原告造成实际或潜在的损失

Trademarks - Goodwill

• Reputation/Goodwill – To establish passing off, a trade-mark owner needs to show that they own a reputable mark

• Intentional Copying Establishing Reputation - Evidence of intentional copying establishes prima facie case of secondary meaning

• Identity of source immaterial - it doesn’t matter that the public has no idea of the identity of the trade source

商标 - 商誉• 信誉 / 商誉 — 要让假冒事实成立，商标所有者需要证明他

们拥有一个信誉良好的商标• 故意复制已经存在的商誉 - 故意复制是立案的表面证据• 标示来源的非重要性 - 公众对标示来源无所谓

Trademarks – Deception of the Public

“The proof required to establish a probability of deception is that there would be a likelihood of deception in the mind of a substantial number of persons such as the ordinary purchaser or user (of the goods or services in question) purchasing with ordinary caution.”

[Walt Disney Productions vs. Fantasyland Hotel ]

• Confusion and Damages presumed – if goodwill and a misrepresentation are established

商标 — 欺骗公众"存在欺骗手段的证明就是大部分（商品或服务的）普通购买者或用户心目中认为存在欺骗行为 " 。 [沃尔特迪斯尼公司 vs童话乐园酒店 ]

• 推定存在混乱和损害 — 如果存在商誉和失实陈述的话

Trademarks – Deception of the Public

Example:

Walt Disney Productions v. Fantasyland Hotel• Disney Corporation, who owns “Fantasyland”

amusement park in Disney World, sued Fantasyland Hotel in West Edmonton Mall

• Fantasyland Hotel was using of word “Fantasyland” in association with an amusement park within the mall.

• Evidence showed 8.2% of people in Edmonton thought there was a connection between the Fantasyland amusement park and Disney

• As a result, Disney succeeded in its passing-off claim

商标 — 欺骗公众范例：沃尔特迪斯尼公司 起诉童话乐园酒店 ]• 迪斯尼公司，其迪斯尼乐园拥有 "童话乐园 " ，起诉西部埃德蒙顿购物中心的童话乐园酒店

• 童话乐园酒店在商场内游乐园中使用单词 "童话乐园 " 。• 有证据表明， 埃德蒙顿 8.2% 的人以为该童话乐园与迪士尼的童话乐园有关联

• 因此，迪斯尼成功胜诉了其假冒索赔一案

Trademarks - Damages

• Damages include:• Lost sales • Lost profits• Interference with goodwill• Loss of control of mark, • Expert opinion re future losses

商标 -损害赔偿• 损害赔偿包括：

• 销售损失 • 利润损失• 干预商誉• 失去商标控制， • 未来损失的专家评估

Trademarks – Defence to Infringement

Negate goodwill of trade-mark by showing:• Absence of reputation or goodwill• Lack of Distinctiveness • Descriptive Word or Marks• Functionality • Non-Use

Other Defences• Registration of Trade-Mark • Use of an Individuals Own Name

商标 — — 对侵权行为的抗辩否定商标存在商誉：• 没有信誉或商誉• 缺乏显著性 • 描述性词语或标记• 功能 • 没有使用其他抗辩• 商标的注册 • 使用自己个人的名称

Trademarks – Statutory Protection

• A mark that has been validly registered gives the exclusive right to the owner to use the mark throughout Canada in respect to the wares (goods) and services specified in the registry, and to sue another party who uses a mark that interferes with the owner's right.

• Under Trade-mark Act, the owner must have: • registered the mark, • used the mark, and • used it for the sale of identical wares or services.

• If these three criteria are satisfied, the owner may enforce their trademark rights across Canada.

商标 — — 法定保护• 已获有效注册的商标，所有者有在加拿大全国各地使用产

品和服务在注册表中指定标记的独占权，可控告另一方侵犯所有者的权利。

• 根据商标法案，所有者必须： • 注册了该商标， • 使用了该商标，以及 • 用于商品或服务的销售。

• 如果满足了这三项标准，所有者可在加拿大各地强制行使其商标权。

PART 4 - Copyright

• The Copyright Act governs the legally enforceable rights to literary and artistic works.

• Copyright includes the right to first publish, reproduce, perform, transmit and show in in public.

• Copyrights do not need to be registered in order to be enforceable under the Act or at common law.

第 4 部分 - 版权• 《版权法 》涉及原创文学、 戏剧、 音乐和艺术作品的强

制性法律权利，不管其表达形式如何，只要是与加拿大或条约国相关

• 版权包括首次发行、再次发行、面向公众施行、 传输和显示的权利。

• 根据法《版权法 》或普通法，版权不需要注册就能强制执行。

Copyright – What is Protected?

• A “work” must be original and its nature must be one of the following:• Literary (i.e. an essay you wrote)• Dramatic (i.e. a monologue you performed)• Musical (i.e. a song your band composed)• Artistic (i.e. a portrait you painted)

• A “work” includes a compilation.• Copyright is granted the moment the work is created.• There is no distinction between for-profit, commercial, or

personal use, nor does Copyright distinguish between the work of a professional and the work of an amateur.

• The “work” must be fixed in a material form.

版权 — — 保护内容是什么？• " 作品 " 必须是原始，其性质必须是以下之一：

• 文学 （比如你写的一篇文章 )• 戏剧 (比如您做的独白 )• 音乐 （比如你们乐队创作的一首歌 )• 艺术 （比如你画的一幅画）

• " 作品 "包括汇编。• 版权在创作之时即被赋予。• 版权不区分营利、 商业或个人使用，也不区分工作的专业

性和业余性。• " 作品 " 必须有固定的形式。

Copyright - Originality

• Resulting from the Supreme Court of Canada decision in CCH v. Law Society of Upper Canada, the minimum standard of originality for a work is that it:

1. originates from its author2. is not copied from another work3. involves the exercise of skill and judgment

版权 - 原创性• 根据加拿大最高法院在 CCH 对加拿大法律协会一案中的判定，原创性的最低标准是：

1. 源自其作者2. 不是复制自另一个作品3. 涉及到技能和判断的运用

Rights Conferred by Copyright

• Copyright is the right to produce or reproduce the work or any substantial part, to perform the work in public, and to publish the work, including the right:• to translate;• to create a novel from a dramatic work;• to dramatize a novel;• to make a sound recording or movie;• to make a move of a novel, etc;• to telecommunicate the work;• to exhibit the work;• to rent out a computer program;• to rent a sound recording; and • to authorize any of the above.

版权所赋予的权利• 版权是使用或复制其作品或作品任何实质部分，在公开场合演出其作品的权利，包括：

• 翻译 ；• 改创戏剧作品为小说 ；• 将小说改为戏剧 ；• 制作录音或电影 ；• 将小说创作为电影，等等 ；• 将作品通讯出去 ；• 展示作品 ；• 租出一个计算机程序 ；• 租用录音 ；以及 • 授权任何上述行为。

Moral Rights

• Moral Rights consist of the right:• to retain integrity of the work• not to have the work distorted, and • to have the author’s name associated or not, as the author chooses,

with the work

• Infringing moral rights requires detriment of the honour or reputation of the author• Example of infringement – tying ribbons on a sculpture, or putting

somebody else’s name on a story

• Moral rights cannot be assigned by the author, but they can be waived

道德权利• 道德权包括以下权利：

• 保持作品的完整性• 不扭曲作品，以及 • 根据作者的意愿，将作品与作者的姓名关联起来

• 道德侵权需要涉及对作者名誉或声誉的损害• 侵权行为的例子 — 给雕像系红绸带，或在故事中使用他人的名字

• 道德权利不能由作者指派，但作者可以放弃

Infringement of Copyright

• Primary Infringement – to do something, without the consent of the owner, that only the owner has the right to do.• For Example: it is an infringement to make a substantial copy of a

magazine article, or make a recording of a song in public

• Secondary Infringement – means that there has been a primary infringement, such as an unauthorized copy, which a person then sells, rents or distributes, provided that such person knows or ought to have known, that it was an infringing copy.• For Example: A person who rents out a theatre for what they ought to

know is an infringing performance (i.e. screening a counterfeit movie)_

侵犯版权• 主要侵权 — —在未经所有者同意的情况下做只有所有者才有权做的事情。

• 例如： 大量复制一篇杂志的文章，或录制一首歌公开发行，这就是侵权

• 间接侵权 — — 意味着已经存在主要侵权行为，如未经授权复制的版本，侵权人知道或理应知道，这是侵犯版权的复制品，但仍然出售、 出租或分发。

• 例如： 租用剧院放映他们应该知道是侵犯演出版权的电影 （比如放映未经授权的电影）

The Fair Dealing Exception

• In order to establish a fair dealing defence, the defendant must show: 1) the dealing was for the purpose of research, private study, education, criticism or review, parody, satire, or news reporting and 2) it was fair. Six factors are considered to determine “fairness” in CCH:1. The purpose of the dealing;

2. The character of the dealing;

3. The amount of the dealing;

4.  Alternatives to the dealing;

5. The nature of the work; and

6. The effect of the dealing on the work.

例外公平交易• 公平交易可以成为侵犯版权行为的一种辩护• 公平交易辩护要成立的话，被告人必须证明： 1 ） 交易

的目的是研究、 个人学习、 教育、 批评或审查、 仿拟、 讽刺，或新闻报道和 2 ） 是公平的。 CCH视六个因素来决定 " 公平性 " ：1. 交易的目的 ；2. 交易的特点 ；3. 交易的数目 ；4. 交易的其它选择 ；5. 作品的性质 ；以及6. 交易对作品的影响。

Copyright – Technological Protection Measures (“TPMs”)

• Recent changes to the Copyright Act prohibit circumvention of TPMs

• A TPM is any effective technology, device or component that:• controls access to a work (i.e. access control)• restricts one from exercising the exclusive rights of a

copyright owner or remuneration rights (i.e. copying control)

• The TPM prohibitions in the Copyright Act could potentially “trump” or prevail over various exceptions in the Copyright Act, e.g. the fair dealing exception.

版权 — — 技术保护措施 ("TPMs")

• 版权法最近的修改禁止通过技术保护措施 (TPMs) 进行规避

• TPM 是任何有效的技术、 设备或组件：• 控制作品的使用 （比如阅读权限控制）• 限制版权拥有人行使专有权或获得报酬的权利（比如控制复

制）• 版权法 中的 TPM 禁令可能会 "推翻 " ，或优先于各种版

权例外，比如例外公平交易